Q1)

Q5) Precis Summary

Teaching is the noblest profession. A teacher himself leading a simple, pure and
disciplined life can mould the character of the young children and make them neat
and good mannered citizens. Besides he remains every young forgetting his own
domestic worries in the constant company of the young.
Q6) A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other
words. The term itself is derived via Latin paraphrasis from Greek, meaning
"additional manner of expression". The act of paraphrasing is also called
"paraphrasis".
A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased. For
example, "The signal was red" might be paraphrased as "The train was not allowed to
pass because the signal was red". A paraphrase is usually introduced with verbum
dicendia declaratory expression to signal the transition to the paraphrase. For
example, in "The signal was red, that is, the train was not allowed to proceed," the
that is signals the paraphrase that follows.
A paraphrase does not need to accompany a direct quotation, the paraphrase
typically serves to put the source's statement into perspective or to clarify the context
in which it appeared. A paraphrase is typically more detailed than a summary. One
should add the source at the end of the sentence, for example: When the light was
red trains could not go.

Paraphrase may attempt to preserve the essential meaning of the material being
paraphrased. Thus, the (intentional or otherwise) reinterpretation of a source to infer
a meaning that is not explicitly evident in the source itself qualifies as "original
research," and not as paraphrase.
Unlike a metaphrase, which represents a "formal equivalent" of the source, a
paraphrase represents a "dynamic equivalent" thereof. While a metaphrase attempts
to translate a text literally, a paraphrase conveys the essential thought expressed in a
source textif necessary, at the expense of literality. For details, see dynamic and
formal equivalence.
The term is applied to the genre of Biblical paraphrases, which were the most widely
circulated versions of the Bible available in medieval Europe. Here, the purpose was
not to render an exact rendition of the meaning or the complete text, but to present
material from the Bible in a version that was theologically orthodox and not subject to
heretical interpretation, or, in most cases, to take from the Bible and present to a
wide public material that was interesting, entertaining and spiritually meaningful, or,
simply to abridge the text.
The phrase "in your own words" is often used within this context to imply that the
writer has rewritten the text in their own writing style - how they would have written it
if they had created the idea.
Q8) Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or
hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the
validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain
circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood
from the context.
A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its
consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the
condition, called the protasis; and the main clause expressing the consequence,
called the apodosis. An example of such a sentence (in English) is the following:
If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.
Here the condition is expressed by the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis,
while the consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", this being the
apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally
possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it rains".) In terms of logic, the protasis
corresponds to the antecedent, and the apodosis to the consequent.

Types of conditional sentence

There are various ways of classifying conditional sentences. One distinction is between those that state
an implication between facts, and those that set up and refer to ahypothetical situation. There is also the
distinction between conditionals that are considered factual or predictive, and those that are considered
counterfactual or speculative (referring to a situation that did not or does not really exist).

Implicative and predictive

A conditional sentence expressing an implication (also called a factual conditional sentence) essentially states
that if one fact holds, then so does another. (If the sentence is not a declarative sentence, then the consequence

may be expressed as an order or a question rather than a statement.) The facts are usually stated in
whatever grammatical tenseis appropriate to them; there are not normally special tense or mood patterns for this
type of conditional sentence. Such sentences may be used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law
of science, etc. (in these cases if may often be replaced by when):
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.
They can also be used for logical deductions about particular circumstances (which can be in various
mixtures of past, present and future):
If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
If it's raining now, there will be mushrooms to be picked next week.
If he locked the door, then Kitty is trapped inside.
A predictive conditional sentence concerns a situation dependent on a hypothetical (but entirely
possible) future event. The consequence is normally also a statement about the future, although it may
also be a consequent statement about present or past time (or a question or order).
If I become President, I'll lower taxes.
If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.
If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.
If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.
What will you do if he invites you?
If you see them, shoot!

Counterfactual
In a counterfactual or speculative conditional sentence, a situation is described as dependent on a
condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The time frame of the hypothetical
situation may be past, present or future, and the time frame of the condition does not always
correspond to that of the consequence. For example:
If I were king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
If he said that to me, I would run away.
If you had called me, I would have come.
If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
The difference in meaning between a "counterfactual" conditional with a future time frame, and
a "predictive" conditional as described in the previous section, may be slight. For example,
there is no great practical difference in meaning between "If it rained tomorrow, I would cancel
the match" and "If it rains tomorrow, I will cancel the match".
It is in the counterfactual type of conditional sentence that the grammatical form called
the conditional mood (meaning something like the English "would ...") is most often found. For
the uses of particular verb forms and grammatical structures in the various types and parts of
conditional sentences in certain languages, see the following sections.

10) Sentence length means the number of words in a sentence. Sentences that are too short and
poorly connected can be irritating to read. Conversely, sentences that are too long and rambling
are difficult to follow and are likely to be confusing. Use a sentence length that allows your
thoughts to flow clearly. As a general rule there should be no more than 20-25 words in any one
sentence. You may be able to reduce your sentence length by:

cutting out unnecessary words

like might replace along the lines of

now may be just as appropriate as at the present time
we can now turn our attention to could perhaps be cut out entirely;

dividing complex sentences into separate phrases or sentences.

If a breakdown occurs it is important that alternative supplies are available and the way that this is
done is for the power stations to be linked through the high voltage transmission lines so that all of
them contribute to the total supply of energy and an unexpectedly large demand can be handled.
can be re-written thus:
If a breakdown occurs it is important that alternative supplies are available; this is done by linking
power stations through the high voltage transmission lines. All of them thus contribute to the total
supply of energy and an unexpectedly large demand can be handled.

Sentence Length in Technical Writing

"Sometimes sentence length affects the quality of the writing. In general, an average of 15
to 20 words is effective for most technical communication. A series of 10-word sentences
would be choppy. A series of 35-word sentences would probably be too demanding. And a
succession of sentences of approximately the same length would be monotonous.
"In revising a draft, use your software to compute the average sentence length of a
representative passage."
(Mike Markel, Technical Communication, 9th ed. Bedford/St Martin's, 2010)
Sentence Length in Legal Writing
"Keep your average sentence length to about 20 words. The length of your sentences will
determine the readability of your writing as much as any other quality. That's why readability
formulas rely so heavily on sentence length.
"Not only do you want a short average; you also need variety. That is, you should have some
35-word sentences and some 3-word sentences, as well as many in between. But monitor
your average, and work hard to keep it to about 20 words."

Sentence Length and Polysyndeton

"To dwell in a city which, much as you grumble at it, is after all very fairly a modern city; with
crowds and shops and theatres and cafes and balls and receptions and dinner-parties, and
all the modern confusion of social pleasures and pains; to have at your door the good and
evil of it all; and yet to be able in half an hour to gallop away and leave it a hundred miles, a
hundred years, behind, and to look at the tufted broom glowing on a lonely tower-top in the
still blue air, and the pale pink asphodels trembling none the less for the stillness, and the
shaggy-legged shepherds leaning on their sticks in motionless brotherhood with the heaps of
ruin, and the scrambling goats and staggering little kids treading out wild desert smells from
the top of hollow-sounding mounds; and then to come back through one of the great gates
and a couple of hours later find yourself in the "world," dressed, introduced, entertained,
inquiring, talking about Middlemarch to a young English lady or listening to Neapolitan songs
from a gentleman in a very low-cut shirt--all this is to lead in a manner a double life and to
gather from the hurrying hours more impressions than a mind of modest capacity quite
knows how to dispose of."

The Lighter Side of Sentence Length

"Writers who wish to impart to their productions power and pungency, who wish to keep the
reader's attention upon the tiptoe of activity, who desire to escape the imputation of pedantry
and who seek to surcharge their sentiments with sparkle and spirit, will do well to bear in
mind constantly that long, lingering sentences, unduly overburdened with an abundance of
phrases, clauses, and parenthetical observations of a more or less digressive character, are
apt to be tiresome to the reader, especially if the subject matter be at all profound or
ponderous, to place an undue strain upon his powers of concentration and to leave him with
a confused concept of the ideas which the writer apparently has been at great pains to
concentrate, while short, snappy sentences, on the other hand, with the frequent recurrence
of subject and predicate, thus recalling and emphasizing the idea to be expressed as the
development of the thought proceeds, like numerous sign-posts upon an untraveled road,
these frequent breaks having the effect of taking a new hold upon the reader's attention,
oases in the desert of words, as it were, will be found to be much more effective, much more
conductive to clarity, and far better calculated to preserve the contact, the wireless
connection, so to speak, between the writer and the reader, provided, however, and it is
always very easy to err through a too strict and too literal application of a general rule, that
the sentences are not so short as to give a jerky, choppy, and sketchy effect and to scatter
the reader's attention so often as to send him wool-gathering completely."

Q11) Every writer follows his or her own writing process. Often the process is a routine that comes
naturally and is not a step-by-step guide to which writers refer. Being conscious of your own writing process
is especially helpful when you find yourself struggling with a particularly tricky piece. The writing process
is divided into five steps: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing.
1. Prewriting

Youre ready to start writing. So why has that blank page been staring back at you for
the past hour? Prewriting identifies everything you need to do before you sit down to
start your rough draft.

Find Your Idea

Ideas are all around you. You might draw inspiration from a routine, an everyday
situation or a childhood memory. Alternatively, keep a notebook specifically devoted
to catching your ideas as they come to you. Your own imagination is the only limit to
finding your source of inspiration.

Build On Your Idea

Two of the most popular methods of fleshing out your idea are free writing and
brainstorming. Free writing means writing every idea that comes into your head. Do
not stop to edit your mistakes, just let the ideas flow. Or, try brainstorming. If you're
on a computer, try a manual process first to help you visualize your narrative: write
your idea in the center of the page and work outwards in all of the different directions
you can take your story.

Plan and Structure

Piecing the puzzle together comes next. It's time to sort through your ideas and
choose which ones you will use to form your story. Make sure you keep your notes
even after your book is published there may be the seeds for your next story as
well.
2. Drafting
Now you have your plan and youre ready to start writing. Remember, this is your first
rough draft. Forget about word count and grammar. Dont worry if you stray off topic
in places; even the greatest writers produce multiple drafts before they produce their
finished manuscript. Think of this stage as a free writing exercise, just with more
direction. Identify the best time and location to write and eliminate potential
distractions. Make writing a regular part of your day.
3. Revising
Your story can change a great deal during this stage. When revising their work, many
writers naturally adopt the A.R.R.R. approach:
Add: The average novel has between 60,000 and 100,000 words. Does your book
have enough words to be considered a novel? Have you given your readers all the
information they need to make sense of your story? If not, go back to your notebook
that you kept for additional scenes and any additional details.
Rearrange: Consider the flow, pacing and sequencing of your story. Would the plot be
better served if some of the events occur in a different order?
Remove: After making additions to your story, how is your word count now? Are your
readers experiencing information overload? You may need to eliminate passages that
dont quite fit.
Replace: The most effective way to revise your work is to ask for a second opinion. Do
you need more vivid details to help clarify your work? Is one scene contradicting

another? Ask friends or fellow writers to take a look and give you feedback, and if
something isnt working rewrite it and replace it.
4. Editing
You have overhauled your story. Its time to fine tune your manuscript line by line.
Check for repetition, clarity, grammar, spelling and punctuation. Editing is an
extremely detailed process and its best when performed by a professional. You can
hire your own editor or utilized the editing services available through Life Rich
Publishing. Nobody wants to read a book that is full of mistakes, and they certainly
wont buy a book that is riddled with them.
5. Publishing
In this last step of the writing process, the final writing is shared with the group.
Sharing can be accomplished in a variety of ways, and with the help of computers, it
can even be printed or published online.

Q13) Writing a precis means making an intelligent summary of a long passage. To

write a precis one should have a clear understanding of the passage: only then well
one be able to include all the essential points and tips and tricks of essay examples in
the precis.
METHOD:
It will be well to remember the object of precis writing: a brief and clear summary
or precis of what you have first carefully read. No words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences which are unessential to the thought of the selection, are considered. Every
unnecessary word is discarded until all that you have left is the thought, the
dominating idea, of what you have read. Then in your own words, give this thought as
briefly and clearly as possible. Your sentences must be carefully constructed. Do not
omit any essential articles, prepositions, or conjunctions.
First Reading:
1. Read every word slowly and carefully until you clearly understand the sense of the
passage.
2. Look up all unfamiliar words, phrases, and allusions
3. Identify the dominating idea, the essential thought, of the passage. Ask if this idea
were omitted, would the fundamental meaning of the passage be changed?
4. Determine what emphasis and space to give the thought in each section; write a
heading for each section.
Second Reading:
1. Underscore with a pencil the important facts containing the essential thoughts. This
is a process of differentiation between what is essential and what is not. Generally
you will omit examples, illustrations, conversations, and repetitions.
2. Reread your selections to see that they are wise and adequate.
3. Determine if your underscoring expresses the main ideas.
Final Reading:

Rapidly and intensely reread the origin, dwelling on the important facts selected for a
precis.

First Copy:
1. Close the book/original.
2. Write a summary of the thoughts as you remember them.
3. Compare with the original and correct, asking:
Did you retain the logical order and development of these thoughts?
Did you emphasize the dominant thought or erroneously emphasize a minor thought?
Did you omit any necessary facts? names? dates? places?
Is your precis clear to one who has not seen the original?
Are your sentences clear and well-constructed?
Did you use third person and the past tense?
Did you punctuate and spell correctly?
Did you make any grammatical or rhetorical errors?
Final Copy:
1. Read your first copy through carefully.
2. Condense wherever you can, substituting single words for phrases and phrases for
longer clauses.
3. Use only simple figures of speech.
4. Clearly and concisely express the essential points.
5. Reduce verbiage while still making the point and retaining some of the flavor and
spirit of the original.
6. Be fair to the sentiments expressed, even if you don't agree with them.
7. Rewrite neatly.
PRELIMINARY TO PRECIS WRITING:
1. An abstract is a condensation of a passage, the important words, phrases, and
sentences containing the essential thoughts being worked as simply as possible into
sentences. It simply requires the ability to pick out essential facts.
Exercises in abstracting will involve underscoring the essential facts in a passage and
combining them into a single whole. (N.b.: Here 'abstract' is used in its narrow sense
to mean a digest or running summary.)
2. A paraphrase is a restatement of a difficult passage, stating clearly and fully in
language of the simplest sort just what the passage means. Because it clarifies
hidden meanings and obscure passages, it is usually longer than the original." Precis
writing involves the ability to paraphrase, but adds to it concision, all the while being
careful to not to lose or distort the original meaning Exercising in paraphrasing might
involve transposing poetry to prose, explaining the meaning of proverbs, etc.
3. In precis writing it is necessary to say as much as possible in as few words as
possible." A word may substitute for a phrase and a phrase for a clause. The concern
is for the precise meaning or connotation of a word.

4. The proper use of the colon and semicolon in punctuation is an aid to good precis
writing.
5. Generally a precis should be written in reported or indirect speech. This means a
precis will be in third person, in the past tense. Exercises will involve the change of
direct speech to indirect speech.
6. A precis title must be cold and matter of fact, not attractive to the imaginative
mind. It is a precis of the precis.