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SOUND
- is a physical wave or simply a series of
pressure vibrations
- for airborne sound, the medium is air
- for structure borne sound, the medium is
building materials such as concrete, steel, wood,
glass or combinations of all these
- it is always assumed that the hearer has a
pair of healthy young ears with the direction range of
20 to 20,000 Hz
ACOUSTICS
- is a branch of science that deals with the
control and propagation of sound.
Objectives of acoustics
1. to reinforce needed sound
2. to eliminate unwanted sound
3. to prevent unwanted sound to be transmitted into
an enclosed space
rarefaction
- the instantaneous, local reduction in density
of a gas resulting from passage of a sound wave, or
the region in which the density is reduced at some
instant
- elongation of sound
- the vibration from a body are called
frequencies
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
speed of velocity
- 1125 ft/sec at 20F, the velocity increases
1ft/sec for every 10
rise in temperature (in
Fahrenheit)
where:
v = velocity
F = frequency
d = distance of the medium through which the sound
travels
frequency
- is the number of cycles of vibrations
executed per second. Humans can hear sounds
within the 40 vps to 16,000 vps range
molecular absorption
- a sound maybe covered up or absorbed by
another sound. This phenomena is called masking
of sound and this is very useful in acoustics
- the sound masking is usually of lower
frequency than the sound it masks
soporific effect
frequencies
- cycles per second (cps) or vibrations per
second (vps) and the compressions and rarefactions
are called sound waves
VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION
Sound travels at different velocities,
depending upon the medium. On air, at sea level,
sound velocity is 344 m/sec or 1130 fps, slow
compared to light at 186,000 miles per second.
Sound travels much faster in liquids and solids than it
does on air.
SOUND PROPAGATION VELOCITY IN VARIOUS MEDIA
medium
Air
Water
Wood
Brick
VELOCITY
meter per
second
344
1410
3300
3600
Concrete
Steel
Glass
Aluminum
3700
4900
5000
5800
At 22C
12,100
16,000
16,400
19,000
At 72F
SPEED OF SOUND
As sound travels much slower than the speed
of light, the resulting defects in many rooms are
echoes and reverberations
When the reflected sound, which reaches an
observer, is delayed more than about 0.058 seconds
relative to the direct sounds, they are distinguished
as echoes. Reverberation consist of successive
reflections of sounds in a room, and since sound
travels only about 1130 ft or 344 m/sec, these
usually will be a rather long succession of these
reflections before the sound dies away to inaudibility
Thus, the speed of sound plays a significant
role in architectural acoustics
RESONANCE
Is what happens to a body when another
vibrating body vibrates and initiates. The other body
to vibrate in harmony with it
Resonance can be useful to reinforce sounds
at some specific frequencies
This happens only however, if the resonating
body or resonator has a dimension which is a
multiple of the wavelength of the sound wave from
the originating body
panel absorber
- consisting of two layers of materials with an
airspace between them. The outer layer, being of
porous type and the inner layer of solid background
cavity resonator
- Consisting of an enclosed
body of air which is
connected by a narrow
passage with the space
containing the sound waves.
This type of absorber is
effective only at the
resonant frequency,
meaning it can only absorb
some sounds
materials
Wood
Plaster
Metal
Glass
Seats
-computation
RT = 0.05V
a1s1
RT = .05(80,800)
504
= 4040
504
= 8.0 seconds
add 200 auditors at 4.17 each
200 x 4.17 = 834
+ 504
1338
RT = .05(80,800)
1338
= 3.0 seconds
from table: the ideal RT is from 1 to 1.5
seconds
-corrections
1.5 = .05(80,800)
(1338 + x)
1.5(1338 + x) = .05(80,800)
x = 1355.3
TRANSIENT SOUND
- is the term applied to the direct sound which if the
originating body stops, vibrating also stops.
SOUND FIELDS IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE
When a sound propagated in an enclosed
space reaches a wall or other large (with respect to
wavelength) obstruction, part is reflected and part is
absorbed.
The sound at any point in the room is then the
combination of direct sound from walls and other
obstructions.
reverberant field
- near large obstructions such as walls
- is dominant and approaches a diffused
condition
free field
- exist between the near and reverberant field
- the intensity varies as pressure squared and
inversely with the distance
DIFFUSION
When the reflections are so large that the
sound level becomes uniform throughout the room.
(no acoustical shadow).
Most rooms dont have such a high level of
reflection that a diffuse field is created:
1. near field near the source
2. free field at a distance
3. reverberant field near the walls
2. disordered
in an ordered sound, the instantaneous
pressure follows a regular pattern
in a disordered sound, the peak of acoustic
power occur more or less at random, the periodic
qualities of ordered sound are lacking.
THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOUNDS IN A BUILDING
1. noise unwanted sound
2. music generally not always made up of ordered
sound
3. speech consists of both ordered and disordered
sound
THE HEALING POWER OF SOUND
In many ancient cultures, the power of sound
played a major role in developing the spiritual and
physical well being of the people.
Today, due to the growing interest of
alternative medicine. The use sound for therapeutic
purpose is once again regaining popular
acceptance.
Sound waves from the outside enter the ear
and are converted into nerve impulses. They are
transmitted to the brain which interprets them as
sounds that we hear.
MUSIC THERAPHY
Music makes a powerful impact on the senses.
Often touching feelings too deep or too difficult to
express in words. The approach of music therapy
practitioners can be classified into two:
The response approach
- focuses on the therapeutic power of
music heard from an external source and the
body and minds reaction to such music.
The expression approach
- identifies musics power to come not only
form its reception but also from its creation.
Music allows us to express a wide range of
emotions from frustrations to extreme joy; music
also reveals deep feelings and problems
This psychotherapeutic effect is the reason
why music therapy has become popular in treating
the mentally ill and the mentally handicapped.
Playing music is also encourage among the
physically disabled people who need to improve their
movement and control.
DESIGN OF ROOMS FOR SPEECH WITHOUT THE USE
OF SOUND SYSTEM
1. The main objective in the design of rooms of this kind
to insure that every member of the audience
can clearly hear what the speaker says.
2. Another aim is to preserve the natural qualities of a
speakers voice so that each member of the audience
can appreciate the dramatic effect intended by the
speaker.
NATURE OF SPEECH SOUNDS AND EFFECTS OF ROOM
ACOUSTICS
1. Speech should consist of a flow of various
combinations of vowel and consonant sounds.
The consonant sounds are merely of a transient
nature, meaning they are short and rapidly changing.
6. The
- pieces of
cloth hung on the
ceiling to absorb
sound not less than 2
ft in depth; 2 ft
because the
wavelength of low
frequency sound is
usually 2 ft
- the best location for the sound absorbents in
a room intended for speech is at the end of the
room away from the speaker and also to those
surfaces which might produce unwanted echoes,
like the rear of the wall of the hall, especially if the
wall is concave.
LOUDSPEAKER
- to give natural as much as possible as well
as to make the sound louder
- diffuses low frequency sounds, projects
directionally high frequency sounds
- should be placed one at the left, the other at
the right
For good reaction of the microphone, the man
speaking should be from 18 to 2 ft from the microphone. If
too close, the low frequency sounds will be accentuated. If
farther away, the reverberant sounds will be picked up
For good hearing and reception, the main speaker
should stay in a fixed position and should not vary
substantially the distance between his mouth and the
microphone
An ideal situation in the used of speech
reinforcement system is that the listener will hear not only
the natural sound but also the sound coming from a
loudspeaker
Under this condition, the hearing of the natural and
the loudspeaker merely magnifies the sound
Another effect to consider is that the listener should
be able to know the location of the source of sound, that is,
that the sound appears to come from the original source and
not from the loudspeaker. To achieve this effect, the natural
sound should be heard first by the listener before the sound
of the loudspeaker and this is known as time delayed
sound in which thru mechanical means, the loudspeaker
4. temperature gradient
refers to the differences in the temperature of
air with respect to the distance from the
ground, it is higher than in the upper layers.
The reverse is true at nighttime. At night the
air near the surface of the earth is cooler
5.
any
4.
in
long