Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BUSBAR PROTECTION
BY
G.A.
I{AIII,ET
1.
BUSBAR PROTECTION
1.0
INTRODUCTION
rn the early
by time-grad.ed
protections such as distance relays or
overcurrent-tine relays.
with present-day widely meshed power systen
networks with
rine sections
2r0
(i)
rt
must be conpletely
be
wourd
be unacceptable.
(ii)
rt
raust be absolute].y
(ii:.)
interruption of supply.
rt must be capable of comprete d.iscrimination
wid.espread
between sections
of
the busbars to ensr:re that the rninimum nr:nber
of circuit breakers
are tripped. to isolate the fau1t.
.
2.
(i")
It nust
maintaj.n system
fnd.oor
(ii)
outdoor type.
da.rnage and
stability.
(i)
of operation to minlmise
of busbar installation :-
or metalclad type.
med.ir:m,
it is
now
faults cannot occur and only earth fault protection is required. A1I other
types of busbars should be protected against both phase and earth faults
by varior:s types
of protection
schemes.
1.o
1.1
This is a sinple form of r.rnit protectlon which compares the current entering
and ]eaving the busbar as shown
orrners were
1.2
BTASFJD
SCFTN,IE
and
1.
,.1
The
DIRECTTONAT COMPAXISON
principle of operation is
SCIII}E
shown
connected
feed.er
will
flow outwards. Contacts from all the d.irectional relays are connected in
series to energise a muLti-contact trip reIay.
An
alternative
amangement
The
norrnal
load eonditions at least one feed.er will ca^rry outgoing current so that
the blocking relay will nornally be energised. and there will not be contact
race to prevent tripping on an external fauIt.
purpose.
'.4
Fig. 4 shows a simplified single
3.
high
speed.
relays
Under external
occrgs.
Ilnd.er
internal fault
conditionsr the primary currents are out of phase but the secondary cunents
are in phase. Relay A operates in the positive half cycle of the cunent
wavefbr"m
4.
1.5
lhis is a sinple
and econonical
fom of
busba^r
is that
frarne
of the switchgear
the
between
).5.1
cornmon
switchgear fra.meso
Principle of Operation.
Refer to Fig. 5.
T?re
of
operate a protective
CAG12
will therefore
re1ay.
An instantarreous
necessarJr
3.5.2
The switehgear nust be insurated. as a whore, usually
by stantling
reinforcenent.
connections
that:-
No
d.o
it
on
ensure
5.
(i)
The
(ii)
No spurious
is norrnarly less than 1 ohn the cu:rent 11 seen by the relay wirl
be
approximately 1CIrt of the total fault cunent. The relay
setting should be
greater than 1CI/o of the maxinun earth fault current to
achieve stability
for external- faults and should. be 1g1/o of the mininr:m earth fault
which
cr:rrent to
ensu.re
constant
be considerable
and
this
may prevent
scheme unless
6.
If the electrode earthing of the switehgear fra^me is the offender the potential
of the fra.me may be raised to a d.angerous value as a1l the fault curent will
flow through the frane-to-earth insulation resistance.
Fig. 5 shows the preferred arrangenent with the earthing connection from the
switchgear frame rnade between the bottorn of the earthing resistor and the
earthing electrode.
t.r.t
Types
of
Sreaker-
in Fig. 5. In this
of protection
zones
zone
result
Zono Faults on the bus section zone result in tripping of all circuit
brea.kers.
on
a
In this
agangement the bus section brealcer i.s insulated. on one side only
as shor.rn in Fig. 7. There will be a blind spot between the br:.s section
breaker a3d. the insulation bagier.
the bus section breaker and all breakers connected. to the busbaxs in the
is
arranged.
zone
of 0.4
seconds
is
used. to
allow for the breakers in the faulted. zone to trip and the protection in
that
zone
zonse
7.
connected.
to the side of
in Fig.
zones arranged.
to trip
all circuit breakers connected to the faulty section of the nain busbars and
al1 breakers connected to the reserve busbars.
3.5.4
Check Feature.
The main
scherne
and operates
and external
circuits to
the
8.
(:.ii)
faults'
.5.1
this
e.n.f.
9.
Assuming
that CT rXf
becomes
culrent in CT rYr r the secondarJr current Iy will split up betveen ttre relay
circuit
inpedance
is adjusted so that the current flowing through the relay is less than its
cunent setting. The necessary inpedance can be calculated with a slight
safety nargin by assuming the cu:rent Iy flows th:ough the saturated. cunent
transformer only. This will develop a voltage Vj given by
vp = Iy
Ttre
relay circuit
(Rcr
* Ru)
irnped.ance
necessary voltage
to operate the relay is greater than the voltage Vp. This voltage
the setting voltage is given by
Yg =
fhus
where
rnR
Vg ca11ed
Vg
i.er
iRR
.t.
-1R
relay coil
.'.
Rg1
necessary
to
use
Rp.
Required value
of stabilising resistor :
Rst = R-RR
fault at tr' as shown in Fig. 11 the current transfolsners
will attenpt to transfom the fu1I fault cur'rent and. pass this through
the relay circuit. The voltage output Vp fron ttre current transformers
required to pass this cunent through the relay will be given by:For an internal
Vp =
fF.R
10.
Depending on the
11
amperes)-
is given by :
rs=rP+Zrm
vhere I,
rp
where
r =
= l:,1- + 2rm)
For a busbar installation with n circuits
transforner c'*ent
;"::
rp = r(rn+nr6).
In addition to the relay there may be a voltage limiting d.evice, a fault
setting resistor and supervision relay connected across the relay circuit.
These
the
11.
where r14
device
Throueh Fau1t
Stabilitv.
The
further
asswaed
first
one
12.
1.5.5
Cheek Feature
A second
line of
defence
is considered
good
practice in most
schemes
of
A check feature
is
provid.ed by duph_cation
of the
sections
busbars.
under i'n-zone
of
Yp = 2rmvFEf
where
v6 =
eurrent transfor:mer
knee-point r.m.s.
voltage.
Vp =
maximurn ?orDrso
voltage
13.
to an open circuit,
V6 less than
reray will
v = crp
1J.
and current
are
peak values.
I(rms) = o.52I
C=
size and
number
of individ.ual
and.
14.
The values
of c
nust al'so be sufficiently high to restriet the current tal<en by the netrosil
at the relay setting voltage Vg so as not to ad.versely affect the primary
fault setti.ng. Acceptable metrosil cuments are approxinately JgmA for use
with 1A current transforrners and. 1OOrnA for use with 5A cu:rent transfomers.
An approximate value
caLculated from
,fr
vs
= c ((r(*");F
0.52
)
(i)
(ii)
based.
on
cunent setting.
(:-ii)
rnaxirm:m
J.6.7
Open
eurrent transfo:rner
second.arxr
when
2!
1U/o
amperes whichever
is the greater.
conneeted.
to the busbars or
'15.
on
site to
ensuee
are
done
normar unbalance
faurt setting
the
renain
continuously picked up und.er road conditions.
The supervision relay must have a tine
delay to prevent its operation due
to genui.ne busbar faults. A time delay of about
J seeonds is used.
1.5.8
3.5.9.1
scheme performance
16.
1.6.8.2
stability
This avoids the need for numerous radial loops between the
current transfo'mers
and the bus zone panel which would be required if the buswires
were formed in
the bus zone panel.
A closed
increased
(ii)
marshal-1ing
case
of a double busbar
isolators.
(iii.)
The
size of conductor
Howevet,
bu.rd.en.
j.6.9.1
rn a lot of
transfer of
operati.on. This is
shorvn
in Fig.
opens
15.
to
ensure
18.
feed.er
protection.
The
discrininating zone current transforrners on the bus coupler for the reserve
bars are no longer required and are used to replace the check zone current
transfor^mers on the
additional cunent
Sometimes an
transforner may be provided on the bus coupler specifically for this pgrpose,
can be
(i)
(u)
(
ii.i
(i)
arrangerrent
forrners
F3
'nneeessary
19.
fntertripping
can be achieved, by
or tirne delayed to
a1low clearance of
of a shading
operates
(iii)
\,r,hen
wind.ing which
of the circuit
and
is closed
brealcer a
sid.e
be fed.
4n
and not
Circulating Cr:gent
Scheme
cireuit
of protection to
to provide over-
Discrininating Featureo
Three cunent transformers axe
and also on both sides
The
of the
circuit breakers.
which
is
earthed.
of the current
transformers in the same zone are connected to three more buswires, all
zoneso
to the
eommon
sarne buswires,
neutral buswire
20.
One
an6
leaving the zone are equal and the current transfor:mers affected. will
circulate cu:=ent through the buswires. The schene is so designed. that
the voltage necessary to operate the relay is greater than the voltage
across the buswires under maxj.mum through fault cond"itlons, so that
the
rel-ay
are silver plated, with two switches in paraller per phase, in order
to
mj-n:inise the possibility of high arr:riIiary switeh contact
resistance.
Check Feature.
circuits,
C1
Lta
setting ad.justable
between
alarn
and.
sound.s an
buswires.
The
Open
l+
Crossed
pilots.
Tripping Circuj-ts.
The
and
the respective nain tripping relays (deviee )6) arc energised. one ma-in
tripping relay is required for each feed.er circuit breakerr altd two such
relays are required. for each bus section and each bus coupler circuit breaker.
This method presents several advantages
The zone
of protection
tripping relays,
and.
rnay be
breakets.
The
front
appearance
dependent on
Audible and visual alarrns are given under the following cond.itions
Busbar
fauIt.
tt Battery voltage
low.
22.
is
time delayed
to prevent
such an alarrn
indicating circr:-its.
1.6.10
Differential
J.6.10.1 laslg_Sgbgg.
is particularly suitable
per-circuit basis.
scheme
Each
own
individual
battery. 0n this
its
onn individ.ual
in Fig.
trippihg
22 uses two
of tripping.
busbax
each
circult
breaker
a7
-.)o
and
a
anangement
in a simplified forn.
with check and discrininating back tripping bus wj-res (each double pole
switched.) is incorporated which operates onto the ind.ivid.uaL busbar
TLre
receive relays in
turn pick up the busbar protection trip relay to trip the breaker.
I'urther reliability
back
shor,m
provid.es
separate
virtual
dupli.cation of the fault detection and tripping functions apart fron curent
transformers and associated bus wiring"
of relative simplicity
and economy.
approach
and
impedance
zonr
I+
bCTERNAL
trAU UT
rNTER-NAL EAUr-l
FIC,
L5
BIAS
COILS
OPERATING COIL
EXTERNAL FAULT
INTERNAL FAULT
OPERATING CURRENT
FIGURE
LXTLRNAL trhULT
NEGATIVE HALF
CYCLE
t-
TRAN
SEEONDAR\ C\'RR.ENT
CTJRRENT
KELNY OPEBATI3I.I
FE-E.DE.R
FTeDER
INTE.RNAL
-(
FA.ULT
<-<--
l
|
cuRRetr
TRANSFOF.t,tER
SEcON!ARy
A
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CTTR.F.ENT
R.ELAY oPERATI0N
trEEXER
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INSULATION BARRIER
2ct
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