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Analysis of Heat Transfer in an Annulus

Between Two Horizontal Rotating Cylinders
ARTICLE JANUARY 2009

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Reda I. Elghnam

Eed Abdel-Hadi

Benha University

Benha University, Shobra Faculty of Engine

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Analysis of Heat Transfer in an Annulus Between

Two Horizontal Rotating Cylinders
I- Experimental study
Reda I. El-Ghnam*, M.G.Mousa**, Eed A. Abdel-Hadi*, Sherief H. Taher*,
and Hamed R. Elthan**
*
Benha University, Shobra Faculty of Engineering
**
El-mansora University, Faculty of Engineering
Abstract
An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the effects of the rotation, heat flux,
eccentricity, and Radius ratio on the convective heat transfer of air between horizontal concentric and
eccentric rotating cylinders. An experimental apparatus is designed and constructed to achieve this
investigation. The measured data are presented in form of Nusselt number, Rotation Reynolds number,
Rayleigh number, eccentricity and Radius ratio. Heat transfer rates (Nusselt numbers) have been
computed for Rayleigh number range of 3103 to 1.6105, Rotation Reynolds number range of 0 to
820 eccentricity range of 0 to 1.2, aspect ratio range of 29 to 71.5, Radius ratio range of 1.9 to 4.5.
This study has explored the thermal behavior in a small gap between the rotating cylinders, and
established an empirical formula for the experiment covering the relationship between the parameters
of centrifugal force due to rotation, buoyancy force due to temperature difference between inner and
outer cylinders, eccentricity and radius ratio with heat transfer coefficient which may be referenced
by the designers or engineers in the field of rotating cylinder and components. Comparison with the
previous work shows good agreement.
Keywords: Mixed Convection, Rotating cylinders, Annulus
1. Introduction
The heat transfer in an annulus between two horizontal concentric cylinders have attracted
considerable attention because of their wide engineering applications. The study of heat transfer in an
annulus has direct industrial applications such as heat exchangers, heat transfer in turbo machineries,
indoor climate, double glazed windows, cooling of electrical and electronic components, underground
electric transmission cables using pressurized gas and others.
Concentric annular pipe flow with rotation of the inner wall is often encountered in
engineering applications such as chemical mixing devices, bearings, the drilling of oil wells, Cooling,
Rotor-Stator model, Propulsion, Filtration. A rotating annulus is relevant to the co-rotating
compressor or turbine disc cavities found in gas turbine engines.
Natural convection in eccentric annular space, although not analyzed as extensively, has begun
to receive more attention over the last few years. Natural convection heat transfer in eccentric annuli
occurs in many industrial situations. Such problems commonly occur within the electric and nuclear
energy fields, as well as in solar energy and thermal storage systems.
Keyhani et al. [1] conducted experiments with air and helium as a test fluid, when a constant
heat flux is applied on the inner wall of the annulus.
Takata, et al. [2], have studied numerically and experimentally the natural convection and flow
visualization in an inclined cylindrical annulus enclosure. They found that the average Nusselt number
slightly increase as the inclination increases, the maximum local Nusselt number at inner and outer
cylinder occurs at the inclination angle at 75 and 60, respectively.
Sakr, et al. [3], have studied experimentally and numerically the natural convection in two
dimensional region formed by constant flux heated horizontal elliptic tube concentrically located in a
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larger, isothermally cooled horizontal cylinder. The results showed that the average Nusselt number
increases as the orientation angle of the elliptic cylinder increases from 0o (the major axis is horizontal)
to 90o (the major axis is vertical) and with Rayleigh number as well.
Batra [4], and Yoo [5], have investigated the flow characteristics of the fluid in the annular
space between two coaxial cylinders with rotating outer cylinder. For the steady flow condition, the
velocity distribution and pressure coefficient have been obtained for various values of aspect ratio.
Overall heat transfer at the wall is rapidly decreased, as Reynolds number approaches the transitional
Reynolds number between two cylinders.
Bohn et al. [6-8] have studied computationally and experimentally the free convective heat
transfer in sealed air filled rotating annulus. They correlated the experimental data as:
0.213
= 0.365
2 108 _ 10^10
Bello-Ochende and Adegun [9, 10] have investigated numerically the laminar mixed
convective and radiative heat transfer in a tilted, rotating, uniformly heated square and rectangular
duct with a centered circular cylinder. The results indicate that the rotation enhances heat transfer but
there is tendency that the fluid flow transits into turbulence with low value of Reynolds number if the
rotational Reynolds number goes beyond 200. The effect of radiation is only significant for low values
of Reynolds number.
Ball et al. [11] have studied experimentally the heat transfer in a vertical annulus with rotating
and heated inner cylinder while outer cylinder is stationary and cold. They correlated the heat transfer
rate as a function of the rotation Reynolds number and radius ratio.
Sheng, [12], has measured the temperature distributions against different rotational and heat
flux, as well as the impact of the rotating number on heat transfer under a co-axial rotating cylinder
with the rotating inner cylinder and stationary outer cylinder. They found that, for the case of rotation
of the inner cylinder, the heat transfer of the flow field will increase with the rising rotational Reynolds
number under the interaction of the centrifugal buoyancy force. The empirical equation deducted from
the experimental results is as: = 8.854 Pr 0.4 0.262
Kuehn and Goldstein [13], have studied experimentally the influence of eccentricity and
Rayleigh number on natural convection heat transfer through a fluid boundary by two horizontal
isothermal cylinders. Eccentricity of the inner cylinder substantially alters the local heat transfer on
both cylinders, but the overall heat transfer coefficient change by less than 10% over the range of
eccentricities, maximum occurs at /L 0.66 at the same Rayleigh number.
Hosseini [14], has investigated experimentally the natural convection in an open-ended
vertical annulus. The results indicate that the rate of heat transfer was greater for eccentric pipes in
comparison with the concentric and single pipes. In an eccentric vertical annulus by increasing the
eccentric ratios up to 0.5, the rate of heat transfer starts increasing. Around eccentric ratios 0.50.7,
the heat transfer coefficient almost remains constant. An optimum eccentric ratio, for which the heat
transfer rate is maximums, occurs at eccentric ratio 0.5. For eccentric ratios greater than 0.7, the heat
transfer rate decrease and becomes minimum at the ratio 1.
Nouri and Whitelaw [15], have studied experimentally the flow of Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids in an eccentric annulus with rotation of the inner cylinder. The results show that the
rotation had similar effects on the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The flow resistance of both
fluids increased with rotation at low Reynolds numbers and reduced with increasing values to become
similar to those of non-rotating flows.
2. Experimental Test- Rig
In this section the experimental facilities, the instrumentations and equipment used throughout
this investigation are described.
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The objective of the present study is to investigate experimentally the effects of rotation and
eccentricity of inner cylinder on heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal annulus induced due to
the rotation of inner cylinder. So, an experimental test rig is designed and constructed for measuring
the effect of rotation and eccentricity on the heat transfer coefficient in the annulus. As shown in figure
(1) the experimental set-up consists of four main components as:
a) Test section
b) Rotating unit
c) Electric circuit
d) The Connecting Unit
Each of these subsystems will be described below.
2-1 Test section
The test section is designed for the purpose of measuring the heat transfer coefficient from the
rotating inner cylinder to the fluid in the annulus. As shown in Fig. (1), the test section consisted of
two concentric cylinders; rotating inner cylinder and stationary outer cylinder. The rotating inner
cylinder is made from brass while the stationary outer cylinder is made from steel. In the present study
two inner cylinders with different outer diameters of 19 and 30 mm and two stationary outer cylinders
with inner diameters of 50 and 75 mm are used to get different annulus sizes. All cylinders with the
same length of 1000 mm.

15

5
14

14

2.
5
A

10

11

12

13

Fig (1) layout of test rig

1- Wooden Holder
5- Pulley And Belt
9- Stabilizer
13- Motor

2- Test Section
6- Voltammeter
10- Autotransformer
14- Steel Table

3- Sleeve
7- Ammeter
11- Multipoint Switch
15- Connecting Unit

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4- House Bearing
8- Strobe Scope
12-Temperature Recorder

The inner cylinder is heated at constant heat flux by an electric heating element inside it. The
electric heating element is constructed using nickel chrome wire which is covered with a sheet of mica
to avoid the electric contact between the heater external surface and the inner surface of the rotated
brass cylinder as shown in Fig (2).
1- Plug Teflon
2- outer cylinder
3- heater
4- inner cylinder
5- mica sheet

Fig (2) Test section

Twenty four thermocouple of type-K are used to measure the surface temperatures of both
inner and outer cylinder. Twelve thermocouples are imbedded within the surface of each cylinder at
equal space. Locations of the thermocouple probes are shown in Fig.(3). The two ends of inner
cylinder are sealed with two Teflon bulges to minimize the conduction heat loss from the ends. In
order to check the axial conduction heat loss along the cylinder wall, four additional thermocouple
probes are embedded in the Teflon inner cylinder ends with 5 mm apart. In addition one thermocouple
is used to measure the ambient room temperature.
a) at the middle
b) at the left end
c) at the right end

Fig (3) Location of thermocouples on the cylinder surface

The cylinders are mounted horizontally on the steel table. The inner rotating cylinder is rotated
about its axis and is supported by three houses bearing, as shown in Fig (1). The eccentricity is made
by moving the outer cylinder.
2-2 Rotating mechanism
A rotating mechanism is used to rotate the inner rotating cylinder with different rotation
speeds. The inner cylinder was driven by a 1/2 Hp AC motor and a V-type dual-groove belt pulley
system as shown in Fig (1). The rotational speed of the inner cylinder is controlled by changing the
-(24)-

driving pulley diameter. The velocity of the inner cylinder is measured by a digital strobe scope. Also
a tachometer is used to confirm the measurements. The motor is fixed on the other steel frame, to
avoid transfer of the vibration from motor to test section during operation.
2-3 Electric circuit
The main electric circuit consists of two sub circuits, heater circuit, and motor circuit. The
heater circuit consists of 220 AC power supply, auto transformer, analog voltmeter and digital
ammeter. A stabilizer is used in the circuit to minimize the voltage fluctuation during experiments.
The input electric power to the inner cylinder is controlled by means of a voltage regulator to adjust
the voltage drop across the heater terminals. The total power supplied to the heater is determined by
recording the values of voltage drop and the current supplied. The motor circuit consists of 1/2 hp
motor, AC power supply and stabilizer. The motor has five rotation speeds each of which can divided
to different speeds.
2.4 The Connecting Unit
Figure (4) shows the details of the connecting unit. The connecting unit is used to supply the
power from fixed source to the rotating cylinder and also used to connect the thermocouples which
rotate with rotating heated cylinder with the fixed measuring apparatus. The connecting unit consists
of a wooden shaft. The shaft has two large grooves one of the two grooves is used to put the power
cables inside and the other to put thermocouples wires in. The shaft is mounted on two ball bearings
and rotates with the same speed of the inner cylinder.

1- Thermocouple
2- Copper ring
3- Teflon ring
4- Wood rod
5- Multi point switch
6- Temperature recorder

Fig (4) Connection between thermocouples and temperature recorder

Thirty one copper rings are fixed on the wooden shaft. All copper rings are completely isolated
from each other using Teflon rings. Twenty nine of the rings is used to connect the thermocouple ends
-(25)-

to temperature measuring unit and the other two rings are used to connect the power cables from the
heater to power supply. Thirty one carbon brushes are used to connect the rotating copper rings with
the fixed measuring units and power supply. Each carbon brush is mounted in a spring and the springs
are isolated from each other.
3. Results and discussions
In the present experimental study, analysis of heat transfer in an annulus between two
horizontal rotating cylinders is investigated. Overall heat transfer coefficient in the form of average
Nusselt number are introduced. Firstly, the experimental results are verified by comparing them with
the existing data of stationary concentric annulus and also in order to determine the reliability of the
present test rig. Figure (5) shows a comparison between present experimental data and that obtained
by the available published references, Keyhani [1] and Davies [16]. The figure shows the effect of
variation of Rayleigh number on average Nusselt number for different values Radius ratios for
stationary concentric annulus. It is observed that the present experimental results are in good
agreement with the available data from previous work. The present results can be correlated as:

= 0.668 0.27 0.264 0.14

While the correlations given by both Keyhani [1] and Davies [16] are:

= 0.291 0.322 0.238 0.442 []

= 0.3325 0.3 0.25 0.442 []

10

14

present

10

present

Keyhant
Average Nusselt number

Average Nusselt number

12

Sherif

8
6
4

Keyhani
Davies

As= 34.5, R= 2.9

As=29, R= 4.63
0

0
1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+03

1.0E+06

1.0E+04

Raeiylgh number
8

presenlt
Davies

Keyhent
Average Nusselt number

Average Nusselt number

present
Davies
4

Keyhent

As= 51.4,R= 3.1

As=71.4, R=1.94
0

0
1.0E+03

1.0E+05

Rayliegh number

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

1.0E+03

1.0E+04

1.0E+05

Rayliegh number

Rayliegh number

Figure (5) a comparison between present experimental data and that obtained by the available published references,
Keyhani [1] and Davies [16]at different values of aspect ratios (AS) and Radius ratios (R) for stationary concentric
annulus

For rotating annulus, experimental results are carried out for Rayleigh number (Ra) in the
range of 3103 to 1.6 105, Rotation Reynolds number (Re) varied from 0 to 820, eccentric ratio ()
varied from 0 to 0.8 and radius ratio (R) varied from 1.93 to 4.5. For rotating annulus, there are two
-(26)-

influential factors for centrifugal buoyancy force: one is the centrifugal force triggered by rotation,
the other one is the buoyancy effect arising from the temperature difference between the inner and
outer cylinders. In this research, the Rayleigh number for buoyancy force effect and rotational
Reynolds number for centrifugal force effect will be the key factors decisive to the inner thermal
behavior of the entire rotating annulus.
16

25
eccentricity ratio=0.24

14

Eccentricity ratio=0.083

20

12

15

Nu

Nu

10
8

10

6
4
2

Ra=32000

Ra=45000

Ra=65000

Ra=10200

Ra=82000

Ra=45000

Ra=65000

Ra=82000

Ra=10200

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

Re

Re

25

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

eccentricity ratio=0.32

eccentricity ratio=0.167

20
15

Nu

Nu

Ra=32000

10
Ra=32000

Ra=45000

Ra=65000

Ra=82000

Ra=10200

Ra=32000

Ra=45000

Ra=65000

Ra=82000

Ra=10200

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

Re

100

200

300

400

500

Re

Figure(6 ) Effect of variation of Reynolds number Re on average Nusselt number Nu for Radius ratio=1.933
and different values of Rayleigh number Ra and one eccentricity ratio

The influence of the Rotation Reynolds number (Re) of the eccentric annulus on the average
Nusselt number ( Nu ) at various amplitudes of Rayleigh number (Ra) and eccentric ratio () at
constant Radius ratio values of 1.93 are shown in Fig (6). This figure shows that the average Nusselt
number ( Nu ) increases with the increase of (Re) at constant eccentric ratio, Radius ratio and
Rayleigh number
The influence of the variation of Rayleigh number on the average Nusselt number at constant
Radius ratio equal 2.84 and different values of the Rotation Reynolds's number is shown in Fig.(7).
These figures show that the average Nusselt number ( Nu ) increases with the increase Rayleigh
number at constant Rotation Reynolds's number and eccentric ratio. Rayleigh number provides a
measure of the significance of the buoyancy force. For increase Rayleigh number the effect of
buoyancy force increase and temperature difference increase. The increase of temperature difference
increases the circulation and in turn heat transfer rate increases.
Fig.(8) shows the effect of the eccentric ratio of the rotating eccentric annulus on the average
Nusselt number at various amplitudes of rotational Reynolds number at radius ratio equal to 4.5. This

-(27)-

12

16
eccentricity ratio=0.48

eccentricity ratio=0.16

10

14
12
10

Nu

Nu

8
6

4.E+04

6.E+04

8.E+04

Re=0
Re=114
Re=228
Re=342
Re=456

4
2

0
2.E+04

8
6

Re=0
Re=114
Re=228
Re=342
Re=456

0
2.E+04

1.E+05

4.E+04

6.E+04
Ra

Ra

1.E+05

16

16
eccentricity ratio=0.32

14

12

12

10

10

Nu

14

Nu

8.E+04

8
6

2
0
2.E+04

4.E+04

6.E+04

8.E+04

8
6

Re=0
Re=114
Re=228
Re=342
Re=456

eccentricity ratio=0.64

Re=0
Re=114
Re=228
Re=342
Re=456

4
2
0
2.E+04

1.E+05

4.E+04

6.E+04

Ra

8.E+04

1.E+05

Ra

Figure( 7) Effect of variation of Rayleigh number Ra on average Nusselt number Nu for Radius ratio=2.84
and different values of Reynolds number Re and one eccentricity ratio

7
6

12
Rayliegh number=22000

Rayleigh number=5200

10

Nu

Nu

8
4
3
2
1

Re=0

Re=61

Re=112

Re=264

6
4
2

Re=198

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

0
0.00

1.20

Eccentric ratio

Rayliegh number=12000

Nu

Nu

4
3

Re=0

Re=61

Re=112

Re=264

Re=198

0
0.00

Re=61

Re=112

Re=264

Re=198

0
0.00

Re=0

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

Eccentric ratio

1.00

1.20

0.20

0.40
0.60
0.80
Eccentric ratio

1.00

1.20

Rayliegh number=12000

4
3

Re=0

Re=61

Re=112

Re=264

Re=198

0
0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

Eccentric ratio

Figure( 8) Effect of variation of eccentricity ratio on average Nusselt number Nu for Radius ratio=4.5 and
different values of Rayleigh number Ra and one Reynolds number Re

The effect of angle of eccentricity on the average Nusselt number at constant Radius
ratio of 2.8 and constant eccentric ratio of 0.34 is shown in Fig. (9). The variation is almost
-(28)sinusoidal and similar behaviour is noticed with maximum value occurring at angle of 67 o
and minimum value at angle of 0.0 o. It is also noticed that the average Nusselt number

figure shows that the average Nusselt number ( Nu ) increases with the increase eccentric ratio at
constant rotation Reynolds's number and Rayleigh number. The eccentricity causes an increase in
cross-section area in one side and reduction in the cross-section area in opposite side (in eccentric
direction). So the circulation increases in wide side and temperature gradient increases in narrow side
and both increase the heat transfer rate. The figure demonstrates that the average Nusselt number
( Nu ) increases linearly with the increase of eccentricity ratio for the same Rotation Reynolds's
number and Rayleigh number.
The effect of angle of eccentricity on the average Nusselt number at constant Radius ratio of
2.8 and constant eccentric ratio of 0.34 is shown in Fig. (9). The variation is almost sinusoidal and
similar behaviour is noticed with maximum value occurring at angle of 67 o and minimum value at
angle of 0.0 o. It is also noticed that the average Nusselt number increases with the increase in the
Rotation Reynolds number for all angles.

Fig.(9) Variation of average Nusselt number (Nu) with angle of eccentricity() for different values of rational
Reynolds number (Re). at Ra=32000, R=2.8 and =0.34

An empirical correlation is deduced here to fit the present experimental results which
correlate the average Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, rotational Reynolds number, Aspect ratio,
Radius ratio and eccentricity using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. This
equation is given by:
= 0.714 0.27 0.264 0.14 (1 + 0.002 0.98 )(1 + 0.1623 )

The experimental measurements fit this correlation with 9 % maximum deviation, as

shown in Fig. (10).

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4 Comparison between Present Results and Published data

Figure (11) shows a comparison between the present experimental results and that of Bohn
[6] using air as a working medium. It is observed from this figure that the comparison shows a good
agreement.

9%

Average Nusselt number

Average Nusselt number

Fig. (10) the measured average Nusselt number versus calculated average Nusselt number

Rayleigh number Ra

Rayleigh number Ra
Fig. (11) a comparison

between the present experimental results and that of Bohn [6] using air

as a working medium
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5- Conclusions
The present study is concerned with the convection heat transfer in the horizontal circular annulus
between two cylinders. The outer cylinder is fixed while inner cylinder is rotating. Two cases are
considered concentric and eccentric annulus. Air is considered here as a working fluid which is filling
the annulus. The heat transfer due to the rotation and eccentricity of the inner cylinder has been studied
experimentally. A test rig is built to measure the temperatures and hence calculates the average heat
transfer coefficient under various rotation and eccentric conditions. The main conclusions drawn from
the present study are summarized as follows:
1) This study has explored the thermal behavior in a small gap between the rotating cylinders,
and established an empirical formula for the experiment covering the relationship between
the parameters of centrifugal force due to rotation, buoyancy force due to temperature
difference between inner and outer cylinders, eccentricity and radius ratio with heat transfer
coefficient which may be referenced by the designers or engineers in the field of rotating
cylinder and components. The present experimental results fit the deduced correlation that
relates the average Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, rotational Reynolds number, Aspect
ratio, Radii ratio and eccentricity as:

= 0.714 0.27 0.264 0.14 (1 + 0.002 0.98 )(1 + 0.1623 )

2) The experimental results compare favorably with the available literature data.
3) The average Nusselt number has a strong dependence on the rotational Reynolds number
and the Rayleigh number. The average heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase
of rotational Reynolds number and Raleigh number. The rate of heat transfer is greater for
eccentric annulus in comparison with the concentric annulus.
4) For high Raleigh number the rotational Reynolds number has minimum effect on the average
heat transfer coefficient.
5) The average heat transfer coefficient increases with the angle of eccentricity and has it
maximum value at angle of 60o.
Nomenclature
A
area
As
Aspect ratio, L/D
D
gap between the inner and outer cylinder, (do- di)/2
di
Outer diameter of inner cylinder
do
Inner diameter of outer cylinder
e
displacement of inner-cylinder axis from outer-cylinder axis
g
Acceleration due to gravity
heat transfer coefficient, h q
h
(Ti To )

Kf
L
N
Nu
q
R

thermal conductivity of fluid

Length of cylinder (height of annulus)
Revolution per minuet
Nusselt number, Nu = hdi / Kf
wall heat flux per unit area
Radius ratio(do/di)

Ra

Rayleigh number Ra

g (Ti To )d i 3

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Re
T

Rotational Reynolds number, Re = didi/

temperature

Greek letters

thermal diffusivity

coefficient of thermal expansion

kinematic viscosity
2N
Angular velocity, =

60
2
e
Eccentric ratio,

(di )

Fluid density
Subscript
f
o
i
b

fluid
Outer cylinder
Inner cylinder
bulk

References
1 Keyhani, M., Kulacki, F. A., and Christensen, R. N., (1983), " free convection in a vertical annulus
with constant heat flux on the inner wall", ASME journal of heat transfer, vol. 105, pp. 454-459.
2 Takat, Y.,Iwashinge, K., Fukuda, K. and Hasegawa, S., (1984), Three- dimensional natural
convection in an inclined cylindrical annulus, International Journal of Heat and mass transfer,
Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 747-754.
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Soc. of Mech. Sci. & Eng. Vol. 26, No. 3 / 323.
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11

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13

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16

Ball, K. S., Farouk, B. and Dixit, V. C., (1989), "An experimental study of heat transfer in a vertical
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