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F:IBER
REINF'ORCE~J\ENT
Fibers are an ideal ingredient for concrete and mortar. Fibers improve these materials where they
can otherwise have weaknesses . Primarily they increase performance in energy absorption and fire
res istance, whilst also reducing shrinkage crack f o-mat ion and crac k widths . Thi s produces a concrete which needs significantly less reinforcing stEe tlan a conventional reinforced concrete , but
which is stil l very durable, or even more durable. Tl e idea of using fiber reinforcement in building
materials goes back hundreds if not thousands of ye-c -s and yet is also more useful than ever with
modern technologies . Concrete has developed con:;ijErably over recent decades and fiber technology
has evolved rapidly with it. Concrete applications with fibers have expanded and new fiber materials
are also increasingly capab le of replacing traditional f ibers such as steel and glass . Si kaF iber 0
Technology is in the vanguard of these developmer1 t s.
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE IS concrete -:::o IAhich fibers have been added during
production to improve its cracking and fractu r ng Jehavior. After many years of research
and development, fiber reinforced concrete is -loll\ fully established in the market for its
important adva ntages .
The fibers are embedded in the cement matri x and have nc
significant effect until during the hardening process they
inhibit the emergence of cracks through their tensile strength
and exte nsibility. Where there is greater strain they prever:
larger cracks by causing them to dissipate into more nume rous , but very fine and generally harmless ones . Crac ks can : ccur at different times in the concrete : in the beginning duri1g
the hardening process, where it is mainly early-age shrinka~e
The add ition of suitable fibers can provide significant impro ve rrents in the properties of your concrete, including:
3.5
2.5
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1.5
0.5
1.;
0.5
Displacement [mm]
With this graphic you can see that the steel fiber concrete uhibits the higher elastic modulus and the largest stress cap 3city after the first crack . Due to the shorter steel fiber lengtil
(35 mm) this stress level decreases with increasing deflecti: n
2.5
CONCRETE
SikaFiber$ TECHNO LOGY
FIBERS CAN ENHANCE AND IMPROVE CONCRETE !\NO MORTAR for many
different applications . Fibers can improve the duct il t~ of sprayed concrete linin gs
and increase the fire resistance of the final lining colcretes in tunnel construction,
they can reduce cracking in roads and bridge deckc:: or -=1oor screeds , plus they can
increase the impact resistance and reduce damage to precast concrete units.
SP~AYED
CONCRETE
-h e addition of fibers increases the ductility of sp rayed concret e. For instance, if the sprayed concrete lining of an excavated tunnel support is cracked due to high flexural stresses ,
th:: fibers can accommodate the tensile forces and act as an
excellent yielding support. This interaction between sprayed
corcrete and fibers, therefore also inc reases the mechanical
ca ~ acity of the lining. The reinforcement can then be reduced
or 6ght reinforcement can be omitted completely. The result is
qutker and cheaper tunnel excavation supports .
FIF.E PROTECTION
CONCRETE
SikaFiber0 TECHNOLOGY
FLOOR SCREE OS
PRECAST CONCRETE
REFURBISHMENT
High structural stability (load bearing capacity and serviceability) under extreme conditions (e .g. earthquakes) and very
slender components require the use of HSC or UHPC. With the
use of thin, short fibers with a high E-modulus, untensioned
reinfcrcement can be reduced; alternatively, very high energy
absorption capabilities can be achieved in structures or element; by their combination with untensioned reinforcement.
CONCRETE
Si kaFiber 0 TECHNOLOG Y
FIBER TYPES
DEPENDENT ON THE PERFORMANCE REQUIRED, diifferent fibers are added to the concrete
or mortar. Short, thin synthetic fibers are used forfire protection and crack reduction , whilst
long synthetic or steel fibers generally come into p_l ay :o increase energy absorption . Special
requirements demand special fiber materials and stlap2s. For example Ultra High Performance
Concrete (UHPC) requires short fibers with a high E-TIJdulus . Sika provides all of these and
other special types and blends of fibers .
SYNTHETIC MACRO-FIBERS
STEEL FIBERS
SYNTHETIC MICRO-FIBERS
Fresh
Homogeneity improvement
Micro-PP fibers
Micro-PP fibers
1-2 days
Improvement of fire-resistance
Micro-PP fibers
CONCRETE
SikaFiber TECHNOLOGY
re ~ tra iri:
or temperature
INCREASED CONCRETE
PERFORMANCE V\IITH FIBERS
STRUCTI...RAL BEHAVIOUR
CRACK
DISTR ~BUTION
CONCRETE
Si kaFiber TE CHNOLOGY
FIRE PROTECTION
The problem with traditional concrete in a fire is that the
physically and chemically bound water evaporates in a very
shot time due to the rapid rise in temperature. This transition to the gaseous state causes a thousand-fold increase in
the volume of the water: the denser the concrete matri x and
the higher the moisture content of the concrete, the higher
the developing vapor pressure will become. If the vapor
pressure cannot be reduced (or not quickly enough) , explosive concrete spalling will result. This occurs after only a few
minutes and immediately causes extensive and deep-reaching damage to the structures . If the reinforcement is then
exposed , it has no protection from the fire and its structura l
function is soon lost . However, the addition of polypropylene
fibers gives a considerable or even total reduction in such
exp losive concrete spalling , due to their relatively low melting
poi nt of 16DT This means the fibers will start to progressively melt almost immediately after a fire starts to create a
capillary system through which the evaporating water canes cape, without any significant destructive pressure build-up .
"'
MECHANICAL RESISTANCE
The impact and shock resistance, notched bar impact strength
and edge strength can all be increased significantly by adding specific fibers . Synthetic fibers and most steel fibers are
suitable. A combination of fibers with a high and lowE - modulus and high elongation at break has proved beneficial. An
improvement in impact strength has been observed by adding
steel fibers and also polypropylene fibers in quantities of only
0.1% by vo lume . The impact strength also improves considerably as this quantity of fibers is increased.
CONCRETE
SikaFibe r TECHNOLOGY
HANDLING
MIX DESIGN
FIBER DOSING QUANTITIES
Fiber type
l;luantity
4 -8 kg
2 0-40 kg
50- 100 kg
D.S- 1 kg
2-3 kg
---
D.S -lkg
Production
No fiber balling
Good fiber distribution
Low mixer resistance
Shorter mixing time
Good pumpability
High cylinder fill grade
Low pump pressure
Good sprayability
Less rebound
Performance
Placing-Pouring
Easy hopper grill
pass ing
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CONCRETE
SikaFiber 0 TECHNOLOGY
Good fiber-cement
bonding
LowW/C
8_0 ,~"
DOSING METHOD
FIBER TYPE
MIXING PROCESS
An unsuitable or inadequate
mixing process can result in nonhomogeneous distribution of the
fibers in the concrete. or damage
to the fibers. The quantity to be
added and the mixing time must
therefore also be specified and
followed.
CONCRETE
SikaFibers TECHNOLOGY
11
CONCRETE PRODUCTION
SIMPLIFIED WITH FIBERS
ing and for work flows on site. This is because steel rEinforcement can be reduced at
many points or even eliminated completely. Thi s tinE saved on steel fixing delays can
also save costs. With regards to increasing the fire re=.istance, fibers have again made
the construction process much simpler, as there is no 1eed to overdesign concrete
cross-sections, or post-apply fire protection systems '"V hen synthetic fibers are used.
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DECK CONSTRUCTION
UTILITY BASEMENTS
In addition to reducilg t r e steel reinforcement, the use of filErs can significantly increase the jJint ~ pacing ' s . Also ,
as a blind ing layer cc:n be partially om itted, the layer thic k n=s>E ~ of the slabs
can also be r2duced. O,J ti-num distribution of the fibers riglt ir ~ o the corners
also provides increa : ed ejge protection. All of these factors lave a pos itive
impact on the ins;:al atic n and increase
construction efficier.cy.
CO NCRETE
Si kaFiber$ TECHNOLO GY
STANDARDS &TESTING
require test methods tailored to these applicatio ns, so that the specific performance and functionality required can be tested and confirmed so that it can
safely be used in future specifications . Generall y, -:he se test methods are now
fully standardized internationall y through the EurJpe 3n Standards (EN) and the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for example.
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE AND MORTAR STANDARDS AWD T=STING
Test Method
Standard
Description
Energy absorption
ASTM C1550
EN 14488-5
Residual strength
EN 14551
Beam test
Fire resistance
RWS
Ma x. 1350
ISO 834
HC modified
14
Max. 1200
c. 4 hours
-----------------------------
Shrinkage cracking
ASTM C 1581-04
Impact resistance
CONCR ETE
SikaFiber0 TEC HNOLOGY
c, 2 hours
1~ 488- ;
CASE STUDIES
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETES HAVE MU_TIPLE ADVANTAGES and are now widely used for
many different functions and requirements al arcund the world. This is particularly the case in
tunneling and mining, precast construction , flooring and all types of projects requiring excellent fire
resistance. Sika 's technical expertise and exte l siVE practical experience in the design , selection and
installation of all of these different fiber reinfcrced concretes and mortars is evident and on display
in many successful projects on every continen:.
SikaFiber Force synthetic macro-fibers were used in comb nation with the German 'White-topping' method for repairi1g
the slabs in an oil harbor in Stuttgart. The fibers were used to
improve the fatigue behavior of the new concrete topping.
CONCRETE
SikaFiber 0 TECHNOLOGY
15
WHO WEARE
Si ka AG , Switzerland , is a globally active specialty chemicals company.
Sika supplies the building and construction industry as well as manufacturing industries (automotive , bus , truck , rail. solar and wind power
plants , facades) . Sika is a leader in process ing materials used in sea ing ,
bonding , damping , reinforcing and protect ing loadbearing structures .
Sika 's product lines feature highquality concrete adm ixtures , specialty
mortars , sealants and adhesives . damping and reinforcing materials ,
structural strengthening systems , industrial flooring as well as roofing
and waterproofing systems .
Our most current General Sales Conditions shall apply Please consult
the most current local Product Data Sheet prior to any use
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SIKA SERVICES AG
Contact
Tueffenwies 16
CH-8048 Zurich
Switzerland
BUILDING TRUST