1.

Identify statement or statements in bracket that are relevant to statements i

n italics on left.
(ASj
a) Political equality can be identified with (right to get admission in any scho
ol, principle of one person one vote, right to enter any religious worship place
)
A. Political equality can be identified with the principle of one person one vot
e.
b) Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant (allowing all people to
vote for any political party, allowing all people to vote in elections, allowin
g all people to vote for Congress party)
A. Universal Adult Franchise in the Indian context meant both allowing all peopl
e to vote for any political party and allowing all people to vote in elections.
flBIX Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.)

c\ iCongress dominance would include (being able lo attract people from various
ideologies; being able to win most states assembly seats after elections; being
able to use police force during election)
? Congress Dominance would include being able to win most states assembly seats
after elections.
mn Emergency imposed (restrictions on people s rights; ensured eradication of pove
rty; accepted by all political parties)
R Emergency imposed restrictions on people's rights.
What measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initial ye
ars after independence? HEEREk 'Mi1
^ l. Many measures were taken to bring in socio-economic change during the initi
al years after independence.
2. The Planning Commission was set up.
3. Planned development would dissolve the divisions of caste, religion, communit
y and region.
4. It also helped India to emerge as a strong nation.
t
5. The First Five Year Plan focussed on agriculture,
6. The components of socio-economic change were a) land reforms b) agriculture c
ooperatives c) local self-government.
7. Planners felt that it was essential to develop industries and increase employ
ment in service sectors.
8. In Second Five Year Plan focus shifted to industries.
- 3. What do you understand about one party dominance? Would you consider it as

dominance only in elections or also in terms of ideology? Discuss with reasons.

[ASli
A 1. In first three general elections the Congress won over 70% seats and 45% of
the total votes cast.
2. Also formed the government in many of the states as well.
3. The majority need to be believed in elections only.
4. As the ideology of the Congress was not dominant, it always had within smalle
r groups.
5. The other political parties gained ground within 2 decades.
6. This established a multi-party system based on free and open competition. *
. 4. Language became a central rallying point in Indian politics on many occasio
ns, either as a unifying force or as a divisive element Identify these instances
and describe them.
A 1. Language became a central rallying point in Indian politics on many occasio
ns. i 2. At times it worked as a unifying force and sometimes as a divisive elem
ent.
I 3. When states were formed on the basis of the linguistic principle it was a u
nifying force.
I 4. All the states are doing well.
I 5. When Hindi was made official language in 1963 there was Anti-Hindi Agitatio
n, there languag< was a divisive force.
5. What were the major changes in political system after 1967 elections ? ifcftH
WBk (ASl A. l. There were many major changes in political system after 1967 elec
tions.
2. Elections had become to be taken seriously and had life of their own.
3. Democracy had taken roots in India and country was moving towards a competiti
ve multi party system.
X Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.) Q8
Mega Study Material

4. There were basically a coalition of legislators against the congress in many

states.
5. Intermediate caste, who had first benefited from land reforms gained politica
l power
6. Many of the coalition of legislators were marked by defection and corruptions
.
7. This period saw a renewal of a regional sentiment in different parts of the c
ountry.

8. This was also a period of communal tension.

6L Think of other ways in which states could have been created and how would the
y be better than language based reorganisation ?
uriErc-n
As,
A 1. In India state reorganisation was done on the basis of linguistic principle
.
2. Other ways in which we could form states may be culture, ethnicity and econom
y.
3. But history provides proof that even nations could not survive on cultural, e
thnicity and economy bases.
4. Nationalist movement leaders accepted the principle of territorial organisati
on of the country on a linguistic basis.
5. The diverse elements of Indian culture are chiefly represented by the languag
es of India.
6. So no other basis of reorganisation would not have fared better than linguist
ic reorganisation.
7.
What measures of Indira Gandhi are called left turn'? How do you think t
his was different
from policies of previous decades? Based on your economics chapters describe how
it is
different from the current policies.
A 1. Immediately after the victory in 1971 Bangladesh War, using Indira Gandhi s p
opular slogan Garibi Hatao' the Congress won with record majority in 1971 general
elections.
2. In the legislative assembly elections held subsequently in 1972, Congress did
well.
3. She then had control over both the party as well as the Parliament.
4. She nationalised banks, abolished princely pensions which were challenged in
courts.
5. Constitution was being amended rapidly in the name of socio-economic change,
feared the Supreme Court.
6. This was called 'Left turn1.
7. In 1973, oil prices rose to an all time high, rise in prices, scarcity of foo
d, and unemployment increased.
8. Current policies are different from them.
9. Government is encouraging private banking and non-banking finance corporation
s, reducing subsidies, etc.
, 8. In what ways was the Emergency period a set back to the Indian democracy ?
A On 25th June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed an Emergency in the co
untry. Due to this Emergency -if Fundamental Rights stood suspended,
2. Censorship was imposed on the press and

3. Prominent political leaders were arrested.

In the above ways the Emergency period was a set back to the Indian democracy.
9.
(j)

What were the institutional changes that came up after the Emergency ?

A 11 With this emergency democracy was put on hold.

2. Many fundamental rights were suspended.
3. There were instances of detention and torture beyond mere violation of civil
liberties.
4. 42nd Constitutional Amendment brought about a series of changes a) Excluding
the courts from election disputes, b) Strengthening the central government vis-a
-vis the state governments. I
5. Other changes were c) Protection from judiciary challenges to socio-economic
legislations-d) Made judiciary subservient to Parliament
6. These weakened the democratic fabric of this country.
max Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.)
QQ

INTEXT QUESTIONS
In your opinion have we been able to achieve social equality: think of instances
that you would identify as examples of social equality and inequality.
1. We have not been able to achieve social equality.
2. Our social structure continues to deny us the principle of one man one value.
3. Caste system interrelated economic structure is never allowing us the achieve
ment of social equality.
How do you think illiteracy effects elections, especially when it comes to exerc
ising the choice of voting? How do you think this problem can be solved ?
1. Illiteracy causes difficulty in elections especially when it comes to exercis
ing the choice of voting.
2. They cannot read the name in the Ballot paper, to whom he/she wishes to vote.
3. This problem was solved by the Election Commission initially by sticking the
symbol outside the Ballot box separately.
4. Again it allotted symbols of daily life for every contestant for visual ident
ification of the voter.

5. We can also print his photo against his name.

Could we have considered that our country was democratic if all people did not h
ave voting rights ?
1. We could not have considered that our country was democratic if all the peopl
e did not have voting rights.
2. All eligible people shall be given franchise and elections at definite interv
als are the tenets of democracy.
3. If Universal Adult Franchise was not accepted, then we cannot say ourselves a
s a democracy. Given the literacy rate of women being low, if women were notallo
wed to vote how would it affect our policies ?
1. Literacy rate of women was low.
2. They were not given right to vote.
3. Then our policies will not do justice to them.
4. Their requirements and difficulties will not be known to us.
5. We cannot prepare the bills that suit their needs.
Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being
able to establish democracy. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.
1. Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of bei
ng able to establish Democracy.
2. I do agree with this statement.
Reasons: (a) Indian democracy rests on the idea of representation, (b) Every adu
lt citizen of above 18 years is given the right to vote regardless of education,
property and gender, (c) Elections are held periodically to the various represe
ntative institutions of a democratic state at three different levels (The centre
, the state and the local levels) to facilitate effective functioning, (d) Any r
egistered voter who completed 25 years can contest for elections to the lok Sabh
a or Vidhan Sabha. (e) Entire country or state is divided into territorial units
called constituencis. (0 The work of conducting election to the Parliament and
Legislature is entrusted to the Election Commission, (g) The procedure for elect
ions is laid down in Representation of People's Act. (h) Elections are therefore
held in a free and fair manner.
X Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.)
Mega Study Material

^age No. 25?3

6.
Summarise the features that could explain the Congress was able to domin
ate the political system.
A 1. In Independent India's first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962
the Congress won, reducing other participants to almost nothing.
2. The Congress consistently won over 70% of seats by obtaining about 45% of the
total votes cast

3. The Congress formed the government in many states as well.

4. The opposition parties only posed a latent and not a real threat.
5. The above features could explain the Congress was able to dominate the politi
cal system.
7. Do you think unity of India would have been better served if linguistic state
s were not formed ?
A 1. I don't think that the unity of India would have been better without lingui
stic states.
2. Language unites people and it represents the diverse elements of our culture.
3. There was popular will for linguistic states.
4. Leaders of national movement also accepted linguistic states.
5. Moreover now these states are of great help in consolidating India.
8. Why do you think the tribal languages were ignored at this time ?
A 1. When linguistic states were form d dominant languages were considered.
2. Tribal languages were not considered.
3. Because the population of these tribal language users is very less and sparse
ly spread.
4. Apart from this there was popular will.
5. People of dominant languages demanded separate states.
9. Do you know how many states and union territories are there in India today ?
A Today, in India there are 29 states and 7 union territories.
10.

Which are the newest states of India and when were they created ?

A 1. The newest states of India are 1) Chattisgharh 2) Jharkhand 3) Uttarakhand

4)Telangana.
2. Chattisgarh, the 26th state of India was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on Nov.
1,2000.
3. Uttaranchal, the 27th state of India was carved out of Uttar Pradesh on Nov.
9,2000.
4. Later it had changed its name to be Uttarakhand,
5. Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was carved of Bihar on November 15,2000.
6. Telangana, the 29th state of India was formed on 2nd June, 2014.
II.
If you live in a rural area, find out if institutions like cooperatives
were established before 1970's and who became members in it ?
A 1. In rural areas there were institutions like cooperatives.
2. Important among them were Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies.

3. Farmers who are practising agriculture were joined as members in it __

nrax Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.MQ
Mega Study Material^

00

Compare the land reforms carried out in India with that of China or Vietnam.
1.

Land reforms were implemented In a half-hearted manner In India.

1 While Zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless d

id not take place.
3. Whereas land reforms were Implemented in China and Vietnam in a whole-hearted
manner.
4. They were able to redistribute the land to the landless.
LPage No. 256^
How did the language policy help foster national unity and integrity ?
1. The language policy states the right of each state to have a language of its
own (which could be the regional language or English).
2. Communications in states could be in regional languages with English translat
ions.
3. English would continue to be the communication language between the centre an
d the states.
4. Civil Service Examinations would be conducted in English rather than in Hindi
alone.
5. pith these all provisions, no state has a problem with the centre, so promote
d national unity and integrity.
Is there a need for a national language ?
1. We are such a vast country with many regional languages.
2. Language policy is of help in fostering national unity and integrity.
3. The Official Languages Act 1963 could not make Hindi to withstand to be an ab
solute official language.
4. So, In these circumstances there is no need for another national language.
Should all languages have equal status ?
1. In India there are as many as 1,652 languages.
2. Indian Constitution recognises 22 languages as statutory.
3. Many languages have no script.
4. Many languages were spoken by few people.

5. Taking all things into consideration it will be difficult to accord equal sta
tus to all languages.
ESSENTIAL MATERIAL FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSE^
n
H
13.
K
14.
A
15.
A
f

MARKS QUEST1QNS\

Read the passage and answer the following question.

| A few days later, with the JP movement gaining more strength, the government i
mposed IEmergency and justified it as necessary to preserve order, save democrac
y, protect the social and [economic transformation and preserve national integri
ty
P* Comment on the above text
P* 1) When J.P. movement gaining more strength, the government imposed Emergency
.
2) Democracy was put on hold.
I 3) Fundamental rights were suspended. v 4) There were instances of arbitrary a
rrests and violation of civil liberties.
^*5) The emergency period weakened the democratic fabric of our country.
JP Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.)
Mega Study Material

QD

1) What was the smallest state that is there between Madras and Mysore state ?
A "Coorg" was the smallest state between Madras and Mysore states.
2) Name the southernmost state from the above map.
A Travancore - Cochin state was the southern most state.
4. Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.___
Jaivaharlal Nehru was not opposed to linguistic states; he only believed that th
is was not the time for it. It was also the consensual position among the leader
s of the day. They believed that India was in the process of consolidating itsel
f and there should be no distraction.__
Q. Was Nehru opposing "Liquistic reorganization of states" ?

A 1) No. Nehru was not opposed to liquistic states.

2) He thought it was not a right time for reorganization.
3) Still India was consolidating itself.
4) At this moment there should not be any distraction.
5) Hence Nehru thought that it was not the right time to reorganization.
5. Read the following paragraph and answer the following question.
When India became independent the Cold War had just begun and the world was bein
g polarised ] into countries in the US or USSR camp. Jawaharlal Nehru followed a
policy of not joining either camp and tried to maintain an equidistant and inde
pendent position in foreign policy. He also joined hands with several other coun
tries that had become independent around the same time and wanted to follow a si
milar polity-Indonesia, Egypt, Yugoslavia, and so on. Together they built the No
n Aligned Movement Asfor the immediate neighbours he formulated the Panchsheel p
olicy of non-interference in each other s internal affairs. However, India had to
face two wars during this period, first with Pakistan over Kashmir in 1948and wi
th China in 1962. India was not well prepared for the wars, especially the war i
n 1962 and sustained heavy losses of human life and money
Q. What was our foreign policy and did that policy help us to avoid wars with ou
r neighbours? A 1) We became independent in the bipolarized world.
2) We followed a policy of not joining in the US or the USSR camp.
3) Along with other countries like Indonesia. Egypt, Yugoslavia we built the Non
-Alignment movement.
4) In spite of our policy of Non-Alignment, we had to face two wars with Pakista
n in 1965 and 1971 and one war with China, i.e. in 1962.
5) These wars ended with heavy losses of human life and money.
6) We have always been peace-loving and follow our policy in spite of hurdles.
I

MARK

QUESTIONS\

1 What is the Constitution sought for ?

A The Constitution is sought to fulfil multiple goals simultaneously, including
making democracy work, unification and creation of a single political community
and bringing about massive social and economic changes.
?2. What was a great achievement ?
A The setting of a national goals and putting in place institutional mechanisms
to achieve them within a relatively short span of time was undoubtely a great ac
hievement for a people who had been ruled by foreign power for more than two cen
turies.
& How can you say that first general elections were immensely significant for In
dian democracy ? A The first elections were difficult because of the social dime
nsions also. j| Why was an Election Commission set up ?
A An Election Commission was set up to take care of the practical matters of con
ducting elections across the length and breadth of the country.
C&X Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.)

Mega Study Material

I. Which political party secured less seats ?

A Ganatantra Parlshad party secured less number of seats i.e., 6.
Z What are the total number of seats that were elected ?
A The total number of seats that were elected are 489.
3. How many seats were secured by Indian National Congress ?
A Indian National Congress Secured the maximum 364 seats.
4. Which political party secured 16 seats ?
A Communist Party of India secured 16 seats.
5. How many seats were secured by Kissan Majdoor Party ?
A Kissan Majdoor Party secured 9 seats.
2. Observe the given pie diagram and answer the following questions.
1. What were the total number of seats that were elected ?
A The total number of seats that were elected were 494.
2. Which party secured maximum number of seats ?
A Indian National Congress secured maximum number of
seats.
3. How many seats were secured by Communist Party of India ?
A Communist Party of India secured 29 seats.
4. Which party secured minimum of seats ?
A Socialists Party secured minimum number of seats.
5. How many seats were secured by others ?
A Others secured 27 seats.
3. Analyse the advantages and problems faced by the people due to the Multi-part
y system in India.
A 1) In the first three general elections in 1952,1957 and 1962 the Congress Par

ty won and led to single party dominance.

2) It was a kind of undemocratic situation marked by the absence of other politi
cal parties.
3) To strengthen the democratic foundations multi-party system emerged.
4) It almost checked the single party dominance of Congress.
5) The oppositions started critisizing the government.
6) People now have chance to choose the right party.
7) Multi-party system strengthens the constitutional frame work and democracy.
4. Read the following and comment on it
The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fea
rs about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. The
re was the fear that language reorganisation would lead to break up of the count
ry. Hence, even though the Congress itself was organised on the linguistic lines
and had promised to restructure the country on those lines, it developed cold f
eet when independence came. ' | n | | ,
ilgPX Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.MQ
1962
? KSS?"- is ^I

QD

?SSrWi. *-p-%
Mega Study Material

a i) The partition of India created a lot of insecurity In the minds of the peop
le.
[ 2) How to maintain the integrity of the country became a burning topic.
; 3) There was a fear that the language reorganization would lead to breakup of
the country.
4) But state reorganization committee was established.
5) Reorganization Act was passed in 1956.
6) Our leaders took initiative in this direction and regional languages were rec
ognized as state official language.
7) English was given the status of communicating language.
8) Hence linguistic reorganization did not create any problem.
5 Read the information and answer the following questions.
1952

1962

Q- Compare the above Pie diagrams.

jfr 1) The above pie diagrams reveal the fact that there was an undemocratic sit
uation marked by the absence of other political parties.
I 2) In both the election the Congress won maximum seats, i.e. 364 in 1952 and 3
61 in 1962 election.
| 3) Other parties were unable to challenge the Congress.
4) Ganatantra Parishad Party secured less seats in 1952 whereas Socialist Party
secured less : seats in 1962 elections.
| 5) The Communist Party of India secured more seats in 1962 i.e. 29 when compar
ed with 16 in 1952 elections.
1 Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.) QQ
Mega Study Material
? Indian National
_
-

Pnrtlf ? Ganatantia

Congress

M pmM

I Independents |
I

SooaW

Party

Peofiles Democratic

a i) The partition of India created a lot of insecurity In the minds of the peop
le.
[ 2) How to maintain the integrity of the country became a burning topic.
; 3) There was a fear that the language reorganization would lead to breakup of
the country.
4) But state reorganization committee was established.
5) Reorganization Act was passed in 1956.
6) Our leaders took initiative in this direction and regional languages were rec
ognized as state official language.
7) English was given the status of communicating language.
8) Hence linguistic reorganization did not create any problem.
5 Read the information and answer the following questions.
1952
1962
Q- Compare the above Pie diagrams.
jfr 1) The above pie diagrams reveal the fact that there was an undemocratic sit
uation marked by the absence of other political parties.
I 2) In both the election the Congress won maximum seats, i.e. 364 in 1952 and 3

61 in 1962 election.
| 3) Other parties were unable to challenge the Congress.
4) Ganatantra Parishad Party secured less seats in 1952 whereas Socialist Party
secured less : seats in 1962 elections.
| 5) The Communist Party of India secured more seats in 1962 i.e. 29 when compar
ed with 16 in 1952 elections.
1 Class - SOCIAL STUDIES (E.M.) QQ
Mega Study Material
? Indian National
_
-

Pnrtlf ? Ganatantia

Congress

M pmM

I Independents |
I
a

SooaW

Party

Peofiles Democratic