Engineering Mathematics I - Solutions 5

The Maclaurin series for f (x) is found via the formula:

f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 00 (0)
=

X
f (i) (0)xi
i=0

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]
[7]

i!

x2
x3
xn
+ f 000 (0) + + f (n) (0) + . . .
2!
3!
n!



 f (x) = cos x, f 0 (x) = sin x, f 00 (x) = cos x, f 000 (x) = sin x,



 f (0) = 1,
f 0 (0) = 0,
f 00 (0) = 1,
f 000 (0) = 0.



3
2
2
 Thus, f (x) 1 + 0 x + (1) x + 0 x = 1 x .

2
6
2
1
f (0) = and thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
0


2
6
 f (x) = 1 , f 0 (x) = 1
f 00 (x) =
f 000 (x) =

2
3
1+x
(1 + x)
(1 + x)
(1 + x)4



f 0 (0) = 1,
f 00 (0) = 2,
f 000 (0) = 6.
 f (0) = 1,


x2
x3

 Thus, f (x) 1 + (1) x + 2
+ (6)
= 1 x + x2 x3 .
2
6
1
1
f 0 (x) = and f 0 (0) = thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
x
0


 f (x) = x2 + x3 , f 0 (x) = 2x + 3x2 , f 00 (x) = 2 + 6x, f 000 (x) = 6,



 f (0) = 0,
f 0 (0) = 0,
f 00 (0) = 2,
f 000 (0) = 6.



2
3
 Thus, f (x) 0 + 0 x + 2 x + 6 x = x2 + x3 .

2
6
1
1
f 0 (x) = and f 0 (0) = thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
0
2 x
f (x) = cosh x,

f 0 (x) = sinh x,

When n is even f (n) (x) = cosh x

When n is odd f (n) (x) = sinh x
Thus, f (x) = 1 + 0 x + 1

f 00 (x) = cosh x,

...

f (n) (0) = cosh(0) = 1.

f (n) (0) = sinh(0) = 0.

P
x2
x3
x2 x4
x(2n)
+0
+ = 1 +
+
+ =
n=0
2
6
2
4!
(2n)!

g(x) = sinh x,

g 0 (x) = cosh x,

g 00 (x) = sinh x,

...

When n is even g (n) (x) = sinh x

g (n) (0) = sinh(0) = 0.

When n is odd g (n) (x) = cosh x

g (n) (0) = cosh(0) = 1.

Thus, g(x) = 0 + 1 x + 0

P
x(2n+1)
x2
x3
x3 x5
+1
+ = x +
+
+ =
.
n=0
2
6
6
5!
(2n + 1)!

f 0 (x) = x +

P
x3 x5
x(2n+1)
+
+ =
= cosh x.
n=0
6
5!
(2n + 1)!

g 0 (x) = 1 +

P
x(2n)
x2 x4
+
+ =
= sinh x.
n=0
2
4!
(2n)!

[8](a)

Let y = arctan x

1 = sec2 y

dy
dx

x = tan y. Differentiating with respect to x:

d
dy
1
1
1
arctan x =
=
=
=
.
2
2
dx
dx
sec y
1 + tan y
1 + x2


2

 f (x) = arctan x, f 0 (x) = 1 , f 00 (x) = 2x , f 000 (x) = 2(3x 1) ,

1 + x2
(1 + x2 )2
(1 + x2 )3


(b)  f (0) = 0,
f 0 (0) = 1,
f 00 (0) = 0,
f 000 (0) = 2.


x2
x3
x3

 Thus, arctan x 0 + 1 x + 0
+ (2)
=x .
2
6
3
1
2
8

= 2.67. This a poor approximation to !

(c) = arctan(1) 1 =
4
3
3
3
The Taylor series for f (x) about x = a is found using the formula:
f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) + f 00 (a)
=

X
f (i) (a)(x a)i
i=0

i!

(x a)2
(x a)3
(x a)n
+ f 000 (a)
+ + f (n) (a)
+ ...
2!
3!
n!



 f (x) = sin x, f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = sin x, f 000 (x) = cos x,



[7](a)  f ( ) = 1,
f 0 ( 2 ) = 0,
f 00 ( 2 ) = 1,
f 000 ( 2 ) = 0.
2

2
3
2

 Thus, f (x) 1 + 0 (x ) + (1) (x 2 ) + 0 (x 2 ) = 1 (x 2 )

2
2
6
2
(b) An observation to be made is that the series are similar except x has been replaced


by x 2 . It shows (by looking at the infinite expansion) that sin(x) = cos x 2 .

[10]

Using the derivatives calculated in [5]:

f (2) = 12,

f 0 (2) = 16,

, f 00 (2) = 14,

f 000 (2) = 6. Thus,

(x 2)3
(x 2)2
+6
= 12 + 16(x 2) + 7(x 2)2 + (x 2)3 .
f (x) 12 + 16 (x 2) + 14
2
6


 f (x) = 1 , f 0 (x) = 1 , f 00 (x) = 2 , f 000 (x) = 6 ,

x
x2
x3
x4


 f (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 1, f 00 (1) = 2,
f 000 (1) = 6.

[11] 
3
2
 Thus, f (x) 1 + (1) (x 1) + 2 (x 1) + (6) (x 1)

2
6



 f (x) 1 (x 1) + (x 1)2 (x 1)3


 f (x) = x, f 0 (x) = 1 x 12 , f 00 (x) = 1 x 23 , f 000 (x) = 3 x 52 ,

2
4
8


1
1
3
 f (4) = 2,
f 0 (4) = ,
f 00 (4) = ,
f 000 (4) =
.

4
32
256
[12] 
2
3
 Thus, f (x) 2 + 1 (x 4) + 1 (x 4) + 3 (x 4)

4
32
2
256
6


2
3
(x

4)
(x

4)
(x

4)


+
 f (x) 2 +
4
64
512
0
1
00
[13](a) f (x) = ln x, f (x) = x , f (x) = x2 , f 000 (x) = 2x3 , . . .

f (i) (x) = (1)(i+1) (i 1)!xi .

f (1) = 0,

f 0 (1) = 1,

f 00 (1) = 1,

f 000 (1) = 2,

...

f (i) (1) = (1)(i+1) (i 1)!.

(x 1)2
(x 1)3
(x 1)i
Thus, f (x) = 0 + 1 (x 1) 1
+2
+ + (i 1)!
+ ...
2
6
i!
i
P
(x 1)2 (x 1)3
(x 1)i
(i+1) (x 1)
f (x) = 0 + (x 1)
+
++
+ =
(1)
.
i=0
2
3
i
i
(1.1 1)2 (1.1 1)3
(b) By choosing x = 1.1 ln(1.1) 0 + (1.1 1)
+
2
3
1
1
= 0 + 0.1 2 0.01 + 3 0.001 = 0.0953.
0.1n
(c) Each term is
and thus is smaller than 0.0 . . . 01 (n zeros after the decimal
n
point). Thus after n terms the approximation is correct to n decimal places.

[13] Let 1 = i, then 1 = i2 .

f (x) = cos(ix),

f 0 (x) = i sin(ix),

f 00 (x) = i i cos(ix) = i2 cos(ix) = cos(ix).

Thus when n is even f (n) (x) = cos(ix)

When n is odd f (n) (x) = i sin(ix)
Thus, f (x) = 1 + 0 x + 1

f (n) (0) = cos(0) = 1.

f (n) (0) = i sin(0) = 0.

P
x2
x3
x2 x4
x(2n)
+0
+ = 1 +
+
+ =
.
n=0
2
6
2
4!
(2n)!

Comparing with [13] we observe that f (x) = cosh x, that is cos(ix) = cosh(x).