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RESEARCH ARTICLE
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A Comparative Study B/W Black Cotton Soil and Alluvial Soil for
Economical Pavement Design by Lime & Fly-Ash Stabilization
Kunal Anand, Awanish Kumar Shukla, Sidharth Sharma
(PGP ACM, National Institute of Construction Management & Research (NICMAR), Pune)
ABSTRACT
As we know the road development is one of the major parts of growing infrastructure & Pune, which is
expanding at a very fast rate, the construction of roads is of major concern. Fly Ash is one of the abundant forms
of Solid Waste produced at thermal power plants. Its disposal is a big problem keeping both these concerns in
mind it was tried to come out with a project which will integrate Road development and Fly ash disposal. Thus,
in this project we intend to use Fly ash & Lime in roads which will help us in following manner:
High volumes of Fly ash will be used which will save the dumping sites to be used for better purposes.
The use of fly ash will reduce the consumption of high volumes of fertile soil that can be used for cultivation
purposes.
Due to binding properties of lime & Fly ash, the pavement designed will be of higher strength.
Overall thickness of the pavement can be reduced.
Two types of soils were used in this project, namely Alluvial Soil and Black Soil taken from nearby Pune.
Keywords Fly Ash, Lime, Pavements, Alluvial Soil, Black Cotton Soil, Solid waste
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
INTRODUCTION
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2.2
2.
3.
4.
DESIGN APPROACH
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4.
4.
5.
6.
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V.
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
5.1
Weather Limitations
Lime-fly ash-soil stabilization should not be
done when the air temperature in the shade is less than
10C.
5.3
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Tolerance
Limits of tolerance, for various materials in
percentage by weight are as follows:
Lime
0.3
Fly Ash
1.5
Soil/ Aggregate
2.0
5.5
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Construction Joint
No joints except construction joints shall be
provided. At the end of the day's work, a straight
tapering transverse construction joint for full width of
the course shall be made by chamfering the edge of the
already laid mix at an angle of about 30. Before
resuming work at any construction joint left at the end
of previous work, the material at the joint shall be
scarified and moistened, blended with new mixture and
compacted to form a continuous section without a
joint.
5.6
VI.
TEST RESULTS
Various tests have been performed on two
different types of soil samples with different
proportions of Fly-Ash and Lime. Test results are as
follows:
Alluvial Soil
Water Content11
Dry Density
9.54
1.44
11.81
1.56
14.58
1.69
18.34
1.76
21.875
1.68
5.7
5.8
Rolling
Immediately after spreading, grading and
leveling of the mixed material, compaction shall be
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1612 | P a g e
Water Content
Dry Density
9.165
1.76
11.25
1.8
13.8
1.845
17.125
1.865
21.25
1.79
1.8
1.6
Alluvial Soil
1.4
5
15
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25
Water Content
Dry Density
Dry Density
12.69
1.6
14.58
1.7
18.04
1.79
22.5
1.73
2
1.8
1.6
Alluvial Soil
1.4
5
15
Water Content
Dry Density
Water Content
Dry Density
20
1.615
25
1.645
30.95
1.66
36.5
1.59
1.9
Alluvial Soil
1.4
5
25
25
Water Content
Dry Density
10
1.64
12.69
1.73
13.83
1.76
17.42
1.83
22.5
1.74
Dry Density
1.8
1.7
1.6
Black Soil
1.5
5
15
25
35
Water Content
Dry Density
Alluvial Soil
1.4
5
25
Water Content
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Water Content
Dry Density
19
1.625
23.61
1.657
28.57
1.69
33.33
1.63
1613 | P a g e
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1.8
Percentage
Alluvial Soil
1.7
Black
Cotton Soil
33.33
1.6
10
3.48
22.8
20
5.18
18.3
30
8.33
12.5
Black Soil
1.5
5
25
Water Content
Dry Density
18.34
1.63
21.25
1.685
25
1.75
29.165
1.68
Differential Free
Swell %
Dry Density
20
Black Soil
40
Percentage
Shrinkage Limit
12.3
10
13.9
20
17.7
30
21.28
1.7
Black Soil
5
Alluvial Soil
1.5
40
20
0
25
Shrinkage Test
Dry Density
15.475
1.68
18.335
1.76
21.25
1.8
25
1.75
Water Content
25
20
15
10
5
0
Black Soil
0
20
40
Alluvial Soil
Dry Density
1.5
5
25
Percentag
e
0
Shrinkage Limit
10
19.7
20
21.4
30
22.1
17
Water Content
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1614 | P a g e
Alluvial Soil
30
Percentage
Plastic Limit
24.01
10
25.5
20
26.83
30
27.47
20
10
Alluvial Soil
0
20
40
Plastic Limit14
Black Cotton Soil
Percentage
Liquid Limit
57.7
10
51.2
20
45.5
30
40.8
Plastic Limit
Shrinkage Test
30
20
10
Alluvial
Soil
0
0
20
Alluvial Soil
80
60
40
20
0
Percentage
Plasticity Index
5.19
10
13.9
20
9.77
30
5.83
Black Soil
0
20
40
Liquid Limit13
Liquid Limit Wl (%)
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40
Percentage
0
29.2
10
39.04
20
36.6
30
33.3
Plasticity Index
Plasticity Index Ip (%)
Alluvial Soil
Liquid Limit
15
10
5
Alluvial
Soil
0
0
20
40
Liquid Limit
Black Cotton Soil
50
40
30
20
10
0
Alluvial Soil
0
20
40
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Percentage
Plastic Limit
45.21
10
41.83
20
37.14
30
32.81
1615 | P a g e
60
40
20
0
350
Black Soil
0
20
40
Load (Kg)
Plastic Limit
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250
150
Unsoaked
50
-50
Soaked
0.0
Black Soil
Plasticity Index
Percentage
0
12.49
10
9.37
20
8.36
30
7.99
5.0
10.0
15.0
Penetration (mm)
Plasticity Index
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Black Soil
0
20
40
Penetration
Load (Unsoaked)
Load (Soaked)
0.0
0.5
25
20
1.0
50
38
1.5
72
55
2.0
90
70
2.5
106
84
3.0
118
94
3.5
128
102
4.0
136
108
5.0
150
116
7.5
175
135
10.0
195
150
12.5
205
160
Load (Soaked)
0.0
0.5
37
30
1.0
75
60
1.5
110
87
2.0
135
110
2.5
160
132
3.0
180
150
3.5
195
165
4.0
205
177
5.0
222
194
7.5
250
227
10.0
270
245
12.5
285
255
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Penetration
300
200
Unsoaked
100
Soaked
0.0
5.0
10.0 15.0
Penetration (mm)
1616 | P a g e
0.0
0.5
30
20
1.0
52
40
1.5
75
60
2.0
2.5
3.0
96
114
128
78
94
106
3.5
138
116
4.0
146
124
5.0
158
136
7.5
182
158
10.0
200
174
12.5
214
188
Load (Kg)
350
Load (Kg)
Load (Unsoaked)
CBR
(Unsoaked)
5
0
Soaked
0.0
10.0
20.0
20
CBR
(Soaked)
40
Unsoaked
50
Soaked
10.0 15.0
150
5.0
Penetration (mm)
250
-50
Unsoaked
0.0
CBR Value
Penetration
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CBR (Unsoaked)
CBR (Soaked)
7.29
5.64
Penetration (mm)
10
7.68
6.61
20
9.6
7.59
Penetration
30
10.8
9.44
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Load (Soaked)
0
25
48
68
88
106
122
134
144
156
174
186
194
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
Load
(Unsoaked)
0
36
64
90
114
134
152
168
182
198
212
222
232
9
4
-1
0
10
20
30
1617 | P a g e
40
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Load (Unsoaked)
Load (Soaked)
0.0
350
0.5
15
10
1.0
30
22
1.5
45
34
2.0
62
46
250
150
50
-50
2.5
76
56
3.0
86
62
3.5
94
68
4.0
100
72
5.0
108
80
Penetration
Load (Unsoaked)
Load (Soaked)
7.5
118
90
0.0
10.0
124
96
0.5
24
15
12.5
128
102
1.0
42
28
1.5
60
42
2.0
78
55
2.5
94
66
3.0
106
75
3.5
116
82
Unsoaked
4.0
123
88
Soaked
5.0
132
96
7.5
144
106
10.0
152
115
12.5
158
120
Load (Kg)
Penetration
Load (Kg)
250
-50
0.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
350
50
Soaked
0.0
Penetration (mm)
150
Unsoaked
20.0
Penetration (mm)
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Load (Unsoaked)
0
20
36
52
68
81
92
100
108
116
126
132
140
Load
(Soaked)
0
12
24
36
48
60
70
76
80
84
90
96
102
Penetratio
n
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
250
150
Unsoaked
50
Soaked
-50 0.0
5.0
10.0 15.0
Penetration (mm)
1618 | P a g e
Load (Soaked)
0
16
32
48
64
80
92
100
106
112
120
128
134
Load (Kg)
350
CBR (Unsoaked)
CBR (Soaked)
5.25
3.89
10
5.64
4.08
20
6.42
4.67
30
7.59
5.45
CBR
(Unsoaked)
CBR (Soaked)
0
0
250
40
Unsoaked
Soaked
50
5.0
10.0 15.0
Penetration (mm)
CBR (Unsoaked)
CBR (Soaked)
5.54
4.08
10
5.91
4.37
20
6.86
4.81
30
8.759
5.83
CBR
(Unsoaked)
CBR (Soaked)
0
20
150
-50 0.0
CBR Value
Percentage
CBR Value
Penetration
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
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20
40
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VII.
[6]
VIII.
CONCLUSIONS
With the use of Fly Ash and Lime in Alluvial
soil & Black Cotton Soil, there is a great change in
Index properties. It further leads towards stabilization
of soil. With the help of this stabilization of soil,
pavements can be designed economically such that
sub-base thickness can be reduced with varying
percentage of Fly Ash and Lime.
[8]
[7]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
IX.
1.
2.
3.
4.
SUGGESTIONS /
RECOMMENDATIONS
X.
1.
2.
SCOPE OF FUTURE
INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
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[15]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors of this paper have deep sense of
gratitude towards Shri U.K. Guru Vittal (Scientist)
CRRI New Delhi; Dr. K.N. Prasad (Associate
Professor) B.C.E Bhagalpur and Prof. V.S. Sohoni
(HOD Civil Engineering Department, Bharati
Vidyapeeth, Pune) for their consistent support in this
project. We are extremely thankful to Mr. Umesh
Vibhute (Amogh Associates-Pune) for sponsoring this
project.