English Channel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"La Manche" redirects here. For other uses, see La Manche (disambiguation).
For the racehorse, see English Channel (horse).
English Channel
EnglishChannel.jpg
Location
Atlantic Ocean
Primary inflows River Exe, River Seine, River Test, River Tamar, River Somme
Basin countries United Kingdom
France
Guernsey
Jersey
Max. length
560 km (350 mi)
Max. width
240 km (150 mi)
Surface area
75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi)
Average depth 63 m (207 ft)
Max. depth
174 m (571 ft)
at Hurd's Deep
Salinity
3.43.5%
Max temperature 15 C (59 F)
Min temperature 5 C (41 F)
Islands le de Brhat, le de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou, les Saint-Marcouf, Isle of Wight,
Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm
Settlements
Bournemouth, Brighton, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Poole, Le Havre
The English Channel (French: Manche, "Sleeve"; Breton: Mor Breizh, "Bretons Sea"
; Cornish: Mor Bretannek, "British Sea", Irish: Muir nIocht, "Merciful Sea"), al
so called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern Engla
nd from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the Atl
antic Ocean. The name "English Channel" is mostly used in English-speaking count
ries and on English-language charts.
It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its
widest to 33.1 km (20.6 mi) in the Strait of Dover.[1] It is the smallest of th
e shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some
75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi).[2]
Contents [hide]
1
Geography
2
Name
3
History
3.1
Route to the British Isles
3.2
Norsemen and Normans
3.3
England and Britain: Naval superpower
3.4
First World War
3.5
Second World War
4
Population
4.1
England
4.2
France
4.3
Channel Islands
5
Shipping
6
Ecology
7
Transport
7.1
Ferry
7.2
Channel Tunnel
8
Economy
8.1
Tourism
9
Culture and languages
10
Channel crossings
10.1
By boat

10.2
By air
10.3
By swimming
10.4
By car
10.5
Other types
11
See also
12
References
13
External links
Geography[edit]
Map of the English Channel
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Ch
annel as follows:[3]

On the West. A line joining Isle Vierge (483823N 43413W) to Lands End (5004N 543W).
On the East. The Southwestern limit of the North Sea.
The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as "a line joining the W
alde Lighthouse (France, 155'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 5110'N)".[3] The W
alde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais (505906N 15500E), and Leathercoat Point is at t
he north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent (511000N 12400E).
The Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais), at the Channel's eastern end is its
narrowest point, while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of S
aint Malo near its midpoint.[1] It is relatively shallow, with an average depth
of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (1
48 ft) between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea re
duces to about 26 m (85 ft) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the waters
hed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reac
hes a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of Hurds Deep, 48
km (30 mi) west-northwest of Guernsey.[4] The eastern region along the French co
ast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently
referred to as the Bay of the Seine (French: Baie de Seine).[5]
Three French river mouths. Top to bottom: the Somme, the Authie and the Canche
There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle
of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown Dependenc
ies off the coast of France. The Isles of Scilly off the far southwest coast of
England are not generally counted as being in the Channel. The coastline, partic
ularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to t
he coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdi
ction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the
English side there is a small parallel channel known as the Solent between the
Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel.
The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of
the Pleistocene period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 1
80,000 years ago by two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods caused by the
breaching of the WealdArtois anticline, a ridge that held back a large proglacial
lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood wou
ld have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres
of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been an
earthquake or the build-up of water pressure in the lake. The flood carved a lar
ge bedrock-floored valley down the length of the Channel, leaving behind streaml
ined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic m
egaflood events.[6][7] It destroyed the isthmus that connected Britain to contin
ental Europe, although a land bridge across the southern North Sea would have ex
isted intermittently at later times after periods of glaciation resulted in lowe
ring of sea levels.[8]
The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a met

re as observed at sea
the west coast of the
e difference of about
ts of the Channel are
esonance.[9]

to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands,

Cotentin Peninsula and the north cost of Britanny. The tim
6 hours between high water at the eastern and western limi
indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by r

For the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas, fr
om the west:
Plymouth
Portland
Wight
Dover
Name[edit]
Map with French nomenclature
The name English Channel has been widely used since the early 18th century, poss
ibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the
16th century onwards. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal (with
no reference to the word "English").[10] Later, it has also been known as the Br
itish Channel[11] or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus
by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map o
f about 1450, which gives the alternative name of canalites Angliepossibly the fi
rst recorded use of the Channel designation.[12] The Anglo-Saxon texts often cal
l it S-s ("South Sea") as opposed to Nor-s ("North Sea" = Bristol Channel). The word
channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borowed
from Old French chanel, variant form of chenel "canal".
The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century.[2] Th
e name is usually said to refer to the Channel's sleeve (French: la manche) shap
e. However, it is sometimes claimed to derive from a Celtic word meaning channel
that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland.[13]
In Spain and most Spanish-speaking countries the Channel is referred to as el Ca
nal de la Mancha. In Portuguese it is known as Canal da Mancha. This is not a tr
anslation from French: in Portuguese and Spanish, mancha means stain, while the
word for sleeve is manga which suggests either a phonetic borrowing from French
or a common source.[citation needed] Other languages also use this name, such as
Greek ( )
d I 
( 
 ). Te Germ

me s rmek
, er y
more e
er y A
k.
Te
me 
Breo
(or Brez) me
s "Breo
Se ",
e

ek) me
s "Brs Se ".

d s Cor
s
me (or Br

Hsory[ed]
Before e e
d of e Deve
s
  o
(e mos ree
 e e   e
ded
rou
d 10,000 ye rs o), Br 

d Ire
d were p r of o

e
  Europe, 

ked by
u
broke
We d-Aros A

e, w ed s

ur  d m   e
d b k  re fresw er pro-    ke 
e Doer
d reo
,
ow submer
ed u
der e Nor Se . Dur
 s perod e Nor Se
d mos  of e
Brs Ises were overed w e. Te  ke w s fed by mew er from e B 

d from e C edo


d S
d
v
e sees   jo
ed o e
or,
bok
 s ex. Te se eve w s bou 120 m (390 f) ower 
 s od
y. Te
, more 
200,000 ye rs o s
e   srop     ke ouburs
food overopped e We d-Aros A

e
d soured 

e rou
ex
p
se of ow-y
 u
dr , r dow
o e u
dery
  k bedrok. I
sud
y pubsed 
2007[14][15] -resouo
so
r reve ed e u
expeedy we
-preserved sourm rks
d e e e e
u r s
d forms  r ers of
orre
  food. Trou e soured 

e p ssed rver w
ow dr 
ed
e omb
ed R
e
d T mes ow rds e A
 o e wes. As e e see

meed,  re fresw er  ke formed 
e souer
p r of w  s
ow e

Nor Se . As e mew er oud s
o es pe o e
or ( s e
orer

Nor Se w s s froze
) e oufow 

e from e  ke e
ered e A

 Oe

e reo
of Dover
d C  s.
Ts preous so
e se 
e sver se ,
W serves  
e offe of
w 
Or s mo  defe
sve o ouse,
A 
s e e
vy of ess  pper 
ds.
W m S kespe re, R rd II (A II, Se
e 1)
Te C

e, w de yed um
reoup o
of Gre  Br 
for more 
100
,000 ye rs,[16]  s 
sor mes bee
bo
e sy e
ry for se f r
 peop
e
d key
ur  defe
e,  
 
v d
 rmes we 
o
ju
o
w
o
ro of e Nor Se ow
 Br 
o bok de e o

e
.[ o

e
eded] Te mos s
f
 f ed 
v so
re s  me we
e Du
d Be

pors were ed by m jor o

e
  power, e.. from e Sp
s Arm d 

1588, N poeo
dur
 e N poeo
 W rs,
d N z Germ
y dur
 Word W r II
. Suessfu 
v so
s 
ude e Rom
o
ques of Br 
, e Norm
Co
ques
 
1066
d e 
v so
by e Du 
1688, we e o
e
r o
of exe
e
  rbours 
e Weser
C

e o
Br 
's sou o s m de possbe e
 res 
v so
of  me, e Norm
dy L
d
s 
1944. C

e
v  b 
es 
ude e B e of e Dow
s (1639), B e of Goodw
S
ds (1652), e
B e of Por
d (1653), e B e of L Houue (1692)
d e e
 eme
 be
wee
USS e rs re
d CSS A b m (1864).
I
more pe efu mes e C

e served s 
k jo

 s red uures
d
po  sruures, p ru ry e ue A
ev
Empre from 1135 o 1217. Fo
r
e ry ous
d ye rs, e C

e so provded 
k bewee
e oder
C
e reo
s
d 
u es of Cor
w 
d Br
y. Br
y w s fou
ded by Br
o
s wo fed Cor
w 
d Devo
fer A
o-S xo
e
ro me
. I
Br
y, 
ere s reo
k
ow
s "Cor
ou e" (Cor
w ) 
Fre

d " er
ev" 
Bre
o
[17] I

e
 mes ere w s so "Dom
o
 " (Devo
) 
Br
y s we
.
I
Febru ry 1684 (New sye), e formed o
e se 
be 3 mes (4.8 km) w
de off e o s of e

d 2 mes (3.2 km) wde o
e Fre
 sde.[18][19]
Roue o e Brs Ises[ed]
Te pproxm e exe
 of Od Norse
d re ed 
u es 
e e ry 10 e

ury rou
d e Nor Se . Te red re s e dsrbuo
of e d e Od We
s Norse, e or
e re Od E s Norse,
d e ree
re e oer Germ


u es w w Od Norse s re 
ed some muu  
eby.
Rem

s of
meso bo y rd  ve bee
fou
d o
e Ise of W. We  w
s r ded ross e C

e bou 8,000 ye rs o.[20][21] "... Sops ed so
 
eworks 
ked e Neo fro
 
souer
Europe o e eso pe
opes of
orer
Europe." Te Ferrby Bo s, H
so
Lo Bo s
d e  er Dov
er Bro
ze Ae Bo  oud  rry subs
  ross-C

e  ro.[22]
Dodorus Suus
d P
y[23] bo sues r de bewee
e rebe Ce rbe
s of Armor

d Iro
Ae Br 
foursed. I
55 BC Juus C es r 
v ded, 
 m
   e Bro
s  d ded e Ve
e  
s m e prevous ye r. He
w s more suessfu 
54 BC, bu Br 
w s
o fuy es bsed s p r of 
e Rom
Empre u
 ompeo
of e 
v so
by Auus P uus 
43 AD. A b
rsk
d reu r r de be
bewee
pors 
Rom
G u
d ose 
Br 
. T
s r ff o

ued u
 e e
d of Rom
rue 
Br 

410 AD, fer w
 e e ry A
o-S xo
s ef ess e r sor  reords.
I
e power v uum ef by e rere 
 Rom
s, e Germ
 A
es, S xo
s,


d Jues be
e
ex re  mr o
ross e Nor Se . H v
 re dy be
e
used s mere
res 
Br 
by e Rom
s, m
y peope from ese rbes 
rossed dur
 e r o
Perod, o
quer

d per ps dsp 
 e
ve
Ce popu o
s.[24]
Norseme

d Norm
s[ed]
Te Herm e of S Heer es 
e b y off S 
 Heer
d s essbe o

foo  ow de.
Te  k o
L
dsf r
e 
793 s e
er y o
sdered e be


 of e V
k
 Ae. For e
ex 250 ye rs e S
d
v
r ders of Norw y, Swede
,
d
De
m rk dom
ed e Nor Se , r d
 mo
seres, omes,
d ow
s o
 
e o s
d o
 e rvers   r


d. Aord
 o e A
o-S xo
Cro

e ey be
o see 
Br 

851. Tey o

ued o see 
e Br
s Ises
d e o

e
 u
 rou
d 1050.[25]
Te fefdom of Norm
dy w s re ed for e Vk
 e der Roo ( so k
ow
s R
ober of Norm
dy). Roo  d beseed P rs bu 
911 e
ered v ss  e o e
k
 of e Wes Fr
ks C res e Smpe rou e Tre y of S.-C re-sur
-Epe. I
ex
e for s om e
d fe y, Roo e y  
ed e errory
e
d s Vk
 es  d prevousy o
quered. Te
me "Norm
dy" refes
Roo's Vk
 (.e. "Norm
") or
s.
Te dese
d
s of Roo
d s foowers doped e o  G o-Rom
e 
u
e
d 
erm rred w e re 's 
 b
s
d be me e Norm
s Norm

Fre
-spe k
 mxure of S
d
v
s, Hber
o-Norse, Or d
s, A
o-D
s
,
d 
de
ous Fr
ks
d G us.
Roo's dese
d
 W m, Duke of Norm
dy be me k
 of E

d 
1066 

e Norm
Co
ques be


 w e B e of H s
s, we re 

 e f
efdom of Norm
dy for msef
d s dese
d
s. I
1204, dur
 e re
of

 Jo
, m 

d Norm
dy w s  ke
from E

d by Fr
e u
der Pp II, w
e 
su r Norm
dy (e C

e Is
ds) rem 
ed u
der E
s o
ro. I
1
259, He
ry III of E

d reo
sed e e y of Fre
 possesso
of m 


d Norm
dy u
der e Tre y of P rs. Hs suessors, owever, ofe
fou o
re 
o
ro of m 

d Norm
dy.
W e rse of W m e Co
queror e Nor Se
d C

e be
o ose s
ome of er mpor
e. Te
ew order ore
ed mos of E

d
d S
d
v '
s r de sou, ow rd e ederr
e

d e Ore
.
Aou e Brs surre
dered  ms o m 

d Norm
dy
d oer Fre
 po
ssesso
s 
1801, e mo
r of e U
ed 
dom re 
s e e Duke of N
orm
dy 
respe o e C

e Is
ds. Te C

e Is
ds (exep for C us
ey) re Crow
depe
de
es of e Brs Crow
. Tus e Loy  o s 
e C


e Is
ds s L Re
e,
ore Du ("Te Quee
, our Duke"). Te Brs mo
r
s u
dersood o
o be e Duke of Norm
dy 
re rds of e Fre
 reo
of
Norm
dy desrbed ere
, by vrue of e Tre y of P rs of 1259, e surre

der of Fre
 possesso
s 
1801,
d e beef   e rs of suesso

o   e re subje o S  L w w exudes 
er
e rou fem e
ers.
Fre
 Norm
dy w s ouped by E
s fores dur
 e Hu
dred Ye rs' W r 

13461360
d  

14151450.
E

d
d Br 
: N v  superpower[ed]
From e re
of Ez be I, E
s fore
poy o
e
r ed o
preve



v so
ross e C

e by e
sur

o m jor Europe
power o
roed e
poe
  Du
d Fems 
v so
pors. Her mb o e pre-em
e
 se pow
er of e word be

1588 s e emped 
v so
of e Sp
s Arm d w

s defe ed by
e Du u
der
Dr ke seo
d
e Roy  N vy

e omb
o
of ous
d

v   s by e E
s
d 

omm
d of C res How rd, 1s E r of No
 m w Sr Fr
s

omm
d,
d e foow
 sormy we er. Over e e
ures 
sowy rew o be e mos powerfu 
e word.[26]

Te bud
 of e Brs Empre w s possbe o
y be use e Roy  N vy eve

u y m
ed o exerse u
queso
ed o
ro over e se s rou
d Europe, esp
e y e C

e
d e Nor Se . Dur
 e Seve
Ye rs' W r, Fr
e em
ped o  u


v so
of Br 
. To eve s Fr
e
eeded o  
o

ro of e C

e for sever  weeks, bu w s w red foow
 e Brs

v  vory  e B e of Qubero
B y 
1759.
A
oer s
f
  e
e o Brs dom
o
of e se s  me dur
 e
N poeo
 W rs. Te B e of Tr f  r ook p e off e o s of Sp 
 

s
omb
ed Fre

d Sp
s fee
d w s wo
by Admr  Hor o Neso
, e

d
 N poeo
's p
s for ross-C

e 
v so

d seur
 Brs dom


e of e se s for over e
ury.
Frs Word W r[ed]
Te exepo
 sr e mpor
e of e C

e s oo for bok de w s r
eo
sed by e Frs Se Lord Admr  Fser 
e ye rs before Word W r I.
"Fve keys ok up e word! S
 pore, e C pe, Aex
dr , Gbr  r, Dover.
"[27] However, o
25 Juy 1909 Lous Bro suessfuy m de e frs C

e 
ross
 from C  s o Dover 

erop
e. Bro's ross
 s
ed e e
d
of e C

e s b rrer-mo  for E

d  
s fore
e
emes.
Be use e sere  r
e surf e fee oud
o m  e Brs Gr
d F
ee, e Germ
s deveoped subm r
e w rf re, w w s o beome f r re er
re  o Br 
. Te Dover P ro w s se up jus before w r s red o esor
 ross-C

e roopsps
d o preve
 subm r
es from ess
 e C

e,
ereby ob
 em o r ve o e A
 v e mu o
er roue rou

d So
d.
O

d, e Germ
rmy emped o  pure C

e pors (see "R e o e Se
"), bu ou e re
es re ofe
s d o  ve sreed "from e fro

er of Swzer
d o e E
s C

e", ey re ed e o s  e Nor S
e . u of e Brs w r effor 
F
ders w s
boody bu suessfu sr 
ey o preve
 e Germ
s re 
 e C

e o s.
A e ouse of e w r,
emp w s m de o bok e p  of U-bo s rou
 e Dover Sr  w
v  m
efeds. By Febru ry 1915, s  d bee
ume

ed by 25 komere sre of  see
e
  ed e Dover B rr e,
w  w s oped woud e
s
re submered subm r
es. Afer 
  suess, 
e Germ
s e r
ed ow o p ss rou e b rr e, ded by e u
re by of
Brs m
es.[28] 31 J
u ry 1917, e Germ
s res red u
resred subm r

e w rf re e d
 o dre Admr y predo
s   subm r
es woud defe  Br
 
by November,[29] e mos d
erous su o
Br 
f ed 
eer Word
W r.
Te B e of P sse
d ee 
1917 w s fou o redue e re  by  pur

e subm r
e b ses o
e Be
o s, ou  w s e 
roduo
of o

voys
d
o  pure of e b ses   vered defe . I
Apr 1918 e Dover P
ro  rred ou e f mous Zeebrue R d  
s e U-bo  b ses. Dur
 191
7, e Dover B rr e w s re-sed w mproved m
es
d more effeve
es,
ded by reu r p ros by sm  w rsps equpped w powerfu se rs. A
Germ
 k o
ese vesses resued 
e B e of Dover Sr  
1917.[
30] A mu more mbous emp o mprove e b rr e by 
s 
 e m s
sve o
ree owers ross e sr  w s  ed e Admr y N Seme, bu o

y wo owers were
e r
 ompeo
 e e
d of e w r
d e proje w s
b
do
ed.[31]

Te
v  bok de 
e C

e
d Nor Se


e Germ
defe  
1918.[32]

w s o
e of e desve f ors

Seo
d Word W r[ed]

Brs r d r f es dur
 e B e of Br 
1940
Dur
 e Seo
d Word W r,
v  vy 
e Europe
e re w s prm r
y med o e A
. Dur
 e B e of Fr
e 
 y 1940, e Germ
s
sueeded 
 pur
 bo Bouo
e
d C  s, ereby re e

 e 
e of
rere  for e Brs Expedo
ry Fore. By omb
o
of  rd f


d Germ

deso
, e por of Du
krk w s kep ope
ow
 338,000 Aed
roops o be ev u ed 
Oper o
Dy
mo. ore 
11,000 were ev u ed fro
m Le H vre dur
 Oper o
Cye[33]
d furer 192,000 were ev u ed from
pors furer dow
e o s 
Oper o
Are 
Ju
e 1940.[34] Te e ry s 
es of e B e of Br 
[35] fe ured r  ks o
C

e spp

d por
s,
d u
 e Norm
dy L
d
s (w e exepo
of e C

e D s) e

rrow w ers were oo d
erous for m jor w rsps. Despe ese e ry sues
ses  
s spp
, e Germ
s dd
o w
e r suprem y
eess ry for Op
er o
Se o
, e projeed ross-C

e 
v so
.
Te C

e subseque
y be me e s e for

e
sve o s  w r, fe ur

 subm r
es, m
esweepers,
d F s A k Cr f.[36]
150 mm Seo
d Word W r Germ
u
emp eme
 
Norm
dy
As p r of e A
 W , bewee
1940
d 1945 e oupy
 Germ
fores

d e Or
s o
Tod o
srued forf o
s rou
d e o ss of e C


e Is
ds, su s s observ o
ower  Les L
des, Jersey.
Deppe w s e se of
-f ed r d by C
d

d Brs rmed fores. 
ore suessfu w s e  er Oper o
Overord (D-D y), m ssve 
v so
of G
erm
-ouped Fr
e by Aed roops. C e
, Cerbour, C re

, F  se
d o
er Norm
ow
s e
dured m
y  su es 
e f for e prov
e, w 
o

ued u
 e os
 of e so- ed F  se  p bewee
C mbos
d o

orme, e
ber o
of Le H vre.
Te C

e Is
ds were e o
y p r of e Brs Commo
we  ouped by G
erm
y (exep
 e p r of Eyp ouped by e Afrk orps  e me of
e Seo
d B e of E A me
, w w s proeor e
d
o p r of e Co
mmo
we ). Te Germ
oup o
of 19401945 w s  rs, w some s
d resde

s be
  ke
for s ve  bour o
e Co

e
;
ve Jews se
 o o
e
r
o
 mps; p rs
ress
e
d rerbuo
; us o
s of o bor o
;

d s ve  bour (prm ry Russ
s
d e ser
Europe
s) be
 brou o e
s
ds o bud forf o
s.[ o

eeded] Te Roy  N vy bok ded e 
s
ds from me o me, p ru ry foow
 e ber o
of m 

d Norm

dy 
1944. I
e
se
eo o
s resued 
some Red Cross um
 r
d,
bu ere w s o
sder be u
er
d prv o
dur
 e oup o
, p ru
ry 
e f
 mo
s, we
e popu o
w s ose o s rv o
. Te Germ

roops o
e s
ds surre
dered o
9  y 1945, few d ys fer e f
 sur
re
der 
m 

d Europe.
Popu o
[ed]
Te E
s C

e s f r more de
sey popu ed o
e E
s sore. Te mos
s
f
 ow
s
d es o
 bo e E
s
d Fre
 sdes of e C


e (e  w more 
20,000 
 b
s, r
ked 
dese
d
 order; popu
o
s re e urb
re popu o
s from e 1999 Fre
 e
sus, 2001 U e
sus
,
d 2001 Jersey e
sus) re s foows:
E

d[ed]

Te w ed y of S 
- o w s

former sro
od of ors rs.

Te Sp

ker Tower, Porsmou H rbour

Bro
Wor
Le mpo
: 461,181 
 b
s, m de up of:
Bro
: 155,919
Wor
: 96,964
Hove: 72,335
Le mpo
: 55,716
L

Somp
: 30,360
Porsmou: 442,252, 
ud

Gospor: 79,200
Bour
emou & Pooe: 383,713
Sou mpo
: 304,400
Pymou: 258,700
Torb y (Torqu y): 129,702
H s
sBex: 126,386
Exeer: 119,600
E sbour
e: 106,562
Bo
or Res: 62,141
Fokeso
eHye: 60,039
Weymou: 56,043
Dover: 39,078
W merDe : 35,941
Exmou: 32,972
F mouPe
ry
: 28,801
Ryde: 22,806
S Ause: 22,658
Se ford: 21,851
F mou: 21,635
Pe
z
e: 20,255
Fr
e[ed]
Le H vre: 248,547 
 b
s
C  s: 104,852
Bouo
e-sur-er: 92,704
Cerbour: 42,318
S 
-Breu: 45,879
S 
- o: 50,675
L

o
Perros-Gure: 48,990
Deppe: 42,202
or x: 35,996
D
rd: 25,006
 pesLe Touque-P rs-P e: 23,994
F mp: 22,717
EuLe Trpor: 22,019
Trouve-sur-erDe uve: 20,406
C

e Is
ds[ed]
S 
 Heer, Jersey: 28,310 
 b
s
S 
 Peer Por, Guer
sey: 16,488 
 b
s
S 
 A

e, Ader
ey: 2,200 
 b
s
S rk: 600 
 b
s
Herm: 60 
 b
s
Spp
[ed]
Auom  Ide
f o
Sysem dsp y sow
 r ff 
e C

e 
2006
Te C

e  s r ff o
bo e U -Europe
d Nor Se -A
 roues,
d
s e word's buses se w y, w over 500 sps per d y.[37] Foow


de
 
J
u ry 1971
d seres of ds srous oso
s w wrek e 
Fe
bru ry,[38] e Dover TSS[39] e word's frs r d r-o
roed Tr ff Sep r 
o
Seme w s se up by e I
er
o
  rme Or
z o
. Te seme m

d es   vesses r ve

or mus use e Fre
 sde, r ve
 sou 
e E
s sde. Tere s sep r o
zo
e bewee
e wo 
es.[40]
I
Deember 2002 e V Troor,  rry
 30m of uxury  rs s
k 32 km (20 m)

orwes of Du
krk fer oso

fo w e o
 
er sp rb . Te
 ro sp No r

o e wrek e e
ex d y. Tere w s
o oss of fe.
[ o

eeded]
Te sore-b sed o
 r
e r ff o
ro sysem w s upd ed 
2003
d ere
s seres of Tr ff Sep r o
Sysems 
oper o
.[41] Tou e sysem s

ere
y 
 p be of re 
 e eves of s fey ob 
ed from v o
sy
sems su s e Tr ff Coso
Avod
e Sysem,   s redued de
s 
o o
e or wo per ye r.[ o

eeded]

 r
e GPS sysems ow sps o be prepror mmed o foow
v o
 

e
s ur ey
d uom  y, furer vod
 rsk of ru


 rou
d, bu f
oow
 e f   oso
bewee
Du Aqu m r
e
d As 
Oober 2001, B
r 
's  r
e Ade
 I
ves o
Br
 (AIB) ssued s fey bue
s
y
  beeved   
ese mos u
usu  rums
es GPS use  d u y 
o
rbued o e oso
.[42] Te sps were m 
 


very prese uom
ed ourse, o
e drey be
d e oer, r er 
m k
 use of e fu w
d of e r ff 
es s um

v or woud.
A omb
o
of r d r dffues 
mo
or
 re s
e r ffs,
f ure o
f CCTV sysem, 
orre oper o
of e
or, e 
by of e rew o
foow s
d rd proedures of us

GPS o provde e ry w r

 of e sp
dr 
 e
or
d reu
e o dm e ms ke
d s r e e

e ed
o e V Wy ru


 rou
d 
C ws
d b y, Cor
w  
J
u ry 2002. Te 
AIB repor m kes  e r   e  rbour o
roers were 
formed of mpe
d

 ds ser by sore observers before e rew were emseves w re.[43] Te v
 e of 
s
d w s ev u ed for ree d ys be use of e rsk of exposo
,

d e sp w s sr
ded for 11 d ys.[44][45][46]
Eooy[ed]
As busy spp
 
e, e C

e expere
es e
vro
me
  probems foow

 de
s 
vov
 sps w ox  ro
d o sps.[47] I
deed, over 40
% of e U 
de
s re e

 pouo
our 
or very
e r e C

e.[4
8] O
e of e ree
 ourre
es w s e SC N po, w o
18 J
u ry 2007 w
s be ed w
e ry 1700 o

es of d
erous  ro 
Lyme B y,
proeed Wo
rd Her e Se o s
e.[ o

eeded] Te sp  d bee
d m ed
d w s
e
roue o Por
d H rbour.
Tr
spor[ed]
Te be  of Le H vre
d p r of e rebu y
Ferry[ed]
 
re: C

e Pors
Te
umber of ferry roues ross
 e Sr  of Dover  s redued s
e e C


e Tu

e ope
ed. Curre
 ross-

e ferry roues re:
Dover-C  s
Dover-Du
krk
New ve
-Deppe
Porsmou-Ousre m
Porsmou-Cerbour
Porsmou-Le H vre
Porsmou-S 
  o
Porsmou-Jersey & Guer
sey
Pooe-S 
  o
Pooe-Cerbour

Weymou-S 
  o
Pymou-Rosoff
C

e Tu

e[ed]
 
re: C

e Tu

e

y r veers ross be
e  e C

e us
 e C

e Tu

e, frs propos
ed 
e e ry 19 e
ury
d f
y ope
ed 
1994, o

e
 e U
d F
r
e by r . I s
ow rou
e o r ve bewee
P rs or Brusses
d Lo
do

o
e Euros r r 
. C rs 
so be  rred o
spe  r 
s bewee
Fokes
o
e
d C  s.
Eo
omy[ed]
Toursm[ed]
Te o
 S 
-e s o
e of e mos vsed
d reo
s be 
dm rks o

e E
s C

e.
Te o s  resors of e C

e, su s Bro

d De uve, 
uur ed

er of rsor  oursm 
e e ry 19 e
ury, w deveoped 
o 
e se sde oursm    s s ped resors rou
d e word.[ o

eeded] S
or rps ross e C

e for esure purposes re ofe
referred o s C


e Hopp
.
Cuure
d 
u es[ed]

e m's Do
ry of e Norm
or Od Fre
 L
u e (1779), de 
 w E


d's L w Fre
, ross-C

e re
Te wo dom

 uures re E
s o
e
or sore of e C

e, Fre

o
e sou. However, ere re so

umber of m
ory 
u es   re or
were fou
d o
e sores
d s
ds of e E
s C

e, w re sed 
ere, w e C

e's
me foow
 em.
Ce L
u es
Breo
"or Brez" (Se of Br
y)
Cor
s "or Bre

ek"
Germ
 
u es
E
s
Du "e
" (e C

e)
Germ
"der rmek
" (e Seeve C

e)
Du prevousy  d  rer r
e,
d exe
ded 
o p rs of moder
-d y Fr

e. For more 
form o
, pe se see Fre
 Fems.
Rom
e 
u es
Fre
 "L 
e"
G o "
e", "Gr
d-", " Bero
e"[49]
Norm
, 
ud
 e C

e Is
d ver
u rs:
A
o-Norm
(ex
, bu fosssed 
er 
E
s  w pr ses)
Aure
s (ex
)
Coe

s " u
e"
Guer
es s "C'
"
Jrr s "C'
"
Serqu s
P rd
os oer 
u es e
d ow rds v r
s of e Fre

d E
s forms, bu

o by Wes  s "r Udd".
C

e ross
s[ed]
Ts seo

eeds ddo
  o
s for verf o
. Pe se ep mprove 
s re by dd
  o
s o re be soures. U
soured m er  m y be 
e
ed
d removed. (J
u ry 2013)
As o
e of e
rrowes
d mos we-k
ow

er
o
 w erw ys  k
 d


erous urre
s, e

se , r,
d um

peope s ed from
 Ie Ae, ower se

C

e  s bee
e frs objeve of
umerous 

ov ve

powered ross
 e
ooes.[ o

eeded] Pre-sor
e m 

d o E

d for me

 . A e e
d of e  s
eves eve
permed w k
 ross.[50][51]

By bo [ed]
D e
Cross

P rp
(s) Noes
 r 1816
e Fre
 p dde se mer se (ex Sos-bu  rery or  r
ory) w s e frs se mer o ross e C

e.
9  y 1816
P dde se mer Def
e, C p 
W m W er, w s e frs s
e mer o ross e C

e o Ho
d[52]
10 Ju
e 1821
P dde se mer Rob Roy, frs p sse
er ferry o ross 

e
Te se mer w s pur sed subseque
y by e Fre
 pos  dm
sr o

d r
e
med He
r IV.
Ju
e 1843
Frs ferry o

eo
rou Fokeso
e-Bouo
e
Comm
d
 offer C p 
H yw rd
25 Juy 1959
Hoverr f ross
 (C  s o Dover, 2 ours 3 m
ues)
SR-N1 Sr Crsoper Cokere w s o
bo rd
22 Auus 1972 Frs soo overr f ross
 (s me roue s SR-N1; 2 ours 20
m
ues)[53]
Ne Be e (U )
1974
Cor e (13
d  f ours) Ber
rd Tom s (U )
As p r of pub
y su
, e jour
ey w s u
der ke
o demo
sr e ow e Bu Bo s of 
e 
d
I
d
s of Nor D ko oud  ve bee
oped from Wes or es 
r
odued by Pr
e  do 
e 12 e
ury.[54]
14 Sepember 1995
F ses ross
 by overr f, 22 m
ues by "Pr
ess
A

e"
CH SR-N4 kIII Cr f w s des
ed s ferry
1997
Frs vesse o ompee so r-powered ross
 us
 poovo  e
SB Co
d

s
14 Ju
e 2004
New reord me for ross
 
mpbous vee (e Gbbs Aq
u d , ree-se er ope
-op spors  r) R rd Br
so
(U )
Compeed ross

 
1 our 40 m
ues 6 seo
ds prevous reord w s 6 ours.[ o

eeded]
26 Juy 2006
New reord me for ross
 
ydrofo  r (e R
speed Sp
s, wo-se er ope
-op spors  r)
Fr
k . R
derk
e (Swzer
d)
Compeed ross
 
3 ours 14 m
ues[55]
25 Sepember 2006
Frs ross
 o
owed 
f  be obje (
o
power
ed 
f  be bo )
Sepe
Preso
(U )
Compeed ross
 
180 m
[56
]
Juy 2007
BBC Top Ge r prese
ers "drve" o Fr
e 
mpbous  rs
Jeremy C rkso
, R rd H mmo
d, J mes  y (U )
Compeed e ross
 
Ho
d oubo rd e

e

1996 Nss
D21 pk-up (e "Nss
k"), fed w
.[57]
1960's Frs ross
 by w er sk.
A


u  Cross C

e Sk R e
w s ru
from e V r
e Bo  Cub from e 1960s o
w rds. Te r e w s from e
V r
e ub 
Gre so
e o
Se o C p Grs Nez / Bouo
e ( er ye rs)
d b
k. 
y w erskers  ve m de s reur
ross

o
sop s
e s me.[
 o

eeded] You
es k
ow
w ersker o ross e C

e w s Jo
Ceme
s
ed 10, from e V r
e Bo  Cub o
22 Auus 1974 wo m de e ross
 from L
eso
e o Bouo
e
d b k wou f 
.[ o

eeded]
20 Auus 2011 Frs Cross
 by Se Sooers A four-m
re y e m from S rb
orou, Nor Yorksre, e ded by He  S mpes, rossed from S kespe re Be 
o Wss
.[ o

eeded] I ook 12 ours 26 m
ues 39 seo
ds
d se

ew Gu

ess Word Reord.
Perre A
dre rossed e E
s C

e bo rd e se, ex e Sos p.s.
" rery" 
 r 1816, o
e of e e res se o
 voy es by se m sp.
Te p dde se mer Def
e, C p 
W m W er, w s e frs se mer o ro
ss e C

e o Ho
d, rrv
 ere o
9  y 1816.[52]
O
10 Ju
e 1821, E
s-bu p dde se mer Rob Roy w s e frs p sse
er fe
rry o ross 

e. Te se mer w s pur sed subseque
y by e Fre
 pos

 dm
sr o

d re
med He
r IV
d pu 
o reu r p sse
er serve y
e r  er. I w s be o m ke e jour
ey ross e Sr s of Dover 
rou
d
ree ours.[58]
I
Ju
e 1843, be use of dffues w Dover  rbour, e Sou E ser
R 
w y omp
y deveoped e Bouo
e-sur-er-Fokeso
e roue s
er
ve o
C  s-Dover. Te frs ferry rossed u
der e omm
d of C p 
H yw rd.[59]
I
1974 Wes or e poed by Ber
rd Tom s of Leryd rossed e E
s
 C

e o Fr
e 
13 ours. Te jour
ey w s u
der ke
o demo
sr e ow 
e Bu Bo s of e 
d
I
d
s of Nor D ko oud  ve bee
oped from 
or es 
rodued by Pr
e  do 
e 12 e
ury.[60][61]
Te ou
b e
 ss overr f (CH) e
ered ommer  serve 
Auus 1968
, 
 y bewee
Dover
d Bouo
e bu  er so R ms e (Pewe B y) o
C  s. Te jour
ey me Dover o Bouo
e w s rouy 35 m
ues, w sx rp
s per d y  pe k mes. Te f ses ross
 of e E
s C

e by ommer
   r- rry
 overr f w s 22 m
ues, reorded by e Pr
ess A

e CH S
R-N4 k3 o
14 Sepember 1995,[62]
By r[ed]
 
re: Ls of E
s C

e ross
s by r
Te frs rr f o ross e C

e w s b oo

1785, poed by Je
P
erre Fr
os B
 rd (Fr
e)
d Jo
Jeffres (US).[63]
Lous Bro (Fr
e) poed e frs

rp
e o ross 
1909.

By swmm
[ed]
 
re: Ls of suessfu E
s C

e swmmers
Te spor of C

e swmm
 r es s or
s o e  er p r of e 19
e
ury we
C p 
 ew Webb m de e frs observed
d u
sssed swm 
ross e Sr  of Dover, swmm
 from E

d o Fr
e o
2425 Auus 1875 

21 ours 45 m
ues.
I
1927,  me we
fewer 
e
swmmers  d m
ed o emu e e fe 

d m
y dubous  ms were be
 m de, e C

e Swmm
 Asso o
(CSA)
w s fou
ded o ue
 e
d r fy swmmers'  ms o  ve swum e C

e

d o verfy ross
 mes. Te CSA w s dssoved 
1999
d w s sueeded b
y wo sep r e or
s o
s: CSA (Ld)
d e C

e Swmm

d Po
 Fe
der o
(CSPF). Bo observe
d ue
 e ross-C

e swms 
e Sr 
of Dover. Te C

e Cross
 Asso o
w s se up  bou s me o  
er for u
orodox ross
s.
Te e m w e mos
umber of C

e swms o s red s e Serpe

e S
wmm
 Cub 
Lo
do
,[64] foowed by e I
er
o
 Sr C
moy  r o
T
e m.[65]
By e e
d of 2005, 811 peope  d ompeed 1,185 verfed ross
s u
der e
rues of e CSA, e CSA (Ld), e CSPF
d Bu
s.
Te
umber of swms o
dued u
der
d r fed by e C

e Swmm
 Asso
o
o 2005 w s 982 by 665 peope. Ts 
udes 24 wo-w y ross
s
d ree
ree-w y ross
s.
Te
umber of r fed swms o 2004 w s
Tere  ve bee
16 wo-w y ross
s (9
ree ree-w y ross
s (2 by me

d
s  s se of d  s ompree
sve or

948 by 675 peope (456 me
, 214 wome
).

by me

d 7 by wome
). Tere  ve bee

1 by wom
). (I s u
e r weer 
CSA o
y.)

Te Sr  of Dover s e buses sre of w er 
e word. I s over
ed

by I
er
o
 L w s desrbed 
U
orodox Cross
 of e Dover Sr  Tr

ff Sep r o
Seme.[66] I s es: "[I
] exepo
  ses e Fre
  r
me Auores m y r
 uory for u
orodox r f o ross Fre
 erro
r  w ers w
e Tr ff Sep r o
Seme we
ese r f se off from 
e Brs o s, o
o
do
  e reques for uors o
s se
 o e
m w e op
o
of e Brs  rme Auores."
Te CCA, CSA,
d CS&PF re e or
s o
s esor
 

e swms, be use 
er pos  ve e expere
e, qu f o
s,
d equpme
 o u r
ee e
s fey of e swmmers ey esor.
Te f ses verfed swm of e C

e w s by e Ausr 
Tre
 Grmsey o

8 Sepember 2012, 
6 ours 55 m
ues,[67][68] be 
 e prevous reord se

2007 by Bu r
swmmer Pe r Soyev.
Tere m y  ve bee
some u
repored swms of e C

e, by peope 
e
 o
e

er
 Br 

rumve
o
of mmr o
o
ros. A f ed emp o ro
ss e C

e by wo Syr
refuees 
Oober 2014 o
y  me o  we

er bodes were  er dsovered o
e sores of e Nor Se 
Norw y
d 
e Neer
ds.[69]
By  r[ed]
O
16 Sepember 1965, wo Amp rs rossed from Dover o C  s. O
e w s rewed
by wo Brs Army offers, C p 
ke B ey REE
d C p 
Peer T ppe

de
RAOC, e oer by Tm D-Russe
d S Joe 
o RASC. Te ross
 oo
k 7 ours 20 m
ues, w md-C

e w
d o
do
s re 
 fore 5 o
e B
e ufor s e. Te  rs we
 o
o e Fr
kfur oor Sow   ye r, were e
y were pu o
dsp y.[70]
I
2007, e prese
ers of e BBC pror mme Top Ge r (Jeremy C rkso
, R rd
H mmo
d
d J mes  y) "drove" ross e C

e from E

d o Fr
e. Tey d
d  by des

 " mpbous  rs"   oud be drve
o

d
d so oper
e 
w er. Afer four emps we f 
 o e ve Dover H rbour ey re 
ed e o s of Fr
e 
Nss
pk-up w
oubo rd moor
d o drums
 ed o e b k o d s by 
ope
w er.[57] Te oer wo vees
s 
d Voksw e
C mpe
  emped e ross
 ( Trump Her d w
rv
w
propeer  ed o e fywee) bo s
k.[71] C rkso
beeved
 m be possbe o bre k e word reord for ross
 e C

e 
s
m

er, bu e e m w s u
suessfu.[72] Te D y    med   e BBC
reeved rsm from o su rd wo  med   ey  d
o bee
od 
 e su
 w s o
 o  ke p e,
d eedy br
ded  "ompeey rresp
o
sbe"; owever s w s
o repored by
y oer med soures
d e red
epsode sowed e fu o-oper o
of e o su rd.[73]
Oer ypes[ed]
D e
Cross

P rp
(s) Noes
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External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel.
Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information
Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea
Channel swimmers website
Archives of long distance swimming
Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation
Channel Swimming Association
World War II Eye Witness Account Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Cha
nnel (1940)
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