:

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\W\
MEDICAL AND (ECONOMICAL
BOTANY.

5'
BY

JOHN LINDLEY,

Ph.D., F.R.S.,

VICE-SECRETAET OP THE HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON,

THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN, AND TO THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

I
i
_

.*

LONDON

BRADBURY

<fc

EVANS,

11,

BOUVERIE STREET

MWCCXMX.

fcfieeoufti

6AR3CN

Botanical
L-IBHARY

low on

BRADBURY

A!D 17ANS, FRI-ITRR8,

WHITRrRI A Rft.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I'AGE

THE CLASSES OF PLANTS analysed

L THALLOGENS their Alliances

4
5

The Algal Alliance

Fungal Alliance

Lichenal Alliance

18

II. ACROGENS; their Alliances

The Muscal Alliance

22

22

Lycopodal Alliance

23

Filical Alliance

III. RHIZOGENS

*>4

25

IV. ENDOGENS their Alliances

The Glumal Alliance

26

26

Aral Alliance

33

Palmal Alliance

36

Narcissal Alliance

40

Amomal Alliance

44

Orchidal Alliance

51

juncal alliancb

52

Lilial Alliance

53

Alismal Alliance

61

V. DICTYOGENS

62

VI. GYMNOGENS
VII. EXOGENS

65

....

TnE A mental Alliance

Urtical Alliance

70
72

76

Euphorbia l Alliance

70

CONTENTS.

IV

VI LE XO GEN S (continued.)
The Menispermal Alliance
Quernal Alliance

Violal Alliance

86
88

Cucurbital Alliance

FAGS

92
96

Sapindal Alliance

99

Berberal Alliance

103

Erical Alliance

105

Butal Alliance

108

Geranial Alliance

117

Silenal Alliance

120

Chenopodal Alliance

126

Piperal Alliance

130

Malval Alliance

134

Cistal Alliance

138

Eanal Alliance

143

Guttiferal Alliance

155

Ficoidal Alliance

158

Daphnal

?ce

159

Ehamnal Alliance

162

Eosal Alliance

170

Saxifragal Alliance

189

Gentianal Alliance

190

Cortusal Alliance

197

Solanal Alliance

INDEX OF NAMES

199

Bignonial Alliance

212

Echial Alliance

216

Campanal Alliance

224

Cinchonal Alliance

236

Mtrtal Alliance

241

Cactal Alliance

244

Grossal Alliance

245

Umbellal Alliance

245

Azaral Alliance

260
261

PART

III.

MEDICAL AND (ECONOMICAL BOTANY.

Paucis utatur medicus remediis, iisque

Qui potest mederi simplicibus, dolose

Medicus

notitia plantae destitutes

selectis.

et frustra qucerit composite.

de viribus ejusdem

nunquam

juste jiulicavit.

Systemate, Qualitate, et Experieutia, eruitur omnia usus plantarum.

Alimeuta a

toxicis, uti

medicamenta a venom's, non natura sed dosis

Linn.v.its,

distin^uit

Mat. Med. Ccvnones

MEDICAL AND (ECONOMICAL BOTANY.

THE

Vegetable Kingdom contains, among a large quantity of plants

of no known importance to. man, various useful species employed in

medicine, the arts, or in the

The

many branches

of domestic oeconomy.

principal part of those which can be brought

by teachers

in

Europe

under the notice of students, or which, from their great importance, deserve
to be among the earliest subjects of study, are mentioned in the following
pages, where they are arranged in the manner proposed in the u Vegetable
Kingdom " of the author, with the sequence of matter departed from in a
few instances, when it was believed that the convenience of younger students
would be consulted by doing so.
The author trusts that this selection will
be found to have been made in such a way that all teachers who possess
reasonably extensive means of illustrating their lectures, and

Gardens,

may

all

Botanic

furnish the larger part of the species which are mentioned.

small selection was indispensable

firstly,

because a greater work would

have been beyond the reach of the majority of purchasers and secondly,
because experience shews us that those who have to study a science of
;

observation, such as Botany, require to concentrate their attention, in the

first

instance, upon a limited

number

In the work above referred

place, divided into Classes

to,

of objects.

the Vegetable

Kingdom

is, in

the

first

these are subdivided into Sub-classes, which are

themselves broken up into Alliances

beneath the Alliances are placed the

Natural Orders, under which are disposed those final subdivisions termed
Genera.
orders are groups of genera
Therefore, genera are groups of species
alliances are groups of orders
sub-classes, when they are employed, are
;

groups of

alliances,

or of alliances, or,
1.

and classes are assemblages of sub-classes (if present),

in some instances, of orders only. Thus we have

CLASSES.
2.

Sub-classes.
3.

ALLIANCES.
4.

OrtrrrS.
5.

Genera.
6.

Species.

In the following pages the heading of each of these subdivisions

printed in the type just employed.

b2

is

The plan

of the work

is

similar to that so happily

employed by Linmeus

invaluable in its day, although

now

forgotten,

book
a
Medica,
Materia
his
in
has
which
thing
any
than
men
medical
of
objects
the
to
adapted
and better
classificathe
in
position
due
its
in
placed
species,
Each
appeared.
since
in
bears
it
which
that
as
well
as
name,
officinal
or
tion, has its vulgar
has
it
quality
the
comes,
it
whence
country
the
words,
few
a
science, and, in
applicable.
found
been
has
it
which
to
uses
the
and
possess,
to
said
been

the
how
showing
of
purpose
for the
given,
also
are
phrases
Very short
other.
each
from
distinguished
genera or species are to be
the
and
distinctions
out
:
point
to
fact,
in
is,
work
the
of
plan
The whole
the
instances
many
In
view.
this
with
employed
are
words
possible
fewest
ordinary
for
sufficient
are
they
but
distinctions may not be absolute,
will,
Botany
with
acquainted
better
Those who wish to become
purposes.
of
subject
the
author
"
of
the
Kingdom"
Vegetable
the
make
course,
of
so,
do
to
desire
may
who
those
of
For the convenience
ulterior study.
pages.
following
all
the
throughout
references are made to that work
officinal
of
uses
and
quality
the
authorities generally taken for
_

The

Where
Christison.
and
Royle,
plants, are the invaluable works of Pereira,
been
have
information
of
sources
plants are not officinal, those other
Vegetable
"
in
the
statements
extended
consulted, from which the more
Kingdom " have been

derived.

CLASSES.
The CLASSES
I.

of plants are seven, viz

THALLOGENS; having no
and

sexes,

and no

distinct separation of stem

leaves.

having no sexes, and distinct stems and leaves.

ACROGENS;
III. RHIZOGENS; having sexes, and a mycelium.
and
wood,
endogenous
stem,
and
root
having
sexes,
a
IV. ENDOGENS;
II.

parallel-veined leaves.

endoroots,
exogenous
stem,
having
a
root
and
sexes,
V. D1CTYOGENS;
genous stems, and netted leaves.

VI.

GYMNOGENS;
naked

VII.

having sexes, a root and stem, exogenous wood,

seeds.

EXOGENS; having
in seed-vessels.

sexes, a root

and stem, exogenous wood, and sefds

i

ft

THALLOGENS.

CLASS L
Of

ALGALS

THALLOGENS

(V. K., p. 5.)

this there are three Alliances; viz.,

ALGALS.

Submersed

FUNGAL S.

Aerial

LICHENALS.

having no mycelium,

having a mycelium.

Aerial

having no mycelium.

The natural orders

student.
or

Few

common

of these alliances need not occupy the attention of the

of the numerous species are of importance, either in medicine

life.

THE ALGAL ALLIANCE

(V, K., p.

8.)

few species are employed as food. Any medicinal properties which

they have been found to possess appear to be owing to the presence of
iodine, which the marine species contain in common with other oceanic
productions.

Porph yr
Frond
1.

Agardh

very thin, more or less purple, leafy, not gelatinous.

roundish, arranged in fours (usually) and filling all the frond.
P. laciniata Agardh.
(Layer.
Sloke.
Slokaun.) Fig. 4.
flat,

Fronds clustered, deeply

Spores

with broad segments variously lobed and cut

at the edges, bright purple.

On

Habitat.

cleft,

rocks and stones in the sea.

Annual.

Quality.
t/ses.

Saline, nutritious.
Employed as food, salted

eaten with pepper, vinegar, and

in scrofulous affections and glandular tumours.
;

oil.

Said to be useful

2. P.

vulgaris Agardh.
(Laver.)
Fronds undivided, broadly lanceolate, wavy, bright lively purple.
Habitat, Quality, and Uses, as the

last.

Ulva.

Frond membranous, green,

flat,

Linnceus.

sometimes

Spores minute, lying

inflated.

in fours.
1.

U. latissima Linn. (Green Laver.

Green Sloke.

Marine.

Frond broad, oblong, roundish, wavy,

covered by fructification.

Habitat

Rocks and stones

in the sea.

Oyster Greex.)
green, completely

full

Annual.

Quality.

Bitterish, salt, mucilaginous.

uses.
Employed as food, stewed and seasoned with lemon-juice.
patients.

Lamina ria.

frond

leathery,

Lamouroux.

without a midrib.
Spores forming close spots, and
imbedded in the thickened surface of some part of the frond.
L. digitata Lamouroux.
(Tangle.
Sea Ware. Sea-girdles. Seaflat,

wand. Red-ware.)
ktem woody, cylindrical, gradually expanding
oblong frond deeply
\

Ordered for scrofulous

HuhiUtt.

Rocks

Qudity.

Nutritious.

-'*es.

cleft into

in the sea, in

When young employed

many

into

linear divisions.

deep water.
as food for both

a leathery roundish-

man and

cattle.

'

THALLOGENS.

Alaria.

ALGALS.

Greville.

stem pinnated. Spores pear-shaped,

vertically arranged in the thickened leaflets.
(Badderlocks.
Henware.
HONEYWARE.
A. esculenta Greville.

Frond membranous with a stout midrib

1.

Muruxs.)
Frond from 2

Fig. 2.

stem 4 to 8 inches long,

12 feet long, olive-green
pinnated with several short flat narrow leaflets.
to

Habitat.

Rocks

Quality.

Nutritious.

Uses.

in the sea, in

The midrib

is

eaten,

deep water.

when

the frond is stripped

Ciiondrus.

Frond

cartilaginous, dilated upwards,

livid red.

Annual.
oft'.

Siackhouse.

dichotomous, purplish or
Tetraspores lying in round masses in the substance of the
flat, ribless,

frond
1.

C. crispus Lyngb.

(Carrageen Moss. Irish Moss. Pearl Mo3S.) Fig.

Frond thickish, cartilaginous, dichotomous, flat or curled, segments

wedge-shaped masses of spores hemispherical, concave on one
;

1.

linear
side.

Rocky

sea-shores of Europe.
Nutritive, emollient, demulcent.
Pulmonary complaints, chronic diarrluea, dysentery, scrofula, rickets, enlarged
Uses.
mesenteric glands, irritation of bladder and kidneys. Jellies, soups, &c.

Habitat.
Quality.

Fig.

l.-Chondrus crispus

laciniata

5.

Irida?a edulis.

in

fruit;

2.

Alalia

esculenta;

3.

Laurencia pinnalifUla:

4.

Ptorp' n vra

THALLOGENS.

Fucus.

Frond

leathery, dichotomous,

ALGALS.

Linnceus.

linear

usually furnished with large aircells.

Spores arranged in tubercles buried in mucus and collected in
heads, through pores in which they are discharged.
1. F vesiculosus Linn.
(Sea Ware.
Sea wrack. Kelp Ware. Black
flat,

Taxg. Swine Tang.) Fig. 6.

Frond quite entire, with a midrib

air-cells

round, usually in pairs; heads of spores

terminal, oblong, blunt, yellowish.
Habitat.

Sea-shores.

Perennial.

Quality.

Detergent, discutient, sub-nutritious.

Glandular affections and scrofulous tumours.

Uses.

Makes good manure.

dentifrice.

iRlDiEA.

Frond

Furnishes Kelp.

Bory.

expanded, between fleshy

cartilaginous, purplish-red.
Tetracellular,

flat,

and

spores collected in gelatinous spheres buried

in the substance of the frond.
1. I. edufis Bcry.
(Dulse in the S.W. of England.)
Fig. 5.
Frond undivided, obovate or wedge-shaped, very
succulent, dull purple, tapering into a short
'

stalk.
6

Habitat.

Rocks

Quality.

Nutritious.

in the sea.

Biennial.

Employed as food by fishermen,

Uses.

either raw, or pinched between hot

Stack house.

Laurencia.

Lamouronx.

Frond
T

cylindrical or compressed, between cartilaginous and gelatinous,

yellowish or purplish red.
Tetraspores contained in ovate cystocarps,
and lying imbedded in the branches.
*

ft

.a

(Pepper Dulse.)

pinnatift

Frond

Fig. 3.

dull^ purple

or greyish, compressed, cartilaginous, twice or thrice

pinnatifid, the divisions blunt, entire or lobed.
Cystocarps near the
end of the branches, the size of poppy seed.

Habitat.

Qua!

Rocks

in the sea.
Annual.
Pungent, nutritious.

/.

Uses.

condiment, when other sea-weeds are eaten.

Rhod om e x
Frond

flat,

stem.
ficial

1.

membranous, pink or

Grev ille.

red, veinless, sessile, witli a very short

Tetraspores in the substance of the frond or collected in superspheres or coccidia.

R. pahnata

(Dulse.
Dillisk.
Dellish.
DuiLUSG, or
Water-leaf, among the Highlanders.
Grev.)
Frond purple, leathery, or somewhat membranous, broadly wedge-shaped,
r ig. 6.

Greville.

Portion of the frond of Fucus vesiculosus in fructification

v,

one of the

vesicles

by which

it

TUALLOGENS.

ALGALS.

irregularly cut, with dichotomous

segments entire at the edge or furnished with lateral leaflets
spores distributed in cloud-like spots over
;
the whole frond.

On

rocks in the sea.

Quality.
Nutritious.
Smells of violets
Uses.
Employed as food by the poor of

flal'itat.

many northern

Plocabia.

Frond

cartilaginous,

cellular

as

if

nations.

Sudorific Lightfoot.

Nees.

jointed,

branched, dull red.

cylindrical

or

compressed,

Tetraspores immersed in the substance of the

surface, or collected in
superficial spheres or coccidia.

L Y

I.

^
'lh^ttT f^~?n'

a ar'^ r S/tenooccu., or Gigartina

Helmintlmhortos of others (Corsica*
Moss.*)
Fie- 7
0118
lif0rm tUftGd entan led
*he Primary stem creeping

'

t ^s^^ss sr

"IhrbfinS"

In

Use,.

'

removmg

rond^somewhat

the Ascaris lumbricoides.

PP
scfitered
Habitat.
Quality
I

'

Fig-

As

omou9 8triati
'

tlnous .l'PPery, filiform,

dichotomous; branches spreadaCUte ; Coccidia hemispherical, sessile,

^^

The Chinese

seas
Gelatinous, glutinous, nutritious.
Soups and jelUes among the
Chinese

*ex.

also as size

and gum

7-

sold in the shops, this

consists
>th a very little Plocaria
intermixed

7
Van US nmr,ne
iZHHSSl
1
Pactions,
''

""

^^

mUCh

maSnified

'

especially of Laurencia obtusa

THALLOGENS

FUNGALS.

THE FUNGAL ALLIANCE

With the

(V, K., p. 29.)

single exception of Ergot, these are excluded from the

Ergot

practice of medicine.

modern

a mere disease of the ovary of

grasses, caused by the attacks of a parasite of this alliance (see Oidium.)
Fungals are, however, among the more useful friends of man as food, and
among his most dangerous enemies as parasites, destroying the sources of
his food.
The following are the most common and important examples.
itself

Agaric us.

is

Linnceus.

Pileus bearing on one side vertical, unequal plates or

hymenium.

late
1.

A. campestris
naeus.

gills,

forming a lamel-

Veil single.
8

Lin-

(Common

Mushroom.) Fig. 8.
Pileus fleshy, dry, whitish, silky or scaly,

fragrant
when
broken, and not
changing colour
hymenium
pink,
;

becoming

free,

brown or blackish
stipe

solid,

white,

having a ring.
Habitat.

Pastures,

dung-

hills.

Quality.

Nutritious,

fra-

grant.
Uses.
As food, and as sauce
(ketchup.)

2.

A. oreadcs Bolton.
(Fairy-ring Mushroom.
Scotch
Bonnets.
Cham-

pignon.)
Fig. 9.
Pil eus
fleshy,
tough,
somewhat bossed,
firstpale-brown,and

becoming
whiter
with age
hymenium whitish, "with
;

distinct gills; stipe

with no ring,
round, whitish, with
solid,

skin separating
into
longitudinal
fibi es.

*^j* Agaricus

campestris, with

its

mycelium, or spawn;

:>.

AgutaH

oreades in different states of

10

THALLOGENS.

FUNGALS.

Pastures and lawns, where it grows in irregular circles.

Nutritious, stimulant, rather fragrant.
Frequently strung on thread, dried in the shade, and pounded, as an addition to

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

sauces.

Amanita.

Grevil/e.

Pilens bearing on the under side vertical, unequal plates, forming an

hymenium.
Veil double
the outer covering the whole plant when
young.
(Fly Agaric.) Fig. 11.
1. A. muscaria Greville.
stipe
gills white
Pileus bright orange red, warted, striated at the edge
;

bulbous.

Woods,

especially of Fir and Birch.

Quality.
Narcotic, poisonous.
Uses.
Produces intoxication and delirium. The infusion

Habitat.

employed

to kill flies.

11
i

10. Lycoperdon genimatum 11. Amanita muscaria 12. a piece of Polvporas

on wood; 13. Helvella crispa 14. Tuber cibarium 15. Worchella esculenta.
Fig.

igniarius growing

11

THALLOGEXS.

FUNGALS.

Polyporus.

Micheli.

Pileus fleshy
completely blended with the hymenium, which is pierced
with thin-sided, rather angular, tubular, vertical passages.
1. P. igniarins Fries.
(Hard Amadou. Todchwood. Spunk.) Fig. 12.
;

Hard

pileus thick, obtuse, nearly even, ferruginous, at length cinereous

the edges and minute convex pores cinnamon.

On

Habitat.

old trees.
Styptic.

Quality.

Beaten

Uses.

till

soft, it

staunches slight wounds.

Sliced,

it

forms good razor-strops.

German Tinder.)
(Soft Amadou.
Pileus somewhat triangular, smooth, brownish grey, soft within
the edge
pale bluish white or yellowish, as well as the very minute pores,

2.

fomentarius Fries.

becoming- ferruginous.

On

Habitat

old trees.
Quality.
Styptic, elastic.
Uses.
Forms tinder ; staunches slight

P.

3.

officinalis

Fries.

wounds

Boletus

forms small surgical pads.

Laricis

Jacquin.

(kyapucov

of Dios-

corides.)

Pileus between corky and fleshy, warted, stalked, banded with yellow and

brown

pores yellowish.

Habitat.

On Larch

Quality.

Smells like

Uses.

trees in Southern Europe.

new

flour.

drastic purgative,

now

Taste bitter, nauseous.

rarely employed.

Morchella.

DiUenius.

Pileus convex, with a ribbed, irregularly excavated hymenium.

1. M. esculenta Linnams.
(Morell.)
Fig. 15.
Pileus conical, ovate or globose, united to the stipe at the contracted base
ribs of the hymenium anastomosing into distinct cells.
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Woods, orchards, cinder- walks.

Nutritious.
delicate article of food.

Helvella.

Linnaeus.

Pileus turned downwards, lobed, with an even hymenium.

1. H. crispa Scopoli.
(Mitre Mushroom.) Fig. 13.
Pileus crisp and irregularly lobed, pale yellowish brown

stipe white,

ribbed, fistular, irregularly excavated.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Woods.
Nutritious.
delicate article of food.

Tuber.

fleshy, firm, roundish

mass,

filled

MichelL
with veins and minute cavities, in which

stand the spore-cases.

1. T. cibarium Sibthorp. (Truffle.)
Fig. 14.
Surface black, covered with angular warts.
Habitat.
Qualify.
Uses.

In the earth, beneath trees, especially Beeches.

Nutritious, fragrant, stimulating.
common ingredient in sauces and rich dishes.

12

THALLOGENS.

FUN GALS.

Lycoperdon.

;,

Tournefort.

globular, fleshy mass, eventually bursting and discharging a multitude of

powdery spores.

L. gemmaturn Batsch.
(Common Puffball.) Fig. 10.
Round, tapering to the base, covered with little rough warts.
1.

Habitat
Quality.

Fields and meadows.

Acts mechanically as a styptic, by

means *of

brown

its

spores.

L, giganteum Batsch.
Bovista gigantewn Nees.
(Giant Puffball.)
Oblong or roundish, white, very large, smooth, with the skin cracking into
angular spaces, pulpy at first, becoming dry.

2.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Fields and plantations.

Styptic.

When

dry, staunches slight wounds.

The smoke

17

i<;

is

20

10

21

Tuburcinia.
Microscopic.

stupifies bees.

-j

Fries*

Hollow granular oblong

balls,

collected

patches.
1.

-j

in

subcutaneous

1. Scabies Berkeley. (Potato Scab.)

Fig. 23
10
beC ming conflaent balls attached
transversely to a
shortTti

Habitat.
Quality,

Beneath the skin of the tuber of

the Potato
Produces superficial cavities and
pits, but is'of no further injury.

^Wtoofc

illus glaucus

.Ecidium Berberidia;-a:*. TuburciiiJa

tables
* A few species, neither medical
nor ecimntninni
because they produce marked effect,

18. Peni,illium

^uccima Graminia';

22.

upouXTu'S

t.

21. Botrytis infestans

SmZjSS&f

glaucum

"*'

3tU<lent

'


13

THALLOGENS.

Puccinia.

II

NGAI>

Persoon.

Microscopic. Pear-shaped or oblong bodies, containing spores, having internal

partitions, and furnished with a slender stalk, by which they are

attached to an internal mycelium.

1. P. graminis Persoon.
(Corn Mildew.) Fig. 20.
Pitch brown or black, growing in irregular lines, which become occasionally
confluent.
Habitat.
Quality.

from

Leaves and straw of Grasses.

Preys upon the juices of plants, especially of Corn, and prevents the grain
swelling.

jEcidiual

membranous
discharging numerous spores.

Microscopic. Cellular

sacs, bursting at the

side or apex,

and

Mc.

cancellatum Persoon.
Forms spots, which are yellow at
1.

Persoon.

in figure

somewhat

first,

and then become red and prominent,

conical, splitting at the side in an irregular

manner

spores brown.
Habitat.

The

Quality.

leaves of Pear trees.

destructive parasite, greatly injuring the trees which

it

attacks.

jEc. Berber idis Persoon.

(Berberry Blight.) Fig. 22.
Forms roundish bright red spots, in figure elongated, bursting irregularly
at the end, and becoming cups
spores orange.
2.

Habitat.
Quality.

Leaves of the common Berberry.

A troublesome parasite, erroneously supposed

.iEc Urticce

De

to blight

Wheat.

(Nettle Blight.)
Spore-cases form oblong orange heaps on the under side of the leaves, each
being nearly round, and finally gaping wide.

3.

Habitat.
Quality.

Candolle.

Common

on Nettles.
Like other parasites, deprives the plant on which
matter intended for its own nutrition.

Erysiphe.
Microscopic.

apex,

fleshy,

it

grows of the organisnhle

Hedwig.

somewhat gelatinous mass, opening

and standing

at the collapsing

the centre of a free

floccose superficial mycelium.
1. E. communis Schlechtendahl.
Mycelium dirty white, resembling cobweb, at length
forming spots ; rays simple, acute.
Habitat

in

On

the living leaves of herbaceous plants.

Quality.
A surface parasite, infesting various plants, especially
the Pea, which it overruns and destroys.

E. bicornis Link.
Fig. 24.
Mycelium-milk white, densely entangled into a white skin
short, forked, and warted at the point.
Habitat.
Very common on Maple loaves, rendering them hoary.
Quality.
As in the last.
2.

Fig.

24 -Magnified

figure of

Erysiphe bicornis

rays

very


14

THALLOGENS.

FUNGALS.

Mic he U

li OTRYTIS .

Microscopic. Consisting of erect branched threads, at the ends of which grow

clusters of spores (spore-cases.)

(Potato Mil-

ifestans

dew.)

Fig. 21.

Tufts of threads, lax, erect, white, branchspores lateral and

ing at the ends
terminal, solitary, oblong, with a granular nucleus.
;

Leaves of the common Potato.

Quality.
Attacks the leaves and stems, and aggravates the disease to which this plant has
Habitat

become

subject.

(SilkwormB. Bassiana Montague.

rot.
Muscardine.) Fig. 25.

2.

Threads erect, branched in a racemose

manner, with clusters of spores at the
end of the short lateral divisions.
Kills silkworms in great

Quality.

Oidium.

numbers.

Link.

Threads white or brightly coloured, simple or irregularly

branched, moniliform above, and breaking up into more or less elliptic

Microscopic.

1.

spores.
Berkel. M8S.
0. abortifaciens Berkel.
Ergotcetia abortifaciens Quekett (Ergot.)
Threads white, irregularly branched spores abundant, elliptic,
26
containing two nuclei.
Berkeley.
;

Hah it at.

Ovary of Grasses and Eleo-

charis, causing the disease called

Ergot, destroying the ordinary

growth, and compelling it to assume
a horned appearance.
Quality.
The ovary thus affected
becomes hardened and deformed.
Uses.
Ergot or spurred Rye is a
dangerous narcotic poison, producing gangrene. Used in medicine to
increase the action of the uterus in
difficult parturition.

2.

0. Tuckeri

Mildew.)

Berkeley. (Vine
Fig. 26.

Fertile threads elongated

spores

large, elliptic or oblong, at

length septate.
Habitat.

Leaves and green parts of Vines.

Quality.

Berkeley-

formidable parasite, destroying the functions of the skin of

the parts

it

attacks.

-Magnified view of Botrjtfa Bassiana 26. Do. of Oidium Tuckeri

at a making its way through
the stomates of a \ me leaf 6, a plant, with mycelium c, spores d
Oidium of the Peach tree.*/. J B.
Fig. 25

15

THALLOGENS.

Fl'NGALS.

Graphium.

Stem

Microscopic.

Corda.

erect, fibrous, capitate, pencilled, floccose

tinuous, breaking off into continuous,

glued together at

first,

homogeneous

flocci con-

spores, which arc

but at last separate.

G. pcnicilloides Corda.
*-,
Fig.
27.
6
Mused, black
stem even, black, opaque, brown in the middle, above
pale dirty white
spores cylindrical, white, hyaline.
1

Habitat.

Use&

Dead Fir wood and Poplar wood.

destroyer of timber.

Aspergillus.

Micheli

Microscopic.

Cobweb-like strata, producing threads, at the ends of which

grow spores arranged in rows, the rows themselves being collected in

pencils or tufts.

p A

$***** Link. (Blue Mouldiness.)

Cobweb-like

strata

loosely packed,
lb

af

Q;
r
VWUity.

'

Decaying

white

Fig. 17.
the fertile threads simple, capitate

becoming glaucous.

substances everywhere.
Assists in decomposition.

Ch

spores


16

THALLOGENS.

Lanosa.

FUXGALS.

Unger.

Branched, transparent, jointed threads, the terminal joints

of the small lateral branches of which at length acquire a reddish
colour, and separate at the articulations, producing oblong spores.

Microscopic.

28

1.

L. nivalis Unger.

(Snow-mould.)

Fig. 28.

Whi
entangled circular patches, finally becoming red, as
powder.

if

dusted with red

Beneath snow, on Grasses and cereal crops.

Quality.
Commits great ravages among the plants which it attacks, sometimes destroying whole crops of corn.
Especially injurious to Barley and Rye.

Habitat.

Mucon.

Michel!.

Cobwebby masses, consisting of tubular septate threads bearing

the end a roundish membranous spore-case, which bursts when

Microscopic.
at

plunged
1.

in water.

M. Mucedo Linnaeus.

Cobweb-like

the fertile

(Common Mouldiness.) Fig. 16.

threads simple
spores and spore-cases
;

Habitat.

Fruit, paste

QuaMty.

Destroys the quality of the substances

blackish.

and preserves.

Ukedo.

it

infests.

Persoon.

Microscopic.

Subcutaneous patches or masses of simple

powdery spore
I.
XL Uarm Pe Candolle-U. fcetida of
some. v(Bunt
Smut-balls
Pepper-ruano.) Fig. 10.
Spores black, rather large, spherical,
foetid.

oSu

tyattfy.

Si! T

ary f
rn
4 > 000 000
be contained in a grain of Wheat.
/
Destructive to corn, destroying all the interior.
;

'

U. segetum Persoom (Smit.

Dust-brand.)
Spores black, minute, spherical, scentless.
2.

l/nlnfat.

Quality.

Rachis and receptacle of Grasses, especially

Oats and Barley.
Destructive to such corn, but less so than
the last.

""
a.Slled^iS
'

"

nn Sa nlVal

"

a PatCh f the

P laBt

'

*>

<* of

its

threads

at

c, inflated

'

XHALLOGENS.

17

Penicillium.

FUNGAL

Link.

Microscopic.
.

1.

Cobweb-like or mothery flocculent masses, producing simple

globose spores disposed in patches about the pencil-shaped
ends of

septate fertile threads.

P. glaucum Greville. (The

Vinegar Plant.)

Mycelium forming a close tough crust-like or leathery web branches

somewhat entangled and bifid spores verdigris-green.
Habitat. On decaying bodies, and in
fluids in a state of acetification.
;

Huatity.

Assists

the decomposition of decaying matter, and augments rapidly the

acetous fermentation of saccharine fluids.
A bit placed in sugar and water soon
changes it to vinegar.

Mycoderma.
the

It

probable that
substance which
is

flocculent
forms in various infusions

when
" mothery," and

they become
which bears this name, is only the
mycelium of Mucor, Penicillium,
and other Fungals of a similar

The accompanying

nature.

cuts,

from a paper of Mr. Berkeley's,

illustrate this. Fig. 29 is
a view of
the mycelium of AJucor
subtilissimus as found in water, with one
ball

of the reproductive bodies

formed when the mycelium reached
the air
30 is Penicillium candioiim
the same state, the greater
part of which had been

water

formed

in

but a couple of branches

reaching the air produced
the true
fructification of
this genus
of
e
;

Fungals.

31

"

Wlth some of the Mvcoderms, figured by Dr. Pereira in the Pharmaceutical Journal,
y
i a*
mpyreumat
y eviden t f as will be seen by a cut (fig. 31) of the " Vegetation in emp:
sLn-J
succinate of ammonia,"
borrowed from the Pharm. Journal, vol. vii. f. 8, p. 341.

>?,

LICHENALS.

18

THALLOGENS.

THE LTCHENAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 45.)

a
added
here
is
matter
gelatinous
To a considerable amount of nutritious
stomachic.
and
tonic
species
the
bitterness,
which
renders
quantity
of
variable
to
food
supply
others
plants
;
Some are among the most valuable dyeing

animals, as the

Cenomvce

to reindeer.

Gyrophora.

Acharius.

Shields round, sessile, adnate, covered

Thallus leafy, horizontal, peltate.
with a black membrane, the surface marked with
circles or plaits.

G. proboscidea Acharius.

1.

(Tripe de Roche.*)

Fig. 35.

Thallus membranous, wrinkled, with elevated netting,

smoky brown, lobed and notched at the edge
shields convex, plaited.

32

Habitat

Mountainous and very northern regions, on rocks.

Nutritious, bitter, nauseous, purgative.

Food in arctic regions.

Quality.
Used.

G. erosa Acharius.
(Tripe de Roche.)
Thallus membranous, wrinkled, almost black, irregularly lobed, perforated
at the circumference, and notched
shields convex, variously plaited.

2.

Habitat.
Quality.

Mountainous, and very northern regions, on rocks.

Like the last.

Cenomyce.

Acharius.

Thallus shrubby, perpendicular, branched, usually covered with leafy scales

Shields sessile, round, convex, without a border, the sides reflexed.

(Reindeer Moss.)

Fig. 39.
Stalks of the shields erect, long, rough, cylindrical, greenish white, very
much branched the axils pierced ; the branches
scattered, entangled; shields roundish, brown, on
small erect stalks.
i/<

Habitat

Moors, heaths, especially mountainous or northern.

Quality.
Uses.

Nutritious.
Constitutes important food for reindeer

and other animal 9

in high northern latitudes.

C. pyxidata Acharius.
(Cup Lichen.
Cup Moss.)
Fig. 33.
Thallus leafy, erect, the lobes crenulate, forming long,
granulated, rough greyish green cups, on the edge
of which stand the brown convex shields.

2.

Habitat.

Moors and dry woods.

Quality.

Bitter, gelatinous.

Uses.

Fig.

Hooping-cough
32. Magnified
*

By some

as Iceland Moss.

shields of

Gyrophora

33.

Febrifugal.

Cenomyce pyxidata, a

mistake a figure of Peltidea aphthosa

is

little

larger than natural

given for this by Pr. Pereira.

size.


U CH i:\als.

]i)

THALLOGENS.

Parmelia.

Acharius.

Shields orbicular, fixed by a

Thallus leafy, horizontal, lobed, and cut.
central point, concave, bordered by the inflexed thallus.
(Yellow Wall Lichen.) Fig. 36.
1. P. parietina Acharius.
lobes radiating, appressed,
Thallus circular, bright orange yellow
shields deep
rounded, crenate, and crisp, granular in the centre
orange, concave, with an entire border.
;

Habitat
Quality.
Uses.

Common.
Trees and walls.
Bitter.
Yields a yellow colouring matter.

In intermittent fevers.

k36

Lecanora.
Thallus

crustaceous,

iick, sessile,

flat,

aphthosa;

'

U.

Acharius.
Shields

orbicular,

bordered bv a rim formed out of the

L chens natural size. Fig.

Sl
|.net
lna;37 Lecanora
tartarea
US

uniform.

34.

Lecanora Parella

38. Roccella fucifonnis

Peltidea caniift.

c 9

;
;

plano-concave

crust.

Parmelia
Panne
proboscidea
8&
Gyrophora
35.
Peltiilea
feitui
40.
rangifenna;
89. Cenomyce
;


20

THALLOGENS.

L1CHENALS.

(Perelle.
CrabVeye Lichen.) Fig. 34.
L. Parella Acharius.
Crust dirty white, determinate, plaited and warty ; shields scattered, thick,
concave, whole coloured.
1.

Habitat.
Quality.

Rocks

in mountainous countries.
Yields a purple dye, equal to that of Archill.

L. tartarea Acharius.

(Cudbear.)

Fig. 37.
Crust thick, granulated, and tartareous, greyish white ; shields scattered,
convex, at length flat, yellow brown inclining to flesh colour, with a
thick inflexed border, becoming wavy.

2.

Rocks, &c, in alpine countries.

Quality.
Yields a rich purple colour.
Employed in dyeing yarn. The source of Litmus, used as a test for acids, when
Uses.
it becomes red, and for alkalies, by which the blue colour is restored.

Habitat.

Sticta.

Acharius.

Thallus leafy, leathery, lobed, with numerous little cavities.

Shields on
the under side, fixed by a central point, flat, surrounded by an elevated
border, formed of the thallus.

S.

pulmonaria Acharius.

(Lungwort.

Oak-lungs.)

Fig. 42.

Kk*

Thallus spreading, olive green, pale brown when dry, pitted and netted*
much lacerated, with broad rounded lobes ; shields marginal, redbrown, with a thick border.
Habitat.

Trunks of

trees in

mountainous countries.
Bitter.
Quality.
Furnishes a good brown dye. Nutritious.
Pulmonary affections, haemorrhage ; a light diet as a substitute for hops.
Uses.
;

Peltidea.

Acharius.
sh

Fig.

42. SticU pulmonaria

natural size.


21

THALLOGKNS.

LICHENALS.

Shields roundish, attached to the upper side of the lobes,

and having a border formed of the thallus.
1. P. canina Acharius.
(Dog Lichen. Ground Liverwort.) Fig. 41.
Thallus thick, glaucous grey, greenish when moist, somewhat furrowed,
with rounded lobes, beneath white, with branching veins and fibres ;
shields vertical, revolute, reddish brown, with a crenulate border.
lobes.

On

among moss, &c.

An imaginary remedy for hydrophobia.

Habitat.
Uses.

the ground,

P. aphthosa Acharius.
(Thrush Lichen.) Fig. 40.
Thallus light green, smooth, sprinkled with brown warts
lobes broad,
rounded, the fertile ones contracted
shields large, red-brown, with a
jagged border.

2.

Habitat.

Moist alpine rocks.

Quality.

Purgative, anthelmintic.

The Swedes

boil it in

milk as a cure for aphthae.

Acharius.

Cetraria.

Thallus leafy, spreading or erect, lobed and lacerated, smooth on eacl

side.
Shields orbicular, attached ob-

liquely to

the edge of the thallus,

planoconcave, bordered by the inflexed
thallus.

1.

C.islandica Acharius.
Fig. 43.

(Iceland Moss.)

brown
one side, lacerated, channelled, and
bordered with
tooth-like fringes
shields brown, with a raised border.

On

Habitat

the ground, in northern regions.

Quality. Mucilaginous, demulcent, tonic, bitter.
uses.

light diet for invalids,

and a mild

tonic.

Phthisis, chronic catarrh, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery. Perm u,

ROCCELLA.

Acharius.

Thallus

Shields orbicular, adnate, plano-convex, with a thickened elevated

border.
1. R. tinctoria De
Candolle. (Orchill. Archill. Dyer's Moss.)
Thallus suffruticose, branched, terete, erect, greyish brown, bearing

powdery warts

raised border

juice deep yellow.

shields almost black

and pruinose, with a scarcely

Habitat.

Rocks near the sea, especially in southern places.

Quality.
Dyes
purpL.

-.,
purple.
T*
.
Formerly used for preparing Litmus paper.
Dyes various

articles

of

manufacture.
2.

R.fuciformis De Candolle. (Flat Orchill.) Fig. 38.

Phallus flat, branched,
nearly erect, greyish white, with powdery warts;
sap not yellow.

Habitat, Quality,
very
Sahvay,
Mr.
Rev.
the
to
according
\^ e the preC eding, but,
inferior as a dye.
Fig.

43. Cetraria

islandica; natural size.

>

ACROGENS.

CLASS

Here

MUSCALS.

ACROGENS

II.

also occur three Alliances

(V. K., p. 51.)

viz.

MUSCALS. Spore-cases immersed or calyptrate.

LYCOPODALS. Spore-cases axillary or radical.
FILICALS.

Spore-cases marginal or dorsal.

Spores of two

sorts.

Spores of one sort.

Little of obvious importance to man occurs among the members of this

alliance, which are objects of botanical interest rather than of medical or
dietetical

value.

orders, or with

It is needless to detain the

student with the natural

more than a very few instances of useful species.

THE MUSCAL ALLIANCE

Eqtjisetum.
(Order.

(V. K., p. 54.)

Linnceus.

Equisetaceae, or Horsetails

V. K.,

p. 61.)

Spore-cases growing beneath peltate scales collected in cones,

splitting on
one side, without operculum, and with an elater to every
spore.
1. E. hyemale Linnseus.
(Dutch Rush.
Shave-grass.)
Stem naked, very rough, mostly branching at the base sheaths pallid,
;

white at top and bottom, with deciduous teeth

cone

terminal.
Habitat.

In swampy places.

Quality.

Rough with

emraenagogue.)
Uses.

Employed

flinty points.

The rhizomes

for polishing

(Said to be astringent, diuretic,

nutritious.

wood, ivory, and brass.

Food

in time of

famine.

(W

jhiviatile

Fig. 44.

btems of two kinds: barren, covered with numerous rough

doubly angular branches fertile ones unbranched,
with large, loose, deeply-toothed sheaths.
:

pallid,

Watery places.
The starch contained

Habitat.
ii

M>

Uses.

in the tubers of the rhizome nutritious

Haller to be the plant eaten by the Romans under the name

said by
of Equisetum.

44

a
Fig. 44.

Kquisetum

fluviatile

its

rhizome

b,

upper end of the flowedmg stem

23

ACROGENS.

Sphagnum.
(Oak j\

MUSCALS.

Linnceus.

Bryacese, or Urn-mosses

V. K.,

p. 64.)

Spore-case an urn closed by a deciduous lid, having

a toothless brim, and capped by an irregularly
torn catyptra.
obtusifolium Ehrhart. (Bog-moss.) Fig. 45.
Spongy.
Leaves whitish, ovate, obtuse, closely
imbricated, tumid, with large spiral-coated
perforated cells.

1. S.

Wet commons,

Habitat.

bogs and moors.

Quality.
Has the property of absorbing moisture readily,
and parting with it slowly. Slightly nutritive.
Uses.
Employed by gardeners for covering the roots of
plants and preserving them moist
also for drainage.
A wretched food in barbarous countries.
;

N.B.

This

the genus of Mosses spoken of in

Lindley's Introduction to Botany," vol. i. p. 52,
fourth edition, as being remarkable for the spiral
structure of the cells composing its leaves, and for
the presence of large pores in their sides.
is

46

THE LYCOPODAL ALLIANCE

Lycopomum.
(Order.

(V. K., p. 68.)

Linnaeus.

Lycopodiaceas, or Club-mosses

V. K.,

p. 69.)

leaves.
of
axils
the
in
solitary
2-valved,
Spore-cases
1.

(Common Club-moss.

L. clavatum Limueus.

Snake-

Fig. 46.

moss.)

entangled
often
ascending,
branches
Stem creeping ;
or
two
spikes
points
thread-like
leaves incurved with
;

three, cylindrical, stalked, with dilated

memhranous

bracts.

HaUfat.

Damp

hills,

low mountains, and moors.

Vegetable
and
Witch-meal
called
Quality.
Spores inflammable,
are used
(spores)
seeds

volatile
copious
The minute
Sulphur.
sold
are
and
stage,
the
on
in Germany for artificial lightning

fire with a
take
they
air,
the
in
dispersed
the shops. When
emetic.
Herbage
Smith.
explode."
candle, and suddenly
rude
a
polomca
Plica
infants
;
;
dusting
;
Uses.
For rolling up pills

and unsafe emetic ; employed

in scorbutic affections.

(Fir-moss.)
L. Selago Linnjeus.
lanceorows,
eight
in
leaves
;
Stems dwarf, erect, forked
late, pointless, slightly spreading.

2.

Habitat.

Mountain heaths, and lowland sandy wet

Quality.

Astringent, emetic, drastic, narcotic.

'

open
Uses.
A powerful irritant ;
a rude purgative for very strong persons
lotion against vermin.
keeps blisters

P%.

^'Sphagnum

obtusifolium

a,

leaf magnified

4fi.

;
;

tracts.

a counter-irritant
forms a deU r-ent

branch of Lycopodium cUvatum.

ACROGENS.

rubrum Chamisso

L.

catharticum Hooker.
(Yatum condenado.)
Fig. 47.
Stem ascending, dichotomous ; branches four-cornered;
leaves closely imbricated, ovate, acuminate, stiff,
keeled, ciliated, with the spore-cases in their axils.

L.

3.

LYCOPODALS.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses,

Equatorial America, on mountains.

Hypercathartic.

In elephantiasis, leprosy.

medicine of great

THE FILICAL ALLIANCE

or,

activity.

FERNS.

(V. K., p. 74.)

Adiantum.

Linnceus.

Spore-cases in sori, hidden beneath rounded, reflexed,

marginal, distinct, indusia with a vertical ring.
1.

A.

Gapillus
Fig. 48.

Veneris

(Maidenhair.)

Linnaeus.

Leaf doubly compound leaflets alternate, wedgeshaped on capillary

;

stalks
Habitat.

indusia oblong.

Moist rocks and old

walls.

Quality.
Rhizome slightly astringent, fragrant when dry;

47

somewhat emetic.
Uses.
With syrup and orange
flowers, makes bad capil-

48

laire.

A. pedatum Linnaeus. Fig. 49.

Leaves pedate divisions pinnate
2.

leaflets halved, oblong,

lunate, cut at the upper edge.

Habitat.

North America.

Quality.
Uses.

Sweet, slightly styptic, and fragrant.

With syrup and orange flowers, makes the best capillaire.

Aspidium.

Swartz,

Spore-cases in roundish scattered dorsal

sori,

an orbicular
or

kidney-

shaped indusium,with
a
vertical
ring.
1.

A, Filix mas
Swartz
Nephrodi-

um

Filix mas.

(Male Fern.)

^l7i7K;r$;^^

Fig.

50

covered by


25

ACROGENS.

FERNS.

Leaf doubly pinnate

leaflets obtuse, serrate, partly confluent
ramentaceous indusia near the midrib, kidney-shaped.
;

stalk

Habitat.
Quality.

Dry

ditches and banks.

Astringent, emetic.

Anthelmintic

Uses.

against Bothriocephalic^ latus.

Pteris.

Peretra.

Linnceus.

Spore-cases in marginal dorsal lines covered

leaf,
1.

by the

inflexed edge of the

with a vertical ring.

(Brake, Bracken.)

aquilina, Linnaeus.

Fig. 51.

51

Leaf 3 times pinnate, with lanceolate bluntish segments, of which the

terminal
lowest are pinnatifid, and the upper gradually smaller
;

lobes large, undivided.

Habitat.

Heaths, parks, &c.

Quality.

Astringent, anthelmintic, bitter.

Uses.
The rhizome has been used as a substitute for hops
bread.

Osmunda.

it

furnishes a wretched

Linnceus.

Spo
0. regalis Linnaeus.
(Osmund Royal.)
Leaflets oblong, nearly entire, dilated at the base
panicled, terminal.
1.

Habitat.

clusters of spore-cases

Bogs and wet meadows.

Quality.
Uses.

Tonic, styptic.
Rachitis.

CLASS
No

III.

RHIZOGENS

(V. K., p. 83.)

species are of importance in this country.

ig.

5 i. Pinna ox 1'teris aquiiina.

26

ENDOGENS.

CLASS
The

GI.UMALS.

ENDOGENS

IV.

following are the chief Alliances

(V. K., p. 105.)

GLUMALS. Flowers glumaceous.

ARALS. Flowers unisexual, naked,

or scales or hairs

on a simple

spadix.

PALMALS. Flowers unisexual, petaloid on

NARCISSALS. Flowers hermaphrodite.

a branched spadix.

Ovary

inferior.

Perianth

symmetrical.

AMOMALS.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

metrical.

Stamens

Ovary

free.

ORCHIDALS.

Flowers hermaphrodite.
symmetrical.
Stamens gynandrous.

JUNCALS.

Perianth unsym-

inferior.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

Ovary

Perianth

inferior.

Ovary superior*

Perianth

un-

glu-

maceous.

LILIALS.

Flowers hermaphrodite.
Syncarpous.

Ovary superior.

ALISMALS.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary superior.

Apocarpous.

THE GLUMAL ALLIANCE

Natural

eSrtrcni at

Perianth coloured.

Perianth coloured.

(V. K., p. 105.)

GlumaU.

<8ra&J{ (Graminacece.)
{Cyperacece.)
inclosed.

>rtrgr<S

Sheath of leaves

slit.

Sheath of leaves not

Embryo
slit.

lateral, naked.

Embryo

Natural Order, titautfrf; Graminacece (V. K.,

p. 106.)
g Quality.

Sweet, nutritious

Triticum.

Linnceus.

spike. Spikelets many-flowered,

parallel with the zig-zag rachis.
A, nearly equal.
alecs 2, the lower awned or not.

T. repem Linnams

very rarely narcotic.

1.

basal,

-(Couch Grass.

Glumes

Quitch.
Chien-dent Fr.)
Spike distichous
sp.kelets about 5-flowered
pale lanceolate, 5-nerved,
;
acuminate not ventricose
rachis usually scabrous; leaves rough,
68
P intS
UPP r
in
erennia1
with
cree
a
P
P
'
rhizome
>

^^

Habitat.

"^

A common weed, in neglected ground.

Rhizomes diaphoretic, aperient

f'fi/ih/
Ises.
For diet drink, and as a substitute

and refreshing
for Sarsaparilla.


GLUMALS.
2.

27

T. cestivum Linnaeus.

Spike 4-cornered

(Wheat.)

KASSES.

Fig.

59

spikelets about 4-flowered ; pale^e ventricose,

ovate, truncate, mucronate or awned, compressed
under the
;

rounded at the back

Unknown.

point,
Habitat.
Quality.

grain free.

An

annual.
1

Grain nutritious.
Uses.
The flour forms wheaten bread. Bran, which is the pericarp, is
emollient and demulcent, and even purgative, owing
the latter quality
to its mechanical action.

Secale.

A
fl

\\vv\\wii////

~\

spike.

s\

Linncens.

Spikelets

Glume

2-flowered, with a longstalked rudiment of a third floret. Glumes

subulate ; otherwise like Triticum.

w
.

r -?
than

shorter
tough.

the

Fig. 53.

spikelet.

Each is
VT

Commonly

Habitat.

(Rye.)
iut /
)"

cultivated.

Grain nutritious.
Uses.
The flour forms an inferior kind of bread.
Ergot is the ovary, diseased by the attack of a
parasitical fungus.
See Oidium, p. 14.

Quality.

Lolium.

Linnceus.

Spikelets distichous, many-flowered,

spike.

placed edgewise on the rachis.

Glume
solitary, or that next the rachis rudi-

mentary.
1. L. temulentum Linnseus.
(Darnel.)
Glume as long or longer than the spikelet,
florets when
which contains from 5 to 7 florets
awn straight, longer than
in fruit elliptical, awned
;

the palea.

annual.

and by pathways.
Quality.
Grains narcotic and acrid, producing fatal consequences
when mixed with flour.
Darnel meal has been used for

Habitat.

Corn

An

fields

sedative poultices.

This

the only authentic instance of unwholesome

qualities in the order of Grasses.
The cases mentioned in the
" Vegetable Kingdom " are all doubtful. As to Bromus catharticus, figured under the name of Guilno by Feuille'e, there can be
no doubt that his statement is a blunder. The grass he has
figured is not distinguishable from B. secalinus ; the rhizome, in
which he says that purgative qualities reside, evidently, both by
the figure and description, does not belong to any grass whatever ; it may possibly be that of some purgative Sisyrinchium.

N. B.

is

ig.

52. Rat

Triticum

itifm

53. Part of ear of Secale cereale

a,

a spikelet magnified

28

GI.UMALS.

GRASSES.

Hordeum.

spee.

Linnceas.

Spikelets 1-flowered, placed in threes,

the lateral spikelets generally abortive or

male.
Glumes 2, placed in front of the
floret.
Al

1.

Palece 2.

H. distichum Linnasus.

(Common

Fig. 54.
Lateral spikelets male, awnless

those in the
middle hermaphrodite, awned, pressed close
to the rachis ; awns stiff, erect.

&\
L

7,

ft

Barley.)

Habitat

Mesopotamia

Quality.

The grain demulcent,

Commonly

cultivated.

emollient

the

husk

slightly acrid.
1

l!

Uses.

AN
\

\
\

employed
i

Barley-water in fevers, inflammation of the lungs;

the grain forms malt ; the flour forms a dark, strongtasted unpleasant bread.
Pearl Barley is the grain
deprived of its skin by rubbing, and is much
for gruel,

&c

11

vN!

'j

7.

Vi

Fig. 54. Ear of Hordeum distichum

55. Panicle of A vena sativa.

a, a tierce of spikelets;

29

GLUMALS.

A vena.
A panicle.

Glumes

GRASSES.

Linnaeus.

2- or more-flowered, as long as the florets.

Outer

Palea with distinct lateral nervures, 2-pointed, with a dorsal, kneed

and twisted awn.
Ovary hairy at top.
1. A. saliva Linnaeus.
(The Common Oat,) Fig* 55.
Panicle spreading, equal-sided
glumes generally 2-flowered, longer than
florets smooth, bifid, or 2-toothed
the florets, the uppermost 9-nerved
;

at the point.
Habitat.
Mesopotamia \
Quality.
The grain nutritious.
Uses.
Gruel, prepared from the skinned grains or groats, easily digested ; employed as
an emollient and demulcent in cases of poisoning by acrid substances meal also
as poultices.
;

Saccharum.

Linnceus.

A large

in long silky hairs,

branched panicle. Spikelets in pairs, buried

2-flowered
one sessile, the other stalked.
Lower floret neuter with one palea upper
floret hermaphrodite with 2 palese. Glumes
2, membranous.
Palece minute, transpa;

rent, awnless.

S.ojicinarum Linnaeus.
(The Sugar Cane.)
Panicle very loose
glumes
flowers triandrous
indistinctly one-nerved, witli very long
hairs at the back.
1.

Habitat.

Tropical countries.

Quality.

Sweet

Uses.

demulcent

emollient.

sugar is universally employed where sweet

substances are needed.
An antidote to poisoning
Its

by metallic

salts.

Andropogon.

Linna>?t$.

Either a spike or panicle.

Spikelets in pairs, or,
if terminal, in threes
one perfect awned,
the others withering, sterile, and awnless;
;

perfect spikelet 2-flowered, the lower floret

neuter with one palea; the upper floret

Glumes 2,
hermaphrodite with 2 palese.
hard.
1.

A. Schoenanthus Linnaeus.

(Lemon Grass-)

Fig. 56.
terennial,
HiltCU,
mear
erect; panicle
secund, li
-MMJ CICVl,
pttlllUlU IttUlCI
rather OO^UIiU,
leafy
the spikelets having a common footstalk furnished with a spathe ; florets all
;

awnless
Habitat
Quality.

male with but one

Bengal, Arabia.
Leaves very fragrant

aromatic, and bitter.

similar qualities.

valve.

their

Rhizome and

taste

acrid,

flowers have

Roasted leaves stomachic and diaphoretic. Yields

an aromatic stimulating essential oil (Grass oil), employed externally

,._..*:<,

in riieranau

affections.

Fig .56.-Portion of the inflorescence of Andropogon SchcraantMw

a,

a spikelet magnified

30

GLUMALS.

Anatherum.

GRASSES.

Palisot.

Like Andropogon, but the glumes are covered with asperities

bearing hairs.
1.

A. muricatum

Palisot.

(Vetiver or Vetivert.)

Fig. 57.

Erect; leaves in 2 rows, long, narrow, stiff; panicle whorled,

with simple spreading branches both hermaphrodite and
;

male

florets awnless.

East Indies.
Rhizome has a strong penetrating agreeable odour.
Quality.
Like those of Andropogon Schoenanthus.
Uses*

Habitat.

Zea.

Linnceus*

umsexu ah

ifi

Male a terminal panicle

2-flowered, with

spikelets

a pair of nearly
glumes.
Female a lateral
spike,

envel-

oped

tough

in

equal

spathes -.spike2-flower-

lets

ed

the upper
floret ? with 2 or 3 palese
floret neuter, with only
;

Glumes

the lower

palese.

membranous,

very broad.
Grains roundish, compressed, naked,
in perpendicular rows.
1.

Z.

Mays Linnaeus.

(Maize.

Indian'

Corn.)

Fig. 58.
coarse, upright, broad-leaved annual

palese shorter than the ripe grain.

Habitat.

North of Mexico, or the southern

districts of the

Rocky Mountains,

according

to the botanists of the United States.

Quality.
Grain very nutritious.
Uses.

Employed

largely as food
to cause diarrhoea.

Oryza.

A panicle.

Spikelets 1 -flowered.

equal,

Palew

cartilaginous,

ribbed,

the ear of Zea

Ma

tropical grain, as there

AnatLerum muricatum

W*

varieties of this very

Europe of Wheat, Barley, Oats,

mnorescence

2,

There are numerous

common

apt

Gluni^

the lower with or without an

Stamens 6

is

Linnceus.

2, small, unequal, awnless.

nearly

but

a,

a spikelet ma,

is in

&c-


31

GLUMALS.
1.

0. saliva Linnaeus.

(Rice.)

GRASSES

Fig. 59.

Leaves linear, long, rough; panicle racemose, rather contracted ; palese very
hairy.
Habitat.

Cultivated

in

all

hot

countries,

in

swampy

places.
lWJ,

Quality.

Grain nutritious.

Employed

Uses.

largely as food

tion of protein

compounds

is

but from the small propor-

much

less nutritious than

ordinary cereal grains.

I l*

'

Setaria.

compound

cylindrical

Palisot.

spike.

BpSkdets

2-flowered,

surrounded by an involucre of bristles- Lower foret

rudimentary, consisting of one palea resembling the
glumes.
1.

S.

ilalka
uuura

Millet.

rausot.
Palisot.

qermamca Pal. (German

Moita.)

Tllflorescence
'^
spfkLf
et
w>.
>

fc.
S.

Owm

saliva; , a spikelet magnified ; 6, the

Spikelets of Setaria; 61. Setaria italica, natural size.

of

60

awned

variety; c,

an awned


32

ULUMALS.

Ear decompound, lobed

forwards

rough upwards, the teeth

paleae of the hermaphrodite floret smoothish.
;

involucre

Habitat.

Cultivated in Southern Europe, and India.

Quality.

Grain nutritious.

Uses.

SEDGES.

Employed as food

directed

South and Middle of Europe, and in India, where

better grain may not be had.
A useful agricultural plant in such countries,
because of its power of resisting drought. S. germanica is a larger variety, with
a longer involucre.
in the

Natural Order, ^tUgc^; Cyperacece*

Prevailing Quality.

(V. K., p. 117.)

Demulcent.

Carex.

Linnceus.

Flowers unisexual. Males with one glume. Females inclosed in a flaskshaped involucre.
1. C. arenaria Linnceus.
(German Sarsaparilla.) Fig. 62.
Spike decompound, oblong, or somewhat ovate upper spikes tnale, lower
female; stigmas 2; fruit ovate plano-convex, 7-ribbed, with a rough
wing from the middle upwards; stem rough at the angles near the
summit rhizome tough, creeping.
;

'<

Habitat.
Quality.

In loose sand of the sea-coast.

Rhizome sweetish, with a dii
demulcent.

Uses.

2.

substitute for Sarsaparilla.

C. hirta Linnaeus.

.

m
-

Covered with fine hairs female spikes ovate or cylindrical, distant male*
2 or 3 sheaths of bracts nearly as long as the peduncles fruit hairy,
;

tumid, with a deeply-cloven beak.

Habitat In wet meadows, woods, &c. Common.
Fig.

Quality and Uses as in the

62. Carex arenaria; diminished

in size.

last.

GLUMALS

33

Cyperus.

SEDGES.

Linnceus.

Flowers hermaphrodite.
Spikes composed of numerous distichous glumes,
containing no bristles or scales.
C. longus Linnaeus.
Inflorescence decompound, the longer branches
umbellate ; stalks of the
umbels erect, of unequal length stigmas 3
glumes ovate obtuse
rhizome creeping.
1.

Habitat.

Ditches and

nent.
Quality

damp meadows on

the Conti-

Rhizome bitter, astringent, aromatic

smells

slightly of violets.
Uses.

Furnishes an aromatic
tonic and stomachic.

distilled water,

reckoned

2. C. esculentus

ble

Linnams. (Souchet comestiAmande de terre Fr.) Fig. 63.

Inflorescence

and

decompound

spikes both stalked

sessile, clustered at

the point of the

longer branches, linear,

compressed glumes obtuse; stigmas 3; rhizome

;

long, creeping, bearing

pendulous tubers.
Habitat.

Cultivated in the South

of Europe.
Quality.

Nutritive,
stimulant.

Uses.

restorative,

Eaten like nuts regarded

as an aphrodisiac
employed
;

in the

preparation of orgeat.
f!4

THE ARAL ALLIANCE

Natural

tXm

(V. K., p. 123.)

ai ratt.

^m^iTypTmcece.)

Calyx

Anthers on long

scales or hairs.

"laments.

&rata (Aracece.)

Calyx

Anthers

0.

Natural Order, Sulratf&rt;

Prevailing Character.

Typhacece (V. K.,

p. 126.)

Linnaus.

Spikes cyhndrical,
the uppermost male.
bristles.

Spathaceous.

Subastringent, nutritious.

Typha,
rounded by

sessile.

Ovary

Stamens

3,

monadelphous, sur-

stalked, bristly at the base.

Fig. <>3. Cyperus esculentus

64.
I)

One

of the tubers of the

same


84-

ARALS.

ARABS.

(Bulrush.)
T. latifolia Linnaeus.
Leaves linear, flat, longer than the flowering stem
1.

male and female

spikes

contiguous.
Streams and stagnant water all over Europe.
Rhizomes astringent and diuretic ; abound in starch.
Sometimes used as food under the name of Cossack Asparagus

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

employed

in

dysentery.

Natural Order, &ra3j; Aracece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

Spathe convolute.

p.

127.)

Acridity.

Arum.

Linnaeus.

Spadix naked

at the point

male flowers above, female

Anthers sessile, opening by lateral
;

below, with intermediate cirrhi.

slits.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2-6 horizontal ovules.
(Cuckoo-pint. Lords and Ladies.)
1. A. maculatum Linnseus.

Fig.

65. a, Arum maculatum

of the spadix exposed.

Fig. 65.

35

ARALS.

Leaves hastate-sagittate

spadix straight, clavate, shorter than the spathe.

Habitat.

Hedgerows and plantations

Quality.

Acrid

Uses.

ARADS.

all

over Europe.

nutritious.
eatable, when the acridity is
;

Corms
the name of Portland Sago.

removed.

Colocasia.

Yields pure starch, known under

Bay.

Spathe erect, convolute.

Spadix naked at the point ; male flowers above,
female below, with rudimentary organs both above and below the
stamens.
Anthers opening by pores, with a very broad connective.
Ovaries 1 -celled, with 6 erect ovules rising in pairs from near the base.
1.

C. esculenta Schott.

Stemless

Caladium esculentum, Vent.

leaves peltate, cordate

spathe,
;

spadix shorter than the ovate-lanceolate

Babitat.

Tropical America.
Quality and Uses.
As in the next.

2. C.

antiquorum Schott.

Stemless

much
Babitat.
Quality.
Uses.

In

Arum

Eddoes.)
Colocasia Linn.
(Cocco.
leaves peltate, ovate, repand, half bifid at the base
spathe
longer than the spadix, cylindrical, erect.
;

all tropical

countries

Acrid.

Egypt.
r Greece, &c.

When

deprived of acridity by boiling and changing the water, the leaves are
eaten as Spinach, and the corms
are used for soup.

Amorphophallus.

Blume.

Spathe with a spreading limb.

Spadix protruded, naked, and fungoid at
the end
male flowers above, female below, with no intermediate
;

cirrhi.

Anthers

opening by 2 pores.

Ovary

2-3-4-celled,

solitary erect ovules.

1.

A. campanulatus Blume.

Fig. 66.
66

Pig.

66. Reduced

figure of

Amorphophallus campanulatus

d2

with

36

AR1TS.

Head of the spadix warted;

style distinct

ARADS.

spathe sessile

petioles very rough.

HahitaU

Tropical parts of Asia.

Quality.
Acrid, caustic ; abounds in starch.
Uses.
Employed as an external stimulant ; also as an emmenagogue.

DlEFFENBACHIA.

Spathe convolutefemale below.

Spadix covered

ScJlOtt.

over with flowers ; male ahove,

Anthers opening by pores.
Ovaries 1 -colled, with ci
single erect ovule, and surrounded at the
base by 3 elavate processes.
I. D. seguina Schott.
Arum seguinum Linnceus. (Dumb Cane.)
An arborescent plant stem cylindrical, with ringed scars leaves oblong;
ovate, with a stout rib ; spathe green.
all

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

West

Indies.

Juice extremely acrid and venemous.

dangerous poison ; produces dumbness

when chewed.

THE PALMAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 133.)

Natural Order, $alm; Palmaceee (V.

K.,

p. 133.)

Prevailing Quality. Nutritious, saccharine.

Phcenix.

Linnwus.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers

dioecious.

Petals imbricated in the females.

Ovaries 3
Fruit a
fleshy one-seeded false drupe
dactylift
(The
.

Date Palm.)
Leaves glaucous;

Kg;

67.

leaflets lanceolate

acuminate, very much closed

up, the uppermost shorter;
fruit oblong, in large bunches.

Habitat.
North of Africa.
Quality.
Fruit highly nutritious and
sweet.
Uses.

Dried

fruit,

common

article of

food.

Sagus.

Rumphius.

Leaves pinnated.

Flowers mono?cious.
Spadix branched,
without any common spathe,
but with numerous partial
ones.
Fruit hard, shining;

surface divided into numerous rhomboidal spaces.

its

S. Icevis

Rumphius.
MetroxyIon Sagus Rottboll.
(True
Sago Palm.)
Petioles and spathes unarmed.
1.

Fig.

67. Sketch of Phceuix

dactylifera.

PALMALS.

37

PALMS.

Habitat.

Islands of the Indian Archipelago.

Quality.
Trunk contains the fsecula called Sago.
Uses.
Extremely nutritious, and easy of digestion. Marthis says that this
furnishes
most of the Sago sent to Europe and thus confirms the statement
of Roxburgh.
;

<>8

2.

S.

Rumphii

Willdenow.

(PMOKLT

Sago

Palm.)

Fig. 68.
Petioles and spathes
guarded by strong prickles*
Habitat.

Hualih;

Islands of the Indian Archipelago.

and

Uses.

As

Sagus tevis. According to

sort of Sago is chiefly used in India,
in

Martuis this
and is rarely exported.

Areca,

Linnceus

Leave s pinnated.
Petals
Floivers monoecious.
imbricated in the females, valvate in the males.
Ovary 3-celled.
Fruit a fibrous drupe.
bpathes 2, membranous or fibrous.
pleracea Linn&us.

'

Oreodoxa oleracea Mar-

tius (The Cabbagr Palm.)

g em very
tall, even
;

pointed, bifid

Fig. 69.
leaflets linear, very taper-

spadix covered with dry ragged

white deciduous downy
scales.

oSf
g%

J^
4

Indie9 > especially Barbadoes.

7

Sweet, nutritious.
-me terminal bud or

Fig.

pahlm

p n.ten

68. Sketch of Sagus Rumphii

69. Sketch of

Areca oleracea.

38

PALNALS.

2.

Betel Nut.

A. Catechu Linnseus. (Pinang.

Unarmed

PALMS.

Areca Nut.)

Fig. 70.

stem tall
leaflets broadly linear, plaited, acuminate, the upper
confluent, wedge-shaped, prsemorse fruit ovate.
;

Habitat

All over the East Indies.

Fruit astringent ; narcotic.

Quality.
Uses.

by

Nuts chewed, with lime and the leaves of Chavica (Piper) Betel
v
F '
boiling.

Saguerus.

:
'

Catechu
vield
*

Itumphius.

Leaves pinnate. Sepals of the females imbricated, convolute- Stamens 00.

Fruit a globose drupe, with 2 or 3 angular stones.
ifer Blume. Arenga saccharifi
(The Gomuto Palm-)
Fig. 71.
Petioles

not

spiny ; pinna* linear-lanceolate,

acuminate, entire or
emarginate, auriculate, white or silvery beneath
the
of
branches
;
spadix long, clustered, pendulous ; fruit yellowish.

Habitat. The tropical parts of Asia.

Quality.
Yields a saccharine fluid abundantly ; also
Sago.
Uses.
Is a great source of Palm wine.
The central bud or cabbage n eatable.
Fig.

70.Sketch

of Areca Catechu.

39

PALMALS.

Cocos.

PALMS

Linnazus.

Leaves pinnate.
Flowers at the base of the branches female, the others
male.
Ovary simple, 3-celled. Fruit a coarse, fibrous, one-celled
drupe, two cells becoming abortive.
1.

&

C.

Linnaeus.

(The Cocoa

Nut Thee.)

Fig. 72.

Stem very
ed

unequally ringleaves spreading ;

tall,

leaflets

linear-lanceolate,

acuminate

drupes very

large, ovate, bluntly 3-cor-

nered.
71

everywhere
islands
Tropical
Habitat
coast.
the
near
only
but
oily ; stem
fruit
;
narcotic
Root
Quality.
;

food;
of
article
universal
Uses. The nuts a
instead
chewed
roots
kernel yields oil;
saccharine
a
in
abounds
of Areca ;
fluid,

El^is.

from which Palm wine

&

In the males the

Branches of inflorescence unisexual.

lanceolate,
membranous,
papery, dry
the petals
;

fibrous
a
with
drupe,
Fruit an angular 1-seeded
*9
"---*
~-"
guineensis Linmeus.
(The Oil Palm.) Fig- 73.

Pig. 71.

made.

Jacquin.

leaves pinnated.
epals 3,
3-celled.

is

Saguer

maty

oily rind.

40

PA.LMALS.

PALMS.

spiny
leaflets linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green
beneath
drupes ovate, collected in huge erect heads, deep orange-yellow.

Petioles

Coast of Guinea ; common now in tropical America.

Quality.
Drupes contain an emollient demulcent fixed oil in great abundance.
Uses.
Furnishes Palm oil, employed in soap making, for frictions, &c. ; also eaten
butter when quite fresh.

Habitat,

THE NARCISSAL ALLIANCE

as

(V. K., p. 146.)

Natural

SramdtaM

(Bromeliacece.)

Flowers 3-petaloideous.

SmwtfUM

(Amaryllidacea?.)
o, mtrorse.

Irfta (Iridacev.)

Flowers hexapetaloideous.

Natural Order, Bromrttalrs

Prevailing Quality.

Flowers hexapetaloideous.

Stamens

Stamens

3, extrorse.

Bromeliacece (V. K., p. 147.)

Uncertain.

Ananassa.

Lindley.

Fruit succulent, in spikes, consolidated

into a single tuberculated comose
e
mass.
Fig. 73 .Sketch of Eteis
guineensis.


41

NARCISSALS.

A MARY L LIDS.

A* sativa Lindley.
(The Pine- apple.)
Leaves glaucous, mealy
bract3 shorter than the
1.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

fruits.

Tropical America only. Introduced elsewhere.

Fruit subacrid ; sweet, and pleasantly acid.
well-known esculent fruit.

Natural Order, SlnutrgllftH; Amaryllidacew (V, K.,

p.

155.)

Emetic, narcotic, poisonous.

Prevailing Quality.

Leucoium.
Sepals and Petals distinct to base,

Linnaeus.

thickened at the point.

all

Coronet

0.

Stamens equal.
L. cestivum Linnaeus.

(Snow-flake.) Fig. 74.

Spathe many-flowered, style clavate
ovary some-

1.

what globose

leaves long, linear, equal to the

fistular scape.
Habitat.

Various parts of Europe.

Narcissus.

Linnceus.

Sepals and Petals united in a tube surmounted by a

coronet

N. Pseudo Narcissus Linnaeus.

1.

(Daffodtl.)
Flowers solitary ; coronet campanulate, erect, crisp, as long as the
yellow perianth.
Habitat.

Thickets and grassy places

over Europe.
Quality.
Acrid, poisonous.
Uses.

2.

As an

all

emetic.

N. Tazzetta Linnaeus.

(Italian,

Polyanthus Narcissus.)
Flowers umbellate
coronet campaor

milate, plaited, truncate,

3 times as short as the white perianth.

Habitat.

North of Africa and south of Europe.

Qwkty and Uses. As the last.

Agave.
Caulescent.

Flowers funnel-shaped,

Linnceus.
persistent, with erect or revolute lobes.

Capsule coriaceous, loculicidal.

Seeds 00,
A. americana Linnaeus.
(American Aloe.)

Leaves very large,

stiff,

flat.

perennial, spiny at the edge

scape

lofty,

branched

stamens longer than the perianth.

n

j.

at '

Tropical America ; introduced elsewhere.

Diuretic, antisyphilitic, detersive.

J
^
Th
uses.
*
Roots a substitute
for Sarsaparilla, with which they are mixed sometimes. Juice
oi leaves a
substitute for soap.
Sap of flowering branches sweet, subacid, readily
forms a wine called Maguay

Fig.

74. Leucoium aestivum

0,

the ripe

fruit.

42

NARCISSALS.

IKIDS.

Natural Order, $rttr; Iridacece (V. K., p. 159,)

Prevailing Quality.

Acrid, purgative.

Crocus.

Linnceus.

Sepals and petals nearly

equal, united into a

long

subterranean

tube, with a balloon-

shaped limb funnelexshaped when

Stigma 3panded.
;

parted, plaited, convolute.

1

C. vernus Linnaeus.
Crocus.)
(Spring

Spring flowering
erect

stigmas

throat of the

flower bearded; skins

of

corm

fibrous,

netted.
Habitat. Meadows of Europe.
Quality and Uses. The cornis
are acrid, and were for-

merly
tient

reckoned

discu-

the stigmas are nearly destitute of

peculiar colour and aroma of
Saffron.
2.

the

C. sativus
ioni.

(Saffron
Crocus.)

Autumnal flowering

stigmas as long as the

limb, and hanging down on one side
skins of the

corm

fibrous, reticulated,

with narrow meshes.

Habitat.
Quality

South of Europe.

.The

dried stigmas are reckoned to be

cordial, emmenagogue, and
stimulant : they
constitute Saffron.

Uses.

mere colouring or flavouring ingredient

this country.
Saffron gives to water and

alcohol

three-fourths of its weight of an

orangered extract, largely employed in
painting a d
I* must not be confounded
&
t
o
Jy'
with Saffloiuers, the dried florets of
Carthamus
tmctorius,%vith which it is often
adulterated.
Ihe latter consisting of c rotten, and the
former
tion will readily detect the difference

<>

Fig. 75. -Iris germanica; 76.

Crocus vernus.

careful observe

4-5

NARC1SSALS.

IRIDS.

Linnceus.

Iris.

Sepals reflexed.

Petals
Style

erect, arched.

3-parted, petaloid, covering the stamens.

1.

I.

germanica Linnseus.
(Purple
Orris-

root.)

Fig. 76.
Bearded ; spathes membranous, herbaceous
at base

tube 2 or 3
times as long as the
ovary ; flowers deep
;

purple.
Habitat. Walls and
in Europe.

dry places

Rhizomes fragrant,

Quality.

bitterish, acrid.
Uses.

2.

Yields part of the fragrant orris-root.

I.florentina Linnseus.

(White

Orris

ROOT.)

Bearded

spathes

her-

baceous, glaucous, with

a narrow scarious border; tube 2 or 3 times

as long as ovary
flowers nearly white.
;

Habitat.

Italy.

Quality and Uses.

As

in the

Pseudacorus

Lin-

last.

3.

I.

nseus.

flag.)

Beardless

(Yellow

Fig. 77.
sepals oblong

or ovate, long-stalked;
petals narrower and

shorter than the lobes

of the style
;

flowers

yellow.
ffoMfofc
all

Quality.

u***.

Ditches and rivers

over Europe.
Acrid.

Rhizome diuretic, purgative, and emetic.

77
lig. 77.

Iris

Pseudacorus.

44

AMOMALS.

MUSADS.

THE AMOMAL ALLIANCE

Natural rtrm? af

(V. K., p. 162.)

^mamaW.

MutitiJH (Musacece.)

Stamens more than

iStnjjertoorte (Zingiber acece.)

Savants (Mi

Stamen

Stamen

Natural Order, frHu&Ofrf;

Prevailing Quality.

1.

1; anther complete

anther halved.

Musacece (V. K.,

p.

163.)

Nutritious, diaphoretic.
*

Musa.

Bumphius.

Flowers two-lipped the lower lip tubular, 5-cleft, embracing

the upper
lip, which is dwarf and concave.
Ovules 00, horizontal,
Fruit
;

baccate.
1.

M. sapientum Linnseus. Plantain.

Banana.)

Fig. 78.

78

Spadix nodding

spathes deciduous, or withering.

Habitat.
Quality,
Uses

Tropical Asia.
Fruit sweet, soft, amylaceous.
common fruit and nutritious esculent
in
Bananas are mere varieties of each
other

Fig.

78. Sketch

of

all

hot countries.

Musa sapientum.

Plantains aiw

45

AMOMALS.

GINGERWORTS.

Natural Order, Gfuflevtoorte; Zingiberacece (V.K.,

ling

Gcertner.

Stems annual

Lateral inner lobes of corolla 0.

beyond the anther into a curved beak.
A

165.)

Aromatic, stimulating.

Quality.

Zingiber.

f-W^

p.

Filament extended

(Common Ginger.)

officinale

Fig. 79.

Leaves subsessite, narrowly lanceolate, smooth;

spikes oblong, on a scape about 9 inches
high; bracts acute; flowers whitish; lip

71)

3-lobed, streaked with purple.

Habitat.

Tropical parts of Asia.

Acrid, aromatic, stimulant, sialagogue.

Quality.

t/w.

condiment

lency;

promotes digestion, relieves

flatu-

chewed against tooth-ache.

Alpini a

Linnaeus.

btems perennial.

1-

Inner
Inflorescence terminal.
lateral lobes of the corolla small or 0. Filament not extended beyond the anther. Fruit
baccate.
A, racemosa Plumier.

stems

4-5

feet

high

leaves ovate-lanceolate,
recurved at the point ; raceme spiked bracts
;

ventricose

lip trifid

flowers white.

Habitat.

Tropical America.
Hmlity and Uses. As in the
Galangale.

2-

A. Galanga Linnaeus.
(Galangale.)
sterns 6 or 7 feet
high leaves broad, sessile, with
a whitish edge panicle oblong, branched
;

flowers greenish-white
late, bifid;

BfAtUU.

KT

"***.

lip

oblong, unguicu-

roots tuberous, pungent.

*

Indian Archipelago.
V
hlzome peppery, aromatic.
\ 5;
As Ginger.

Amomum.
Stems perennial.

/
ip

Linnceu

twy large,

flai

Inner lateral lobes of

Filament flat, extended beyond

the anther,
2-lobed, with an emarginate middle lobe.

A. Cardamomum
T
Linnaeus.
Leav*s
-

(Round Cardamom.)

short-stalked, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; bracts villous, cinere ous ; lip

small,
fruit
streaks
rosy
;
3-lobed, crenate! crisp, with two
roundish, 3-cornered
seeds brown, angular, cuneiform.
;

A*m> mt

Qml y
Uses.

'

mm

Seeds aromatic, camphoraceous.

As those of Elettaria
Cardamomum.
Fig.

79. Diminished

figure of Zingiber officinale.

46

AMOMALS.

GINGERWORTS.

A. Grana Paradisi Smith,

Meleguetta
(Grains of Paradise Plant.
Malaguet'
Malaguetta
Pepper.) Fig. 80, 81.
Leaves nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, smooth bracts
lip

2.

entire, obovate, crenate, plaited

yellow, spotted with orange

Hah'itat.

Quality

fruit ovate, coriaceous, (6 inches long),

seeds angular, light brown.

Coast of Guinea, &c.

Seeds aromatic and excessively

n ,ment; US6d
maUHauovA o

6,

peppery
Veterinary P^ctice

in the illegal preparation of

as ^K;SanS:' tcKSKffir -^*^

;

atyle.

*-

47

AMOMALS.

GINGERWORTS.

SI

f^^r*"

of

erse section.

Amomum

Grana

Paradisi,

from Pharmaceutical Journal;

a, full-sized fruit

6,
;


48

AMOMALS.

Curcuma.

GINGERWORTS.

Linnaeus.

Stems annual.

Lateral inner lobes of

corolla
similar to
the exterior.
Filament petaloid, 3-lobed, with a
two-spurred anther on the middle

lobe.
1.

C. longa Linnaeus.
Fig. 82.

V
\>

(Turmeric.)

Tubers long, lobed, pendulous, deep

orange ; leaves broad, lanceolate,
whole coloured ; spikes central,

among

the leaves, pale green, with

a rose-coloured coma ; flowers yellow,
concealed by the bracts.

Habitat.

East Indies.
Quality.
A mild aromatic.
Uses.
A condiment ; an ingredient in curry
powder ; its juice a test for free alkalies.

In the East Indies Turmeric is regarded as an

important bitter, aromatic, stimulant,

\
\

tonic ; and is employed in debilitated

states of the stomach, intermittent fever,

dropsy. The native practitioners consider

it, in the form of powder, as an excellent
application for cleansing foul ulcers. It is
also used in dyeing.
There seems little
doubt that it was the KvirtLpos lvSikos of
Dioscorides, as it certainly was the Carcumaa of Avicenna ; the Persians now call it
Kurhoom. The starch of the young white
tubers forms one of the East Indian arrowroots.
Royle. See also the pendulous tubers
of several other species of Curcuma yield
beautiful pure amylaceous matter, which
the natives of the countries where the
plants grow prepare and eat like Airow-root.
In Travancore this flour or starch forms a
large part of the diet of the inhabitants.
It is, however, to be observed, that the
same tubers which yield starch when
young, yield turmeric when old; the
colour
and
aroma
which give its character to the latter,
appearing to be deposited in the cells at

later

period

V
1

r
!

I
nV'M
111!
!!ll!i

;,i.i

of

growth.

Htim

\
'

U cn raa l0B 8 B ' the smaU oblon

S
S darker
J
the largerl
and
rhizomes are the

feSto^uite

swrcn
stanch aione exwts

colourless knobs are those in which

older structure containing turmeric.


49

AMOMALS.

2.

Zedoaria Roxburgh.

C.

GINGERYVORTS.

(Round Zedoary.)

Tubers long, palmate, yellow inside

leaves sessile, silky beneath, broad,
whole coloured
spikes radical, comose, rose-coloured ; flowers pink,
shorter than the bracts.
;

Habitat.

Tropical Asia.

Rhizome warm, aromatic, bitter.

As Curcuma longa ; as a tonic.

Quality.
Uses.

3.

Zerumbet Roxburgh.

C.

Tubers

(True Zedoary.)

palmate,

straw-eoloured inside
leaves green, stalked, broad,
stained with purple in the middle ; spike radical, comose, purple
flowers yellow, concealed by the bracts.
;

Habitat.

East Indies.
Quality and Uses.
As in the

last.

Elettaria.

Rheede.

Stems perennial.
Inflorescence ra
corolla minute.
Filament not
extended beyond the anther.
I.E. Cardamomum Ma ton. (Carbamom.)
Root with fleshy fibres
leaves
;

loose

Lateral

inner

lobes

of

lanceolate, villous

above, silky
beneath, with villous sheaths
;
scapes radical, prostrate; flowers
greenish -white
lip obovate,
slightly 3-lobed,

streaked with

violet.

Habitat.

Malabar.
Qualtty.
Seeds an agreeable aromatic
without acridity.
we*. An adjunct
to stimulant cordial
mixtures.

Maran

tacece (V. K., p. 168.)

Prevailing Quality.

Insipid

dia-

phoretic.

Canna.

Omks

Linncem.

00, horizontal.

Style petaStems simple.

rd, straight.
-t lowers
red, orange, or yellow.
*
0. edulis Ker.
(Tous les
Mois?) Fig. 83.
1 uber
us; stem purple; leaves broad,
smooth, glaucous
corolla tri;

middle
the
winch
of
with oval oblong retuse segments,
the shortest ; lip linear, revolute, emarginate

partite, erect,

one

is

much

,,.

Fig.

83. Flowers

of

Canna

edulis


50

AMOMALS.
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

MARANTS.

Peru.
Starch nutritive, emollient, demulcent.

Supposed

to furnish the fcecula called

(Achira.)
C. Achiras Gillies.
Tuberous
stem green, downy
bipartite with linear divisions

Tous

les

Mois

in the shops.

2.

leaves

lip

abruptly

acuminate

corolla

revolute, lanceolate, emarginate.

America, Mendoza to Guatemala.

Quality.
See next species.
Uses.
Tubers eaten as food in Chili and Peru.

Habitat.

Maranta.
Ovules solitary, basal.

Plumier.

Stems branched

Style fleshy, curved downwards.

Flowers white.

Fig.

same,

84. Leaf and

much

flowers of Maranta arundinacea; a, the stamen

less than natural size.

and

style

85.

The

ftW;
o
tubers

ORCHIDALS.

51

ORCHIDS.

M. arundinacea Linnaeus. -(Ara-root,

or Arrow-root.)
Fiz 84 85
OVaieJanceolate hair on the under side
peduncles
7

1.

Yflowered

""^

'

Habitat.

Tropical America.
Quality.
Starch nutritive, emollient, demulcent
Us*. Starch an article of diet, under
the

name

of Jamaica arrow-root.

THE ORCHIDAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 170.)

Natural Order, rrfttte; Orchidacece

(V. K.,
Prevailing Quality.

p. 173.)

Stimulating, fragrant.

Orciiis.

Linnaeus.

Antler terminal, erect. Lip

spurred. Pollen
sectile.^ Pollen-masses
two, with their
glands inclosed in a common
pouch.
*< U. mascula Linnjeus.
Roots oblong, undivided
w.
.

,
;

leaves

spike loose, many-flowered

flexed ; lip 3-lobed,

spotted;
sepals re-

the intermediate
lobe being emarginate,
with a blunt
horizontal spur.

imtat.

Meadows in Europe.
Roots gun.my

Quality.

nutntious, emollient'
demulcent.

Um.

Roots

form

the

agreeable diet called

oalep.

87

a Linna3us

Leaves^Tnotf i
acntoL oi

Bahitnf

86

(Si'omu> Orchis.)

Fig. 86.

00ts

alniate ; spike conical ; sepals recurved

P
I y
bed ' with a sIender pendulous spur.

lip

Wl

A
-n
the last.
'\
Ytu?
J^Part of the inferior

English Salep.

maculata
;

87. a, root of

O. maculata

e2
V

b,

of O. mascula

common

forms of Salep.

ORONTIADS.

52

JUNCALS.

Bletia.

Ruiz and Pawn.

cohering by
sessile, articulated with the column.

Pollen-masses waxy,

elastic

8,

Up

straps.

Anther

spurless, 3-lobed,

S-celled.

B. verecunda R. Brown.
longer
lip
of
lobe
middle
column
the
over
arched
obtuse,
oblong,
Petals
sometimes
are
which
veins,
crisp
than broad, wavy, with numerous
branched.
1.

Habitat

West

Indies.

Quality. Tuber somewhat fragrant,

In weak digestion.
ZTses.

bitterish, aromatic.

Plumier.

Vanilla,

loose
a
in
inclosed
not
seeds
round
with
pod,
Fruit a long pulpy

mem-

brane.

Y.planifolia Andrews. (Vanilla,)

Up
obtuse
flat,
oblong,
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat ; sepals and petals
plates
wedge-shaped
transverse
numerous
crisp, convex, covered with
1.

fruit fragrant.

Mexico, Guatemala, "West Indies.

Aromatic, stimulant.
Quality.
impotence
male
hysteria,
rheumatism,
fevers,
Asthenic
Ifej.

Habitat.

in conlectionary

the preparation of chocolate.

THE JUNCAL ALLIANCE

Natural Order, Oronttatt*

(V. K., p. 190.)

Orontiacece (V. K., p. 193.)

(These are Juncals with the form of Arals.)

Prevailing Quality.

Acridity.

Salisbury.

Symplocarpcts.

Spadix subglobose,
Spathe cucullate.
Stamens
4, becoming baccate.

all

4,

covered with flowers.

Sepci'"

the

Ovary

opposite

sepals.

one-celled, with one ovule.

(Skunk Cabbage.)
S.fcetidus Salisbury.
Stemless leaves ovate, cordate.

1.

Ditches in Canada and the United States.

Quality.
Acrid, foetid, antispasmodic, expectorant.
Seeds and rhizome palliatives in paroxysms of asthma.
Uses.

Habitat.

Calla.

Spaihe

flat.

pistils.

1.

Linnceus.

Spadix cylindrical, covered with a mixture of stamens

Ovary 1 -celled, with from 6 to 8 erect ovules.

and

C. palustris Linnams.

marsh

plant, with a creeping rhizome

spatlie white

leaves cordate, cuspidate, stalks

spadix yellow.

Swamps

of Europe, Siberia, and North America.

Acrid, caustic ; diaphoretic.
Quality.
Rhizomes yield eatable starch after grinding and washing.
Uses.

Habitat.

53

LILTALS.

Acorus.

MKLANTHS.

Linnceus,

Spathe replaced by a two-edged leaf-blade.

Scales 6, permanent, herbaceous.
Stamens with filiform filaments.
1. A. Calamus Linna3us.
)
Spathe a direct continuation of the scape, in no respect different from the
leaves.

Marshes

Habitat.

over Europe.
Quality.
Rhizome an aromatic stimulant, and mild tonic ; stomachic.
Uses.
An adjunct to other tonics ; asthenic fevers, ague, chronic catarrh, dyspepsia
aromatic baths, perfumery, hair powder.
all

THE LILIAL ALLIANCE

(V. K.,

p. 195.)

Natural rter<? af Htltal?.

i&tltmtl)g(Melanthacece). Anthers
extrorse.
fetlntoorte

Styles separate.

Anthers

(Liliacece).

introrse.

Styles united.

Natural Order, JHcIattfl)*

Melantha-

cece (V. K., p. 198.)

Prevailing Quality.

Acrid-narcotic.

Veiiatrum.

*/<

wwerspolyganiuus. aepais ana pemis

spreading flat, with an extremely
short tube, persistent.

Stamens

perigynousjani/tersopeniug transversely.

Capsule

three-horned,

turgid.
*

album Linnajus.

-.)

(White Hel-

Fig. 88.
anicie much
branched, downy, spreading; flowers
greenish-white, longer
than t.Tif.
lAr 1
*_
the lower
bracts.

SStof'

2'

ii

J"
"t

S Uba,pin
of EurP
A
P werfl acrid poison
In
doses, emetic and
purgative.

P*

melvncl iHa, mania, epilepsy,

'hJ^
erpes, gout
; chronic affections of the

orain

against pediculi.

Pig.

88. Lateral branch

88

of the inflorescence of

Veratrum album

a,

a stamen


54

LILIALS.

MELANTHS.

Linnceus.

Colchicum.

Sepals and petals united into a subterranean tube the limb balloon-shaped,
funnel-shaped when expanded.
(Meadow Saffron.) Fig. 89.
1. C. autumnale Linnseus.
styles
tube of ilower five or six times as long as the limb
Leaves broad
thickened and curved at the point, as long as the stamens or longer*
;

89

Habitat.

Meadows

and other parts of Europe.

Qualit;!*
An acrid poison. In small doses, emetic and purgative.
Uses.
Gout, lumbago, rheumatism, inflammatory diseases, humoral asthma,
in England,

cases.

Asagr.ea.

Lindley.

ith
into
Flowers racemose, naked.
Sepals and petals narrow, coloured,
01 e
s
honey-spot at the base.
Stamens perigynous, alternately

anthers bursting vertically.

Follicles 3,

acuminate, papery

winged.
Fig.

89. Colcliicum autumnale

a,

conn;

b,

capsule; c, seed

much magnified-

see
;

a
'


55

LILIALS.

1.

"

A. officinalis Lindley.

^J'anS^^

8 P ik e

(Sabadilla.)

MELANTHS.

Fig. 90.

of Asagraea officinalis; a, anther; 6,

frigidum
Stenanthium
capsule; 91.

56

LILIALS.

LTLYWORTS.

Leaves grassy, green, rough at the edge

very dense
flowers white.

scape 4 or 5 feet long

raceme

Cool uplands of Mexico.

Quality.
Like Veratrum, but more acrid.
Uses.
Seeds anthelmintic ; against pediculi

Habitat.

dangerous.

Stenantiiium.

Flowers panicled with leafy bracts.

source of veratria.

A. Gray.

Sepals and petals adherent to the

ovary at their base, campanulate, non-nectariferous. Stamens perigynous; anthers reniform, opening at the back.
Follicles 3, acuminate,
papery seeds winged.
;

S. frigidum Kunth.

Leaves

Ilelonias frigida Schlecht.

linear,

channelled, keeled ; panicle simple

purple, nodding, hermaphrodite.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Sevoeja. )

Fig. 9 1

flowers large, dark

Cool uplands of Mexico.

Acrid, poisonous.

As Asagnea.

Natural Order, Htlnfoorte

Prevailing Quality.

Subacrid, or insipid.

Allium.
Bulbous.

Liliacece (V. K,, p. 200.)

IAnnceus.

Flowers umbellate, inclosed within a spathe.

Sepals and petals

spreading, having the stamens inserted in their base. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds angular.

1.

A. sativum Linnaeus. (Garlick.)

Umbel

bulbiferous ; leaves obscurely keeled

spathe 1-valved, deciduous
bulbs compound, covered by a loose white skin.
;

Habitat.

Sicily.

Quality.

Uses.

local irritant

As a condiment

tonic, stimulant, diuretic.

in cookery

chronic catarrh, dyspepsy

hooping cough, infantile convulsions, &c.

2.

A. Seorodoprasum Linnseus.

Umbel

bulbiferous, few-flowered

(Rocambole.)
leaf-sheaths 2-edged

as a liniment

spathe 2-vaIved,

mucronate, permanent lobe3 of the flowers ovate-lanceolate, acute,

long as the stamens
bulbs simple.
;

in

as

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

3.

South of Europe.

Stimulant, diuretic.
In cookery, as a stimulating flavouring
ingredient.

A. Porrum Linnaeus.

Umbel

(Leek.)

not bulbiferous
stem leafy spathe 1-valved, deciduous ; lobes of
the flower oblong, obtuse, about as long
as the stamens ; bulb simple,
soft, being a mere continuation of
the .stem.

Hahi fat.

South of Europe.
Quality, &c.
As in the last, but much more mild.

57

LILIALS.

LILYWORTS.

A. Ascalonicum Linnaeus.
(Shallot,)
Umbel not bulbiferous, globose
stem leafy at the base only
leaves
subulate
spathe 2-valved ; stamens 3-cuspidate, as long as the ovate
4.

lanceolate lobes of the flowers

Habitat.

Syria.

As

&c.

Quality,

5.

bulbs clustered.

in the

Rocambole.

A. Cepa Linnseus.

(Common Oxion.)

Umbel not bulbiferous, globose

terete

stem ventricose, leafy at the base

leaves

spathe reflexed
lobes of the flower obtuse, hooded, not half
so long as the stamens ; bulb solitary, flattened.
Biennial.
;

Egypt

Habitat.
Quality,

As

&c.

Raw

in the last.

Onions are occasionally taken with advantage, as

an expectorant, by elderly persons affected with winter cough."

6.

A. Schoenoprasum Linnzeus

(Chive.)

Umbel not bulbiferous, globose, compact

subulate terete leaves
Habitat.

Pereira.

scape naked, as long as the

bulbs long, naked, small, clustered.

Europe.

Quality, &lc.

As

in the last.

fistulosum
(Welch Onion.)
Umbel not bulbiferous, globose
stamens
scape and leaves terete, fistular
twice as long as the lobes of the flower
ovary 3-cornered. Perennial.
;

Habitat.
Quality,

Siberia.

As

&c.

in the

common Onion

but very strong.

Asparagus.
Caulescent.
-

Flowers scattered,

Linnceus.

Sepals
uepc**a

herbaceous, partially united into a

*~
tube.
stigmas 3, reflexed.
Fruit succulent.

(Asparagus.)

Stem farmed,
true

branched

leaves

false

leaves

membranous, acute

1-flowered, drooping

and petals
Style 1;
Fig- 92.

setaceous;

peduncles lax,
roots long, thick, and un;

branched; young
shoots

covered

*ith scales.

*gtf.

Sea coast

Europe.

%.

Diuretic

of

roots

aperient.

Yom S

8
*'

shoots a

succulent

common

es-

lent when boiled.

Joots employed on
ntinent

fek'f

>

spirit

for

has

obtained from
J**
the fermented
berries.
92

Kg.

SJ2.~ Asparagus officinalis; a,

a sectioa of its flower much

uiagnitie.l

LILIALS.

Urginea.
Bulbous.

LILY WORTS.

58

Steinheil.

Stamens

stellate.

Flowers racemose,

distinct,

perigynous.

Seeds numerous,

Filaments subulate.
ascending.

flat,

Scilla maritima
U. Scilla Steinheil.
Linnaeus. (Officinal Squill.) Fig. 93.
raceme
flowers
the
after
appearing
Leaves
1.

very long, many-flowered bracts spurred

at the base ; flowers rotate.
;

Sea coast of the Mediterranean.

Habitat

Acrid, diuretic, expectorant, emetic, pur-

Quality.
gative.

Dropsies, chronic catarrh, asthma, hooping

Uses.

cough
2.

TL Pancration

Steinheil.

(Pancratic

Squill.)

more
scape
;
flowers smaller and more
in
than
smaller
much
bulbs

Leaves shorter and narrower

glaucous

compact

the last.
Habitat. The Mediterranean coast.
As in the last ; but said to be
Quality and Uses.
milder in its effects. An obscure plant, supposed
to be the Yla.VKpa.Tiov of Dioscorides.

Coxvallaria.

Linnaeus.

Flowers racemose, terminal

Sepals and petals nearly separated, but
forming a bell by their junction. Stigma
obtuse, 3-cornered.
Fruit succulent.

Caulescent.

majalis

C.

1.

Linnaeus.

(Lily

of the

Valley.)

Scape naked

raceme one-sided

flowers

campanulate, nodding.
Habitat.

Europe, in thickets and woods.

Rhizomes acrid, purgative, and diuretic.

forms
powder
The flowers are acrid ; their

Quality.
Uses.

distilled water

a kind of cephalic snuff.

Their
is highly esteemed under the French name
eau dor.
2.

C.

ol

Pohjgonatum Linnaeus. (Solomon's

Seal.)

The

plan*
this
of

strong-smelling rhizomes
are reputed to be soporific ; at leas
o
composition
they entered into the

what was

Fig. 93. Diminished figure of

Urginea

called Solomon's opiate.

Scilla

a, a seed.

59

LILIALS.

Aloe.

LILYWORTS.

Linnmus.

Leaves permanent, succulent* Flowers cylindrical. Stamens

Fruit a membranous capsule.
hypogynous.
Ovules 00.
L A. socotrina Haworth. (Socotrine Aloe.) Fig. 94.
Stem arborescent
leaves ensiform, green, with small white serratures
flowers yellow, or red and yellow.
Caulescent.

94

Island of Socotra.
Quality.
Purgative, tonic, emmenagogue.
Uses.
Habitual costiveness, dyspepsia,

Habitat.

irregular menses,
secretion of bile.
2.

worms, imperfect

Haworth.

A. purpurascens
(Cape Aloe ?)

Stem arborescent

leaves ensiform,

glaucous, recurved at the point,

with white serratures

deep red.
Habitat
Quality

flowers

Cape of Good Hope.

and Uses. As in the last.

A. spicata Linnceus.
(Cape
Aloe.)
Stem arborescent leaves ensiform,
flat, dentate, spotted with white
flowers
spiked, campanulate,

3.

horizontal, whitish.
Habitat.

Cape of Good lope.

Quality and Uses.
As in the last.

4.

A. vulgaris Lamarck.
badensis

A. bar(Barbadoes

Miller.

Aloe.)

Stem arborescent, throwing up many

suckers from the base
leaves
;

ensiform, sinuate-serrated, white-spotted

Habitat.

Quality

Uncertain.

and

As

Uses.

Found

in the

East and West

Indies, Italy, Sicily,

and Malta.

in the last.

Fritillaria.

Bulbous

flowers yellow

Linnceus.
conspicuous
a
with
distinct,
cap.ule.
a
Fruit
at apex.

Sepals and petals campanula,

honey-poi
ley-pore at the base.
Style trifid
unisexual.
almost
Seeds 00, thin, flat.
Flowers often
Fig. 95.
F. imperialis Linnaeus. (Crown Imperial.)
J.
at
pores
honey
white
large
Raceme short,
six
with
nodding,
.

comose

flowers

the base inside.

Habitat.

Persia

Brought

to

Europe from Constantinople.

hir
heavy
peculiar
Bulbs. acn
with a
_id,
poisonous,
emetic,
r. It is
oi
corms
U
the
as
said that these bulbs are equally powerful
bulb.
the
of
Orfila killed dogs by
pieces
making them swallow

Quality.
,-

^f"f c olchkalTn

Hfc

ML-A

socotrina.
Aloe
of
theliabit
sketch of

60

LILIALS.

LILYWORTS.

'

'

96

Ruscus.
Caulescent.
tinct.

96

95

Linnaeus.
dispetals
and
Sepals
Fruit
capitate.
Stigma

Flowers axillary, half unisexualFilaments monadelphous.

Style I.

succulent.
1.

R. aculeatus Linnaeus. (Butcher's Broom.) Fig. 96.

straggling green shrub
false-leaves ovate, acute, spiny-pointed,
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Woods
Roots

in

rigid.

Europe.

bitter,

subacrid, aperient, diuretic.

An

imperfect

substitute for

Sarsaparilla.
Fig.'.S. Fritillariaimperialis; 96. Rufcus aculeatus
in flower

96*.

The same

in fruit

61

ALISMALS.

BUTOMADS.

THE ALISMAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 207.)

Natural rter* at Itsmafcf.

Carpels 00-seeded,

Subrmaftj {Butomacece .)

gtuimata (Alismacece.)

Carpels

I -2-seeded.

Placentae parietal.

Placentae basal or sutural

Natural Order, 3Sut0matW; Butomacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

p.

208.)

Acridity.

Butomus.
Sepals and petals 6, coloured, half

Linnazus.

more petaloid than the

Stamens

others.

9.

Carpels 6.

97

B.

umbellatus

Linnseus.

(Flowering Rush.)
'
97.

Leaves long, straight, ensiform,

sheathing at
flowers rose-coloured, in
iiirolucrated umbel.

an

Fig.

Ilahitat.

Ditches and ponds.

Hhizome

acrid, bitter, as

Quality.
well as the seeds
savages.

97. Kutoraus umbellatus.

eaten

among

62

ALISMALS.

ALISMADS.

Natural Order, 3lfe'matat; Alismacece (V. K.,

p.

209.)

Acridity.

Prevailing Quality.

Sagittaria.

Linnceus.

StaPetals 3, coloured.
Sepals 3, herbaceous.
Flowers monoecious.
mens 00. Carpels 00, compressed, one-seeded, on a globose receptacle.

(Chinese Arrowhead.)
Leaves deeply sagittate, acute the basal lobes as long as the terminal one,
male flower
ovate, acute, diverging ; scape branched, polygonal
1.

S. chinensis Sims.

terminal.
Ditches and ponds in China.
Subacrid ; corms full of starch.
Quality.
Sold in the markets of China and Japan as food.
Uses.

Habitat.

2.

(Common Arrow-head.)

S. sagittifolia Linnaeus.

Uses.

This has been recommended, without reason, as a cure for hydrophobia.

CLASS

V.

DICTYOGENS

(V.

K,

p.

211.)

The useful species of this Class are so few that it is not worth classing
them under their natural orders. The Genera alone are sufficient for the
purpose of the student.

Tamus.
(

Ovary

inferior.

Linnceus.
Dioscoreacese.)

Order.

Fruit succulent.
1. T. communis Linnaeus.
Fig. 98.
Leaves cordate, undivided.
Habitat.

Hedges

in all parts of

(Black

Bryony.)

Europe.

Acrid, purgative, emetic.

Fleshy roots used for stimulating plaisters. NeverUses.
theless the young suckers, in which the acrid principle
is not much developed, are eaten as Asparagus, after
careful boiling, and changing the water.

Quality.

Dioscorea.
{Order.

Ovary

Dioscoreacese, or

inferior.

Linnceus.

Yams

V. K.,

p. 214.)

Fruit membranous, winged.

38

D. triphylla Linna3us.
(Three-leaved Yam.)
leaves alternate, downy, ternate, with obovate cuspidate
1.

Somewhat

prickly

leaflets.

Habitat. East Indies.

Quality and Uses. Roots dreadfully nauseous," even after being boiled.
Fig.

98. Leaf of Tamus communis.


63

D1CTY0GENS.

DICTYOGENS

(West Indian Yam.) Fig. 99.

D. sativa Linnseus.
Not prickly leaves alternate, smooth, cordate, with about 9
of the base rounded.
2.

Habitat,
In Tropical America.
Quality and Uses.
The great fleshy roots, filled with starch, are
of food in this and some other species.

ribs,

the angles

an important

article

99

Smilax.
{Order.

*ary

superior.

LinncBus.

Smilaceee

V. K., p. 215.)

Fruit baccate.

l^S- medica Schlechtendahl. (Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla.)

Fte.

W. -Leaf

of Dioscorea sativa.

Fig. 100-

64

Stem

DICTYOGENS.

prickly, angular; leaves papery, cordate, auriculate, 5-ribbed, somewhat panduriform, occasionally

tending to hastate

umbels about

12 -flowered.
Uplands

Habitat.

of

diaphoretic,

Diuretic,

Quality.

Mexico.
emetic,

alterative, tonic.
Uses.

2.

venereal diseases, rheumatism,

various skin diseases.

In

S. siphilitica

Humboldt. (Brazi-

lian Saksaparilla.)
Stem slightly prickly, round; leaves
leathery, oblong-lanceolate, acu-

minate, 3-ribbed.
Habitat. Woods of Tropical America.
Quality and Uses. As in S. medica.

S.

officinalis

Kunth. (Jamaica

Sarsaparilla.)
Stem prickly, angular leaves leathery,
;

oblong, acute, cordate, 5-7-ribbed.

Habitat. Banks of Rio Magdalena.
Quality and Uses. As in S. medica.

Sar(Italian
Linnseus.
4. S. aspera
Fig. 101.
saparilla.)
Stem prickly, angular leaves cordate,
sometimes hastate ; about h
;

the
at
prickly
leathery,
ribbed,

edge.
South of Europe.
Habitat.
but
Sarsaparilla,
As
and
Uses.
Quality

oi

inferior quality.

5.

Root.)
(China
S. China Linnams.

Fig. 102.

Stem

prickly, round

roundish,

oblong,

ribbed, acute

thin,

leaves

about

rhizome

0'

tuber-

ous.
,.
China.
Habitat.
diasub-astringent,
Rhizome
Quality.
phoretic.
^
*>
eaten
As Sarsaparilla, and also
Uses.
oi
abundance
food, on account of the
starch

is tat

According to Dr. Hancock, there

n
genu
one speciesof Smilax that yields
ui
on
chiefly
This grows
Sarsaparilla.
elevated lands of the Rio toq?**?
it is c
but
Unturana and Caraburi
son
inferior
Btim+lv Arlnltoratod with
;

loo

Fig.

100 Leaf of

Smilax medica.

65

GTMNOGENS.

Dr.

CYCADS.

Hancock says that the Sarsa of the Rio Negro, which comes by way of Angostura
or Para is the best, and this is certainly not Willdenow's S. siphilitica ; the true
species has no axillary spines.
It appears that of six or eight
species of Smilax growing in
the woods of Guayana, but
one is found to manifest to
the taste any of the sensible
properties of the genuine medicinal Sarsa ; the root being
insipid and inert ; that one
Dr. Hancock describes thus:

"The

stem is round, armed

with short curved spines. The
leaves

are

oblong, pointed,

distant, smooth,

and

glossy.

The root is a tuber with

numerous divergent fibres of
2 or 3 lines in thickness and
several feet in length."
iol

102

CLASS

GYMNOGENS

VI.

(V. K., p. 221.)

Natural Orfrr* at <&\jmna$cn$.

Curbs' (Cycadeaccce .)
Conifer* (Pinacece.)

CaralK {Taxaccce.)

"

Stem

Stem branched.
Stem branched.

Natural Order, eTgcalte

Quality.

simple.

Females

Females

in cones.

solitary.

Cycadeacece (V. K., p. 223.)

Bitter, nutritious

Linnceus.

Zamia.

trunMales and Females

a
with
scales,
both in cones, composed of woody
cated hexagonal apex.
Seeds two to each scale.
Z- tenuis
J-

Willdenow.

leaflets linear,

tapering to the base, obtuse, with

below the end
smooth.
petiole
triquetrous,
r
u
Halite
^
U^tat.
Bahamas.

1 or

2 teeth on the edge

trunk

is

an abundance of

arrow

"

" furfi
jurfuracea Aiton.
leaflets lanceolate,

up
middle
the
from
acute, pointless, serrated

Point

petiole terete, prickly.

S'f'
vwty and?

West Indies.
Uses.
The same
e

as in the last.

Fig lOl.-Stem and

China.
Smilax
of
Leaf
102.
leaf of Smilax aspera;

to the

G6

GYMNOGENS.

CONIFERS.

Lindley.

Dion.

Female cone composed of flat lanceolate woolly

and bearing two seeds.

scales, cordate at the base,

D. edide Lindley.
whole
their
by
petiole
the
attached
to
sharp,
very
sword-shaped,
Leaflets
seeds as large as Chesnuts.
base
1.

Habitat. Lowlands of Mexico.

The seeds yield a large quantity of starch, used as arrow-root
Quality and Uses.

in

Mexico.

Linnceus.

Cycas.

Females bearing woolly

an acute thickened apex.
pinnatifid leaves, on the edge of which the seeds stand singly.

Males

in cones, with

C. circinalis Linnaeus.
Leaflets linear-lanceolate,
1.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

flat

(not revolute at the edge.)

East Indies.
Gummy, amylaceous.
sago-like flour extracted

from the seeds

the dry

gum

produces rapid suppu-

ration in malignant ulcers.

Natural Order, dLonifcti

Pinacew

(V. K., p. 22G.)

Resinous, tcrebinthinoii3.

Prevailing Quality.

Linnwus*

Pinus.

Cones woody, with numerous 2-seeded scales, having

in
acerose,
an angular truncated apex. Leaves
clusters of from 2 to 5, surrounded by scarious

Flo

scales at the base.

1.

P. Pinea Linnceus.

Leaves

in

pairs

unarmed

(Stone Pine.)
Jth
w
round,
cones obtuse, somewhat

scales

seeds large, oblong.

Habitat.

South of Europe.

Quality.

Irritant, stimulant, diuretic.

Seeds an article of dessert, under the

Uses.

name

of Pignons.

^'

FigLeaves in pairs, rather spreading, short, glaucous,

leaves,
the
as
cones ovate, conical, about as long
2. P. sylvestris

Linnaeus. (Scotch Fir.)

recurved

a large

tree.

Habitat.
North of Europe.
Quality.
As in No. 1
,
j
de
Uses.
Yields common turpentine, tar, and pitch; also red

3.

P. Pumilio Waldstein.

(The Mugiio Pine.)

Fig.

103. Cone of Pinus

sylvestris.

67

GYMNOGENS.

CONIFERS.

Leaves in pairs, adpressed, short, dark green

erect
a trailing bush.

cones short, ovate, obtuse,

Alps of Europe.
Quality.
As in No. 1
Uses.
Yields Hungarian Balsam.

Habitat.

4.

P. Pinaster Aiton.

Leaves in pairs,

(Cluster Pine.)
dark green, long, stiff, and straight

cones oblong, conical,

whorled, pendulous, with prickly scales.

Habitat.
Quality.

South of Europe.
As in No. 1.

Uses.

Yields

Wood

Bourdeaux turpentine.

Abies.

of

bad

quality.

Tournefort.

Flowers monoecious.

Cones woody, with numerous 2-seeded scales, having

a flat rounded apex.
Leaves single, or, if clustered, indefinite in
number.

1.

A. excelsa Lindley.

(Common Spruce.)

Leaves 4-cornered, distichous

cones cylindrical, long, pendulous, with the

end rounded and uneven.

Habitat.

North of Europe.
Quality,
As in Pinus No. 1.
Uses.^ Yields
frankincense and Burgundy pitch
m scurvy, rheumatism, gout.

also white

Norway

deal.

Leaf buds

A. Larix Lamarck. (The Larch.)

Fig. 104.
Leaves deciduous, clustered
with
erect,
loose,
ovate-oblong,
short,
cones
;

2.

uneven-edged scales.
Habitat.

Alps of Europe.
Quality.
As in Pinus No. 1.
L *C8.
Yields Venice turpentine, Larch manna,
^

Oxenbunrh gum.

Bark abounds

in tannin.

A. nigra Lindley. (Black

Spruce.)
leaves 4-cornered,

3-

straight,

glaucous

green

erect,

dark

cones short, ovateoblong, pendulous, with scales uneven

at the edge,
habitat.
%t

North America.

Diuretic > antiscorbutic.

Ui*s.
\ ie \d$ essence of spruce:
spruce-beer.

nf

A.

Balsamea

wlead
e &ves

OS'!

'

(Balm

of

whitish
emarginate,
arrangement,
in
cones cylindrical, erect, with acuminate reflexed scales.

somewhat pectinate
;

North America.

^V^inPinusNo.l.

c
Urn
*

Yields Canada Balsam.

A Pkea
-

104

Fir.)

flat,

beneath

Marshall.

the basis of

Lindley.

A. pectinata

DC(Silver Fib.)

Fig. 104. Cluster of leaves of Abies Larix.

F2

68

GTMNOGENS.

CONIFERS.

emarginate, peetinately arranged, very white beneath

erect, cylindrical, with very blunt close-pressed scales.

Leaves

Habitat.
Quality.

flat,

Alps of Europe.
As in Pinus No.

cones

1.

Yields Strasburgh turpentine

Uses.

Juniperus.

Linnceus.

Cones ripening into fleshy galbules.

Floicers dioecious or monoecious.
(Common Juniper.) Fig. 105.
1. J. communis Linnaeus.
Leaves spreading^ acerose spiny-pointed, glaucous above, green below,
whorls of 3 ; galbule glaucous
Habitat.

in

Woods of the North of Europe.

Quality.
Fruit
phoretic.

irritant,

diuretic, dia-

Dropsy, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea.

Uses.

Galbules employed in flavouring

gin.
t

Sabina Linnaeus.

2. J.

(Savi> .)

Fig. 106.

Leaves close-pressed, ovate, short,

scale-like, dull green galbule
;

nearly black.
Europe, and temperate parts
Habitat.
of Asia.
Acrid poison, local irritant,
Quality.
purgative,
anthelmintic,
emetic,
stimulant, emmenagogue.

105

Uses.

10f;

Amenorrhoea,

Fig.

chlorosis, chronic

105. Juniperus communis

a, in

rheumatism

male flower

perpetual blisters.

6, fruit;

106. Juniperus Sabina

in fruit.


69

GYMNOGENS.

3.

J.

TAX ADS.

Oxycedrus Linnaeus.

Leaves spreading, broad, 3-veined, pungent, in whorls of 3 and

rufous, the size of a hazel-nut.
Habitat.

South of Europe.

Quality.

Diuretic,

lm.

Its foetid oil

emmenagogue, powerfully stimulant.

employed in veterinary practice. Wood durable and
Callitris.

Flowers monoecious.
to each scale.
1-

galbule

fragrant.

Ventenat.

Cones woody, of 4-6

scales, with

from 3 to 6 seeds

C. quadrivalvis

Ventenat.
(Sandarach Tree.)
vast tree
branches straggling, jointed, brittle, naked, furrowed, with
whorls of small ovate scales at the joints cones small, purple, glaucous,
;

4-lobed.
Habitat

Mountains of Morocco.

Quality.

Dry

t/*e*.

juice a brittle resin.

Resin forms pounce

maho^an V- nnl nn vo rl

when bruised

Natural Order, (Eapattd

Prevailing Quality.

Narcotic.

Taxus.

Linnaeus.

varnishes

timber fragrant, hard, durable

Taocacece (V. K., p. 230.)

Seed solitary, terminal,

surrounded by a
succulent cup.
T. baccata
*
Linnaeus.
(Yew Tree.)
Fig. 107.
Leaves^ distichous,

flat, linear,

with a stout

midrib.
JfoMta*

All the north of

Europe.
xwuny. JNarcotic
; pulp of fruit harmless
ana leaves a
dangerous poison.
'"
leaves a substitute for Digitalis.
very durable,
tough, and elastic.

seeds

Wood

107

N -B.
There
Ther is some uncertainty concerning the circumstances under which the
^ew is deleterious. The pulpy covering of the seeds is certainly harmless and

assorted that the seeds themselves are innoxious ; but although their hard
b ony shell
it is
stomach,
the
on
may guard the kernel so as to prevent its action
unquestionable that they are a dangerous poison when crushed. Sheep and
leaves
other animals browse
the
if
but
impunity
;
on the leaves in winter with
become partially dried they acquire even then their noxious qualities. 1 he whole
question demands renewed
and careful experiment.

it is

107. Taxus baccata ;

a,

young

fruit

b, older fruit,

70

ex or, ENS.

CLASS

EXOGENS.

exogens

VII.

(V.

p.

235.)

Among

the numerous Alliances in this Class, the following only demand

the early attention of the student.
They are here distinguished by their
usual characters, which suffice for the identification of common plants :-

Diclinous.

* Sub-class l.

AMENTALS.

Males

catkins.

in

Albumen

solidated.

URTICALS.

consolidated.

Carpels

Males scattered.
Albumen much.

MENISPERMALS.

con-

0.

Males scattered.

EUPHORBIALS.

Carpels more than 1, superior,

1 only, superior.

Carpels more than

Males scattered.

1 (3),

superior,

Carpels more than 1, superior,

disunited.

QUERNALS*

Males

solidated.

in

Carpels more than 1,

catkins.

Placentse axile.

CUCURBIT ALS.
solidated.

Males scattered.

Carpels more than I, inferior, con-

Placentse parietal.

Hypogynous.

Sub-class 2.

VIOLALS.

inferior, con-

Stamens

Flowers dichlamydeous.

definite, equal.

Flaccntse

parietal.

{Brass icacece.

Stamens

SAPINDALS.

definite,

Stamens

in the stamens.

BERBER ALS.

tetradynamous

definite.

see Cistals.)

Flowers dichlamydeous, unsymmetrical

Placenta) axile.

Stamens

definite.

Flowers dichlamydeous, unsymmetrical

in the ovary.

ERICALS.

Stamens

definite.

Flowers dichlamydeous, symmetrical-

Anthers porous.

RUTALS.

Stamens

Anthers

Petals

slit.

GERANIALS.
Anthers

Stamens

SILENALS.

Stamens

more than

flat.

definite.

Flowers dichlamydeous, symmetrical.

definite.

Flowers monodichlamydeous.

Stamens definite.

Stamens

definite.

Stamens 00.
C

*ln^t^h

symmetrical.

Carpels

Flowers monochlamydeous.

Carpel

Placenta free central.

PIPERALS.

dichlamydeous,

Placenta free central.

1,

CIIENOPODALS.

MALVALS.

Flowers

Petals twisted.

slit.

only 1.

definite.

Se8

*eo

Flowers achlamydeous.

Flowers dichlamydeous.

Calyx

valvate.

Dirlinous, in which the flowers are always unfaenwl:

7htv
ii
t i
Qy are USUally
herm ^phrodite,
2 having the stamens Hypogynous, h'crigynous,

\Z'

4 Epigynouf.

^~

tt

g
*&
2.3,

71

EXOGENS.

Stamens
CISTALS.
Embryo curved or

RANALS.
cated.

spiral,

Stamens 00.

Embryo

GUTTIFERALS.
cated.

00.

EXOGENS.

Flowers dichlamydeous. Calyx imbricated.

Carpels consolidated.
exalbuminous.
Calyx imbri-

Flowers monodichlamydeous.^

Carpels usually disunited.

minute, straight.

Stamens 00.

Calyx imbri-

Flowers dichlamydeous.

Placentae axile.

Perigynous.

Sub-class 3.

FICOIDALS.

embryo.
annular
external
with
an
apetalous,
Polypetalous or

DAPIINALS.

Apetalous.

RHAMNALS.

Carpel

solitary.

Seeds

apetalous.

Polypetalous or

definite.

Carpels

consolidated.

R0SALS.

Seeds

Polypetalous or apetalous.

Carpels disunited.

definite.

SAXIFRAGALS. Polypetalous or apetalous. Seeds 00.

GENTIANALS. Monopetalous. Placentae parietal.
C0RTUSALS. Monopetalous. Placenta free central.
S0LANALS.
Capsular or baccate.
Monopetalous.

Symmetrical.

Placentae axile.

BIGNONIALS.

Capsular or baccate.

Monopetalous.

Unsymmetrical.

Placentae axile.

ECHIALS.

Monopetalous.

Nucamcntaceous.

Sub-class 4.

CAMPANALS.

Epigynous

Monopetalous.

hairs.
collecting
Styles with

Monopetalous.

hairs.
collecting
Styles without

Albumen

little.

CINCHONALS.

Albumen

much.

MYRTALS.
CACTALS.
GROSSALS.

Polypetalous.

Polypetalous.
Polypetalous.

UMBELLALS. Polypetalous.
ASARALS. Apetalous.

Stamens

Stamens

indefinite.

indefinite.

Stamens

definite.

Placentae axile.

Placentae parietal.

Seeds 00.

Stamens definite. Seeds

solitary or nearly so.

72

AMENTA LS.

BTRCHWORTS.

THE AMENTAL ALLIANCE

(V. K.,p. 248.)

Natural OrtrerS of Smmtalg*

Ovary

3Strrf)fo0rte (Betulacece.)

Ovary 2-celled.

EttpiftramfcarS [Altingiacece .)
2Ratn0to-&)0rtjS (Salicacece.)

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

4.

Nuts

Ovary

2Strrf)fo0rte

1 -celled.

1, pendulous.

Ovules 00, winged.

Ovules 00, cottony.

Betulacece (V. K., p. 251.)

Astringent, subacrid.

Alnus.

Stamens

Ovule

2-celled.

ai

Tournefort.

A.glutinosa Gaertner
(The Alder Tree.) Fig. 108.
Leaves roundish, very obtuse, wedge-shaped at the
base, with the axils of
the veins of the underside
bearded.
1.

Halltat.
Quality.

Marshy places in Europe.

Bark astringent, tonic.

Gargles, ague, &c.

Uses.

Betula.

Linnceus.

Stamens, 10-12.

Nuts

winged.

(The
B. nigra Linnaeus.Black Birch.)
Leaves ovate-rhomboid, doubly
1.

serrated,

downy

entire at the base

beneath,
;

scales

of female catkins downy.

Habitat.

North America.

Bark

acrid, balsamic.
Uses.
Yields birch camphor ; timber
very hard and valuable.

Quality.

2.

B.

alba

Linnaeus.

(Th e

Common Birch.)
Leaves
somewhat rhomboid,
doubly serrated, smooth;
scales of female catkins
hairless.

108

North of Europe.
Quality.
Bark yields the empyreumatic birch oil.
Uses.
Employed in dressing Russia leather timl

Habitat.

Fig.

108.Alnus

glutinosa.

73

A MENTALS.

Natural Order, EtquttfamfiarJ

Prevailing Quality.

LIQUIDAMBARS.

Altingiacece (V. K., p. 253,)

Acrid aromatic.
Liquid ambar.

Stamens 00.

Flower 'S monoecious.

2-celled,

Linnceus.

Female catkins

globose.

Capsules

many-seeded.

(American Liqui-

ifl

dambar Tree.)

Fig. 109.

Leaves palmate, lobed, with the axils of the

veins of the underside bearded.
United States and Mexico.
Quality.
Balsamic, aromatic, acrid, bitter.
Uses.
Yields a balsamic fluid called oil of liquidam-

Habitat.

bar

and American storax.

Tree.)
Liquidambar
2. L. orientate Linn^us. (Oriental
the
ot
veins
the
of
Leaves palmate, lobed, with the axils

underside hairless.
Habitat. Levant.
,
Quality.
Bark hot, bitter, stomachic.
, used
cxpectoranl
Uses.
Yields common liquid storax, a stimulan
&c.
asthma,
phthisis,
in gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, amenorrhea,

Fig. 110.
L. Altingia, Blume.
Leeaves ovate,
lanceolate, acuminate, serrated.
3.

W
ds of Java.
S-f
*w*w/and
Yields
Uses.

Malay Archipelago.
Fig.

the fr

109. Liquidambar

-* 1

styraciflua ;

-*""'

110.

Kmrfd storax. or

Liquidambar

Altingia.

r>
i*
RasamaJa


WILLOW- WORTS.

74

AM EXT A LS.

Natural Order, EWtIIafo4D0rfcS

Prevailing Quality.

Salicacece (V. K., p. 254.)

Tonic, astringent, aromatic.

Linnccus.

Populus.

Flowers furnished with an oblique, cup-shaped calyx. Stamens 8 or more.

(Black Poplar Tree.) Fig. 111.
1. P. nigra Linnrous.
Leaves smooth on each side, serrated, somewhat rhomboid, acuminate,
longer than broad.
Habitat.

North

Quality.

Buds aromatic,

Uses.

of Europe.
bitter, resinous

diuretic, antispasmodic.

In ointment against tumours, wounds, and burns

balsam and tincture

against

colic.

(Balsam Poplar.)

2. P. balsamifera Linnaeus.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, with close serratures, white and netted beneath
buds very resinous.
Habitat.
United States.
Quality and Uses. As in the last

Tacamahac obtained from the buds.

Salix.

Linnceus.

Flowers absolutely naked. Stamens 1-5.

(Sweet Willow.)
1.
S. pentandra Linnaeus.
Fig. 112.
Stamens 5-10 ; scales of catkins whole-coloured,
deciduous ; leaves ovate-oblong, closely ser-

112

very smooth, wHJ

equilateral
ovate-oblong

rated,

straight stipules.

Habitat
Qualify.

Woods
Bark

of Europe.

bitter, astringent,

nic, febrifugal.
Uses.

Fig.

111. ropulus nigra;

Dyspepsia, intermittent^,

Themostaromnticof the
112. Salix pentandra.

V i"***

75

A MENTALS.

Russelliana

S.

2.

WILLOW- WORTS.

Smith. (Bedford Willow.)

Fig. 113.

hypogynous
the
deciduous
coloured,
whole
catkins
of
Stamens 2 ; scales
acuminate,
lanceolate,
leaves
stalk
than
its
much
shorter
gland
;

smooth, silky only

Habitat.

Quality

when young,

serrated.

Woods and meadows of England.

and Uses. As in -No. 1. By some regarded

as the best medicinal Willow.

115

law

r
e

f_

* 1

m
*i

i:

ft
*a

UK
iiift

I-

i)m
f^

lX

,i

.MM

ii

fc'T

>,

Ml
!\
i

V
S.

11*

wMiwa

J
Stamens

Fig..
x-j

114.
**

S
Linnaeus. (Golden Willow).
scales of catkin whole coloured, deciduous

hypogyno

gian (]

acuminate,
lanceolate,
very short, yet as long as its stalk ; leaves
yellow.
bright
serrulate, silky on both sides ; branches
f
BabtiaL
Moit_
r
r
Meadows
of
Europe.
c>,:'
VWthty and Uses. As in No. , but weaker.
1
115.
Fig.
4- S. purpurea

variety,
*
a
Linn,
Helix.
Linnaeus.
Linnaeus,
S.
lanceolate
leaves
fetamen
'en 1 ; gland longer than the base of the ovary ;
-

finely serrulate,

smooth,

flat.

XaKtat.
quality

Meadows of Europe.
and Uses. As in No.
1

JS-lWrSrih
RWMffiwa;
neural Slze
;

115.

its

bark intensely bitter^

114. Diminished fignro of Salix

Salix purpurea.

v*tt

a, the underside

'

URTICALS.

76

NETTLEWORTS.

THE URTICAL ALLIANCE

Natural

(bvtserii

(V. K., p. 258.)

a( WttitaX*.

{Urtkacece .)

flcttlctoarte

Embryo

Ovule erect.

straight.

Juice

watery.

%anj)U)0rtt {CannabinacecB .)

Ovule suspended.

Ovule suspended.

fflavxtte (Moracece.)

QLvtatavfrtSt (Artocarpacece .)

Juice watery.

Juice milky.

Ovule suspended.

Embryo

straight.

Juice milky.

Natural Order, tMttoavt$ ; Urtkacece (V. K., p. 260.)

Prevailing Quality.

Acrid

narcotic-

Urtica.

Male

Linnceus.

Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, elasticFemale Calyx 2-parted

Stigma sessile, capitate, pencilled.
1. U. dioica Linnreus.
(Larger Stinging Nettle.)
Leaves coarsely serrated panicles axillary, longer than the petioles.
Habitat. Waste places.
:

Quality.

Poisonous, acrid ; astringent, diuretic.

Young shoots in broth ; flogging with nettles in arthritis and paralysis.

Uses.

Parietarta.

Linnceus.

Calyx of both sexes 4-parted1-

P. officinalis Linnaeus.

Leaves ovate
Habitat.

Style filiform.

Stigma capitate,

pencilled

(Wall Pellitory.)

stems prostrate, spreading, branched.

Old walls

all

over Europe.

Quality.
Uses.

Diuretic, lithontriptic.
In calculous and urinary affections

in dropsies.

Natural Order, ^onpbmrfcS; Cannabinacece (V. K.,

p- 265.)
Prevailing Quality.

Narcotic.

Cannabis.

Flowers dioecious.

Male

I -leaved, rolled up.

1.

C. sativa

Leaves

Calyx 5-parted.

Fio-.

5.

Female

Calp

116.

flowers axillary.

India and Persia.

Stimulant, narcotic ; allays pain
produces catalepsy ; causes delirium.

Habitat.
Quality

Rheumatism

Stamens

Styles 2.

Linnaeus. (Hemp.)

digitate, serrated

Linnceus.

excites appetite

a certain aphrodisiac


77

URTICALS.

Humulus.
Flowers dioecious.

Male

MORADS.

Linncens.

Calyx 5-parted.

Stamens

5.

Female

Flowers

Calyx scale-like, partially rolled up.

H. Lupalus Linnaeus.
(The Hop.) Fig. 117.
twiner ; leaves undivided, coarsely serrated, with harsh hairs.
in cones.

1.

Hedges of Europe.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Narcotic

lupuline, aromatic, tonic ; sedative.

Pillows of hops in mania and restlessness ; dyspepsia
;

in the preparation of malt

liquor.

116

117

Natural Order, jHoraft*; Moracece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

Acrid

narcotic

Ficus.

powers
^aves

jZ
i>ses.
p ig.

with elastic gum.

Linnaeus.

(Bengal India-rubber Tree.)

diverging
fine
numerous
oblong, acute, glossy, with

Roxburgh.

stalked,

and a stout midrib

ttrtitat.

266.)

within a closed turbinate fleshy receptacle.

F. elastica
J-

p.

veins

fruit not eatable.

Forests of Sylhet.

Milk >' J uice ***<*, tenacious.

Forms a larre nnH- nf +W nnmitplmnr* exnorted from Bengal.

116.- a, Male inflorescence of Cannabis sativa

b,

female ditto

117.

Hnmulus Lupulua

in fruit.


78

URTICALS.

ARTOCARPADS.

(Common Fig.)
Carica Linnseus.
Leaves cordate, palmate, scabrous on the upper side, downy on the lower.
2. F.

Levant.
Fruit nutritive, emollient, demulcent, laxative apt to disorder the stomach ;
Quality.
when young, acrid.
Food ; heated and split open for gumboil, &c. ; added to barley water in pulmoUses.
nary and nephritic affections ; forms part of the confection of senna.

Habitat.

Morus.
Calyx 4-parted.
1.

Stamens

4.

Linnceus.
Fruit, a spike, composed of the

Styles 2.

succulent conglomerated axis, calyxes and carpels.

M. nigra Linnaeus. (The Mulberry Tree.)

undivided

Leaves cordate, ovate,

rough

or lobed, serrated,

fruit sessile,

purple.
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Persia.

Fruits alimentary allay thirst ; diminish febrile heat

common dessert fruit ; as a colouring substance.
;

Dorstenia.

laxative.

Linnceus.

Flowers monoecious, naked, plunged in sockets of a plane

Stamens 2.
Carpels becoming dry loose achsenia.
1. D. Contrayerva Linn ecus.
(Contrayerva.) Fig. 118.
Caulescent

receptacle.

leaves palmate, with deeply

serrated or almost pinnatifid acu;

minate lobes; receptacle somewhat

quadrangular.
Habitat.
Qualify^
M MH

fj-

^V

Tropical America.
Rhizome stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic ; emetic ; keeps badly.

S*&

Uses.

Low

fevers,

and where mild

stimulants

are required.

D. brasiliensis Lamarck.
Stemless
leaves cordate, oblong, obtuse,

2.

serrated

receptacle circular, crenated.

Habitat. West Indies and Brazil.
Quality.
As in No. 1 ; also emetic. Said to be the most energetic
species.

Natural Order, 9rt0carjpatttf

Artocarpacece

(V. K., p. 269.)

Prevailing quality.

Acrid; narcotic.

118

AnTOCARrus.

Lin na?7is.

Male Flowers in catkins, with 1 stamen and 2 sepals

becoming a roundish fleshy tuberculated fruit.
Fig. 118. Receptacle of Dorstenia Contrayerva.

Females naked,

79

EUPHORBIALS.

SPURGE WORTS.

A. incisa Linnseus.
(The Bread-fruit Tree.)
Leaves pinnatifid, sinuated, scabrous, downy on the under side
catkins nodding.
1.

male

Islands of the Pacific, and Indian

Archipelago.
Uses,
The large fruit nutritious when sliced
and dried; filled with a tenacious white
milk before becoming ripe.

Habitat.

Antiaris.

LeschenaulU

Males

on a mushroom-like receptacle,
with 3 or 4 sepals, and as many

Females

anthers.

sessile

solitary,

becoming fleshy drupes.

A. toxicaria Leschenault.
(The Upas
Tree.)
Fig. 119.
Leaves oval-oblong, acute, hairy on both
1.

sides,

on the main veins,

serrated
male receptacles

especially

slightly

stalked.
Habitat.
Quality.

East Indies.
Juice an acrid poison

emetic

causes

convulsions.
Uses.

Poisons weapons

its fibre

woven

into

coarse linen.

^B-

The

current concerning the

action of the plant are a mixture of truth
connected with distinct natural phenomena in Java, and the real properties
of the plant.
That its emanations are
occasionally noxious is an undoubted
fact, though excessively exaggerated.
fables

THE EUPHORBIAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 272.)

Natural Order,
.g-purjrrmorte

Euphorii')

hiacece

Pretailing

(V. K., p. 274.)

Quality.

Acrid

emetic.

Eltiiorbia.

Linnwus.

Mon vcious.

3-coccous
a
surrounding
Flowers naked
males monandrous,
involucre.
stalked female
cup-shaped
a
within
the whole placed
;

Fig.

119. Leaf of Antiaris

toxicaria.

80

EUPHOItBIALS.

SPURGE WORTS.

1.

E.

(Euphorbium Bush.)

offi

stems succulent, tufted, prickly, with

pairs, thick and strong.

Leafless

Fig 120.

many

angles

prickles in

West

Habitat.

of Barbary.
Quality.
Resin violently acrid, narcotic, emetic, drastic.
Uses.
Dropsy ; as an errhine in chronic affections of the
ears, eyes, or brain.
Dangerous ; mixed with cantharides,

it

forms " gout plaister."

antiquorum Linnseus.
(Euphorbium Bush.)
Leafless branches succulent, spreading, triangular,

2. E.

or quadrangular, with sinuated angles

in pairs.
Habitat.

prickles

West

of Barbary.
Quality.
Resin violently acrid, narcotic, emetic, drastic.
Uses.
Dropsy ; as an errhine in chronic affections of the
ears, eyes, or brain.
Dangerous ; mixed with cantharides,

it

forms * gout plaister."

E. hiberna Linnseus.
(Winter Spurge.)
Bracts and leaves ovate or elliptical, entire, obtuse
glands of involucre reniform ; capsule muncated ; seeds smooth, somewhat shining.
3.

Ireland, and south-west of England.

Root in venereal diseases.
fish-poison.

Habitat.

Uses.

E. Peplus Linnseus.
(Petty Spurge.)
Leaves broadly ovate, somewhat emarginate,

4.

glands of involucre with long horns;

capsule smooth, with a double keel at each
angle ; seeds pitted.
stalked

120

Habitat.
Uses.

A common

weed everywhere.

Dried herb once used as a powerful purgative.

E. Cyparissias Linnseus. (Cypress Spurge.)

Leaves linear, entire, smooth
glands of involucre with 2 horns
dotted and rough at the angles ; seeds smooth.
5.

Habitat.

Woods

Quality.

Uses.

An

capsule

of Europe.
virulent poison.
unsafe purgative.

E. Gerardiana Jacquin.
Leaves glaucous, linear, mucronate, entire, smooth
glands of
undivided
capsule smooth or nearly so
seeds smooth.
6.

involucre

Habitat.
Europe, in fields and by roadsides.
Quality.
Root cathartic and emetic.
Uses.
Said to be the best of the European Euphorbias.

E. Ipecacuanha Linnseus. (American Ipecacuanha.)

Roots deep, large and fleshy; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, smooth;
involucres solitary, axillary, on long stalks, with 5 blunt segments and
7.

5 intermediate glands*
Habitat.
Quality.

Sandy places

in

North America.

Emetic, purgative, diaphoretic

Fig. 120.

A diminished

apt to produce hypercatharsis.

e of

Euphorbia officinarum.

81

EL'PHORBIALS.

SPURGEWORTS.

E. Lathyris Linnseus. (Caper Spurge.)

Fig, 121.
Leaves opposite, decussate, oblong, sessile, the uppermost cordate
of involucre with 2 horns
capsules wrinkled, spongy;
8.

glands

seeds articulated, wrinkled.

Habitat,

Europe, in woods

mon

com-

in cottagers' gardens.

Quality.

Violently acrid, narcotic.

Uses.
Oil of seeds a substitute for
Croton oil.
Bark of root also

employed.

Buxus.

Linnceus.

Floicei

moncecious.
Males:
J
with about 4 unequal membranous sepals. Stamens

Females

4.

'

central, of

several imbricated scales.

Capsule 3-horned.
B. sempervirens Linnseus.

1.

(The Box Tree.)

122.
Leaves evergreen,

'

Fig.
6

roundish,

smooth, with a separable

inferior
epidermis
pe-

121

holes

and young branches

slightly downy.

122

fS/T'
Rat
*

alWlills f Europe.
{?

%l
ihe

tter' nauseous, sudorific,

purgative, acrid.
empyreumatic oil and chips of wood in syphilis

and chronic rheumatism

the first
against toothache.

Mercurialis.
&pals 3- 4.
roundish

Linnaeus.

Stamens 8 or more, with

listinct

filaments,

nnther-lobes.

Fruit

2-celled,

2.

Styles

and separate
with

solitary

seeds.

8
i

s
si)lh
Plit

llphorbia lathyris in fruit

;^
open.
<

122. a,

Buxus sempervirens

a branch

in flower; b, the ripe


82

EUPHORBIALS.

SPURGEWORTS.

M.perennis Linnaeus. (Dog Mercury.) Fig. 123.

Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate female flowers on long stalks

1.

123

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

2.

Waste places and

Very poisonous.

plantations.

dangerous emetic.

M. annua Linnaeus.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate ; female flowers nearly

Habitat.
Waste places amon^ rubbish.
Quality and Uses. As in the iast, but more mild.
Janipha.

sessile

Kunih.

Calyx^campanulate, 5-parted. Stamens 10,

distinct, alternately shorter.
Stigmas 3, many-lobed. Fruit 3-celled, with solitary seeds.
1. J. Manihot Kunth.
Jatropha Manihot Linnaeus.
Manihot utilissima
Pohl. (Mandioc Plant.) Fig. 124.

Root

large, tuberous ; leaves stalked,

palmate, with lanceolate acuminate
entire segments, glaucous beneath.

Habitat.

Brazil.

Recent juice narcotic, acrid ; faecula

nutritious, emollient, demulcent.
llie iaecula forms cassava,
tanioea. \\ht riitrpatihi*
K B f. nAA .

f<*lity>
Uses,

Ciioton.

Calyx 5-parted.

Linnams.

Petals 5 in the males.

Stamens 10 or more,

distinct.

83

EUPHORBIALS.

Styles 3, forked or many-parted.

in each cell.
1.

SrURGEWORTS.

Capsules 3-coccous, with one seed

0. Eleuteria Swartz. (Cascarilla Bush.)

Fig. 125.
small tree ; leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, beneath
silvery and densely downy
racemes axillary
;

and terminal, compound; flowers

subsessile,

monoecious.

Bahamas.
Quality.
Bark aromatic, bitter, tonic ; narcotic ?
Uses.
Dyspepsia, low fevers, interim ttents, diarHabitat.

rhoea, dysentery.

2.

C. pseudo-China

Schlechtendahl.

(Copalche Bush.)
Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate,
3-5-nerved,
silvery

nearly

on the under side;

axillary,

Fig.

124. Leaf of Janipha Manihot.

G 2

entire,

simple,


84

EUPHORBIALS

C. Tiglium Lamarck.
Fig. 126.
small tree
leaves oval-oblong, acute, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, with
shallow glandular serratures, thin and membranous, with 2 glands at
the base.

3.

East Indies.

Habitat.
Quality.

Oil of seeds a powerful irritant, drastic, cathartic

poisonous.
;
Mania, obstinate constipation, stercoraceous vomiting, paralysis, hydrocephalus.

Uses.

4.

SPURGE WORTS.

125

126

Pavana Hamilton.

C.

(Tilly Seed.)
Leaves ovate, obtuse at the base, smooth, with

all

the veins alternate.

Habitat Indian Archipelago, Ava, &c.

Quality and Uses.
As in C. Tiglium.
I

5.

Draco Schlechtendahl (Mexican Dragon's Blood.)

C.

All covered with starry coarse hairs

leaves cordate, acuminate, minutely
;
toothed, with 4 glands at the apex of
the petiole
racemes very long,
;

interrupted.
Habitat.
Quality
Uses.

6.

Mexico.
Juice hardens into a kind of Dragon's blood,
called Sangre del drago.
vulnerary and astringent in Mexico.

C. balmmiferum Linnaeus.
rusty downy, resinous, balsamic

shrub
leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse,
with two cup-shaped glands at the
base
spikes terminal compact
;

Habitat.
Uses.

West

Indies.
spirituous liqu

tilled

from

dis-

it.

Leaf

85

EITHORBIALS.

Crozophora.

SPURGEWORTS.

Necker.

Calyx 5-parted,
nate.

and Petals 5 in the males. Stamens 5-10, unequal, conCalyx 1 0-parted, and Petals in the females.

Styles 3, forked.
in
1.

each

Capsule tricoccous, with

seed

cell.

C. tinctoria

Necker. Croton tinctorium Liniweus.

(Turnsole.) Fig. 127.
hoary annual; leaves ovate - rhomboidal,
repand,
toothed,

and

crisp

at the

edge, about the same

length as their stalk.

Habitat.

Coast of the Mediterranean.

miity. Juice rendered blue by ammonia
and
"*.
Linen dipped in it a test for acids.

air.

Ricinus.

Linnceus.

Otdyz

3-5-parted.
Petals 0.
Stamens 00, with the
filaments irregularly united into branches. Style 1
Stigma forked, feathery.
Capsule 3-coccous, with
1 seed in each cell.
;

R.

communis

Linnaeus.

(Castor
V

Fig. 128.
te

glaucous

Oil

Plant.)

leaves peltate, deeply divided

into

127

7 ovate, serrated,
acuminate segflowers
ments
in long glaucous
racemes.
East Indies.
Habitat.
Oil of seeds
Quality.
purgative.
Inflammation of
Uses.
bowels, obthe

worms,
&c, wherever a
structions,

brisk purgative

is

demanded.

128
*>
c ' ri
Pe

127.

of Crozo Pl*ora tinctoria

fruiTrf /i.
> the same, cut

128. a, Male flower of Ricinus communis

perpendicularly.
:

b,

female ditto;

86

EUPHORBIA LS

SPIJRGEWORTS.

Curcas.

Adanson.

Calyx 5-parted.

Petals 5.
Stamens 8-10, unequal, united*
Styles forked.
Capsule 3-coccous, with 1 seed in each cell.
1

Cpurgans Adanson. Jatropha Curcas Linn&us.

(Physic Nut*)

Fig. 129,

Leaves long-stalked, broadly

date, angular, roundish
nicles terminal or

cor-

pa-

axillary,

in cymes.

West

Habitat.

Indies.

Quality and

Uses.

C. Tiglium;
in large doses a

Like

dangerous
son. Acrid

poioil in

chronic rheumatism. Milky juice

dyes linen black.

THE MENISPERMAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 297.)

rtretf of iHentitomttaltf
itmrfftf

(Myru

a valvate cup.

^SbriSTd"

Albumen ruminated.
Meni8permacece ')

Albumen

Fig. 129. Leaf of

Curcas purgans.

solid.

Sepals united

Sepals

into

distinct


87

JIEXISPERMALS.

NUTMEGS.

Natural Order, fJutmcgS; Myristicacece (V. K., p. 301.)

Prevailing Quality.

Aroma,

acridity.

Linnceus.

Myristica.
Calyx 3-toothed.

Anthers 6-10, connate. Stigma sessile. Seed surrounded

by an aril, within a fleshy 2-valved pericarp.
1. M. moschata Thunberg.
(Nutmeg Tree.)
Leaves oblong, acuminate, smooth, with simple veins fruit solitary, smooth.
;

Habitat.

Moluccas.
Quality.
Seed aromatic, acrid, narcotic, oily.
uses.
As spice ; the seed is the Nutmeg : its arillus

is

Mace.

ft

the under side

es ot>long4anceolate,

veins simple
x\r

frt*
Habitat.

yuality

and

covered with s
fruit racemose, downy

_ M(WW m 0uniHHIi
i T__

Uses.

Seeds acrid, purgative, oily

Natural Order, iHcnfejirrmattf

P'retailing

quality.

Bitter

produce nausea,

fulness.

Menispermaceee (V. K.,

p. 307.)

narcotic.
130

Cissampelos.
Males: Sepals

8,

Linnaeus.

the inner formed

into

a cup.
Stamens 2, monadclphous anthers dehiscing
hori:

zontally.

Ovary
!

Females: Sepals 2.

1.

C.

Paretra Linnaeus. (Pareira

brava. Velvet

Leaf.) Fig. 130.

leaves orbicular,

pel-

ta te,

when

aristate,

grown

full

covered

with

silky down;

fruit

scarlet,

round,

hairy.
Babitat.

UZ%

Brazil.

R 0t

tonic ' dil*tic.

t'OnorrhcEa, leucorrhoea.

bladder.

chronic

Cocculus.
epals

12 > in 4 rows.
or more.

Stamens 6

De

Candolle.

anther* dehiscing vertically.

Ovaries 3

^Ptimatus De

Candolle. (Calumba.)
Wl wrge, fle S
hy leaves circularr pai m;lte hairy, with 5
.

eir stalk

covered with glandular hairs.

Fig.

130. Cissampelos-

I'areira; a, leaf; b, ripe fruit

to

7 entire

lobes;


88

MENISPERMALS.

MENISPERMADS.

Habitat. Mozambique.
Quality,
Tonic, not stimulant, demulcent, stomachic.
Dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, to allay vomiting.
Uses.
*

Anamirta.
Stamens monadelphous

Sepals 6.
1.

Drupes 1-3.
A. Cocculus Colebrooke.

Colebrooke.

anthers 00, forming a globose head.

(Cocculus Indicus.)

Leaves roundish, acute, hard, leathery, shining, smooth, with 5 radiating

ribs
Habitat.
Quality.

fruit globose.

East Indies.
Poisonous, acrid, intoxicating.

Powdered seeds against

Uses.

pediculi; porrigo

in the adulteration of malt liquor.

131

THE QUERNAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 289.)

Natural rterji of <utrnaR

#lattD0rte (CoryZacece.)

Ovary 2 or more

celled.

Ovules pendulous.
3ktglanfc (Juglandacece.)

Ovary

1 -celled.

Ovule

erect.

Natural Order, iHaattoort*; Corylaceoe (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.
Astringent, tonic.

Q
Ovary

3-celled.

p.

290.)

acorn

Linnaeus.

Fruit

in

a scaly truncated cup

round.

Q
Bark

(Cork Oak.)

Fig. 131.
corky; leaves evergreen, hard, oblong,
hoary beneath

Habitat.
Uses.

South-west of Europe.
The bark forms the Cork

132

Q. infectoria Linnaeus. (Nutgall Oak

Fig 132
)
Leaves evergreen, oblong, coarsely and
bluntly serrated', mucronate, smooth
on both sides.
2.

Fig.

I31.-Under

side of leaf of Quercus

Suber

132.

Leaf of Q.

infectoria.


89

QUERNALS.

MAST WORTS.

Levant.
Quality.
Galls excessively astringent.
Uses.
Hemorrhages, old diarrhoeas, antidote to poisons, gargles, gleet, leucorrhoea
the preparation of ink.

Habitat.

3.

Q.

Gramuntia Linnaeus.

in

(Belote

Fig. 134.

eaves evergreen, hard, round, spinyhoary beneath.

,

Habitat.

Spain.
Acorns sweet, eatable,
Uses.
used as food in Spain
under the name of Belotes.

Q. pedunculated Willde-

(LONG-STALKnow.
ed Oak.) Fig. 133.
Leaves deciduous, obovate-oblong, sinuated,
short-stalked; acorns

long-stalked.

North of Europe.
Quality. Bark very astringent,
abounds in tannin.
tonic

Habitat.

Uses.

Decoction in gargles

wash

ulcers

in

injection

in

an

leucor-

rhoea, &c. ; an astrin*

gent in diarrhoeas ;
a poultice in mortifi-

Timber

cation.

valuable.

33

134

Plg 133
--Q'

Pedunculata in flower and

fruit

134. Leaf of

Q. Gramuntia

135.

^essilinora

in-


90

QUERKALS.

MASTWORTS.

(Short-stalked Oak.)
Q. sessiliflora Smith.
Leaves deciduous, obovate, sinuated, long-stalked

Fig. 135.

5.

acorns nearly

sessile.

Europe, especially the central and southern parts.

Habitat.
Quality and Uses. As in the last. Acorns sometimes sweet and eatable, like Chesnuts.

Fagus.

Ovary

Linnaeus.

Fruit in a prickly husk ; mast triangular.

1. F. sylvatica Linnams.
(The Beech Tree.) Fig. 136.
Leaves ovate, smooth, toothed, slightly ciliated.
3-celled.

137

13(5

Habitat.

Europe.

Quality.

Husks narcotic

Uses.

Oil in

abundance

Nuts

eatable.

in the Nuts.

Timber hard, but not durable.

Carpinus.

Ovary

Linnceus.

Fruit within flat leafy bracts ; nut small,

1. C. Betulus Linnaeus. (The Hornbeam.)
Fig. 137.
Leaves ovate, doubly serrated
bracts 3-lobed.
2-celled.

striated.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Woods

of Europe.

Tonic.

Bark a bad

febrifuge.

Timber coarse and

Corylus.

Ovary

2-celled.

Fruit rolled

of

little

value

Linnceus.

in a leafy lobed

unarmed husk

nut round-

0. Avettana Linnaeus.
(Hazel Nut.)
Leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate husks
and
spreading
campanulate,
lacerated at the end.
1.

Habitat.
Uses.

Woods

of Europe.
Nuts sweet, eatable.
Fig.

IW. Leaf of Fagus

sylvatica

137. Ditto of

Carpinus Betulus.


91

QUERNALS.

Castanea.

MASTWORTB.

Tournefort.

Ovary 5-8-celled.

Fruit within a spiny husk ; nuts compressed, rounded.

1. C. vesca Tournefort.
(Sweet Chesnut.) Fig. 138.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrated, shining above,
downy or smooth beneath.
Habitat.
Uses.

South of Europe.

Nuts sweet,

Timber

eatable.

useful.

138

Sfl

*
*p

^*

r
Iv

Natural Order, j$uglanltf

Prevailing

Quality.

Juglandacece (V. K.,

p.

292.)

Acridity, aroma.

Juglans.

Linnaeus.

Flowers

deciduous
2-valved
a
monoecious.
with
Stamens 18-24. Drupe
sarcocarp, or rind
shell.
or
putameu
wrinkled
and a deeply
;

&lfdTnl/

and ?

inflor <*<* n <*

Castanea vesca,

ft,

under side of

leaf;

c,

cupule or husk

92

QUERNALS.

1.

JUGLANDS.

(Walnut Tree.)

J. regia Linnaeus.

large

tree

Fig. 139.

smooth, with
about 9 oval nearly entire aromatic leaflets.

Habitat.

leaves

pinnated,

Persia.

Quality.

Sub-acrid, laxative.
Uses.
Nuts abound in sweet drying oil ; bark of root
purgative, as is young fruit when preserved with
sugar.
Timber strong and durable rising sap employed in pulmonary affections and in general debility.
;

139

THE CUCURBITAL ALLIANCE

(V. K.,

p.

310.)*

Natural Order, Cucurbit*; Cucurbitacece

(V. K., p. 311.)
Prevailing quality.
Narcotic,
purgative.

Lagenaria.
Sermge.
Stamens triadelphous. Anthers

fendrils lateral.

mas3
i^

S
1
i.

t
J,.

Style undi-

distinct.

to"** thick-edged, 2-lobed.

Oucurbita lagenaria Linnseus. (Trumpet Gourd,

vy<*ris Sermge.
v
.dottle Gourd.)
Covered with soft down; stem
climbing; leaves cordate, nearly entire,
somewhat glaucous, with 2
glands at the base
flowers monoecious
Innt downy, smooth when
ripe, long, and swollen at one end.
;

Habitat.

East Indies.
T us P r ative
g
u

k:s asr

Usf%*Jf
-2:

T
1.

Poisonous.

Uuciwirs.

^*
videdStgma 3
1

*
?
omii
C.i^foLinnseus.

or

ZS T

Quality and

Um.

and de

ived f an soiuble

Linnaeus.
Style undi-

(The Melon)

gU,ar

antherS 8horter

m.-a,

^an

Laxative, refrigerant

Fig.

**

f the

t"adelphous.
Anthers distinct.
Seeds ^in-edged.

Male

flower, of

a n..-,i

J ug, ans

regia

the connective

^
.

fc;

*^__

........

fema]e flowere>

fruit ovate


93

CUCURBITA LS.

C. Colocpithis Linnaeus.

2.

CUCURBITS.

(Colocynth Gourd.)

Fig. 140.

Leaves

cordate-ovate, multifid, hoary with hairs on the under side, the

lobes somewhat acute ; fruit globose, whole-coloured, with an intensely
bitter pulp.

HI

140

&*e*.

aCrid ' emetic > P^gative, drastic cathartic, hydragogue.

onstipation, dropsy, alvine
obstructions, amenorrhea.

-V.pseudo-coloci/ntkis Royle. (Himalayan Colocynth.)

Fig. 141.
av es scabrous,
5-lobed, the lobes and angles both rounded, the middle
] obe
usually 3-lobed ; fruit oblong, striped, with an intensely bitter pulp.
Habitat.

or

~~

Hall(

y an i Urn.

As

th* i a t

Momordica.
endrds lateral.
Stamens
tbe males
short.

Fruit

Pig.

Linnaeus.

triadelphous.

Anthers connate.

finally splitting.

140. Cucumia Colocynthig

141. Fruit of C. pseudo-colocyntbis

Calyx of

;;

94

CUCURBITALS.

1.

CUCURBITS.

M. Balsamina Linnseus.

(Balsam Apple.) Fio\ 142.

Leaves 5-lobed, palmate, toothed, smooth, shining
oblong, acuminate,
tubercles separated by

with rows of oblong

crowds of roundish

ones.
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

South of Europe.
Fruit a dangerous poison when ripe.
Where hydragogues are required.

Cucurbita.

Linnceus.

Tendrils lateral.
Stamens triadelphous. Anthers
connate.
Calyx of the males campanulate.
1. C. Pepo Linnaeus.
(The Common Gourd.)

Stem

prostrate

somewhat

leaves

5-lobed,

cordate,

toothlettecl

with a neck below the limb

ish or oblong, smooth.

The Levant.

Quality.

Slightly laxative

An

nutritious.
agreeable kitchen fruit ; the
;

young leaves and shoots the

Spinach.
The Vegetable
a variety of this.

C. Melopepo

2.

calyx

fruit round-

Habitat.
Uses.

obtuse,

best of

Marrow is
(The

Linnaeus.

Squash Gourd.)
Stem erect leaves cordate, obtuse,
somewhat 5-lobed, toothletted
;

calyx short, hemispherical, campanulate, with a very wide mouth;

fruit
,

erect,

depressed,

circular,

crenated.
Habitat. Unknown.
Quality and Uses.
As the

3.

C.

maxima De

last.

Candolle.

(The

Spanish Gourd.)

Stem

prostrate ; leaves cordate,

large, very rugose ; calyx with

a short neck below the limb

fruit

very large, rather rough.

Habitat. Unknown. Common in gardens

under the French name of Potiron.
Quality and Uses.
As in No. 1
Fruit sometimes
weighs, even in England, 200 lbs.
.

Willdenow. (The Orange

False Colocyntii.)

C. aurantia

Gourd.
Stem prostrate, extremely scahrous leaves
somewhat cordate, 3-lobed, cuspidate, finely
;

toothletted

fruit globose,

smooth, deep

orange, with a bitter pulp.

Habitat. Unknown.
Quality and Uses. Like those of Colocynth, but milder

142
Fig.

U2.-Fruit

of

Momordica Balsamina just before

it splits.


95

CUCURBITALS

Bryonia.
Tendrils lateral.

CUCURBITS,

Linnceus.

Stamens triadelphous.

Anthers

distinct.

Style trifid.

Fruit not corticated, few-seeded.

1. B. dioica Jacquin.
(Common Bryony.) Fig. 143.
Stem climbing
leaves cordate, palmate, 5-lobed, toothed, with callous
points, the terminal lobe longer ; tendrils simple
flowers racemose,
;

dioecious,
143

HR

Hahitat.

Hedgerows.

oot emeti c, pur-alive, acrid, poisonous.

d
Root
aPPlied topically to bruises!

/CI
U
**

E cb alium.
Tendrils lateral.
-

^ales

Richard.

Stamens monadelphous.

campanulate.

Fruit

expellin

Anthers connate.
the seeds with

Calyx of
elasticity,

indehiscent,

E.

agreste

Richard.

Momordica Elaterium

Linnaeus.- (Spirting

Cucumber.)
S

stem dwarf, without tendrils leaves cordate, somewhat

lobed, crenate-toothed,
very rugose, on long stalks.

P ld scabrous
'

bbish
an ^ old walls in the south of Europe.
??
oSto
e an acrid irrifca nt, drastic, hydragogue.
n
dropsy,
apoplexy, obstinate constipation, gout.

Vm

Fig. 143. Bryonia dioica in flower and

fruit.

96

VIOLALS*

BIXADS.

THE VIOLAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 326.)

Natural drtoni at WiaMi.

Pirate (Flacowiiacece .)
Safttonfcarfef

Stamens 00.

{Passifioracem .)

#l0rmijata {Moringacew .)

Stamens

Stamens

definite.

Flowers coronetted.

Anthers

definite.

l-celled.

Fruit

siliquose.

tolrttoorte ( Violacem)

Stamens

definite.

Anthers crested.

Natural Order, JBijraM; Flacourtiacece (V.

K., p. 327).
Prevailing Quality.
Uncertain.

Flacourtia.
Sexes imperfect
I. v. itamontchi

Petals 0.

Commerson.

Calyx deciduous.

Berry globose.

Heritier.

Leaves roundish-ovate, acute, crenated.

Habitat. Madagascar.
Quality and Uses.
Fruits resembling black Plums,
eatable

Bixa.
Plete

^TvahTd

^^

Linnceus.

alyX

Simple-

B. orellana Linnaeus.
(Arnotto
Leaves smooth on each side,
&c.
1.

Habitat.
Quality

and wholesome.

Tree

his P id

SeP a,S 5

'

^'

,r4S3: ttaswue?

Tropical America.

Seeds cordial, astringent, febrifugal.

"\&s.ss

Natural

Order, ^ajSstontourte; PassiforacecB (V.

Prevailing Quality.

Passiflora.

Ovary

in

p. 328.)

Narcotic.

Linnceus.

Coronet
Fruit pulpy.
in several rows, of which the interior
are very short.
P. quadrangular is Limueus. (Gran Astipitate.

dill a.)

Leaves smooth, cordate, ovate, acuminate;

petioles with from 4 to 6 glands,
stipules ovate entire as well as the

bracts
144

branches with 4 winged

angles

Fig. 144.-Longitudinal section

of the fruit of

a Passiflora.

07

VIOLALS.

PASSfONWORTS M0R1NGADS.

Tropical America.'
Quality.
Root emetic, narcotic.
I m.
Fruit common in tropical desserts
subacid pulp of the seeds the part
Habitat.

used.

rubra Linnaeus,

P.

2.

(Dutch-

man's Laudanum.)
Loaves velvety, cordate and 2-lobed
at the base,

awned

at the sinus,

beneath without glands as well

as the petiole; pedicels solitary;

ovary hairy, roundish.

Habitat

Jamaica.

Quality.

Narcotic.
Tincture of the flowers a substitute

Urn.

for

opium.

foetida

Fig. 1 45.
Stem and petioles hispid
leaves
;
villous

on both sides, 5 -nerved,

cordate, 3-lobed
lobes acute,
;
the lateral very short
invo;
lucre divided into fine
glandular
,

entangled arms.
Habitat.

145

West

Indies.
ers P ee t oral

Flo
^
I
leaves in poultices

R^r'*

leaves emollient ; narcotic ! emmenagogue

flowers in hysterics ; root in amenorrhoea.

Natural Order, fHarutflata; Mormgaccce (V. K.,

Prrvai
wailing Quality.
V uno-

p.

336.

ency

rinaiui*
Burmann.
Jjn

MUiuMrA.
Moringa.
TOKlong,

siliquose,

3-angular, 3-valved, bearing the amygdaloid seeds

on the face of
the valves.
Al.

pterygospcrma Gjertncr. (Horseradish Tree.)

weaves twice
or thrice pinnate, with an odd leaflet
oblong
Wlth 3

gg*

flowers white, in

roundish

leaflets

naked terminal panicles

seed roundish,

membranous wings.

India and Arabia.

,J
un gent* aromatic, stimulant.
.' P
Vus
\ o.
curries >
sinapisms ; paralysis
R#m
It*
en
the bark a gum like
;

md
m

intermittent*

fJ

seeds yield

..

oil

of

Tragacanth,

Natural Order, tffalcttimrtt

^ailing Quality.

Viola,

ePals

Violaccce (V. K., p. 338.)

Emetic, depurative.

~
'

Linncvus.

nearly equal,
extended backwards at the base.
Io *ermost
spurred.
Stamens distinct.
Fig.

145. Leaf of Passitiora

foetida.

A*b very unequal

98

VIOLALS.

VIOLETWORTS.

V. odorata Linnaeus.
(Sweet Violet.)
Stemless, throwing off runners
leaves broadly cordate, pubescent

1.

blunt
Habitat.
Quality.

sepals

flowers very sweet-scented.

Hedgerows and woods.

Seeds and roots emetic and purgative

flowers anodyne, produce faintness.

As a substitute for ipecacuanha ; flowers form an officinal syrup used as a test
Uses.
acids redden it ; alkalies render it green.
;

V. canina Linnaeus. (Dog Violet.)

Stems procumbent leaves cordate, oblong-ovate

2.

of the stem fringed,

much

shorter than the petiole

Habitat.
Hedgerows and woods.
Quality and Uses. Roots and seeds as in No.

V,

stipules

on the middle

flowers scentless.

Linnaeus. (The Pansy or Heartsease.)

Stems^ prostrate and ascending
leaves crenate
stipules

3.

tricolor

pinnatifid, with the middle lobe crenated

Habitat.

Corn-fields

Quality.

Acrid.

Uses.

leafy, Iyrate,

flowers 3-coloured, scentless.

and gardens.

Leaves bruised, against cutaneous affections (tinea

Ionidium.

capitis.)

Ventenat.

extended

Sepals not

at

the base. Petals very

unequal

1 large and

spreading,

Stamens
1. I.

small.

separate.

JWwAublet.

I. Ipe-

cacuanha Anguste de
St. Hilaire. (White
Ipecacuanha.) Fig.
146.

Extremely hairy
oblong,

leaves

serrated

sepals fringed.
Habitat. Brazil and Guiana.
Quality.
Roots emetic.
Uses.
Substitute for Ipecacu-

anha.
2.

I.

microphyttum Humboldt.

(Cuichus-

CHULLI.)

14f>

leaves minute, oblong, acute,

serrated
the leaves.

shrubby, smooth
s
long
peduncles 3 times as

Half

Habitat.
Peru.
Quality.
Emetic, purgative ; very active
Uses.
Said to be a certain cure for the

elephantiasis tuberculata.

Fig.

146. Ionidium Itubu.


99

SYPINDALS.

MILKWORTS,

THE SAPINDAL ALLIANCE

Natural rtfcrS at

*fbMtt*
Anthers

ffHXttonxte {Polygalacece.)

appendage.

Anthers

(Sapindacece.)

J?aaj3fo0rt3

(V. K., p. 373.)

-celled.

Calyx 2-winged.
Petals

2-celled.

{Eryihroxylacece .)
Anthers 2-celled.
appendage.
Ovules pendulous.

Natural Order, JKOUtfrttf; Polygahcecp (V. K.,

Stamens

P. vulgaris Linnaeus.

Capsule mucronate.

8.

(Milkwort.)

Kg- 147.
leaves linear-lanceolate, more or less
obtuse ; stems ascending
wings
;

ovate,

shorter than the corolla,

longer than the capsule

nearly sessile.
Hahitat.

ovary

Bitter.

P ulmonary

affect ions

bl

Heaths and open downs.

Huahty.

spitting

P. rubella Pursh.
leaves lanceolate-linear,

of

2-

stem

erect,

a t the top
spiked,

lax,

mucronate
furrowed, branched
racemes somewhat
elongate
wings
;

oval.

JfcKtoft

W*

'*

p.

375)

Linnceus.

carunculate.
1.

Petals with an

Bitter, emetic.

Polygala.
Calyx persistent,

an

Ovules erect.

rgfljrnjryte

Prevailing Quality.

with

United States.
Blttr > tonic, stimulant, diapho-

retic.

Dyspepsia.

147

Fig. 147.

Polygala vulgaris

h2

Seeds hairy or

ion

JUPIM'AU.

MILKWORTS.

(The

Skneka.)
Pig. 148.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper acuminate stems tufted, erect, simple
racemes Bpicate wings circular capsule elliptical, cmarginate.

3.

Senega Linn*

P.

us

ffa

\pectorant
emetic, purgatn ft, emmenagogae.
Bronchial or pulmonaij inflammation, chronic catarrh, humoral asthma, low
fever, rheumatism, dropsy, amenorrheas

f!it>f.

/'

nited Star. h.
Hoot diaphoretic, diuretic,
l

L P. Chamrrbuxus Linnscus.

dwarf, branched, procumbent, shrubby ; leaves evergreen, oblongflowers single or in pairs keel crested.
lanceolate, mucronatc

St

Mountains of Europe.
Like the last.
Quality and fV.
Habitat.

P. Poava Martian,
Stem shrubby leaves coriaceous, 5-nervecl
5.

or obovate, obtuse
If oh.

corolla crested

Brazil.

ality.

Un*.

racemes spicate wingseeds clavate, shaggy.

oblon it

An

active emetic.

Root, when fresh, in bilious fevers.

Lamarck.

Soulamea.

Fruit samaroid.
(The Hitter
S. amara Lamarck.

Stamens
1.

6.

Pig.

KlW

H9.

A shrub or small
leafd
oval

ceniei

a*

t
fruit

14-

14?)

H.v

Polygala Senega

I4i>

Soulamea aniara.

HH

1AIMNP.UJ.

Kravi:kia.

Fr

4, or fewer.

tit

drupe covered frith hooked spines.

K. triandraBmM and Pavon.
Rattan y-root.)
a

I.

Locffiing.

Stamens

without wings.

'al

Ofi

t m

Indian Archipelago.
Intensely bitter.
fy.
Cholera, pleurisy, intermittents.

-celled

Fig. 150.

Leaves oblong, softly hairy, rather acute

flowers

racemes,

in short

JfMUxt.

Peru and Chili.

Quality.
Root a powerful astringent.
Urn*.
Mucous discharges, passive hemorrhage
powder, mouth-washes.

tooth-

Natural Order, aapfcoarts; Sapindacece (V. K., p. 382.)

Prevailing Quality.

Acridity.

Nephelium.
Leaves

Linnceui.

Calyx 5-6-toothcd

Flowers regular.

Ovules solitary.

"th^pulj

gan.
(The Long an.) Fig. 151.
Leaves pinnated
leaflets with the midrib very
prominent below
fruit globose, areolate.
1

iMtaf.

Chin*

Qml<ty and Uses. A very agreeable fruit, often imported

from China, for the sake of the sweet subacid vinous
pulp which covers the seed.

Paclmxia.
Leaves alternate.

Linnwus.

Flowers irregular. Stam

*rntl capsular, wingless, 3-cornered.

>s

8.

Seeds

solitary.
I.

P.

lunmm.

not

****< pinnate, in
2
essilc,

crenated

leaflets ovatc*!aneeolat.\
an odd one
fruit pyriform.
petiole winged

pairs with
;

BnnB.

****
P.

Extremely acrid and poisonous.

WfWti

Martina,

An wertain
plant, of which no
**>. Brazil.

published.
hitherto
been
description has

".

h&tmfpmtj fffryjfapj^ rtormwihir. a pftrtri" fh*n*ae

founded seeds form Guarana bread, cakes of which are consumed

Brazil

Mueum

large! vi

in
found
be
will
said to contain theine.
bread
(Specimens of this
of thp p,. v i n.^: r?,i^., v \

F %-

Krameria triandra

in fruit

1*1. fruit of

Nephelium Longaa

OH


102

SAPINDALS.

^Esculus.

Leaves opposite,

digitate.

SOA P WORTS

Linnceus.

Petals 5, spreading, with short claws, unequal

Fruit leathery, 3-valved.

Siametis 7, declinate.
(Horse-chesnut.) Fiff.
1. Ms. Ilippocastanum Linnteus.
152,
Leaflets 7, obovate, cuneate, acute, toothed
fruit prickly.
;

i 5:2

Fig.

]52.-, Inflorescence of

Mk.

Ilippocastamroi

6,

a leaf

c,

ripe fruit.

103

SAPINDALS.

ERYTHROXYLS.

Persia %
Quality.
Seeds acrid ; bark febrifugal.
Uses.
Seeds a good sheep -food ; yield abundance of nutritious starch

Habitat.

Sapindus.
Leaves alternate-

Fruit

Flowe?

wingless,

when washed.

Linnceus.

regular

Disk complete

Stamens 8-10

indehi-

scent, fleshy.

saponana Linnseus.

S.

1.

(Soap-berry.)
Leaves abruptly pinnate
lets oblique, entire,

leaf-

lanceo-

3 or 4 pairs, with
a broad-winged petiole

late, in

flowers in large panicles.

West

Habitat.
Quality.

Indies.

Fruit detersive, acrid, nar-

cotic.

Used instead of soap

Uses.

intoxi-

cates fish.

Natural

Order,

erntfjroyyte;

Frythroxyfacece (V. K., p.

39 1

Prevailing Quality. Uncertain.

Euythroxylon.

Linnceus.

Calyx 5-parted, pentangular at

the base.
Styles 3, distinct.

E.

Lamarck. (The

Coca

Coca.) Fig. 153.

A
midrib
Leaves oval, acute, thin, with 3 slight line-like ribs near the
.

Habitat.

Peru.

Quality.
uses.

Stimulating, narcotic.
Leaves largely chewed instead of Opium.

THE BERBERAL ALLIANCE

flatural Orticra
of

JBrrtrraW.

StrtcrOrS {Berberidacece.)
inrtDortt

Quality.

Anther valves recurved.

Anther valves

Vitacece.)

Natural Order, Ucrtrrftte

Pretailing

straight.

437.)
K.,
(V.
pBerberidacece

Astringency, slight acridity.

Beuberis.
Plowers complete,
I/.

Stigma

(V. K., p. 432.)

Stamens

sessile, peltate.
Fig,

6.

Linnceus.
Petals with

Fruit fleshy.
133. Erythroxylon Coca

glands at

the base.


HERBERALS.

1.

10-1

B. vulgaris Linmious.

BERBER1DS

(Berberry Bush.)

Leaves obovate with

VINEWORTS.

Fig. 154.

ciliated serratures

racemes

pen-

dulous, many-flowered.
Habitat.
Quality.

Europe.
Berries acid, astringent

Uses.

Wood

2. B.

Lycium Royle.

used by dyers, for

its

bark astringent.
yellow colour.

Spines 3-parted, conical

leaves coriaceous, oblonglanceolate, tapering to the base, mucronate, witli
;

spiny teeth
flowering racemes erect
small
racemes of fruit pendulous.
;

flowers

154

Habitat,

North of India.

Quality.

Very

Extract valuable in ophthalmia.

Uses.

Natural Order, uictourt*

Prevailing Quality.

astringent.

Acridity.

Vitis.

Flowers

Calyx 5- toothed.

f/.
if*
if

Vitacece (V. K., p. 439.)

Linnceus.

Petals calyptrate.

(The Vine.)
A
AJ
l

mm m^. ^r

-*.

Leaves angular, lobed, sinuated, toothed, more or

North of India ?
Ripe fruit nutritious, refrigerant,

Habitat.
Quality.

less hairy

diuretic, laxative

colouring matter deranges the stomach.

Uses.
Preparation of grape wine and brandy ; fevers,
dysentery, phthisis.
ible

fruit sweet.

skin astringent, indigest-

Cissus.

Flowers

inflammatory complaints,

Linnceus.

&.

Calyx 4-toothed.
Petals horned.
1. C. cordata Roxburgh.
C. repens Lamarck.
Stem creeping leaves cordate-ovate, somewhat toothed, smooth;
in umbels, dark purple.
;

Habitat.

flowers

Malabar.

Quality.
Uses.

Acrid.
Leaves as poultices for indolent tumours.

Genus of Uncertain Affinity,

Somewhere

in the

neighbourhood of the Berberal Alliance must stand the

following genus, whose structure

Canella.

is

imperfectly ascertained.

P. Browne.

Sepals 3, blunt, imbricated.

Petals 5.
Stamens 20, on a truncated hypogynous cone anthers linear. Ovary
one-celled, with 2 or 3 pendulous
anatropal ovules.
Stigma emarginate.
;

Fig.

154,Leaves of Herberts vulgaris.


105

ERICALS.

1.

Wild Cinnamon.)

(White Wood.

Swartz.

C. alba

WINTER GREENS
Fig. 155

Leaves alternate, dotted, obo-

obtuse,

vate,

glaucous

beneatb.

West

Habitat.

Iudies.

Hot, aromatic, with a

flavour between that of fennel
and cinnamon, stimulant.
Uses. Scurvy ; in addition to tonics

Quality.

or purgatives.

THE ERICAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 446.)

Natural

tufrg of GrituU.

Gutter

(PyrolaFlowers nearly

(Srcciuj

ce<e.)

Embryo

polypetalous.

minute.

Herbs.

^cathtoorte

Flowers

[ErkacecB.)
(usually)

monopctalous.

quite

Embryo

Shrubs.

axile.

Natural Order, BBfotet <8rrrn<>

Prevailing

Quality.

Pyrolaceee (V. K-,

P-

450.)

Diuretic.

Chimapiiila.

Nuttall.

Stamens 10, with

the filaments triangular
at the base.

Anthers hornless. Stigma

nearly sessile, peltate.
Capsule burstnig at the upper
end.
* Mmbellata Nuttall.
(Umbelled Winter
Green.) Fig. 156.
weaves

cuneate-lanceolate, whole coloured

filaments smooth.

JfoWteft

tt

North America.

a ' t0 " ic diuretic "arcotic.

'
>
Uropsies, cystirrlnea,
calculus,

strangury, gonorrhoea,
-

&c,

dysurv,
157

scrofula.

15(i

C. maculate
157.
Fig.
Green.)
Pursh. (Variegated Winter
the
aves OVat
below
shaggy
e-laneeolate, blotched with white ; filaments
dilated part.

L
nLted Stat <*t':n
*""* andF Uses. Like
the
I'ig.

155,-Canella alba

last.

166. Chimaiihila umbellata

157.

CbtompM*Waculata.

106

ER1CALS.

HEATH WORTS,

Natural Order, %taQfturrttf; Ericacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

453.)

Narcotic.

Arctostaphylos.

Drupe

p.

with 5 distinct

1 -seeded

Adanson*

stones.

Corolla urceolate, with a revolute

Stamens included. Anthers with 2 spurs at the back.
1. A. Uva Ursi Sprengel. (Bear-berry.) Fig. 158.

limb.

Procumbent

leaves obovate, obtuse, entire, shining

flowers in short terminal racemes.
;

North of Europe, Asia, and America.

Habitat.
Quality.

Astringent, diuretic, emetic.

Chronic affections of the bladder, calculus, bronchial

Uses.

affections.

Gaultheria.

Kalm.

Capsule 5-valved, loculicida], covered over by the

fleshy tube of the calyx.

procumbens Linnaeus. (Partridge-berry.)

Smooth, procumbent, rooting leaves obovate, with
1.

Gr.

setaceous serratures, acute at either end pedicels bearing 1-2 nodding flowers ; anthers with
;

158

Habitat.
Quality.

North America.
Aromatic, astringent.

Emmenagogue

Uses.

bristles.

unsafe.

Oil is

a flavouring substance

Andromeda.

Linnceus.

Capsule 5-valved, loculicidal, naked.

with a contracted orifice.
1.

A.

Anthers 2-awned.

Corolla globose,

polifolia Linnaeus.

Leaves alternate, oval or linear-lanceolate,

entire,
beneath flowers terminal, almost umbellate.

revolute,

glaucous

ITabUat.
Quality.

Bogs of North of Europe and North

America.

An

acrid dangerous narcotic

kills

Ledum.
Petals 5 yearly, or ^quite^ distinct.
,

Capsule
latifoli

Leaves oblong
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

sheep.

Linnceus.

Stamens 5

to 10.

Style short, straight,

septicidal.

(Labrador Tea.)
;

stamens 5, the length of the corolla

North of Europe and America.

Narcotic.

Agues, dysentery, diarrhoea

renders beer heady.

Kalmia.

Linnceus.

Corolla campanulate, with

10 honey-pores sunk in its sides, each holding
an
which final,y rises b the elasticit of it3 arched

fiWn?

Fig.

158. Arctostaphylos Uva

Ursi.


107

EHICALS.

1.

K.

latifolia

Linnaeus.

HEAT II WORTS.

(Calico Bush.)

and
shilling
end,
either
acute
at
elliptical,
scattered,
Leaves on long stalks,
smooth
Habitat.

corymbs terminal,

viscid.

United States.

Narcotic, poisonous, dangerous.

Urn.

Azalea.
Stamens 5, loose. Calyx leafy.
1. A, pontica Linnanis.

Linuceus.

Corolla funnel-shaped.

Leaves obovate-oblong, lanceolate, ciliated,

very

Capsule septicidal.

much wrinkled

flowers

bright yellow, glutinous externally.

Habitat.
Quality.

Caucasus, Asia Minor.

Dangerous, narcotic, honey highly poisonous.

Rhododendron.

Linncms.

between
or
campaniilate,
campa*"w
niamens
Stamens 10.
Corolla
Uoroua
iu.
LJalyx
Calyx obsolete.
Capsule septicidal.
panulate and funnel-shaped.
159.
Fig.
Rhododendron.)
1. R. chrysanthum
ysa?
(Golden
Pallas.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, revolute, rugose,

tapering

to the

base, pallid beneath; flowers campanulate,

corymbose, bright

yellow.
Habitat.

Siberia, Dauria.

Quality.

vws.

powerful narcotic.
Chronic rheumatism; ve-

nereal affections. The leaves

largely
employed by the

Russians.
It is said, that a
long use of this narcotic does
not affect the general health.

ferrugineum Linn ecus.

Leaves small, oblong, tapering to each end, above
shining
beneatlII

vered

and
cowitli

ferruginous
scales

co-

rolla funnel-

shaped, with
resinous dots externally.

gta**

Switzerland.
Narcotic.
J****
"*'. Oil of the
buds, called Olio di Mamiotta, in
pwna of the joints.

V
Fig. l-,i)._Klio(lodeniiroTi

chrykiutlmm

cam


10S

ERIC A IS.

Arbutus.

HEATHWORTS.

Linnceus.

Fruit fleshy, 5-celled, many-seeded, usually papillose.

Corolla urceolatc,
5-toothed.
Hypogijnous Scales 0.
1. A. Unedo Linnaeus.
(Strawberry Thee.) Fi<r.

160,161.
tree
bark rugged
;

leaves oblong-lanceolate,

bluntly serrated, smooth, shining; fruit globose,

1

muricated.

CO

i(>i

Sou tli and west of Europe.

Fruit narcotic
bark and leaves astringent.

Habitat.
Quality.

THE RUTAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 456.)

Jtatural rtrtr at XLutiCU.

Citrrnifcmrte (Aurantiacea .)

Leaves dotted.

Fruit succulent, many-

celled.

SmsrOri {Amyridacea: .)
Ovules

Leaves dotted.

Fruit dry.

Petals valvate.

sessile.

iiucfoorte (Rutacea.)

Leaves dotted.

Crtlrclato {Cedrelacece.)
cated.
Ovules sessile.

Leaves

Fruit dry.

dotless.

Petals imbricated.

Fruit dry.

auacarto {Anacardiacece.)
Leaves dotless.
Ovule supported by a long umbilical
cord.

Fruit

Petals imbri-

somewhat

tihtaftuOM {Simarubacea.) Leaves dotless,

alternate, without
Stamens springing from scales.
acaiiraprni (2yyophyUacea .)
Leaves dotless, opposite, with
Stamens springing from scales. Branches
jointed.
itteltata {Meliacea.)

Leaves dotless.

Stamens forming a

dry.

stipules.

stipules.

tube.

Natural Order, Cttr0itu)ortS ;

Aurantiucece. (V. K., p. 457.)
Prevailing Quality.
Aromatic,
atic, ionxo
tonic.
Citrus.

Linnceus.

Stamens 20 or more, irregularly

polyadelphous.
rind.

Seeds smooth.
lig.

160.-Fruit of Arbutus Unedo

161.

a spongy
with
Fruit pulpy
r

Leaf of

ditto.

;;

RUTALS.

1.

winged

sometimes serrulate

acute,

Leaves ovate-oblong,

CITRONWORTS.

(Common Sweet Orange.)

Aurantium Risso.

C.

09

flowers white

Fig. 162.
petiole

fruit roundish, occasionally

more

or less

mammose, with

the

convex.

cortical vesicles

Ha I it at

Forests of the
Himalayas an d'China,
whence all the genus
has also been derived.
Quality.
Pulp of fruit
sweet,
refrigerant
rind aromatic, tonic
;

bitter
and &~
aromatic.
Wtt.
grateful fruit
rind and flowers inferior
leaves

those of C. Bigaradia,

to

though

similar.
2. C.

Bigaradia Risso.
Seville Orange.)

(The

Spiny; leaves elliptical acute

petiole

winged

snow-white

mr%

fruit

flower

middle-

sized,

roundish, smooth or
wrinkled, deep yellow
;

with concave oil-cysts.

Habitat,
of

Cultivated in the south

Europe.

Quality.
bitter.

Pulp of
Rind

fruit acid

very

and

bitter

aromatic, tonic.

um,

Flowers yield

of Neroli ;
crushed fruit, boiled in sugar,
forms marmalade.
Essential
ou stimulant, and antispasmodic

oil

Orange-flower water chiefly obtained from this

Mellarosa.)
Orange.
Bergamia Risso. (The Beugamot
^above,
green
dark
petiole
Branches brittle
leaves oblong, with a winged
pale
smooth,
pynform,
fruit
pale beneath
mall, white

3.

C.

flowers

yellow, with a green subacid firm fragrant pulp.

Habitat,
Quality.

Cultivated in the south of Europe.

Rind extremely fragrant.

Urn.

and

fruit

largely

formed
small boxes*
4-

C.

Liimonum Risso. (The Common Lemox.)

jet.ole,
winged
a
with
Leaves ovate or oblong, usually serrulate, pale green,
fur owed
or
wrinkled
flowers middle-sized, red outside
fruit oblong,
pulp
thin
,
pale yellow, with the oil-cysts concave ; rind tolerably
very acid.
;

Habitat.

Qwhtv.

,&

Forests of north of India.

.
..
aromatic
and
ind having ft peculiar fragran ce, bitter, stomachic,

agreeably

Fig.

162. Citrus Auroutium

juice

HO

RUTALS.

Uses.

In febrile complaints, preparation of effervescing draughts,

lemonade
scurvy in the navy.

C Lumia Risso (The

5.

CITRON WORTS.

against

Sweet Lemox.)

Branches and leaves those of the lemon

flowers red outside

fruit like

the lemon, but with a sweet pulp.

Habitat. Cultivated in the south of Europe.
Quality and Uses. As those of the lemon, of
which, however,
peculiar sharpness.

its

juice wants the

C. acida Roxburgh.
(The Lime.)
Spiny leaves oval, oblong, or ovate-oblong, crenate,
obtuse, petioles winged
petals generally 4 ; fruit small, blunt, oval,
or oblong, with a tUn rind,
and an extremely acid juice.
Habitat. North of India and China.
Quality.
Rind aromatic pulp antiscorbutic.
6.

As

Uses.

the lemon, but the acidity sharper,

and rather

more

agreeable.

C. Limetta Risso. (The Sweet Lime.)

Leaves ovate, obovate, and oblong petiole almost wingless flowers small,
;
;
white ; fruit ovate or roundish, pale yellow,
with a raised point, and
concave cysts of oil ; pulp subacid.
7.

Habitat. Cultivated in the south of

Europe.

C.

8.

Quality.

An

inferior description of lemon.

decumanus Risso. (The Shaddock.)

Leaves large, with a broad-winged petiole

fruit
flowers very large, white
very large, roundish, pale yellow
rind with flat or convex oil-cysts,
white and spongy
pulp greenish, subacid, watery.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Cultivated in the south of Europe.

Sub-aromatic, subacid.
Uses.
In

preserves

as a pleasant cooling

fruit.

C. Medico, Risso. (The Citron

and Cedrate.)
Leaves oblong, toothed ; flowers violet
outside
fruit large, warted and
turrowed ; rind very thick, tender
pulp subacid.
;
9.

Habitat.

Forests of north of India.

Ulp
fri e
n t J rind and leaves aromatic, tonic.
g
^ only used in preserving.
uses.
K,nd
Furnishes the fragrant perfumer's huile de
Ledrat ; juice employed in flavouring

?%?!%

punch,

&c

Natural Order, Kmprite ; Amyridacece

(V. K., p. 459.)
Prevailing Quality.
Stimulating.

Boswellia.

Cal
1

5_

toothed.

^^

Pet

Roxburgh.

Stam. 10.
Disk fleshy, longer than the
2
nan
Sailed, 3-vulved, septicidal.
Su
5*
Seed winged.
ifera Colebrooke.
B. serrata.
LIBANUM

Leaves pinnated

5.

leaflets

ovate,

acuminate,

axillary, simple.

7a

fr^

rdt^W

Chro n

downy;
.

Ind,
/V
a 0ld

plSSS:rfmllat?on.

serrated,

qUali y '

l
<**"**>

calyx,

racemes

'

Yie,ds a stimulating oleo-resin.

leucorrhoea,

Balsamodendron.

55,

^moptysis

stimulafng
;

Kunth.

Sexes sometimes imperfect

Calyx 4-toothed, cup-shaped.
Petals 4.
induphcate-valvate^ Stamens 8,
arising from without a fleshy disk.
Ovary 2-celled. Drupe bony, 1-2
celled.

Ill

RUTALS.

1.

B.

Myrrha Nees.

" Stem

(Myrrh Tree.)*

arborescent
branches squarrose, spinescent
leaves
leaflets obovate, obtuse, bluntly toothletted at the apex, the

shrubby,

ternate

smooth

lateral

AMYR1DS.

acuminate."

fruit

Nees.

Abyssinia.
Quality.
Stimulant, irritant, astringent, tonic (tonico-balsamic.)
Uses.
Dyspepsia, flatulence, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, secretions from
membranes ; dentifrice, gargles, foul ulcers.

Habitat.

Natural Order, I&ucfo0rt0

Prevailing Quality.

the mucous

Rutacea (V. K.,p. 469.)

Acrid, stimulating.
Ruta..

Linnaeus.

Petals 4-5, spoon-shaped.

1-

Stamens 8-10, all perfect. Anthers glandless,

spreading equally.
Ovary 4-lobed, with several ovules in each cell.
R. graveolens Linnaeus.
(Common Rue.) Fig. 163.

Leaves supra-decompound
t
entire, or

Habitat

somewhat

lobes oblong, that at the end obovate

petals

toothed.

South of Europe.

Quality.

Acrid, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, stimulant, narcotic, heavy-smelling.

Urn.
Flatulent colic, infantile convulsions, hysteria, amenorrhoea.

2.

R, montana CI usius.

Leaves supra-decompound; lobes

linear
petals entire.

all

Habitat.

Spain.
Quality.
Excessively acrid, dangerous to
B
'
handle.

Barosma.

Willdenow.

Mowers regular. Petals

Stamens 10, of which half
5.
are sterile and
squamiform anthers with a minute
terminal gland.
Ovary 5-lobed. Fig. 164.
;

Fig. 163.
*<w. Kuta graveolens

Ti

^rtatatv

de

a.
a

its

capsule

164.

magumcu.
mrosma magnified
Flower of Barosma

P5

u ?' aTld similr drugs are obtained from plants related to

iJ!

!: i

163

this

but there

is

so little

1M

ed. SUII.
Pereira
e
b
to
otani
referred
<*l
is
reader
of the subject, that the
***
^Vii
,
itself
Myrrh
of
42
history
for
The
8uch information as at present exists about them.

8t l far
from clear
?
Balm of Gilead is said to be another Balsamodendron.

KoL

P^

is


112

RUTALS.

B. crenata Willdenow.

Leaves ovate, acute,

RUE WORTS.

Diosma crenata Linnraus.

clotted,

(Bucku.) Fig. 165

with glandular serratures

pedicels

b.

solitary,

rather leafy.
165

b*

Cape of Good Hope.

Habitat.

Aromatic, stimulant, tonic ; diuretic, diaphoretic,

Uses.
Ciironic inflammation of the bladder, stricture, gleet.
rheumatism, dyspepsia.

Quality.

Galipea.

prostatic affections

Aublet.

Flowers regular. Petals 5, partially adhering to each other and the

stamens. Stamens 4-8, of which a part are sterile, in no regular order
the filaments bearded.
G. Cusparia A. de St. Hilaire. (Angostura

1.

Leaflets 3

racemes stalked, terminal or nearly

stamens 3.

Habitat.

South America.
Powerfully aromatic and stimulant

Quality.

sterile

(Angostura Bark Tree.)

calyx 5-toothed

#
Leaflets
T

so,

stomachic, diaphoretic.
Intermittents. remittents, flvonnnaia ,Uav.o. c

Uses.

IT

Bark Tree.)

racemes stalked, axillary or terminal

* x

sterile

stamens 5.

Habitat. Banks of the Oronoco.

Quality and Uses.
As in the last.

Dictamnus.

Flowers

irregular.

IAnnceus.
with

Stamens 10 decimate, with the filaments covered

glands.

base
the
at
Follicles 5, united

each with 2-3 seeds.

1. D. albus Linn^us. (Fraxi^ella.
Bastard Dittany.) Fig. 166.
Leaves alternate, unequally pinnated; stems
terracemes
glandular at the point
minal flowers white or purple.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

South of Europe.
Aromatic, tonic, antispasmodic,

emmenagogue.
Uses.
Root in intermittents, epilepsy,
amenorrhoea, chlorosis, worms.

in

diuretic,

hysteria,

165. Leaves of various species of Buckua, Barosma praveolens

b, Diosma crenata
magnified view of a portion of it c, D. serrati
folia"; d B. venusta.
166. Fruit of Dictamnus.
Fig.

o
;

a
,

113

RUTALS.

Natural Order, CriJrtlaifg

Prevailing Quality.

Stamens distinct.

p.

461.)

Linnaeus.

Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved

seeds suspended, winged

back.

Toona Roxburgh.
Leaves abruptly pinnated
1.

Cedrelacece (V.

Tonic, astringent.

Cedrela.
at the

CEDRELADS.

C.

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

leaflets

serrated, pallid beneath, glaucous

Habitat.

racemes

somewhat

axillary, panicled.

Bengal, Indian Islands.

Tonic, astringent.

Quality.

Bark in epidemic fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery.

Uses,

Adrien de

Soymida.

Jussieu.

Stamens united in a short, cup-shaped tube.

Seeds winged

all

round.

S.febrifuga Adrien de Jussieu.

Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnated
leaflets in about 4 pairs, oval, obtuse
or emarginate, rather oblique at the base
racemes forming a terminal
!

panicle.
Hahitnt.

Mountains of India.

Hmlity.

Tonic, febrifugal.
Bark in jungle fevers, typhus, gangrene.

uses.

Natural Order,

Pretailing

9muwMl

Dangerous

Quality.

Anacardiacea? (V. K.,

p.

465.)

acridity.

Anagardium.

Linnwus.

Fruit a kidney-shaped
peduncle
fleshy
pyriform
a
of
end
nut, seated on the
l
A. occidentale
Linnseus. (Cashew Nut.) Fig. 167.
large tree;
little

leaves oval, very blunt or emarginate,

narrowed

to the base, rather longer

1(>7

than

broad.
r.picS of both hemispheres.
Sotff' T en d
ven omous ; gum astringent.
'
Rw seeds
k ^ oily,
when roasted eatable and wholesome; but
^gerous to roast on account of the acrid vapour.
.

Mangifera.

Lmnaus.

a naked fleshy
drupe.

mostly sterile.

5>

Stamens
Petals 4-5.
Ovary 1, seated in a fleshy

disk.
1

"

iU

tJ
ree
;

Ca Linn8BUS - (Mango Tree.)

leaves oblong-lanceolate, stalked

a t the point
Hahkat.

V**!

stamen

1 perfect

fruit

panicles erect; petals spreading

smooth.

East Indies.
rebint hinous gum-resin bitter, sub-acrid.
;
nut of much value
for the dessert, sweet, luscious.

%^

Fig.

167. Fruit of Anacardium

I

occidentale.

;; ;

114

RUTALS.

Pistacia.

ANACARDS

Linnwus.

Floicers apetalous, im

Fruit a dry drupe, with a bony

stone.

P. atlantica Desfontaines.

1.

(Barb art Mastich.) Fig. 168.

Leaves unequally pinnated,

decidu-

ous; leaflets about 9, lanceolate,

rather tapering to the base; the

petiole

winged between the

ter-

minal pairs.
Habitat,
North of Africa Levant,
Quality and Uses. As in the next
;

P.

2.

Lentiscus

Linnaeus.

(The

Mastich Tree.)
Leaves abruptly pinnated, evergreen
leaflets 8, lanceolate
;

petiole winged.
Habitat.

South of Europe, North

of

Africa, Levant.
Quality.
Resin fragrant, astringent.
Uses.
Occasionally in gleet, leucorrhoea,
&c. ; chiefly by dentists, and as a
varnish.

P. Terebinthus Linnaeus.
(Turpentine Pistacia.)
Leaves unequally pinnate, deciduous ; leaflets about 7, ovate-lanceolate,
rounded at the base, acute, mucronate.
3.

Habitat.

South of Europe, North of Africa, Levant.

Quality.
Like that of other turpentines.
Uses.
Yields Scio or Cyprus turpentine.

4.

P. vera Linnaeus.

(Pistacia Nut.)
Leaves unequally pinnate, deciduous leaflets ovate, somewhat narrowed
the base, rather mucronate, in fives, threes, or single.
;

Habitat.

Syria.

Quality.

Fruit

At

Uses.

oily.

dessert

and

for astringent emulsions.

Rhus.

Flowers ty.
1.

Linnceus.

Petals from beneath a large orbicular disk.

Drupe nearly dry, with a bony stone.

styles 3.

to

Chary

sessile

Toxicodendron Linnaeus. (Poison Oak.)

It.

Leaves trifoliolate leaflets ovate, oblong, thin,

cut and angular, pubescent
sometimes entire.
;

Habitat.

United States.

Quality.
Excessively acrid,
poison.
Uses.

and narcotic

even

its

emanations
gaseous

a dangerous

Paralysis, chronic rheumatism,

amaurosis.

R. Metopium Linnseus.
(Hog Gum.)
Leaves unequally pinnate, in 2 pairs,
'very smooth

2.

short
a
with
leaflets

stalk, ovate, entire.

Habitat.

West

Qmlity.

Gum

Uses.

Indies.

astringent, vulnerary, diuretic.

Fresh wounds, sores^oHc^j^^

Fig.

168. Pistacia

a p iaster in gou t and rheumatism.

atlantica in fruit.


115

RUTALS,

Q.UASSIADS

R. Cotinus Linnaeus.
(Venetian Sumac. Wig Tree.) Fig. 169.
Leaves simple, obovate ; branches of the panicle sterile, becoming covered
with long hairs.
Habitat.
South of Europe.
3.

Quality.

Wood

astringent, dyes yellow.

As a dye under the name

Uses.

of

Young

Fustic.

170

r, eHuajftftafttf

(V. K., p. 477.)

iV,

>ality.

Bitter, narcotic.

Quassia.
FIqwav.
vers

hermaphrodite.

than the petals.

Linnceus.

Stamens 10, longer

Drupes

5.

amara Linnaeus. (Surinam Quassia.)

V
^g. 170.

H-

L eaves

unequally pinnate, with a broad-winged

jointed petiole
racemes terminal; flowers
krge, red.
;

Fig. 169.

Branch in flower of Rhus Cotinus

i2

170.

Leaf of Quassia aniara,

116

RUTALS.
Suri nam
Intensely bitter.
Like those of Simaruba

MELIADS.

IIab it at.
Quality.
Uses.

Simaruba.

its
i

infusion a fly -poison

Aublet.

polygamous.
Stamens 10, as long as the
petals,
Carpels 5, surrounded by 10 short hairy

Floicers

scales.

amara

Aublet.
(Mountain Damson.) Fig. 171.
Leaves abruptly pinnate
leaflets alternate, on short
1.

S.

stalks,

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses,

downy on the under

side.

West

Indies.
Bitter, tonic ; emetic, purgative.
Dysentery, diarrhoea, anorexia, intermittents.
171

Picr J3N a

Lindley.

Stamens

Flowers polygamous.
as"

Carpels

the petals.

3,

5, as long

on a tumid

receptacle.

(Jamaica Quassia.)
Lindley
Leaves unequally pinnated; leaflets opposite,
1. P. excelsa

on short stalks.
Habitat. Jamaica.
Quality.
Narcotic poison ; bitter, stomachic.
tonic ; antiseptic.
Uses.
Dyspepsia, anorexia, intermittents.

Natural Order, JKrltaM

Meliac<<e

(V. K., p. 463.)

Prevailing Quality.

Bitterness.

Melia.

Tube

Linnaeus.

of stamens very

mg

bearten-cleft,
long,
below the end.

10 anthers
Fruit a dru pe with a
bony nut.

1 -celled

1.

M. Azedarach

Fig.

Linnaeus.

172.
with
Leaves unequally bipinnate
serrated
acute
opposite ovate
leaflets

fruit

the

size

of an

Olive.
cultivated in

Habitat. Syria ; commonly

the south of Europe.
Quality.
Root bitter, nauseous,
fruit suspicious.
Uses.

Root as an anthelmintic

of

Pulp

United States.

dicu^^^

**

a, do. of Melia Azedarach;

>..P-


117

RUTALS.

BEANCAPEltS.

Natural Order, Mzmttigcvg ; Zygophyllacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

p.

478.)

Acridity.

Zygophyllum.

Linnaeus.

Style tapering.

Flowers complete, #. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.

1. Z. Fabago Linnaeus.
(Bean Caper.)
Leaflets in pairs, obovate
pedicels erect
calyxes smooth
petals undi;

vided.
Habitat

Syria.

Quality,

Anthelmintic.
Vises.
As a vermifuge ; flower-buds a substitute for capers.

Guaiacum.

Plumier.

Style tapering.

Flowers complete, ty
Seeds (by abortion) solitary. Cap.

sules fleshy, stipitate.

j

G.

officinale

Vim.)
Leaflets in

Linnaeus. (Lignum

Fig. 173.

pairs,

Habitat.

West

Indies.

8?*L

Ac? d stimu,ant, emmenagogue.

mc rheu matism, gout, scroplmla,

obovate or oval,

obtuse.

'

>

vr
syphilis,
painful

menstruation ; leaves
used as a substitute
for soap ; hard and
neavy timber called
lignum vita?.
6.

sanctum Linnaeus.
J'
eallets in 5
or 7 pairs, oval, obtuse,
miicronulate
; petioles and twigs

173

somewhat downy.
fahitat,

Porto Rico.
Qmhty and Uses.
As in the

last.

THE GERANIAL ALLIANCE

totural rtrrr*
at

(V. K., p. 484.)

GtrmtiU.

(Linacea.)

Fruit beakless. Seeds exalbuminous

Leaves

(Oxalidacece.)
jointed.

Seeds albuminous.

Leaves

dflfVto0rtS
jointless.

WI0W

Fruit beakless.

^r&tiaf'&OH (Geraniacece.)
Fig.

173. Leaf

Fruit beaked.

of

Guaiacum

officinale

'

118

GERANIALS.

Natural Order, jflaytonrte

Prevailing Quality.

'

FLAXWORTS.

Linacece (V.

K,

p. 485.)

Purgative, emollient,

Lixum.
Sepals 3-5, persistent.

Linnceus.

Petals 3-5, slightly united at the base.

monadelphous.

slightly
174

each

Capsule

Stamens
3-5-celled,

subdivided by a spurious partition.

1. L. usitatissimum Linna3us.
(Common Flax.)
Fig. 174.

Stem

cell

simple, erect

flowers blue

leaves alternate, lanceolate

sepals ovate, acuminate, without

glands.
Habitat.

Hedges and woods of Europe.

Quality.

Seeds, called Linseed, emollient, demulcent.

Uses.

2.

To

allay inflammation; in tea, poultices. Oil largely

employed by painters. The crushed seeds are the oilcake of farmers

L. catkarticum
Fig. 1 75.

Linnaeus.

(Purging

Flax.)

175

Stem branched

leaves opposite, rough-edged, the lowest obovate, the

others lanceolate ; flowers
white ; sepals fringed with glands.
;

Habitat.

Damp meadows

Quality.

Bitter, purgative, diuretic.

and

fields

''X^^^f^Z^^i^'

Uses.

In rheumatism.

'.*.**-

f "S flower;

**
1*. IM


119

GERANIALS.

Natural Order, fyaXOtt

Prevailing Quality.

Oxalidacece (V. K., p. 488.)

Acidity,

Oxalis.

Stamens 10.
Stemless

Linnseus.

Fruit capsular.

(Wood Sorrel.

0. Acetosella Linnaeus.

1.

OXALIDS CRANES-BILLS.

Shamrock.)

Fig. 176.

obcordate, downy ; peduncle longer than the petiole,

1 -flowered, with a pair of bracts above the middle.
;

leaflets

m
1

Habitat.
Quality.
2-

(\

Dry woods, very common.

Acid

refrigerant.

.
,
m .
infusion in fevers.
,

Leaves used in salad

Uses.

0. crenata

Jacquin. (Oca.)
luberous
stem erect, leafy
leaflets obovate
longer than the leaves
petals crenate.
;

peduncle 5-6-flowere

#otaa*.

Mountains of South America.

Extremely acid, nutritious.
__, .
lubers, after exposure to light, sweeten and become a useiul looa.

K%
vaw

Natural Order, Crancs--tiflW

Prevailing Quality.

Geraniacece (V. K., p. 496.)

Aromatic, resinous.

Geranium.

Linnaeus.

~~ *^uir.
igul
Stamens l10, all fertile.
oiamens
vx.
Robertiannm Linnseus. (Herb Robert.)
^aves in 3-5 divisions
trifid, pinnatifid

lobes

tong as the aristate

calyx.
Fig.

176 Oxalis

Acetosella.

petals entire, twice as


Habitat.
Quality.

8(1

SILENALS

A common

weed.

Astringent, aromatic.
In nephritic disorders.

Uses.

G. maculatum Linnaeus.
(Alum-root.)
Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, hairy backwards leaves in
3-5 divisions, cut, toothed, those next the root on long stalks, the
uppermost opposite and sessile
petals entire.

2.

United States.
Root extremely astringent.
Quality.
Gargles ; diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, cholera infantum, hemorrhages,
Uses.

Habitat.

gleet,

gonorrhoea, &c.

E rodium

'

Heritier.

Flowers regular.
Stamens 10, half being sterile.
1. E. mosckatum Willdenow.
Stem procumbent leaves pinnatifid, the segments on short stalks, ovate,
unequally cut, serrated
peduncles many -flowered, covered with
glandular pubescence.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

South of Europe.
Astringent, aromatic, musky.

THE SILENAL ALLIANCE

Natural rfrcrS of

(V. K., p. 495.)

>tfoialtf.

tlenafrS, or Clove worts {Caryophyllacece.) Polypetalous, symmetrical.

Leaves opposite, without stipules.

$urIanrj (Portulacacece.)

Polypetalous, unsymmetrical.

{Polygonacece.)

ucltfof)eafcj

Leaves

Apetalous.

(Sepals

2).

with

alternate,

ochreate stipules.

Natural Order, tlcnata, or Cloveworts

Prevailing Quality.

Saponaceous

1.

* Caryophyllacece (V. K.,

p.

496.)

poisonous.

Aghostemma.
Calyx with 5 long

leafy teeth, naked.

Linnceus.

Stamens

10.

Capsule

Styles 5.

completely 1 -celled.
A. Githago Linnaeus. (Corx-cockel.)

Petals blunt

segments of the calyx longer than both the tube and

the

petals.
Habitat. Corn-fields ; annual.
Quality and Uses.
Seeds contain

unwholesome when

saponine, a poisonous principle

ground among corn.

Vaccaria.

De

they render

flour

Candolle.

Calyx 5-toothed, naked, angular,

winged.

Stamens 10.

Styles 2.

Capsule 4-toothed.

V. vulgaris Host.
Saponaria Vaccaria Linn. (Soapwort.)
fetem erect, smooth
leaves lanceolate, connate at the base
loosely corymbose.
1.

Cba

fr of1ht^L

Clove l
ciove,
a typee of this order,

garden
,he amc ol Cloveworts, because of the identity in name of the
the Clove of the shops, which belongs to Myrtle-blooms.

T^ ^

and

flower

121

S1LENALS.

Europe, in fields and on hills ; an annual.

and Uses. Roots contain sanonine : herbaer<

Habitat
Quality

Natural Order, tfiuxglmitg

Prevailing Quality.

Portulacacew (V. K.,

bifid,

500.)

Insipidity.

Portulaca.
Calyx

p.

Linnceus.

deciduous, leaving behind a circular base.

Stamens 8-15,

Stigmas 6.

distinct.

Capsule circumscissile.
1. P. oleracea Linna)us.
(Purslane.) Fig. 177.
Stem and branches fleshy, prostrate
leaves wedge-shaped, succulent
;

flowers solitary, sessile, yellow

sepals bluntly keeled.

177

a
ttahtat.

mo%
^.

Cultivated in gardens.
Antiscorbutic, refrigerant.

Leaves a

common

potherb, and salad.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

SBucfttoljcate

Pohjgonacea? (V.K., p. 502.)

Purgative, astringent.

Polygonum.

Linnceus.

in 2
number,
Grfj 4-5-cleft,
in
variable
more or less coloured. Stamen*
at
united
less
or
rows, generally with glands at the base.
more
Styles
lateral.
Embryo
the base.
Nut invested by the permanent calyx.
P. Hydropiper
179.
Fig.
jFeppBB.)
(Water
Linmeus.
penduLe aves
lax,
filiform,
spikes
lanceolate
ochrete with short fringes
lous
flowers hexandrous, with glandular dots.
;

SfW,
"Ruined.

-"'

oleracea.
Portulaca
of
flower
a twi of Portulaca oleracea, natural size; 6, section of the

122

SILENALS.

BUCKWHEATS.

Habitat

Ditches.

Quality.

Very

Uses.

acrid, diuretic.

Leaves are

vesicant, but

they require to be
2.

fresh.

P. Bistorta Linnaeus.
Fig. 178.

(Bistort.)

Leaves oblong-ovate, rather

cordate and wavy petioles winged; flowers in
a dense terminal spike.
;

Habitat.

Meadows.

Quality. Powerfully astringent

tonic.
Uses.

Decoction in leucorrhoea
and gleet, spongy gums,
relaxed sore throat, hemorintermit-

rhages, fluxes;
tents.

3.

P. amphibium Linnpus.

Stems creeping,

root-like

leaves stalked, geneovate-

rally floating,

more

lanceolate,
less

or

single-

acute,

ser-

ribbed, minutely

rated, smooth, bright

green, slightly heartshaped at the base; stipules abrupt, smooth

ovate,
dense,
in
flowers
sta-

bracteated heads;

mens

styles

united at base

2,

stig-

globular, red.
wet
and
ditches,
Ponds,

mas

Habitat.

places.
some
bear
stems
Uses. The root-like
SarsapariUa,
to
resemblance
the
for
substituted

and

are

foreign drug

by

oi
herbalists
the

resemit
that
Nancy ; it is said
in its
Sarsaparilla
bles true
the apothecaries

P^

perties,and that
use
Lorraine
and druggists of
it in preference.

Linnfieus.-aviculare
P.
WeFig.
(Knot Grass).
so,
nearly
sterns prostrate, or
leaf*
ends
leafy up to the
ochres
lanceolate oroblong;
;

flowers

6-nerved;
rugose.
nuts
axillary ;
bifid,

178

Fig.

178. Polygonum

Bistorta.

123

SILENALS.

Habitat.

Quality

Waste
and

BUCKWHEATS.

places, every where.

The small nuts reputed

Uses,

Fagopyrum.
As Polygonum
Fig. 179.

to

be emetic and purgative.

Tournefort

but embryo central, and flowers in panicled racemes

lagnified

124

SILENALS.

F. esculentum Meisner.

1.

BUCKWHEATS.

(Buckwheat.)

Fig. 181.

acuminate
sagittate,
cordate,
Leaves
racemes corymbose flowers white.

181

Habitat.

Commonly

cultivated.

Nuts filled with starchy

matter grateful to pheasants.

Quality.

Uses.

The flour largely consumed as

food.

Herbage ploughed

a green-crop.

Rumex.

Linnceus.

Sepals 6 the 3 inner larger,

gro wi ng,
converging,
,

and

finally

the nut.

concealing

Stamens

6.

Em-

Stigmas pencilled.
bryo lateral.

R. alpinus Linnaeus.

1.

(Monk's Rhubarb.)
Radical leaves roundish,
cordate, obtuse
inner
;

sepals

mem-

cordate,

branous,

entire,

slightly toothed,

or
with-

out a callus.
Habitat.
Quality.

Alps of Europe.

Root yellow, fleshy,

astringent, purgative.

As rhubarb

Uses.

formerly,
but not so powerful.

Hydrolapath

(W

son.

Dock.)

Fig. 182.

Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, with the

petiole flat on the upper
side inner sepals ovate;

triangular,

entire,

or

slightly toothed, all calliferous ; racemes parceled, leafless.

a

thum

a,

Hpe

sepals

^'&*^OT^

in as

125

SILENALS.

Habitat.
Quality.

BUCKWHEATS

Ditches and ponds.

Root acrid, bitter, astrin-

gent, antiscorbutic.
Uses.

3.

Scurvy, skin diseases, rheumatism ; root a dentifrice,

and an astringent gargle.

R.

Acetosa

Linnaeus.

(Common Sorrel.) Fig.

183.
Leaves sagittate or hastate,
veiny; flowers dioecious;

inner

sepals

roundish,

cordate, not calliferous,

with a deflexed scale at

the bease.
Habitat.

Woods and

pastures.
Quality. Acid, astringent, slightly
nutritive, refrigerant.
Uses.
A pot-herb and salad; cooling drinks.

Rheum. Linnceus.
^pals

withering.
Stame?is9. Stigmas discoid.
6,

Nut naked, 3-winged.

Kmbryo central. Fig.
184.
1.

^palmatum

Limn&us.

Leaves half palmate

petiole

terete.

184

*to*fc-

^lESSS*

Acet08a

a>

^e calyx

6,

one of the sepals

184. a, flower of

<t

Rheum, much mag

126

CHENOPODALS.

NYCTAGOS.

Chinese Tartary.
This and the following astringent, tonic, purgative.
As a purgative in diarrhoea, dyspepsia ; as an external application in
Uses.
indolent ulcers.
Supposed to be Russian Rhubarb.

Habitat.
Quality.

healing

R. undulatum Linnaeus.
Leaves oval, obtuse, extremely wavy, when young covered with short
2.

hairs

petioles crimson, semi-cylindrical, with elevated edges.

Habttat.
Siberia.
Quality and Uses.

R.

As

Supposed

in the last.

to

be Russian Rhubarb.

Emodi

Wallich.
Leaves roundish, cordate, entire, rather wavy, very rough
3.

white

rough

with angular

petioles.

Habitat.
Himalayah.
Quality and Uses. As in the

last,

but more astringent, and less aromatic.

Its root

is

Himalayan Rhubarb.

Coccoloba*

LinncBus.

Calyx becoming pulpy and investing the bony nut. Embryo central.
1. C. uvifera Linnaeus. (Seaside Grape.)
Leaves orbicular, cordate, coriaceous, shining, entire a small tree.
;

Habitat. Sea-coast in West Indies.

Quality.
Astringent, sub-acid.
Uses.
Fruit succulent, eatable ; extract found extremely
astringent.

THE CHENOPODAL ALLIANCE

Jamaica Kino.

(V. K., p. 505.)

Natural rUntf of Ci)cn0jp0ijaR

$VttZQaZ {Nyctaginacece .)

Calyx tubular, becoming bony at the

$5st0latcata [Phytolaccacece.)

etynapaX* {Chenopodiacea.)

Sepals distinct.
Sepals distinct.

base.

Carpels several.

Carpel

single.

ftptUQBg; Nyctay
Quality.

Purgative.

Mirabilis.

Linnceus.

fnvolucel re

stamens
i

1.

Stigma capitate. Fruit a corrugated

hardened base of the calyx.

5.

fori
nut,
false

V
M. Jalapa Lmnams.-(MARVEL of
Peru.)

tur

Fig. 185.
Leaves ovate cordate, smooth
;
flowers clustered ; tube of calyx twice
long as the hmb, the segments
of which are nearly entire.
Habitat.
Quality.

Tropics of both hemispheres

Roots drastic, purgative, when old

inert

when young.

as

127

CIIENOPODALS.

PHYTOLACCAD5.

185

Natural Order, ftygtolacratti

Phytolaccacece

(V. K., p. 508.)

Prevailing Quality.

Emetic, narcotic.

Phytolacca.

Vdyx 5-parted.
1.

Linnaeus.

Stamens

Stigmas

8-10.

840.

(Pocan Bush.)

blowers with 10 stamens and 10 styles

#taa*.

United States.

Huahty.
Purgative, emetic, narcotic ; leaves acrid.
L8 <%.
Like those of Guaiacum ; against chronic rheumatism
and syphilitic pains.
Young tender blanched shoots
eatable when boiled
pulp of berries employed in the
;

adulteration
mm9mmm

wine.
ttiuc:
Root rtll
1VUUU
an emetic,
approaching nearly to Ipecacuanha. Bigeelow says, that " from
abundant experience,
he is satisfied that, when
properly prepared,
it operates
in the same doses and with the
same certainty " as that drug. Its exhibition sometimes
attended by slight narcotic
symptoms. Externally applied it excites a
sense of heat and
smarting cures psora,
of
vx

and taenia

capitis.
186

a
1

^^^

toS;
-^ !decandra

Jal *P* ; a flower cut perpendicularly

a, the ripe fruit.

b,

the ripe fruit

Phy
of
Flowers
186.


128

CHENOPODALS.

Natural Order,

Cf)cn0})flu*<S;

CHENOPODS.

Chenopodiacece (V. K.,

p. 512.)

Quality

Beta.

Calyx

Stamens

5-cleft.

Linnceus.

on a fleshy ring, surrounding the ovary.

Fruit adhering to the calyx, and collected in clusters of 2 or 3.
1. B. vulgaris Linnseus.
(Garden Beet.) Fig. 187.
Moot large, fleshy, succulent
radical leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat
5, inserted

cordate.

18

Habitat.

South of Europe.
Quality.
Roots sugary, nutritious.
Uses.
As food for man and cattle ; leaves

like cabbage,

Spinacia.

Linnceus.

but earthy and unpleasant.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious.
.
-_
8 Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4. ? Caly
^-3-cleft
styles 4.
Fruit connate with the hardened calyx.
;

1.

S. oleracea Linnseus.

(Spinach.)

Leaves hastate, oblong-ovate.

Habitat.

Levant.

Quality.

Insipid, nutritious.

Leaves a

Uses.

common

pot-herb.

Atriplex.

Linnceus.

Flowers polygamo-moncecious.
Calyx 3-5-parted.
J or
6-5.
$ Calyx compressed, 2-lobed, or 2-parted.
/n
^
"
1. A. hortensis **"".
r"7~ Linnams. (Garden Orach.)

An

Stamens

annual; leaves cordate, triangular,

the upper rather hastate; calyx
fruit roundish ovate, netted,
entire.

Habitat.
Qwality
Uses.

of

Commonly

cultivated.
insipid, nutritious.

Leaves
Seeds emetic
Leaves an old-fashioned pot-herb.

Salsola.

Linnceus.

Sepals 5 with a transverse

appendage at the back when ripe. Stamnsb.
l
o. Kali Linnaeus.
Leaves subulate, spiny at the
itb
wi
point ; ripe sepals cartilaginous,
acuminate segments as long as
the round spreading appendages.
;

Habitat.

Salt

Quality.

Saline.

Uses.

marshes of Europe.

A common

source of soda.

Fig. 187. -a, flower of

Beta vulgaris much magnified

6, its fruit, natural size

c,

the

same

magnified.

129

CHENOFODALS.

Salicornia.
Calyx fleshy, entire,

Stem herbaceous

Linnaeus.

an excavation of the
(Saltwort.) Fig. 188.

annua Smith.

S.

1.

sunk

CIIENOPOPS

in

rachis.

Stamens

1 or

calyxes placed in a triangle.

Habitat,

Salt marshes.

Quality.

Saline.

when young, pickled, and sold under the

name of Samphire. A source of soda.

Shoots,

Uses.

false

Chenopodium.

Linnaeus.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft, without

appendages.
Sta-

mens 5.

Utricle de-

pressed.
1.

olidum Curtis.
(Stinking
Goose-

C.

foot.)

Leaves rhomboid-ovate,
entire,

meal

less;

hoary with
racemes leaf-

seeds shining,

finely dotted.
Salntat.

Waste ground, es-

pecially at the

foot of

walls.

QuaUiy.

Nauseously fetid.
^w. As an antispasmodic
and emmenagogue ; a
popular

remedy

in

much

repute.
2.

Botrys

C.

Linnaeus.

Amhrina Spach.
(Jerusalem Oak.)

188

18!)

189.

Leaves pinnatifid, sinuus, obtuse, covered with viscid glands, racemes axillary and terminal,
naked.
.

South of Europe.
Hmaif. Fragrant, expectorant anthelmintic.
C * c *'
Catarrh, and hnmnral naiVima

Jfajto*

C.

anthelminticum Linnaeus.
(Wormseed.)
sinuate
unequally
leaves smoothish,
acute,
oblong, narrowed to the base,
and serrate ; racemes spicate, naked, axillary, and terminal.

***
ffity
"**-

United States.
Strong scented,

Seeds yield

worms.
of
expulsion
in the

Worms
Fig. 188.- Salicornia

annua;

189.

Chenopodium Botrys.

130

PIPERALS.

PEPPERWORTS.

THE PIPERAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 515.)

Natural &xtsttg af ^tptraW.

J3cjp$icrfo0rte

(Piperacew .)

Ovule erect*

Ci)l0rantf)3 (Chloranthacece.)

Leaves usually

Ovule suspended.

alternate.

Leaves

opposite,

with intermediate stipules.

Natural Order, |9cp}irto0rt ; Piperacete

(V. K,, p. 515.)

Prevailing

Quality.

Pungent,

lant, aromatic.

i.w

Fig.

190. Leaf of Piper nigrum

191. I\ trioicnm in flower

stimu-


PI

131

PER A LS,

Piper.

PEPPER WORTS.

Miquel.

Woody.

Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves.

Flowers
dioecious.
Bracts oblong, sessile, decurrent.

1.

P.

nigrum Linn_eus.

(Black Pepper.

sessile,

White Pepper.)

polygamo-

Fig. 190.

Lower leaves roundish ovate, nearly equilateral, pale beneath, dotted

when
young; amenta or 9, filiform, pendulous.

Tropical Asia.
Acrid, aromatic;
Qualltif.
rubefacient, vesicant, stimulant.
Habitat*

In

rses.

cookery

inter-

relaxed
uvula, gonorrhoea, paralysis of the tongue.
mittent

2.

fevers,

P. trioicum Roxburgh.
i
* in.
" *
Fig.
>ta
_i_

L 0Trer

leave s cordate,
much
uppermost
the
obliquely elliptical, acuminate,
narrower; amenta
shorter.
nolvn-amous. 6*
rf filiform. 9 stiffcr and
__

_..-

^g. 192.-Leaf and flowers of Chavica Roxburghii

K2

193.

Of Chavica officinarum


132

PIPERALS.

Habitat.
East Indies.
Quality and Uses. Like the

last,

PEPPERWORTS.

but more pungent

Chavica.

Miquel.

Woody.

Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves.

Flowers sessile, dioecious.
Bracts stalked, quadrangular, peltate.
Fruit sessile.
Style 0.
L C. Roxburghii Miquel. (Common Long Pepper.) Fig. 192.
Rather hairy lower leaves roundish ovate, 7-nerved female spikes cylindrical, about as long as their stalk.
;

Habitat.
Bengal.
Quality and Uses. Yields the common
Long Pepper of the shops ; see
C. officinarum.

2. C. officinarum Miquel.
*

longum Linnaeus.

Long Pepper.)
Smooth

(Java

Fig. 193.

lower leaves ovate-cordate,

nerved
female
;

spikes

cylindrical,

rather narrowed at the point.

Indian Archipelago.
Habitat.
Quality and Uses. Same as Piper
acrid.
more
be
to
said
nigrum ;

C.

Beth

Piper

Miquel.

Betle Linmeus.

Pepper.)
Leaves smooth,

(Bbtlb

the

lower

broadly cordate, acuminate,

spikes
female
7-9-nerved ;
on long
stalks.

194

Habitat. All over the East Indies.

Quality and Uses. The leaf wrapped round
chewed
is
quicklime,
the Areca, with a little
by Oriental nations as a stimulating narcotic
uncertain
is
it
but
and astringent
what its precise quality is.
:

CUBEBA.

Ml

Woody.

Spikes solitary, opposite the leaves.

stalked.
Bracts sessile.

Flove

C. officinalis Miquel.
Piper Cubeba Linnaeus. (Cubebs.)
Leaves coriaceous, smooth, rather large fruit
globose, shorter than
;

Frii'i f

1.

stalks.
Fig.

194. Cubeba canina.

their


PI

133

PER A LS.

PEPPER WORTS.

Java.
Acrid, aromatic, stomachic, stimulant of the urinogeiiital apparatus, aphro-

Habitat
Quality.

disiac, diuretic.

Cm.

Gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea

canina

C.

2.

dyspepsia.

(Cubebs.)

Miquel.

Fig.

194.

membranous, hairy

Leaves

round-

fruit

almost longer than

ish-ovate,

their

stalks.

Java.

Habitat.

Quality

and

According to Blume, this fur

nishes part of the Cubebs of the shops.
Uses.

Artanthe.
Woody.

Spikes

leaves.

Miquel.

solitary,

Flowers

opposite

Style 0.

the

Bracts

peltate or cucullate.

A. elongata Miquel.
Piper angnstifolium Ruiz and Pavon.
(Matico
Plant.)
Fig. 195.

I.

Leaves short-stalked, harsh, oblong-lanceolate,

acuminate,

upper side,

on the
because of the sunken
tessellated

veins.
Habitat,

Quality.
^

Uses

Peru.
Powerful styptic.

Diseases of genital organs and rectum

haemorrhages also as Cubebs.

Macropiper.

Miquel.

Woody.

Spikes
clustered,
Flowers dioecious.

axillary.

M. methysticum Miquel.

Piper methystfcurn. (Kawa, or Ava Plant.)

leaves membranous,
equal-sided, broadly
ovate, roundish, deeply
cordate, with

9-10 nerves.
f

%> f't.

Society Islands.
* lahl !h
Stimulating narcotic,
matic.
*

Chronic rheumatism

sudorific,

aro-

venereal diseases.

V.

Fig. ]!>. Leaf of .\rtanthe elongata

PI

134

PER A LS.

Natural Order,

CIjT0ratiti)

CHLORANTHS.

Chloranthacece (V. K.,

p.

519.)

Prevailing Quality.

Aromatic,

stimulant.

Chloranthus.
Bracts

Swartz.

scale-like. Anthershhei,

Stigma

2-or-4-cclled.

sile.

ses-

drupe.

C. officinalis Blume.
Leaves oblong, acuminate, thin,
shining, with glandular ser1.

ratures

bracts clotted with

glands.
Habitat.
Quality.

Java.
Aromatic, fragrant, power-

fully stimulant.

Spasms, typhoid fevers, malignant small-pox.

Uses.

2.

Swartz.

C. inconspicuus

(The Chu-Lan.)
Leaves thin, obovate,

crenate

or

dentate, with blunt glandular

bracts without
serratures
;

glands.
China.
Like the last.
Quality.
in
lea
scent
Spikes of flowers
Uses.
China.

Habitat.

ALLIANCE

THE MALVAL
(V. K.,

p.

Natural racv6
MntUxctiatsa

at

359.)

#teUwW.

(Byttneriaceo-)

monadelpltou-

Stamens

partly sterile.
iflallototoorte

(Maha^-)

Stamens columnar,

all per-

fect.

KhtimMoomi
Stamens
1

ig.

I'M. Leaf

of

Theobroma Cacao.

Tilw^-

separate.


155

MALVALS.

Natural Order,

3Sj?ttitrrtatrS

BYTTNERIADS.

Byttneriacece (V. K., p. 363.)

Uncertain.

Prevailing Quality.

Tiieobroma.

Jussieu.

Fruit
a
strap.
into
extended
and
base,
the
at
arched
Sepals 5.
Petals 5,
Seeds lying in buttery pulp.
fleshy, 5-celled.
Fig. 196.
1. T. Cacao Linnams. (Cocoa or Chocolate Tree.)
colour
same
the
and
smooth
acuminate,
Leaves quite entire, ovate-oblong,

on both sides.

West Indies.
Quality.
Somewhat astringent, oily, nutritious.
Uses.
Forms chocolate with Vanilla, &c.

Habitat

Plunder.

Guazuma.

Capsule woody,

Petals 5, 2-horned.

Sepals 5, more or less combined.

warted, valveless, 5-celled, pierced by many perforations.
1. G. ulmifolia Lamarck.
side.
each
on
smooth
toothed,
Leaves when full-grown oblong, unequally

West

Habitat

Indies.

Quality.

Mucilaginous, sudorific.
Sweet succulent fruit, eaten in Brazil

Uses.

,.
;

Mahacece (V. K.,

Natural Order, j&allato--to0rti$;

Prevailing Quality.

bark in cutaneous diseases.

p. 369.)

Mucilaginous.

Althaea.

Linmeus.
Stifles

numerous

surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel.

Fruit as in Malva.
~
Guimauve *r.)
1. A. officinalis Linnteus. (Marsh Mallow.
<Mooea.
upper
the
5-lobed,
Leaves soft and hoary on each side, the lower
Calyx

5-cleft,

'

Habitat.

Meadows

Quality.

Demulcent, pectoral.

LiSeS.

As

in

Europe.

Mfilvn cvlvoctmo

inifr+irms in diffidll

parturitio

A. rosea Cavanilles.
(Hollyhock.)
rugose
crenate,
5-7-angled,
Stem tall, straight, hairy ; leaves cordate,
base.
at
hairy
petals
flowers axillary, sessile, or forming terminal spikes;

^.

Habitat
Quality.
Uses.

South of Europe.
Flowers mucilaginous, demulcent.

As the

,.

Leaves dye blue.

last.

Abelmoschus.

Medicus.

Seeds smooth, or

Carpels many-seeded.
flat.
spreading
hairy along a dorsal line.
Corolla
,<Vttro
Lmn.-(UCiiRO.
A. esculentus Wight and Arnott.
Hibiscus escuhntus

Involucel of from 8-15 bracts.

1.

Stem unarmed

leaves cordate, 5-lobed, toothed

calyxes bursting laterally.

H^'pt.
HjuUUy.
uses.

Both

Indies.

Fruit extremely mucilaginous.

In thickening soups ; leaves as poultices.

bracts 10, deciduous


MALVALS.

136
2.

MALLOW-WORT-

A. moschatus W. and A.

Hibiscus Abelmoschus Linn.

(Musk-seed.) Fig. 197.

Leaves rather peltate, cordate, 7-angled, acuminate,
serrated;
stem hispid bracts 8-9
capsule bristly.
Habitat. Tropical America and Asia.
;

Quality.

Seeds musky, stimulating, cordial, stomachic.

Uses.
Imcture against serpent bites ; seeds said to
be roasted along

with coffee by the Arabs.

HS

Malva.
Calyx

Linnwus.

5-cleft, in a 3-leaved involucel.

Styles numerous, connate down-

wards.
celled,

Fruit orbicular, manywith a convex centre.

M.

syhestris Linnaeus.
(Common*
Mallow.) Fig. 198.
Leaves angular, 5-7-lobed peduncles
;

in clusters, erect after flowering

valves of the fruit netted.

Hedges and roadsides.

Habitat.
Quality.

Emollient, demulcent.

Decoction in irritation of pulmonary

and urinary organs, tenesmus; poultices
in external inflammation,

Uses.

Gossypium.

Linnceus.

Bracts 3, leafy, connate at the

base,

Car-

and toothed.

many -seeded.

pels

Seeds

buried

iu

wool.

G. herbaeeum Lin-

1.

naeus. (Cotton.)
Leaves 5-lobed, palmate, with a single
gland on the under

side, lobes rounded,

bracts
mucronate
i

serrated

stem
;

smooth.
East Indies.
burn
allays

pain

and

irritation;

great
the
it is
which proceeds

manufacturing substance from

a vast majority of modem linen
it is

2.
\<j$

weak and

fabrics; out

perishable.

G. barbadense Linnams. Yields American

cotton.

Fig. 107.

Seed of Abtlmoschus
moschatus, magnified;

ls>8.

Malva

sylvestris.
I

187

MALVALS

>

L1NDENBL00MS.

'

Natural Order, iUtittfirtlaam*

Prevailing Quality.

Tiliaeece (V.

p.

371.)

Mucilaginous, subastringent.

Corchorus.

Linnwus.

Sepals 5, deciduous.
Petals 5.
Stamens 00.
ferous valves.
Seeds in 2 rows.
<

Capsule with 2-5

septi-

1. C. olitoriiis

Linnaeus.
Leaves ovate-oblong, serrated
bristle

the lower serratures usually extended into a

capsule oblong, taper, smooth.
;

Habitat.

Tropical countries.
Quality.
Mucilaginous, insipid, nutritious.
Urn. A pot-herb.

Tilia.

Linnwus.

Flowers growing from a thin membranous bract.

!

T. europcea

Sepals 5, deciduous.

Linnseus. (Lime or Linden Tree.)

Fig. 199.

leaves roundish-cordate,
oblique, hairy beneath, especially at the axils of
the leaves.

jfefc**

Woods

of Northern Europe.
astringent.
Qmlitrj.
bracts
emollient
;
Fibrous tunic very tough
flowers sudorific,
1
and
spasms,
and
*.
vertigo
Inner bark makes Russian mats ; infusion of flowers in
against cough.

Fig.

lt>9.

Tilia europaea in flower


138

C1STALS.

ROCK-ROSES.

THE CISTAL ALLIANCE

Natural

Mtt*

at CuttaU.

0dt*r0S

Flowers 4/ or 4/

( Cistacece).

Cruoferg (Brassicacece).
apjiariM

(V, K., p. 348.)

Flowers i/

Capparidacece).

Stamens 00.

Stamens tetradynamous.

Flowers J/

Stamens 00.

Natural Order, 0cIur0jtaJ; Cistacece (V.K., p. 349.)

Prevailing Quality.

Resinous, fragrant, stimulant.

Ziinnceus.

Cistus.

Sepals 5, the 2 outer unequal or deficient.

C. creticus Linnseus.

1.

Capsule 5-10 valved.

(Ladanum Bush.)

Leaves ovate, obtuse, hairy, blunt,

much wrinkled

flowers purple

style

as long as the stamens.

Habitat

Candia, &c.

Resinous juice stimulant.

In plaisters ; in perfumery, and pastiles

Quality.
Uses.

Natural Order, Cructfetf

Prevailing Quality.

veins.

as

an expectorant.

Brassicacece (V. K.,

p.

351.)

Pungent, antiscorbutic.
Brassica.

Silique^ terete

Linnaeus.

each valve with one straight dorsal rib, and no lateral

"
Seeds globose in one row. Embryo conduplicatc C^
>>.
;

B. oleracea Linnseus.
(Cabbage.)
Leaves glaucous, never hispid siliques
and calyx both erect.
Habitat. Sea-coast of Europe, on
cliffs.
1.

Quality.
Uses.

2.

B.

Antiscorbutic, nutritious.

A common nnt-Vimh
Rapa Linnaeus.

(Turnip.)

Leaves bright green, hispid

root fleshy, succulent.

Habitat.
France and the south of Europe.
Quality and Uses. Like the last.
3.

B.

Napus

Linnaeus.

(Rape.)

Leaves glaucous, never hispid

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

North of Europe

Like the last.

Seeds yield rape-oil

crop,

siliques spreading.

the crushed residuum rape-cake

Six apis.
Clique terete

much grown

Linnceus.

the valves with 3 or 5

straight strong ribs.
in a single row.
Embryo Q>>.
;

as a green-

globose
Seeds

139

CISTALS.

CRUC1FERS.

(White Mustard.)
alba Linnseus.
valves of the silique 5-nerved, terminated
Nearly smooth
leaves pinnated
1.

S.

by a sword-shaped horn.
Habitat.

Fields.
As in S. nigra, but milder.

Quality.

Seeds in torpor of digestive organs

Uses.

young leaves as

salad.

nigra Linna)us.
(Black Mustard.)
Rough with hispid hairs leaves lyrate silique short, bluntly quadrangular,
pressed close to the axis, without a sword-shaped point.

2.

S.

Habitat.

Fields.

oil purgative.
Acrid, stimulant, volatile, pungent, diuretic
Uses.
Seeds produce vomiting ; employed in dyspepsia, dropsy, interna ittents, and for
forming sinapisms ; distilled water has been used against itch.

Quality.

Linnaeus.

Raphanus.
Silique indehiscent, spongy,

somewhat

jointed.

Embryo

0>>-

R. sativus Linnseus.

(Radish.)
Siliques terete, acuminate, hardly longer than their stalks
1.

roots fleshy,

annual.
Habitat.
Quality.

Uses.

Commonly

cultivated.

Roots sub-acrid, succulent and tender when young.

well-known esculent vegetable.

Linnwus.

Crambe.

Silicic indehiscent, of 2 unequal joints, of which the upper

lower obsolete.
Embryo
1maritima Linnreus.
(Sea Kale.) Fig. 200.
Leaves roundish, sinuatcd, wavy, toothed, carious

is

globose, the

0>>.

the longer filaments forked.

Habitat.

Sea-coast, in clay.
Quality.
Antiscorbutic, nutritive, acrid when old.
Lses.
The blanched sprouts a favourite esculent vegetable.

Card amine.

Linnceus.

Stigma
Embryo accum-

Silique compressed, with flat nerveless valves.

Seeds in one row.

capitate.

bent
1-

200

0=.
Linnseus. (Cuckoo-flower.)

C. pratensis

leaves
upper
the
Leaves pinnate
of
leaflets roundish-ovate,
petals obovate, 3 times as long as the calyx.

linear,

entne

ffoWta*.

Meadows.

Flowers stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine.

Epilepsy, cholera, spasmodic asthma.

Qualify,
Uses.

Nasturtium.
s 'dlque

short, cylindrical

capitate.

Seeds in
Fig.

Broivn.

nerves.
any
scarcely
valves convex, with

2 irregular rows.

200.-The stamens

of

Embryo

Crambe maritima magnified

Stigma

140

CISTALS.

CRUCIFERS.

N. officinale Brown. (Watercress.) Fig. 201.

Leaves pinnated leaflets repand, the lateral elliptical, the terminal
1.

ovate,

rather cordate.
Habitat.

Running streams.

Quality.

Pungent, antiscorbutic.

Uses.

favourite salad.

COCHLEARIA.
Silicle globose,

with very convex

LinnWUS.
valves.

Embryo

Seeds numerous.

O
Fig. 202.
(Scurvy-grass.)
C. officinalis Linnaeus.
the upper amplexicaul
Radical leaves broadly ovate, rather cordate
An annuaL
of the silicle one-ribbed.
1.

valves

Sea-coast of Europe.
Quality. Stimulant, aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic.
Uses.
Visceral obstructions ; salads.

Habitat.

2. C.

Arnwracia Linnams. (Horse-radish.)

Fig. 203.
Radical leaves cordate, or obovate-oblong, crenate valves of the
less.
tap-rooted perennial.

silicle rib-

Fig 201. -Nasturtium officinale

Cochlears

officinalis

a, thesilique in

b, its silicle in

the act of dehiscing

the act of dehiscing

b,

a seed

c,

an embryo

*>2.
;

141

CISTAI.S.

tiabitca.
Xty

Meadows of Europe.
Pun gent, acrid, stimulant,

vT
**
A condiment
\

masticatory

a
vesicant.

hoarseness

Lepidium.
&'tofe roundish,
with
c ell.

CRUCIFERS.

poisoning.
of
cases
in
infusion
in

Linnaeus.

compressed valves keeled at the hack.

Embryo incumbent Oil, with

Fig.

Seeds

multifid cotyledons.

203. Colchlearia Armoracia

in flower.

1 in

each

CISTALS.

i-2

CAPPARIDS

(Garden-cress.)
L. sativum Linnaeus.
Lower leaves stalked, irregularly cut, lobed, pinnate
winged, emarginate, pressed close to the rachis.
1.

Waste

Habitat.
Quality.

roundish,

siliclcs

places.

Pungent, antiscorbutic.

A common

Uses.

vegetable, esculent

when only the

first

leaves after germination have

been formed.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

CajjparftfjS

Capparidacea? (V. K.,

1.

357.)

Acridity.

Capparis.

Calyx 4-parted.

p.

Carpophore slender.

Petals 4.

with a rind.
C. spinosa Linnseus.

Linnaeus.

Berry

Stamens 00.

(Caper Bush.) Fig. 204.

Leaves roundish, blunt, or emarginate

stipules

spiny, curved.
Habitat.

South of Europe.

Antiscorbutic, stimulant, aperient.

Uses.
Young buds as "Capers," a well-known
pickle ; bark of root diuretic %

Quality.

Polantsia.

Rafinesque.

Stamen
Petals 4.
Sepals 4, spreading.
short
a
with
or
8-32.
sessile,
Silique
stalk.

dodeClrome
Candolle.
De
candra and irosandra Linnaeus.
cuncohovate,
3-5,
Hairy, glandular
leaflets
sespod
8-16
ate, or oblong
stamens
1.

P. viscosa

sile,

striated, glandular.

East Indies.
Leaves pungent, like Mustard.
vermia
as
root
Leaves to form sinapisms ;

Habitat.
Qualify.
Uses.

fuge.
20-1

Crat.eva.

Sepah

Petals 4, larger.
rind, pulpy internally.

1.

C.

4.

Linnaeus.

Stamens 8-28.

Perry

thin
a
with
stipitate,

gynandra Linnaeus.(Garlic Pear.)

Leaves ovate, acute stamens 20-24, inserted on a cylindrical

than the petals.
;

llahitat.

Jamaica.

Quality.

Bark of root

blisters like Cantharidc

T7 !^.

s.

204. Capparis splno c a.

stipe, longer

..

143

RANALS.

MAGNOLIADR.

THE RANAL ALLIANCE

Orfcrd of

istttnd

(V. K., p. 416.)

EanaR
Stipules convolute.

Carpels distinct.

iHagnnltattf [Magnoliacece .)

Flowers </
gnnttalfS

Carpels distinct.

(Anonaccce.)

Stipules 0.

Corolla valvnte.

Flowers ^/
Carpels distinct.

Crotofaote (Ranunculacece ,)
imbricated.

Stipules 0.

Corolla

parietal.
Placentae
consolidated.
Carpels
(Papaveracece.)
UoppUforrrte

Natural Order, iHagnflltaW

Prevailing Quality.

Drymis.

Magnoliaccw (V. K.,

Bitter, tonic.

205

Forster.

Carpels crowded, berried, manyseeded.

Connective broad,

and disjoining the anthercells.

1-

D. Winteri Forster. (Winter's Bark Tree.) Fig.205.

Loaves dotted, oblong, obtuse,

very glaucous
beneath

flowers

Habitat.

corymbose

sepals

Mountainous parts of South

America.
Quality.

Bark stimulant, aromatic,

tonic.
"*es.

As Cinnamon

Illicium.

in scurvy.

Limn<vus.

Carpels

whorled,
onesided,
opening near the upper end.
Sepals 3-6 petaloid.

U. amsatum Linna)us. (Star

Anise Plant.)
leaves evergreen,

smooth, dotpetals about 30, yelJed

lowish, the outer oblong,
;

the inner subulate.

*<**<*
China and Japan.
-**
*/.
i,
"Vi t aromatic?
rj
*

smelling like Anise, carminative

Tn preparation of
liqueurs."

Fig.

205. Small branch

in flowsr of

Drymis Winteri

p.

417.)


144

RANALS.

Magnolia.

ANONAI

Linnaeus.

Carpels spiked, arranged in cones, opening at the dorsal suture.

Seeds
pendulous by a long umbilical cord. 1. M. glauca Linnaeus.
(Swamp Sassafras.)
Leaves thin, elliptical, obtuse, glaucous beneath petals ovate concave.
;

Habitat.

United States.

Qualit?/.

Bark and

As Cinchona

Uses.

fruit bitter,
;

aromatic, febrifugal.

in chronic rheumatism.

Liriodendron,

Linnceus.

Carpels spiked, arranged in cones, indehiscent, winged at the end.

1. L. tulipifera Linnseus.
(Tulip Tree.)
Leaves truncate, 4-lobed.
Habitat. United States.
Quality and Uses.
As in the

last.

Natural Order, Sfoumato; Anonacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

p.

420.)

Aromatic.

Xylopia.

Linnceus.

Fruits on a convex receptacle, dry, indehiscent, cylindrical or moniliform.

Seeds several, adhering to the pericarp.
1. X. aromatica Blume.
Habzelia aromatica A. De Candollc (African

Pepper.)
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, glaucous beneath

taper,

fruits

moniliform.
Habitat

Sierra Leone.

Quality.
Uses.

Aromatic, pungent, stimulant.

As pepper ; the fruit is the Piper ^thiopicum of authors.

X. glabra Linnaeus.
(Bitter-wood.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, smooth, dotted
2.

fruit oblong, stipitate.

Habitat.

West

Quality.

All the parts aromatic and

intensely bitter.

Indies.

X. grandijhra St. Hilaire.

Uvaria febrifuga Martius.
Leaves elliptical, lanceolate, acute,
pubescent above, downy beneath
petals 3-cornered, each with 2
auricles.
3.

Habitat.

inner

Brazil.

Quality.
Uses.

Fruit aromatic, tonic.

valuable remedy for fevers in Brazil.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

HLxminm;

Banunculacece (V. K.,

p. 425.)

Acridity, causticity.

Clematis.
Sepals 4, valvate or induplicate.

Linnaeus.

Petals 0.

Carpels one-seeded

achcenia,


145

RATALS.

1.

CROWFOOTS.

C. erecta Linnaeus.

Erect

leaves pinnate

acuminate

leaflets ovate

sepals smooth,

downy

at

the edge.

Europe.
Quality.
Leaves extremely acrid and epispastic.
Um. Unsafe vesicants ; in cachectic diseases.

Habitat.

2.

(Traveller's Joy.)

C. Vitalba Linnaeus.

Stem climbing,
- _ ,._

woody

ill

cordate, unequally cut, finely hairy

leaflets 5,
1

Fig. 206.
;

carpels with long feathery tails.

Habitat

Common

in hedgerows.

Fruit and leaves acrid and

vesicant ; dangerous if taken

Quality.

internally.

Leaves as a rubefacient
rheumatism.

Uses.

in

Flammula Linnaeus. (Sweet Virgin Vbower.)

Fiff 207

C.

mbln g

22?
U*
**

leaves bipinnate

sepals oblong, obtuse.

South of Eupe.
T
Leaves powerfully epispastic

a
As

flowers deliciously fragrant.

the last.

Anemone,

Linnceus.

%fc^/,

imbricated, not distinguishable from the petals.

^chcenia soft, woolly, tailed, or tailless*

,% 206.
Uematis

FuSSSf

tia

Vit * U>a

f * p0rti n f

inflorescence

b
'

m achffinium

2 7'

Vouug

shoot of

146

RANALS.

CROWFOOTS.

A. nemorosa Linnaeus. (Wood Anemone.) Fig. 208.

Rhizome creeping leaves ternate leaflets three-lobed cut
1.

like the leaves

bracts exactly

flowers solitary, erect, white.

208

Habitat.

Woods

of the north of Europe.

Rhizome acrid, vesicant.

Has been recommended, along with other

Quality.
Uses.

species, in

in obsti

rheumatism, and

nate cases of tenia.

Ranunculus.

Linnceus.

Ach***
Sepals 3-5.
base.
Petals with a gland at their
"T^
f\
mucronate.
Fig 209.
210.
1. R. Ficaria Linnaeus.
Fig(Pilewort.)
ular
an?:
Leaves roundish cordate, shining, the upper
^rm-m

*\ /"\

sepals 3.
Habitat.
Quality.
20!

Uses.

Plantations, lawns and meadows.

Subacrid, antiscorbutic.
Leaves sometimes used as a potherb

,
;

boiling render**

^em

insipid.

J^^7l^T^

exhibited by gl, the gland.

moro

2(-

Petal of

Ranunculus; the

distinctive

mark

of the

genus

147

RANALS.

2.

R.

Flammula

Fig. 211.

Linnaeus.

Leaves lanceolate or linear

CROWFOOTS.

stem many-flowered

achsenia smooth, with a

short point.

211

210
Bahitat,

Ditches and wet meadows.

E P'3paastic,
S tic, poisonous.
poisonous,

a?\.
w - Distilled
water an active

active and useful emetic.

R- acris

Linnaeus. (Upright Crowfoot.)

3-parted
upper
the
palmated, with rather rhomboid cut divisions,
than
shorter
much
beak
peduncles terete
a
with
lenticular,
carpels

^es

the ach senium

gKjW.
V

receptacle smooth.

Meadows.
As a rubefacient and

\
uZ
* A powerful

epispastic.

acrid.

Ranunculus Ficarin

L2

211. R.

Flammula

148

RANALS.

4.

R. sceleratus Linnaeus.

CROWFOOTS.

Fig.
212.
w

Succulent, smooth, annual; lower leaves palmate, crenated, upper 3-parted;

head of achaenia like a spike achsenia not keeled, finely wrinkled.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Ditches everywhere.
Acrid, corrosive, very dangerous

if

Helleborus.

taken internally

water an

antidote.

Linnceus.

FoUteUt
Sepals 5, petaloid, permanent.
Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped.
sessile, many-seeded.
213
Fig.
1. H. niger Linnaeus. (Black Hellebore.
Christmas Rose.)
Scape 1-2-flowered, with 2-3 oval bracts flowers whitish.
;

Habitat

Shady woods

of Central Europe.

Qwhfy*
Uses.

Drastic purgative, emraenagogue ; a nareotico-acrid poison.

Mania, epilepsy, dropsy, chronic skin diseases.

H, orientalis De Candolle officinalis Sibthorp. (Oriental Hellebore

Scape 3-5-flowered, with lanceolate finely serrated bracts sepals acute

2.

flowers whitish.
Habitat.
Asia Minor.
Quality and Uses.
As H. niger.

The

Fig. 212.

true Black Hellebore of the ancients.

Ranunculus sceleratus.


149

RANALS.

CROWFOOTS.

(Stinking Hellebore,)
E.foetidus Linnaeus.
stem leafy
Scape many-flowered, leafy
bracts oval
3.

Woods and waste

Habitat.

flowers green.

places.

Leaves emetic, purgative, poisonous.

As an emmenagogue against the Ascaris lumbricoides.

Quality.
Uses.

Nigella.

IAnnceus.

base
the
at
scale
a
with
unguiculate,
Petals minute,

Sepals 5, petaloid.

5 united into a

Follicles

spuriously

cap-

10-celled

sule.
1.

W.sativa Linnseus.

Cummin.)
Involucre

seeds

(Black

Kg. 214.
capsules rough

wrinkled

trans-

versely.
Habitat.

Corn-fields

and gardens

Europe.
Qmh ty. Seeds pungent, aromatic,
in

strong-smelling.
Uses.

As a condiment instead of

pepper

pounded, as a sternu-

tatory .

214

213

Delphinium.

Linnceus.

plunged
spurs
having
hpols 5, the upper
upper
2
the
Petals 4 ;
spurred.
El. 77 '-7 l K rnonv-Rpeded.
in tli
a o^i:
the
sepaline spur.
Follicles 1-5, many-seeded.

p ig.

Lagnified

213.

150

RANALS.

CROWFOOTS.

1.

D. Consolida Linnaeus.
(Branching LahkFig. 215.

sruR.)

S tern

much

straggling,

branched leaves fine;

ly cut
into

petals united

carpel

soli-

tary.
Habitat. Corn-fields in Europe.

Seeds acrid, emetic.

Tincture in asthma in
Uses.
preparation of cosmetics.

Quality.

2.

Lin-

Staphisagria

D.

nseus. (Stavesacre.)
Fig. 216.
5broad,
palmate,
Leaves
pallid
with
cleft,
stains

petals

all dis-

tinct, beardless.

South of Europe.
Seeds emetic, purga-

Habitat.
Quality.
tive
Uses.

To

acrid, narcotic.
destroy pedicuh,

against worms, and

itch.

Linnwus.

Acokitum.

galeate.
upper
Sepals 5, the
Petals 2, hammer3-5.
Follicles
headed.

1.

Linnaeus.
Napellus
A.
(Monk's - hoop.)
Fig. 217.

fusiform
clustered,
Roots
in erect
purple,
flowers

racemes

young

car-

pels divaricating.

216

agria

ma&7fc d

hT:iI1Ch f

Del P hinium Consolida

o,

one of

its

seeds magnified;

216'.

Seed of D.StapU*-


151

RANALS,

CROWFOOTS.

Habitat

Europe.
Root produces numbness and

Quality.
tingling;

an acrid narcotic poison.

Neuralgia, rheumatism, dropsy,
Uses.
hypertrophy of the heart. Yields
Aconitina, K the most virulent
poison known " Pereira.
.

A. Cammarum Linnseus. A.
panicnlatum Storke.
Flowers white and blue, in stragyoung cargling panicles

2.

pels incurved.
Switzerland and Germany.
Quality and Uses. Like those of A.
Napellus, but extremely feeble.

Habitat

A. ferox Wallich.
Flowers purple, in rather loose
3.

panicles
cular

semicir-

young carpels very

lobes of the leaves

acuminated and diva-

downy

much

helmet

ricating.
Habitat. Nepal.
Quality and Uses.
Napellus; but

Like those of A.
still

N.B.Dr. Fleming's
experiments prove
that the roots are
inore active

imme-

diately

after
the
period of flowering

than at any other

time, and that
the
leaves

lose

power

when

their

the
seeds begin to form.
J-he
seeds themselves are comparatively weak.

Fig.

217.-Flowers of Aconitum Napellus

a 9 one of

its

roots.

more

virulent

152

RANALS.

POPPYWORTS.

A. Lycoctonum Linnaeus. (Wolfsbane.) Fig. 218

Flowers yellow petals with a filiform circinate spur.
4.

Habitat.

Switzerland.

Quality.
Uses.

Scentless, bitter, subacrid.

Similar to those of A. Napellus, but

much more

AcTjEa.

feeble.

Linnaeus.

Sepals 4, deciduous.
Petals 4.
Carpel single, baccate.
1.

A.

spicata

berry.)

218

(Bane-

Linnaeus.
Fig. 219.

Leaves ternate, twice pinnate

incised
racemes ovate.

leaflets ovate-oblong,

Habitat.

North of Europe.

Quality.

Poisonous, antispasmodic, astringent.

Roots in catarrh.

Natural Order, popjinfoorte

Prevailing Quality.

Papaveracece (V.K., p. 430.)

Narcotic, poisonous.

Papaver.
2, deciduous.

1.

Linnceus.

Stigma with from 4

Petals 4.

P.

Linnaeus.

Opium

amplexicaul,

glaucous,

ifi

Poppy.)
Leaves oblong,

smooth

to

capsule smooth.

Habitat.

Syria.
Quality.
stimulating narcotic ; aphrodisiac 1
Uses.
In fevers, inflammatory diseases, cholera,
insanity, delirium tremens, convulsive diseases,
venereal disorders, &c, &c. Seeds (of a

variety)

called

maw

seeds, demulcent.

219

>MW* u*u-pe capsules flows the juice which concretes mio opium:^*
pwT*I
rom
the dried capsules the
decoction, syrup, and extract of Poppies are prepared.
Vr. rereira justly observes,
that these capsules or heads " would be more active
if gathered before
ripeness: when full grown and just when the first change of
colour is perceptible should be
not
are
the best time to collect them.
seeds
The
narcotic, but yield a bland oil
similar to that obtained from Olives
2l8 '~~ Flower of Aconitum
Lycoctonum
flower.

219.

Acta*

spicata

a, a

perpendicular section

of*


153

RANALS.

2.

P. Rhoeas Linnaeus.

(Corn

Fig. 220.

Poppy.)

Leaves hispid, pinnate

pinnate

POrPYWORTS.

and

bi-

capsule smooth,
obovate, roundish.

Habitat.

Corn-fields.

Quality.

Sub-narcotic.
Petals as a colouring ingre

Uses.

dient.

Chelidonium.

Linnceus.

Sepals 2, deciduous.

Petals 4.
2siliquose,

Capsules
valved
opening from the
base to the apex.
;

1.

C.

majus Linnaeus. (Celandine.)

Fig. 221.

Flowers in

umbels ; calyx nearly

smooth filaments broadest

;

upwards.
ffabitat.

Plantations

and

waste

places.

.,

acrid,
smelling,
Strong
Quality.
purgative,
emetic,
narcotic,
poisonous.
opaand
warts,
against
Juice
Uses.
cities of the cornea.
-

Argemone.
Petals 4-6.
ating,

Toumefort.

Stigmas 1-7, radiCapsule

concave.

valves
by
opening
obovate,
at tbe point.

Fig.

220,-Papaver Rhceas ;

a,

one of

its

seeds

majus
Chelidonium
221.


154

RANALS.

POPPYWORTS.

Fig. 222.
A. mexicana Linnseus.
Leaves sessile, repand, sinuated, spiny, variegated
1.

with

white

flowers

yellow.
222

HahitaL
Quality,
Unas.

Common

in tropical countries, derived

Narcotic, purgative, diuretic.

from Mexico.

Seeds instead of opium, and of ipecacuanha

juice in ophthalmia, and

as an

application to chancres.

Sanguinaria.

Linnceus.

deciduous
2
with
Capsule oblong, ventricose,
valves and a persistent many-seeded frame.

Petals 8-12.

Stigma

2.

Fig. 223.
Rhizome fleshy, with red juice; leaves solitary, radical, roundish, deeply
cordate, with about 7 toothed angles ; flower solitary, radical.
1.

S. canadensis Linnaeus.

Habitat.

(Puccoon.

Blood Root.)

United States.

Quality.

Acrid, narcotic, emetic.

y c
jauudic
Uses.
Rhizome in typhoid pneumonia, catarrh, pertussis, croup, rheumatism,
&c. Over-dose dangerous.
.

Fig. 222. A rgemone mexicana.

155

GUTT1FERALS.

THE ADS.

THE GUTTIFERAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 392.)
Natural drtttitf ol 6utttferaW.

Create
( Temstromiaccce.
Leaves alternate.
utttferg

Leaves

Clusiacece.)

Petals

Seeds few.

opposite.

equilateral.

Cut&uut (Ilypericacece.) Leaves

opposite.
Petals
Seeds 00.
oblique.

Natural Order, Cfjcatos

acece

Prevailing

(V. K.,

p.

Ternstromi-

396.)

S timulating,

Quality.

subnarcotic.

Linnams.

The a.
Sepals 5-6.
- 1

Petals 6-9, in two rows.

"
v
vaiv ea, septicidal.
3-valved,
septicidi
fr
/If
T
T. Bohea Linnsous.

FigTm-Plant

Stamens
_

nearly distinct

Fig. 224.

of Thea Huhea.
Leaf
in flower oflja^uhiaria canadensis?^.

Capsule


156

GUTTIFERALS.

Leaves coriaceous,

flat,

GUTTIFERS.

somewhat obovate,

oblong-lanceolate or

slightly

toothed.
Habitat.

Southerly districts of China.

2. T. viridis

As

Quality and Uses.

Linnaeus. (The Tea Plant.)

Leaves

in the

last.

Fig. 225.
thin, lanceolate, rather wavy,

coarsely toothed.
Habitat.
Quality.

Northerly

districts of China.

Astringent, antisoporific, sedative,

diluent, diaphoretic, diuretic.

well-known beverage is prepared

from the leaves. Black tea is the leaf
more fermented than green tea.

Uses.

Natural Order,

(Stttttfrrri

Clusiacece

(V. K., p. 400.)

Prevailing Quality. Acrid, purgative.

Linnceus.

Garcinia.

Stamens more
Anthers opening
Fruit succulent,

Flowers polygamous.
or less united

longitudinally.

4-10-celled.

(ManG. Mangostana Linnaeus.

GOSTEEN.)
obtuse
rhomboidal,
rather
Leaves
1.

male flowers

fascicled

females

6-10-

fruit

terminal;
orange.
an
of
size
the
about
celled,
solitary,

Indian Archipelago.
Refrigerant, nutritious, laxative.
fruits.
known
of
delicious
The most

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Graham.

Hebradendron.

Stamens more

Flowers polygamous.
or less united
scissile.

1.

anthers circum-

Fruit succulent,

H. pictorium Christison.(MOBB
Fig. 22b.

Gamboge Tree.)

Leaves oval, acute at each end

axillary,

* -

Uses.

_,

Gum

solitary

fruit

~ ripe
furrowed
tuiivncu when
"*-

225
,..
n
ywlity

Habitat.

resm hydragogue, and

Constipation, apoplexy, drop sy,

Fig.

drastic

4-1 V-

;
,

"^

acrid.

tapeworm

cases.

225. Leaf of Thea

viridis.

slight

seeds

Lam
Mysore and Malabar,
-mr

flower

______

4.

157

GUTTIFERALS.

H. gambogioides
Graham.

GUTTIFERS.

Gamboge
(Ceylon
Cambogia Gutta Linn.

Tree.)

Leavea oval
or slightly obovate, obtusely acuminate
gate ; fruit globose ; seeds 4.
H<xUtat.
Fi S-

Quality

Ceylon.

226^Hebradendron pictorium

aggreaxillary,
flowers

andJ^jAstheJas^

Vol. tL, P- 69.

Journal,
from the Pharmaceutical

158

GTJTTIFERALS.

TUTSANS.

Natural Order, dtt&itig; Hypericacece (V. K.,

p.

405.)

Prevailing Quality. Astringent, subacrid.

A llionu

Andros^mum.

Capsule baccate, indehiscent.

(Tutsan.)
1. A. officinale Allioni.
Branches quadrangular leaves ovate
;

or cordate, sessile.
Habitat. Woods.
Quality and Uses An ancient and powerful
vulnerary ; bruised
leaves employed.
.

Hypericum.

Lin-

nceus.

Capsule

membran-

ous, 3-5 valved.

H. perforatum

1.

Linnaeus.

(St,

John's Wort.)
Learves opposite,

Fig. 227.

ovate,

obtuse,

strongly
marked^ with clear transparent dots
;
flowers in terminal panicles.

Habitat.

Groves, hedges, and waysides.

Quality.

Astringent.

Gargles and

Uses.

lotions.

Vismia.

Vandelli.

Berry membranous.

Styles

stigmas

peltate.
1.

V. guianensis
Gamboge.)

Stem 4-cornered

Persoon. (American

leaves ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, dilated at the base, shortstalked, rufous beneath, smooth above.

Habitat.
Quality.

Guiana.
Resin acrid, purgative.

As

Uses.

those of Gamboge.

THE FICOIDAL ALLIANCE

p.

(V. K.,

523.)

Q
Tetragonia.

Linnoeus.

227

\iyaiurai
(Natural uraer.
Order.

Calyx

4-cleft,

Nut

adherent
bonv. adhprAnf

Aizoons.)

by degrees gaining several horn-like

uri'nntrwi

Fig.

T.~

227. Hypericum perforatum.

processes.

159

FICOIDALS.

FICOIDALS.

expgnsa Aiton. (New Zealand Spinach.) Fig. 228.

A trailing succulent annual ; leaves stalked, ovate, rhomboid
fruit 4-horned, 6-8-seeded.
1.

T.

New

Zealand.
Quality and Uses. Cultivated in gardens for its mucilaginous, insipid,
succulent foliage ; used instead of Spinach.

Habitat.

Lindley.

Melloca.
(Natural

228

(h'der.

Basellads.)

Ovary 1 -celled, 1-seeded.

(The Melloco.) Fig. 229

Calyx membranous, 5-parted, free, stellate.

1. M. tuber osa Lindley.
Ullucus tuberosus.Leaves renifonn, cordate ; flowers in short axillary spikes.

229
Balitat.

Peru.
Quality.
Mucilaginous, amylaceous, nutritious.
.,
v
c
A
Spinach
as
<&. Tubers employed
insipid,
like potatoes ; leaves
.

THE DAPHNAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 529.)

fiatutal rtrrrrf at
JBapfrialtf.
(

Thymelacece

laurels {Lauracece.)

111

Anther-valves recurved.

fTl1lHIII.il expansa

229. Melloca tuberosa

a,

an expanded

flower.

160

DAPHNALS.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

SJapljnaiJtf

Thymelacece (V. K.,

p. 530.)

Acridity.

Daphne.
Calyx

DAPHNADS.

long, tubular,

Linnaeus.

naked at the mouth.

Fruit a drupe.
1. D. Mezereum Linnseus.
(Mezereon.)
Leaves deciduous
flowers lateral, sessile.

Stamens 8

Hypogynous

scales 0.

Fig. 230.

230

231
I

Ilahitat.

Woods

Quality.

Bark

Uses.

indigenous.

acrid, laxative, poisonous.

Venereal, rheumatic, scrofulous and chronic cutaneous

diseases ; a masticatory.
^

Laureola Linnseus. (Spurge Laurel.) Fig.231.

Leaves evergreen flowers in axillary clusters.

2. D.

Habitat. Woods ; indigenous.

Quality and Uses. As in the last
poisonous to other animals.

.
;

birds
of
food
fruits the

,
,

53o.)
K.,
p.
Natural Order, Eaurrlrf; Lauracece (V.

Prevailing Quality.

Aromatic, stimulant.

Cinnamomum.

Nees.

4-ceII^
with
buds not scaly. Fertile stamens, 9 in 3 rows,
;
wi
ones
anthers, of which the inner only are extrorse ; the inner
2 glands at their base.
Calyx coriaceous.
(Cinnamon.)
1. C. zeylanicum Nees.
Linnasus.
Lauras Cinnamomum

Leaves ribbed

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, with a blunt point, 3-nerved

or triple-nerve

Habitat.

Ceylon.
spicy stimulating aromatic, astringent, tonic.
Quality.
Uses.
The same as that of other spices ; diarrhoea, low fevers, flatulence,

Fig.

230. Daphne Mezereum

231. D. Laureola

colic.

flower.
a
of
section
perpendicular
a,


161

HAPHNALS.

2.

C. Cassia

Blume.

LAURELS.

(Cinnamon Cassia.

Chinese Cinnamon.)

Leaves long-oblong, acute at each end, triple-nerved

the ribs vanishing

below the point.

Habitat,

Quality

China.

and

As

Uses.

in

Cinnamon,

and more astringent

less sweet,

C amphora.

Nees.

Otherwise as Cinnamomum.
Tree.)
(Camphor
Linnaeus.
1. C. officinarum Nees.
Camphora
Laurus
Leaves triple-nerved, shining on the upper side, with a porous gland in the
Leaves ribbed

axil of

buds scaly.

Calyx

thin.

the veins on the under side.

Island of Formosa, China, Japan.

Quality.
Acrid, anodyne, vascular excitant, sudorific, poisonous, anaphrodisiac.
strangury,
spasms,
scarlatina,
Uses.
measles,
Typhoid fevers, internal inflammations,
satyriasis, nymphomania, onanism, cholera.

Habitat.

MottboeU.

Nectandra.

which
of
anthers,
subsessile
Leaves veiny.
Fertile stamens 9, with 4-celled
the inner only are extrorse.
Calyx rotate.
N. Rodicei Schomburgk. (Bibiri or Greeniieart Tree.)
coriaceous,
acuminate,
Leaves nearly opposite, oblong-elliptical, shortly
le*
panicles
side
upper
the
smooth, shining and obscurely netted on
anthers
downy
;
flowered, axillary, much shorter than the leaves, finely
1.

all

Bentham.

thick, oblong, without glands.

Habitat.
wuuatu.

uuiana.
Guiana.
Quality.
Powerfully tonic and febrifugal.
intermittens.
Uses.
Yields the alkaloid Beebeeriue, of great value in

Sassafras.
Leaves veiny.
S. officinale
J.

Nees.

F^f^^fj

x
Anthers all introrse, 4-celled.
Treb
iree.j
(Sassafras
Linnaus.
Sassafras
Laurus
Nees.

Leaves thin, oblong, entire or 2-3-lobed.

United States.
..
Wood and bark stimulant, sudorific, subacrid.
Rheumatism, venereal diseases.

JJtfjfc*

W%,
Uses.

Laurus.

Linnmis.

Leaves veiny.

Anthers all introrse, 2-celled.

L. nobilis Linnajus. (Sweet Bay.)

Fertile stamens 12.

,

t]
ana
wavy,
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth,
under
the
of
axd
the
at
pore
hairy
toothed, purple-ribbedf with a

J-

VfllMD

J*jto.

South of Europe.
ftohty.
Aromatic, stimulant, narcotic.
* *
Leaves used by confectioners to flavour creams
\i

nnT, a \* flatulence.
flatnien
dyspepsia,

162

RHAMNALS

K I. M WORTS.

THE RHAMNAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 576.)

Natural carton* of ftijamnafc

HSUxitoovti (Ulmacece.)
iftljamnalftf
g^ptttirle

Flowers apetalous.

WtUt

(Celastracece.) Flowers polypetalous.

aj)atafr {Sapotacece.)

Flowers monopetalous.

^toraptoorts (Styracacece.)

valvate.

Calyx imbricated.

Ovules ascending.

Flowers monopetalous. Ovules suspended.

Natural Order, (Slminaxte; Ulmacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

Calyx

Flowers polypetalous.

(Rhamnacece.)

580.)

p.

Mucilaginous, astringent.

Planera.

Michaux.

Fruit globose, membranous, wingless, indeliiscent.

1. P. Abelicea Ronier and Schultes.
Leaves elliptical, equally serrate, unequal-sided, tomcntose an d discoloured
on the under side.
Habitat. Candia.
Quality and Uses. Wood aromatic
santalum creticum.

formerly

officinal,

232

under the

Celtis.

of Pseudo-

name

Linnceus.

fleshy, globose,

1 -celled

Fruit a
drupe.
(Nettle
1. C.atwfrafeLinnffiUB.Fig. 232.
Tree.)

acumi-

oblong-lanceolate,
rough
serrated,
nate, finely
with down beneath,

Leaves

above, soft
unequal-sided.
Habitat

South of Europe.

Quality.

Astringent, sub-aroniatic.

infusion
the
and
Branches boiled
Uses.
blennorrhea.
and
used in dysentery,

Ul/

Fig 232.

Celtis au>tralis;

rt

a flower magnified.


163

RHAMXALS.

Ulmus.

ELMW0RTS

Linnceus.

Fruit thin, 2-winged, veiny, indehiscent.

1.

(Witch-Elm.) Fig. 233.

cuspidate, doubly and coarsely serrate

U.montana Smith.

Leaves

obovate,

branches cinereous, smooth.

Habitat.
Quality.

Great Britain, &c.

Inner bark mucilaginous,

astrin-

bitter,

gent, diaphoretic, diuretic.

Cutaneous eruptions, ichthyosis

Uses.

for Sarsaparilla

wood the

a substitute

basis of

some

soft

snuffs.

233

(V.
Rhamnacecr
Natural Order, jafprnnaW;
Prevailing Qualify.

p.

Purgative.

Linnceus

Rhamnus.

Calyx campanula*, 4-5-cleft, circumscissile after flowering.

stones.
to
4
with
2
rather dry, or spongy, or succulent,
Fig.

581.)

233. Leaf of Ulmus montana; a,

its flowers,

natumTsi^

m2

M*

Fruit globose

"ower cut open

and magnified.


164

RHAMNALS.

1.

R. catharticus Linnaeus.

RHAMNADS.

(Buckthorn.)

Leaves deciduous, ovate, crenate

Fig. 234.

flowers fascicled

branches spiny

234

naouat.

wedges ana plantations.

plantat
Quality and Uses. Berries hydragogue, cathartic
inconvenient
sickness and thirst that accompany their exhibition.
;

to use, because

of the

R. Frangula Linnseus.
(Black Alder.) Fig. 235.
wel
as
Leaves oval, entire, with 10-12 lateral pinnated veins, smooth

2.

the calyx.
Habitat, Quality, and Uses.

Like the

last.

R. infectorius Linnaeus.
(Dyers' Buckthorn.)
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, nearly smooth
3.

bent,
procum
branches

01
piny.

Habitat.
Quality.
viwmvy.

Vm.

South of Europe.
Berries purgative.
Dernes

Unripe
morocco.

fruit, called

Fig.

yellow berries, yields a brilliant yellow dye;

234. Rhamnus catharticus

in flower

and

it

lloW
ve
stains j

magnified,
fruit; a, a flower

105

RHAMNALS.

Ztzyphus.
Calyx

5-cleft,

rotate,

UHAMNADS.

Tournefort.

circumscissile

after

flowering.

Fruit oblong,

drupaceous, with
a single 2-celled
stone.
1.

Z.

La-

vulgaris

marck

(Jujube.)

Leaves ovate, retuse,

rather

toothed,

smooth branches
with no hooks, or
;

very few, in pairs,

of

which

recurved

one is
drupes

oblong.
Habitat.
Quality.

Levant.
Fruit subacid,

pleasant.
Uses.

Employed

in the

preparation of Pate
de Jujube,
and in
hoarseness and sorethroat.

235

Natural Order,

Prevailing

Quality.

<g>purtrle

Crctf

Celastracece (V.

ForsJcahl

Stamens 5, inserted below the ed-e of a disk.

Fig.

p. 586.)

Uncertain.

Catha.
3-cornered.

Calyx

Ovary

3-celled.

Capsule

rotate.

235. Rhamnus Frangula

in flower

section of
perpendicular
a, per

a flower magnified.


166

HHAMNALS.

C- edulis Forskahl.
leaves
Erect, smooth
tomous.
1.

Habitat.
Quality,
Uses.

SPJiNDLE TREES.

(Arabian Tea.)
obtusely serrated

elliptical,

cymes

axillary, dicho-

Arabia.

Leaves stimulant, antisoporific, narcotic.

Employed by the Arabs instead of green tea to produce wakefulness.
Fig.

236. Euonymus eurcpseus

a,

a flower magnified

b,

a cluster of fruit.

SAP0TAD8

Lt>7

RHAMNALS.

Euonymus.
Stamens 5, standing on as

many

Linnceus.

glands.

Ovary

Capsule lobed.

4-5-celled.

Calyx rotate.
1.

(Spindle Tree.)

E. europceus Linnaeus.

Fig. 236.
finely serrated

leaves lanceolate-ovate,
petals oblong, acute.
bearing about 3 flowers

smooth

Branches

peduncles

Hedges and woods; indigenous.

Habitat

Seeds acrid, nauseous, purgative, emetic.

Ointment prepared from them kills pediculi.

Quality.
Uses.

Natural Order, ^aj30talfs'; Sapotacece (V. K.,

%g Quality.

p.

590.)

Astringent, febrifugal, lactescent.

Achras.

Linnaeus.

the
of
lobes
the
with
Some of the stamens sterile, lanceolate, alternate
witli a
seeds
shining
nut-like,
corolla.
Fruit a berry, containing erect,
broad scar occupying all the inner angle.
1- A. Sapota Linnaeus.
(Sapodilla Plum.)
ferruwith
covered
calyx
Leaves elliptical, acute at each end ; petioles and
%
ginous down ; flowers
.
.

ty

Habitat.
Quality

West Indies

and

Uses.
Fruit subacid, sweet,
febrifugal, equivalent to cinchona.

esteemed in

1.

Indies

bark astringent,

Gartner.

Bumelia.

Two

the West

opposite
^rtile
5,
corolla
;
between each lobe of the
1-seeoea,
Fruit
each.
of
back
the
at
scales
pair
of
a

stamens
the lobes, with
somewhat drupaceous.
sterile

B. lyeioides Gsertner.

Leaves obovate,
fascicled

areolate nervures

with very distinct

calyx.
the
as
long
as
corolla about twice
obtuse,

Habitat.

United States.
Quality and Uses.
Fruit austere, sweetish

Isonandua.
Stamens

all fertile,

twice as numerous

recommended

flowers

,.

T
n
in aiarrnoea.

Wigh
corolla.
the
of
lobes
as the
Tube.) Fig. Ml.

Gutta Hooker. (Gutta Percha

.
v
pneatb
J.
beneath,
golden
point,
Leaves on long stalks, obovate-oblong, with a short
flowers axillary, fascicled stamens 12.
I.

Habitat.

Malay Archipelago.

Q% and UsL

Yields the gum resin called Gutta

Various Pnnti/xTv^rt^l nnimnaoo
purposes

rtW
now
Percha,
,

m
:

n extens.ve
PX tensive use for

KH AMN ALS.

168

SAPOTADS.

169

RHAMNALS.

STORAXWORTS.

(V
Stimulant, fragrant.

Q
\

Styrax.
ft

Linnceus.

Calyx campanulate, slightly toothed, or entire.

Corolla hoary, 5-parted.
Stamens monadelphous.
Drupe globular, downy, seated in the per-

manent calyx.
S. officinale

Linnaeus.

(Storax Tree.)

Fig. 238.

238

Leaves

downy beneath,

vate,

oval,

smooth on the upper

oboside

racemes few-flowered.
tt^itat.

Coasts of the Mediterranean.

W*wy. Resin balsamic, stimulating, expectorant ; detergent.
"**. Chronic
bronchial affections ; foul
ulcers.

2
i

S.

Benzoin Dryander. (Benjamin

Tree).
Fig. 239.
leaves downy
and white beneath,
oblong, acuminate; racemes com

pound,

rather

many-flowered,
shorter than the leaves.
*

{g&*.

Indian Archipelago.
As the last resin ver
>
y
ru

fo
'

Tronic pulmonary

frag

1 *-

affections, fumi-

gations.

239

'

^C^
7?
;

7,
1

nuunripe

***
^Wjjf*; an

l80nandra <*** from the Pharmaceutical Journal, 1, a flower

cut vertically,
same
3 * he Pistil
the
4, a cross section of the ovary; 5,
'

fruit

8, its cross section.

Fig.

238.Styrax

officinale

239. Styra

<>,

170

ROSAL&.

THE ROSAL ALLIANCE

Natural

L KG i: 311 NOUS PLANTS.

(V. K., p. 539.)

UtoXttxi of ftoal&

3Uffumut0iu? $Iant (Fabacece.)

3Im0itittnart (Drupacece.)

^ppletoorte (Pomacece.)
Itagrbiarttf (Rosacea?.)

Carpel

solitary.

Carpel solitary.

Legume.

Drupe.

5.

Carpels several, adherent.

Carpels several, free.

^angutearutf (Sanguisorbacece.)
tube hardened.

Carpel

or 2.

Petals

Natural Order, lUjjumtnmiiS Pants; Fabacew (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

Petals

p.

0.

Calyx

544.)

Deleterious.

* Papilionaceous Genera.

Lathyrus.

Linnaeus.

Calyx 5-toothed.

Stamens diadelphous. Style

continuous, 2-valved.
Leaves with tendrils.

1.

L.

Pod

dilated upwards.

Cicera Linnaeus.

lea
the
than
Leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs; peduncles 1 -flowered, shorter
angular
seeds
ripe pod with 2 narrow wings on the upper edge

flowers red.
Habitat.
Quality.

2. L.

Fields throughout Europe.

groun
are
they
Ripe seeds narcotic, poisonous, spoiling flour in which

Aphaca

Linnaeus.

Fig. 240.
Leaflets

petioles filiform

i
.

f
ovate,
stipules large,

auriculate.
Indigenous.
Ripe seeds narcotic.
potnero.
a
as
Green seeds and pods eaten

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

L. tuberosus Linnaeus.
ngur,
a
stem
pair;
Leaves pinnated, of one
upp
the
wingless; peduncles many-flowered;
calycine teeth short, triangular.

3.

240

Habitat.

Europe, in chalky or heavy land.

Quality.
Tubers amylaceous, eatable.
Uses.
Employed as food in Holland ; sometimes called Dutch Mice
Fig.

240. Stipulea and

filiform petiole of

Lathyrus Aphaca


171

ROSALS.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Linnceus.

Ervtjm.

Calyx 5-toothed, with sharp linear divisions.

Leaves with

oblong, continuous, 2-4-seeded.

1.

E.

Lens Linnaeus.

Style hairy

all

round.

Pod

tendrils.

(Lentil.)

pedunciliated
lanceolate,
;
stipules
about 8, oblong, smoothish ;
somewhat
short,
broad,
pod
leaf
the
cles 2-3-flowered, as long as
;

Leaflets

truncate, finely netted, smooth, 2-seeded.

Habitat.
Quality.

Hedges
Seeds

in Europe.

amylaceous, nutritious

subnarcotic in large doses

difficult

ot

digestion.

lm.

A food

in

southern countries

the base of Revalenta, a flour so called.

Faba.
Calyx 5-toothcd.
1.

zfort

Stamens diadelphous.

Style filiform.

coriaceous,

tumid, spongy inside.

Seeds with a large scar.
Bean.)
(Common
F. vulgaris Moench.
Linnasus.
Vicia Faba

Leaflets thick,

cronate

2-5, oval, rau-

teeth of calvx

line r.
Habitat.

Borders of the Caspian

Sea.
Quality.

Roots diuretic ; seeds

nutritious when young, but
somewhat poisonous when
ripe.

Glycyrrhiza.

Qdyx

Tournefort.

tubular,

lipped.

delphous.

5-cleft,

2-

Stamens dia-

Pod

ovate
or oblong, 1-4-seeded.
Leaves pinnated, with
an odd one.

Jt

6. glabra

Linnaeus.
(Liquorice.) Fig. 241.

leaflets ovate,

rather blunt

stipules

spikes

stalked, longer than the

feaf ; pods smooth, 3-4-

seeded.
*toit<a.

Wrf-

p,

Pod

South of Europe.
Emollient, demulcent,

nutritious.

Root, or
coughs,

and

extract, in
in the preparaits

tion of pills.

241

Fig.

241. Glycyrrhiza glabra


172

110SALS.

Colutea.

Calyx 5-toothed.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Linnceus*

Pod

Stamens diadelphous.

membranous,

stipitate,

inflated, indehiscent or nearly so.

1. C. arborescens Linnaeus.

Leaflets elliptical, retuse

Habitat.
Quality.

peduncles with about 6 flowers.

South of Europe.
Leaves purgative.

Employed

Uses.

(Bladder Senna,)

in adulterating blunt-leaved

Coronilla.

Senna.

Linnceus.

Calyx campanulate, with the 2 upper of

5 teeth close together. Claws

longer than the calyx.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod

of the petals

its

jointed.
1.

C.

Emerus

Linnaeus.

Shrubby, smooth

(Scorpion Senna.)
stipules minute ; leaflets 5-7, obovate

peduncles

3-flowered.
Habitat.
Quality.

South of Europe.
Leaves purgative, drastic

inconvenient on account of their griping'effects.

Spartium*

Linnceus.

Calyx membranous, spathaceous, 2-lipped.

Stamens monadelphous.

Pod

compressed, many-seeded.
1.

S.junceum Linnaeus. (Spanish Broom.)

Branches smooth, spongy j leaves few, simple, lanceolate

yellow, in terminal racemes.

flowers large,

Habitat.

South of Europe,
Quality.
Seeds emetic, purgative, diuretic, tonic.
Uses.
Dropsy.

Phaseolus.

Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped.

Linnceus.

Stamens diadelphous

the style, rolled spirally.

1. P. multiftorus Willdenow.
(Scarlet Runner.)
Koots tuherous
stem twining leaflets
;

ovate-acuminate

and
keel
the
these,

racemes

stalked,

longer than the leaves.

Habitat.

East Indies.

Quality.

Green

Uses.

fruit nutritious, digestible

roots narcotic, dangerous.

pods eaten boiled as Kidney Beans ; ripe seeds eaten stewed under the
J
r

Young
name of Haricot IWna

'

.onvftAL.us.
Astragalus.

Linnceus.
juinnazus.

Calyx 5-toothed.
Stamens diadelphous. Keel obtuse. Pod continuous,
^-celled by the expansion
with
pinnate,
of the dorsal suture.
Leaves
fin firm
an
odd nnn
one.
1
A. gummifer LabillardiSre.
(White Tragacanth.) Fig. 242.
A spiny bush leaflets smooth, in 4-6 pairs, oblong-linear flowers 3-5,
.

axdlary, sessile

calyxes woolly, 5-cleft.

173

ROSALS

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

2.

Koordistan.
Gum emollient, demulcent

Irritation of

bush

ovate cones

as a vehicle for calomel,

(Red Tragacanth.)

leaflets woolly, in

nutritive.

mucous membranes, gonorrhoea,

A. strobiliferus Lindley.
spiny

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Fig. %43.

3 pairs, aristate; flowers in

sessile axillary

calyx feathery.

243

242

BdnteL
Quality

3.

Koordistan.

and

As

Uses.

the

last,

but of inferior quality.

A. verus Olivier.

Usually said to

be the source of

gum

Tragacanth,

is

very

v
x1
little

^a
*
different

from No. 1

Mucuna.

<%* campanula
.

the upper of

its

Adanson.
two

lips

broad and entire

J^J

*f^^^f23

Stamens
shorter than the wings and keel.
stinging
brittle
with
covered
2-celled,
imperfect.
Pod oblong, torose,
hairs.

M. prurient De Candolle. (Cowage Plant.)

on
I
hairy
rhomboid,
lowers racemose ; leaflets 3, acuminate the middle
;

the under
ffoWtat

Qml,
- '"J-

**

si de.

East Indies.

Root diuretic

Hairs in

worm

unbearable
;

ha

cases.

Tepiirosia.

^nearly
Stamcm

equal, 5-toothed.

Persoon.

Standard broad

downy

or diadelphous.

on the ou tsi,

Pod

sessile,

monadelphous
pressed, many-seeded, with flat valves.
**;/**
T. ii^Knea
iHDioo.)
(Egyptian
De CandoUc
bovate>
obovate,
pairs,
or 5
4
m
leaflets
with close-pressed hairs ;
irregularly

Wing,
J-

o.

Bill-**' !...
il.
silky
beneath.

Fig. 242.-Aatragalus giimmifer

243.

A.

strobiliferus.

ROSALS.

174

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

244

Egypt.
Narcotic

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

yields a fine blue dye.

mixed, sometimes
largely, with Alexandrian Senna. It

Leaves

is

often

commonly

cultivated for

indigo

its

in Nubia.

Be

Cytisus.

Candolle.

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper

Standard

rally entire.

gene-

lip

broad.

Pod
monadelphous.
Stamens
compressed, many-seeded.
(Broom.)
C. scoparius Link.

Fig. 245.
Branches angular, smooth

leaves

simple,

the upper

small,

the

axillary,
flowers
lower
at
hairy
podb
solitary, stalked

trifoliate

the edges.
Heaths of

Habitat.

2.

Europe.

Emetic, purgative,

Quality.

Broomtops

Uses.

all

diuretic.

in dropsy.

(LaLinnaeus.
C. Laburnum
burnum.)

tree

leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate,

downy beneath

racemes pen-

dulous, many-flowered.
Alps of Europe.
Seeds narcotic, dangerous.
ot
cause
frequent
Seeds are a

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

acci-

Tins wowing

dents among children.

principle
active
to the presence of an
called Cytisine.

3.

Scotch
Miller.-(The
C. alpinus

of Gardens.)
has,
last
Perhaps a variety of the
properties.
similar
no doubt,

Laburnum

Fig. 244.
scoparius.

Tephrosia Apollinea;

24.-,.

CytW


175

ROSALS,

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Trigonella.

Linnaeus.

the wings and standard

Pod many-seeded,
presenting the appearance of a tripetalous corolla.
cylindrical, acuminate.
1. T. Fcenum Grcecum Linnseus.
(Fenugreek.)
flowers
stipules falcate, entire
Leaflets 3, obovate, obscurely toothed
sessile
pods netted lengthwise, with a falcate beak.
Calyx campanulate,

Carina very small

5-cleft.

Habitat.
Quality,

South of France.
Seeds emollient.

Poultices of the flour

Uses.

employed

in veterinary practice.

Linnceus.

Indigofera.

Stamens diadelphous.
Keel bent back with elasticityStyle filiform, smooth.
Pod taper, many-seeded. Seeds truncate,
usually separated by cellular diaphragms.
1. I. tinctoria Linnaeus.
(East Indian Indigo.)
racemes axillary, shorter
Leaflets in 4-5-pairs, oval, nearly smooth beneath
than the leaf pods torulose, curved, deflexed.
Calyx 5-cleft.

Habitat
Vitality.
Uses.

East Indies.
Emetic, cathartic, narcotic.

Epilepsy, infantine convulsions, chorea, hysterics

the yaws " in the West Indies.

Linnceus.

Pterocarpus.
Calyx 5-toothed.

f
lor
cure
said to be an effectual

10, variously united.

awing, often varicose,

Pod

irregular, nearly

Stamens
1 -seeded.
orbicular, surrounded by
1- P. santalinus
Linnaeus.
(Red Sandal-wood.)
smooth
retuse,
Stamens 1 and 9
round,
rather
leaflets 3-5, alternate,

racemes axillary
Habitat.

East Indies.

wfe?/.

Astringent.

6 *#.

A mere

petals crenate.

tree.

colouring agent.

P- erinaceus

Lamarck. (African Kino Thee.)

beneath
covered
above,
alternate, elliptical, obtuse, smooth
A tree.
brown down ; pod with a short lateral pointhabitat Gambia.
leaflets

witli

W%

V.

Astringent.
Chronic diarrhoea, pyrosis, leucorrhcea

gargles, injections.

Marsupiurn Roxburgh.
(Indian Kino Tree.)
emarSta raens
rather
elliptical,
monadelphous
leaflets 5-7, alternate,
terpanicle
smooth
ginate, leathery, smooth
branches and calyxes
minal
pod half circular, oblique, smooth. A tree.
;

Habitat.

^%

Malabar.

Astringent.
*n restraining mucous discharges.
*

MYROsrERMUM
7a
j

ty* campanulate,
petals.

5-toothed.
oothed.

Stamens

free.

Pod

Jacquin.

Standard much

than the other

larger tha

stipitate, samaroid.

eaflets

coriaceous, oval, obtuse, smooth

n
"ot
ot veiny on the other.

one
on
thick
very
pod-wing

side.

176

ROSALS.

1.

,
;

LEGUMINOUS

PLANTS,

M. peruiferum De Candolle. (Quinquino.)

> ,

>

^v

' 1

'

^ ^
V

o
^

I *

I
I

'

'l

* *

*
'

'V

*
t

'

*
*
>

M
I

"

Peru and Mexico.

Yields Balsam of Peru, a

Habitat.
Quality.

stimulant

expectorant analogous to Storax.

coughs
winter
catarrh,
chronic
Uses.
Asthma,
cleanses ulcers ; perfumery, fumigations.

toluiferum Achille Richard.

(Balsam of Tolu Tree.)
equilaacuminate,
Leaflets thin, oblong,
teral, rounded at the base.
^Equinoctial America.
Quality.
Similar to No. 1
perfumer}
lozenges,
Uses.
Preparation of Tolu
confectionary, fumigations.

Habitat

Linnceus.

Piscidia.

Calyx campanulate,

5-cleft.

Stamens

the
at
free
monadelphotis, the tenth
*
with
Pod stalked, linear,
base.

longitudinal
1.

A
246

Habitat. West Indies.

Uses.
Substitute for opium

membranous

wing

Seeds separated by partitions.

(Jamaica
P. Erythrina Linnaeus.
Fish Poison.) Fig. 246.

te
leaflets ova

leaves pinnated
as
long
as
pod with a stalk thrice
calyx, and broken wings.

tree

narcotic.
powerful
a
of
root
Quality.
Bark
as a poison for stupifying fish.

mA

Fig. 246 .Leaf of Piscidia

Erythnna.

xw

177

ROSALS.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

* * Cesalpineous Genera.
Cassia,

Linnceus.

somewhat unequal. Petals

3 long, 4 short, 3 abortive.

Sepals 5,

C. elongata

1.

Lemaire.

Leaflets lanceolate,

petiole

Bab Hat

2.

Stamens 10, unequal

(Tinnivelly Senna.)

downy beneath, with

rather

without gland

fine close-pressed

hairs

pods oblong, membranous.

Arabia.

Leaves purgative, scarcely

Constipation, worms, &c.

Quality.
Uses.

5, unequal.

C. acutifolia Delile.

tonic.

(Alexandrian Senna.)

Fig. 247.
Leaflets ovate, with long spreading hairs near the midrib on the under
side;

^
petiole

t-w/-v

+i

rt

J_

without gland

"1

Til
roundish-oblong,
"1

pods

membranous.

JOT* and Nubia.

?$?
^I'ty^dUm.
As

in the last.

C. ohovata
Colladon.
Le lets
obovate,
"

Senna Linnaeus. (Blunt-leaved Senna.)

C.

obtuse ; petiole without gland

and crested about
the middle.

J
u
^wration to which this sort
*

As

the last> but less esteemed

is

pods

flat,

curved, tumid,

probably owing to the extensive

subject.

****** Linnaeus.

Pod

ng, cylindrical,

&'

| Indies

(Pudding Pipe Thee.)

seed.
every
for
with a pulpy
chamber
F

lp ?f

pods P urS ati veif?

!5
iled
with other purgatives

ft

called Cassia

Tamarindus.

8pa

by pharmaceutical writers.

Linnceus.

Petal* 3.
i ^> tubular, reflexed
the two lower entirely connate.
stamens 9-10,
many-seeded, filled
Pod
sterile.
monadelphous
7
r
*!th
:

pulp.

,Caasia

acutifolia


178

ROSALS.

T. indica Linnaeus.

1.

tree

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

(Tamarind Tree.)

leaves abruptly pinnated, in

many

pairs

flowers racemose

pods

at least six times longer than broad.

East Indies.
Quality.
Pulp of fruit nutritive, refrigerant, laxative.
Infusion forms a cooling drink ; a constituent of mild laxative medicines.
Uses.

Habitat.

Copaifera.
Sepals 4, united at base.

Linnceus.

Stamens 10,

Petals 0.

Legume

distinct.

stipitate, 1 -seeded.
1.

C. officinalis Linnaeus.

(Copaiva Tree.) Fig. 248.

Leaves pinnated leaflets
;

in

2 or 3

pairs,

bluntly acuminate,
containing oblong, kidney-shaped,
and circular oil-cysts of very unequal
ovate,

oblique,

size.

Tropical America.

Habitat.
Quality.

The

stimulant, acting principally

oil

upon the mucous membranes, and

urino-

genital apparatus.

Gonorrhoea, catarrhus

Uses.

leucor-

vesicae,

rhcea, &c.
yield
Copaifera
of
species
[N.B. Various
Copaivi balsam of various quality.]

Ceratonia.

Linnceus.

Stamens

5.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 0.

Stigma orbicular. Pod coriaceous,
many-seeded, filled with a spongy
pulp.
1.

Tree.
(Carob
C. Siliqua Linnaeus.
St.
Tree.
Locust
Algaroba.
John's Bread.)
,

A large

tree

pinnate
Habitat.
Quality.

abruptly
evergreen,
leaves

leaflets oval, obtuse,

Syria.

Pulp of

but laxative.
Uses.

A common

fruit

C^esalpinia.

, f _j:

man and

cattle.

Linnceus.

nearly
a
into
Sepals 5, unequal, united
larg<*
lowest,
permanent cup, the

94 8

and arched.

at*.
Petals 5, unguiculate.

Stamens 10, ascending,

Pod unarmed, compressed.

Fig. 248. -Leaf of Copaifera officinalis

parent oil-cysts.

^ui^m

nutritious,

Meoi
the
in
article of food

terranean both for

perfect.

sweet and

flat.

tran
the
showing
a, a magnified view of a portion of a leaf,

179

ROSALS.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS*

coriaria Willdenow.
(Dividivi Tree.)
Unarmed, smooth ; leaves bipinnate, with 5-7 pairs of pinnae
1.

C.

15-20 pairs, linear, blunt

leaflets in

racemes panicled.

Tropical America.
Quality.
Pods gathered before ripeness excessively astringent.
Urn,
By tanners and dyers.

Habitat.

HiEMATOXYLON.

Linnwus.

than
longer
scarcely
Petals
5,
segments5 deciduous
compressed,
Pod
glandular.
the calyx.
anthers
Stamens 10, hairy
in
flat, acuminate at each end, indehiscent, 2-seeded, breaking across

Calyx tubular, with

the middle.
H. campeachianum Linnaeus.

Leaves pinnate,

red
Habitat.
Quality.

ftw.

(Logwood Tree.)

or imperfectly bipinnate

leaflets

obcordate

flower-buds

flowers yellow.

Campeachy.
Bark a mild astringent.

Old diarrhoeas, dysenteries, hemorrhages, leucorrhoea.

dye.

* * * Mimoseous Genera.

Acacia.

Linrueus.

<%e
{

Stamens 00.
4-5-toothed.
Petals 4-5.
2-valved
A. Verek Guillemin. (Gum Arabic Tree.)

Branches

smooth

spines recurved, in threes

Pod
Fig.
F
petiole
peti

continuous, juiceless,

249.

unarmed

glaucous
obi
3-5 pairs ; leaflets in 10-15 pairs, linear, obtuse,
spiked ; pod oblong, thin.

g*K Senegal.
**
astringent, tonic.
S**
w Xields true
white Gum Arabic.
-

FiK.

Perrottet.

249. Acacia Verek.

n2

pinna* in
;

flowers

180

ROSALS.

2.

A. nilotica Delile.
branches and petioles downy; pinnae

A, arabica Willdenow.

Spines in pairs
in

10

pairs, oblong-linear,

globose heads

smooth

in 4-6 pairs

a gland on the petiole

leaflets

flowers in

pod moniliform

Habitat. Senegal, &c.

As the last.
Quality.
Yields a bad red gum,
Uses.
3.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

A, vera Willdenow.

unknown

Mimosa

commerce.

in

Perrottet.

nilotica Linnaeus.

leaflets
pinnae in 2 pairs
branches and leaves smooth
Spines in pairs
of
heads
pinnae
the
between
gland
8-10
oblong-linear
a
in
pairs,
flowers globose ; pods moniliform.
;

Habitat.

Senegal.

Quality.

Pods very

Uses.

Said to yield

astringent.

Gum

Arabic, and a part of

Gum

Senegal.

A. Adansonii Guillemin.
(Red Gum Arabic Tree.)
leaflets
pair
4-6
pinnae
downy
Spines in pairs
branches and leafstalks
12-16 pair, oblong-linear a gland between the upper and lower pinnae;
heads stalked, axillary, in threes or fours pod torulose, 10-12-seeded.

4.

Habitat. Senegal.
Quality.
Pods and bark powerfully astringent.
Uses.
Yields red
Arabic. Perrottet.

Gum

A. Catechu Willdenow,

(Catechu Tree.)
pinnae in 10
Stipulary, prickly, straight when young, hooked afterwards
the
at
gland
pairs
depressed
leaflets in 40-50 pairs, with a single
base of the petiole, and 2 or 3 between the upper pinnae ; spikes

5*

cylindrical.

Habitat

East Indies.
Quality.
Astringent ; * more powerful than Kino." Pereira.
Uses.
Relaxed uvula, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, gleets, fluor albus/&c.

Inga.

Calyx 5-toothed.

Petals

5,

Plumier.

united.

Pod

Stamens 00-

linear,

filled

with pulp or farinaceous matter.

1. I. Sassa Willdenow.
umbelin
Pinnae in 3-4 pairs
flowers
leaflets in 12 pairs, oblong-ovate
late panicles
stamens monadelphous beyond the corolla.
;

Habitat. Abyssinia.
Quality.
Pulp of fruit sweet ; a source of gum.
Uses.
Said to produce the Gum Sassa of commerce.

Natural Order, SlmonUiuorts

Prevailing Quality.

Drupacece (V.

KM

p. 557.)

Production of Hydrocyanic acid.

Amygdalus.

Drupe with

coarsely-furrowed
conduplicate.

1.

A. communis Linnaeus.

Tournefort.

and wrinkled putamen.

(Almond Tree.)

Leaves obJong-lanceolate, serrulate

tough fibrous sarcocarp.

Young

leaM*

Fig. 250.

flowers solitary;

witn
downy,
drupe

181

ROSALS.

ALMOND WORTS.

Barbary.
Quality.
Seeds of the Sweet Almond nutritive and
emollient, but indigestible ; of the Bitter Almond
poisonous, abounding in hydrocyanic acid.
Um. Sweet Almonds in dessert, confectionary, emulsion; Bitter Almonds when hydrocyanic acid is
required, and as a flavouring agent.

Habitat.

2.

A. Persica Linnaeus.

The

(The Peach.

Nectarine,)
Leaves

oblong-lanceolate,

solitary

serrulate

flowers

drupe downy or smooth, with a

tender succulent sapid sarcocarp,

North of India

Persia.
Quality.
Nutritious, refrigerant ; bark, blossoms, and
skin of the seeds poisonous.
I'm.
Common at dessert ; blossoms a vermifuge
stewed fruit in slight constipation ; kernels when

Habitat

bitter are like

Cerasus .

250

Bitter Almonds.

Tournefort.

Drupe smooth, with a po-

even put amen.

lished

Young leaves conduplicate.

1-

Laurocerasus

seleur. (Common
rel.)

Loi-

Lau-

Fig. 251.

Leaves

ovate-lanceolate,
evergreen, convex, re-

motely serrated, with

from 2 to 4 glands on
the under side;

racemes

shorter than the leaves.

Xahitat,

Trebizond.
Quality.
Poisonous, acts like
hydrocyanic acid.
uses.

Forms

laurel -water, a
substitute for hydrocyanic

acid in palpitation
of
heart, &c. Vapour

the
of bruised
destroys small in-

'eaves
sects.

C. virginicma

Michaux.
(Virginian
Bird
Cherry.)

Le *ves

oblong-acuminate,

doubly-toothed, smooth,
deciduous, with about

glands on each petoole

flowers in erect
racemes.
*

Jf**.
**%.

United States.

Bark

astringent,
feh

bnfiigal.

nst

intermittents

dysentery.
~

____

Fig.

250. Flower of Amygdala* communis

.f;i
;

fpnisus
LeraBU Laurc cerasus

182

ROSALS.

ALMOND WORTS.

(Common Cherry.)
C. vulgaris Miller.
Leaves oblong, serrate, acuminate, deciduous, with long glandular petioles;
fruit succulent, sapid.
flowers in clusters ; petals white
3.

Habitat. Asia Minor.

Quality.
Fruit succulent, sweet, subacid a favou
Cherry-tree gum, a substitute for Tragacanth.
;

Prunu3.

yields

Tournefort.

Young

smooth, glaucous, succulent, with a smooth putamen.

Drupe

Bark

article of dessert.

leaves

convolute.

P. spinosa Linnaeus.
(The Sloe.)
Branches spiny ; leaves obovate-elliptical or ovate, downy beneath,
and doubly toothed peduncles solitary ; fruit very austere.
1.

finely

Habitat.
Quality.

Hedges.

Indigenous.

Fruit austere, astringent.

Leaves dried and mixed with tea

Uses.

bark in intermittents.

P. Coccomilia Tenore.
Leaves obovate, smooth on each side, with glandular crenatures

2.

short, in pairs
Habitat.

Calabria.

Quality.

Bark

fruit ovate-oblong,

mucronate.

febrifugal.

P. domestica Linnseus.

(The Common Plum.)

Possesses qualities like the last, but much weaker.

exudes a gum analogous to Tragacanth.

P.

Armeniaca Linnseus.

Fruit laxative

(The Apricot Tree.)

Leaves cordate, long- stalked, smooth
flowers sessile

4.

peduncles

Largely employed against the intermittents of Calabria.

Uses.

3.

downy
Habitat.

when stewed. Bar

a
with
sapid,
fruit

skin.

The Levant, and the Himalayahs.

Fruit refrigerant, laxative.

_
s
suctt*
great
Uses.
The fruit, whether fresh or dried, is largely employed, and with
in the East, against the dangerous fevers of the country.

Quality.

Natural Order, &pjrtdD0rts

Prevailing Quality.

Pomacece (V. K.,

p. 559.)

Austerity.

Pyrus.

Linnceus.

Fruit 5-celled, with a cartilaginous endocarp, and 2 seeds in each cell.

1. P. Malus Linnseus.
(The Apple Tree.)
n(j
a
Leaves ovate, acute, crenate, woolly beneath, as are the calyx-tube
pom
the
their own under-side ; styles smooth
fruit narrowest next

Habitat.

Middle of Europe.

Quality.

Fruit agreeable

Uses.

2.

A common

when cooked,

article of dessert

P. communis

nutritious and digestible.

the more austere varieties form cyder.

Linnams. (The Pear Tree.)

,
Fig. 252.
Leaves ovate, serrated, smooth on both sides, as well as the wood and bu
fruit narrowest at the base.

APPLE WORTS.

183

ROSALS.

Middle of Europe.
and Uses. As in P. Malus.

Habitat.

Quality

The fermented

juice

is

perry.

(The Mountain Ash.)

Aiicuparia Gaertner.
leaflets serrated
Leaves pinnated, nearly smooth
3.

P.

buds downy

fruit

globose.

Woods.

Habitat.

and

Quality

Uses.

in large quantity.

Flowers, bark, and root yield hydrocyanic acid

Berries contain malic acid in abundance.

Cydonia.

Tournefort.

mucilaginous
many
and
endocarp
Fruit 5-celled, with a cartilaginous
seeds in each cell.
Fig. 253.
1. C. vulgaris Persoon. (The Quince Tree.)
the
also
is
as
side,
under
Leaves ovate, entire, deciduous, downy on the
;

calyx

sepals leafy.

253

252
Habitat.

w^*

rind

-vtumcein emollient,
u^nantinc euiw
f
nrms
a
terms
juice
Fruit forms a marmalade much esteemed ; fermented
lips, cracKea
cracked
wine ; mucilage of seeds applied externally to
painful hemorrhoids, erysipelatous affections of the skin.

Natural Order, 0<$rtu0rte

Rosacea

(V. K., p. 563.)

Astringency
Potentilla.

Linwms-

CaUp 4-5-lobed, with as many bracts. Carpels 00, dry.

Fingers.)
P
Five
reptem Linnrous. (Cikquefoil.
i;
-

Stem creeping

toothed
obovate,
5-nate,
leaflets
;
1.
1
_
1
ll. .
UntTAO
axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves.
t- 1

J.

Fi

Common

at -

yWty

II

and Uses.

and woods.
rmentiUa
Like those of P. Ton
in hedges

Pyrus

calyx 5-lobea

Also a febrifuge.


184

ROSALS.

ROSEWORTS.

P. Tormentilla Nestler.
(Tormentil.)
Calyx and corolla t e trainer on s.

2.

" XS*
yw(<ity.

h
"I*and
Astringent

Fig. 254.

d0wns ^erywhere

ftonic.
fe

diarrhoea

red
dyes
Orkneys,
the

in Lapland.
-

ww ,,

^miueus.

peSE
Habitat.

(S
(^ILVERWEED.)
Wkh

SilVerj
'

S ft

haIfS '

interru P tedl

y P

Roadsides.

extremely

Distilled

water said to be cosmetic.

Wy

innate

Frag aria

LlS

"
Jit ."?
deciduous
-v^.viuuua succulent
torus.

Linnceus.

"i>*

00, dry,

on a convex

F. vesca Linnrcus.-(WooD
Strawberry.)
Leaves hairy, pl ait ed,
thin, pale green
hairs of the flower-stalks
1.

pressed.

Fig. 2o4.-Potentilla Tormentilla.

close-

185

ROSALS.

Woods

of Europe.
Fruit a delicious article of dessert.

Habitat,
Quality.
2.

ROSE WORTS.

F. virginiana Miller,

(Garden Strawberry.)

Leaves broad, smooth, shining, nearly even, glaucous beneath.

United States and Canada.

Like the last, but not so aromatic, and more sweet.

Habitat.
Quality.

Geum.
Calyx 5-lobed, with as

hooked
1

G.

styles,

many

Linnaeus.

bracts.

Carpels 00, dry, with hardened

forming a bur.

urbanum Linnaeus.
(Avens.

Herb

Bennett.) Fig. 255.

Radical leaves

interrupt-

edly

pinnate
and
lyrate, those of the
stem ternate ; lower
joint

of

the style
much longer than
the upper, which is
smooth.

Habitat.

Hedges and thickets.

Quality.

Aromatic, tonic, as-

tringent.
les.

Diarrhoea, leucorrhcea,
dysentery, intermittents
;
an ingredient in some

ales.

6. rivale

Linnaeus.

(Water Avens.)
^aves interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, those
of the stem ternate
flowers nodding, dull
Purple ; the two joints
of the style of equal

length.
BfAUta.

w%

Wet meadows and

woods.

and Uses.

Same

as
Root in bladder

the last.

leases.
3

GL canadense
Jacquin.

--(Chocolate Root.
Blood Root.)
^is, which

a native of the
Umted States, has some
reputation as a mild tonic.
is

j;>5

Fig.

255. Geum urbanum.

186

ROSALS.

Agrimonia.

ROSEWORTS.

Linnaeus.

Calyx 5-clcft, without bracts tube fleshy, at length tough, covered with
hooked bristles, and investing a couple of carpels.
1. A. Eupatoria Linnaeus.
(Agrimony.) Fig.
;

256.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, downy

calyx of
beneath
;

obconic
the fruit
outer bristles spreading.
Habitat. Fields and roadsides.
Slightly aromatic,
Quality.
styptic, bitter.
Uses.

Decoction used in gargles ; dried leaves form a

kind of herb-tea; root
has been employed as a
vermifuge.

Com arum.

Linnceus.

as
with
Calyx
many bracts. Carpels
5-cleft,

00, dry, on a convex

persistent succulent
torus.
1.

C. palustre Linnaeus.

Leaves pinnate

leaflets

sersharply
oblong,
dark
flowers
rate

purple

petals small.

Marshes and

bogs.

Habitat.
valua
be
to
Said
Quality.
able remedy for intermittent fevers.

2. )f5

g.

256'. Agrimonia Eupatoria

a, perpendicular section of flower

ft,

ripe

fruit,

187

ROSALS.

Rubus.

ROSEWORTS.

Linnceus.

Drupes

Calyx 5-lobed, without bracts.

00, placed upon a long torus, and

adhering to each other.

1. R. Idceus Linnseus.
(The Raspberry.)
Stem erect
leaves pinnate, white beneath

corymbose

Woods

Habitat.

flowers axillary and terminal,

calyx woolly.

west of England.
Quality.
Fruit fragrant, subacid, wholesome.
Uses.
Forms preserves a kind of vinegar ; a useful fever drink.
in the

Linnceus.

Spiraea.
Calyx 5-cleft, without bracts.
seeded.
1.

S.

Carpels

or

more,

follicular,

many-

Filipendula Linnseus.
(Dropwort.)

Leaves interruptedly pinnate

oblong, deeply
cut and serrate cymes paleaflets all

nicled
Habitat.

follicles hairy.

Upland pastures.

Quality.

Tonic, fragrant
rather nutritious.

the tubers

S.

Ulmaria Linnaeus.
(Meadow Sweet.)
Fig.

257.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leaflets ovate,
the terminal large, 3-5-lobed ; cymes

compound, proliferous;

follicles

smooth,

contorted.
Habitat

Moist meadows.
Quality.
Flowers yield a fragrant
Roots astringent.

Brayera.

water

distilled

Kunth.

Qalyx turbinate,

with a double 5-parted

limb.
Petals resembling scales. Carpels 2, 1-2-seeded.
Stigmas peltate.
1
Seeds solitary, pendulous.
B. anthelmintica Kunth.
tree
peduncles branched, covered with
;

soft

hairs ; flowers in fours ;

roundish.
(Leaves unknown.)
Habitat.
-

n
v****

bracts

Quality-

Abyssinia.

Purgative, anthelmintic

very active

Reported to be a verv effectual vermifuge.

C<*lyx

tubul ar ,

Gillema. Moench.
5-toothed
mouth,
contracted at the

Stamens 10-15, short, enclosed.

capitate stigma, partially connate
Fig.

Carpels

257. Spiraea UlmariA

5,

unean
long, linear.
IsJong
Petals
Feta
and
tjle
filiform
inth a

188

ROSALS.

1.

SANGUISORBS.

G. trifoliata Moench.

Leaves
Habitat.

3-foliolate

United

stipules linear, acuminate, entire.

States.

Quality.
Root emetic
operation.

employed as Ipecacuanha, but said to be uncertain

Rosa.

Calyx with a

in its

Linnceus.

permanent tube, enclosing 00 bony carpels.

1. R. gdllica Linnaeus.
(French Rose.)
Prickles and setae nearly equal, weak; leaflets stiff, elliptical; flowers erect
sepals ovate
fruit bracteate, nearly globose
sepals compound.
fleshy

Habitat.

Centre of Europe
Quality.
Petals mild astringents and tonics ; also laxative.
Uses.
Chiefly used for colouring and flavouring other medicines.

(Provins Rose.

tifolia

Cabbage Rose.)

Prickles and setae unequal, the larger falcate

fringed with glands
viscid;

leaflets oblong, wrinkled,

flowers nodding

calyxes

fruit bracteate, oblong.

The eastern

Habitat.

slope of Caucasus.
Quality.
Petals laxative, deliciously fragrant ; the odour dangerous to some constitutions.
Uses.
Petals form Syrup of Roses, and yield rosewater by
distillation.

3.

R. canina Linnaeus.

No setas

prickles equal,

(Dog Rose.)
hooked leaflets
;

ovate, with-

out glands, with converging serratures, rigid

sepals deciduous, compound
root-shoots arched.

Habitat.
Quality.

Hedgerows.
Pulp of fruit nutritive,

slightly

refrigerant and

astringent
Uses.

Forms Conserve

Natural Order,

of Heps.

jg>aiigutarfjs?;

Sanguisorbacece

(V. K., p. 561.)

Prevailing Quality.

Astrinirency

Poterium.
Flowers
calyx.

Linnceus.
scales at the base of the

Three
Stamens 00.
Stigma

pencilled.

P. Sanguisorba Linnaeus.
(Burnet.)
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-ovate

Fig. 258.

1.

flowers,

g
Fig. 258.-

heads

male at the base, female at the apex.

a
Poterium Sanguisorba; a, perpendicular section of flower

o, fruit.

of


189

SAXIFRAGALS.

SAXIFRAGES

Meadows.
Quality.
Astringent, tonic.
Sometimes used as a herb tea. A common sheep

LOOSESTRIFES

Habitat.
Uses.

THE SAXIFRAGAL ALLIANCE

food.

(V. K., p. 566.)

Natural

J*>ajrtfraja;tg

Saxifragacece.)

Style3

distinct

Leaves alternate.

lN

Vr

?/

1Ln$titxiit$ {Lythracece.)

Styles consolidated

Leaves opposite.

'

**

Natural Order, g>artf ra<jrS ;

Saxifragacece (V. K.,

p. 567.)
\
.

'

Prevailing Quality.

Astringency.

5<
ft

Heuchera.

-v

Linnams.

Calyx 5-cleft. Prfafe undivided.

very long.

Stamens

Styles

5.

H. americana Linnaeus.
(Alum-root,)
Covered with clammy down
leaves roundish, lobed,
with mucronate dilated teeth
peduncles dicho;
tomous, straggling,

Habitat

United States.
Root strongly styptic.
Quality.
Where powerful astringents are needed ; forms a wash

'

for

wounds and obstinate

ulcers.

4*

'

7
7.

Natural Order, JLooSrstrtfrS

Lythracece (V. K.,

I

p.

Prevaili

Quality.

574.)

Astringency, acridity.

Lythrum.

Linncens.

Calyx cylindrical,
striated, with a double row of short
broad teeth.
Stamens twice as
Petals 4-6.
ma ny. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
*

L. Salicaria

Fig.

Le av es

(Common Loosestrife.)

Linnseus.

259.

lanceolate,

cordate

flowers

spiked, nearly

sessile.

-*%*
Qualv
**y-

Ditches and river banks.

Demulcent, astringent.

Ammannia.
Cal
wyx
campanulate,

#ies.

Diarrhoea, dysentery

Linnaua.

with a double row

of teeth.

Petals 0.

Stamens

4.

A. vesicatoria
Roxburgh.
stem erect,
to the base
tapering
lanceolate,
branched ; leaves sessile,

flowers sessile, in close whorls.

East Indies.
acnd
r
The
sme11
whole
muriatic
;
lant
stron
has
a
!
P
8
it
#i
* Lsed in India to raise blisters in rheumatism, &c.

gH

Fig. 250.

Flowers

of

Lythrum

Salicaria,

190

GENTIANALS

Heimia.

HOLLY WORTS.

Link.

Calyx campanulate, with 2 bracts at base, with a double row of 12 teeth

Petals 6.
Stamens 12.
licift
(Hanchinol.)
Leaves in threes or opposite, the upper often alternate ; petals obovate.
Habitat.

New

Quality.

Uses.

Has

Spain.

powerful sudorific and diuretic.

a great Mexican reputation in venereal diseases.

THE GENTIANAL ALLIANCE

Natural rtar*

(V. K., p. 594.)

otttanaW.

$0lfoto0rte (Aquifoliacece.)

Stigma

Stipules 0.

Placentae

simple.

axile.

fBatibm& (Apocynacece.)

Stipules

0.

Stigma trochlear.
Hajjautaiftf

Stipules in-

(Loganiacece.)

terpetiolar.
0.
Stipules
(Gentianacece.)
<Sntttanto0rtjS
Stigma simple. Placentae parietal.

if61%

(V. K., p. 597.)

Tonic, emetic, diuretic

Prevailing Quality.

Prinos.

Linnceus.

Flowers polygamous fy

Fruit

with.

6 stones

P. verticillatus Linnaeus.
ted,
serra
Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate,
1.

downy beneath

axillary

male flowers

in small umbels.
Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

United States.

emetic.
also
latter
the
Bark and fruit tonic ;
fever.
by
attended
In cases of great debility,

Linnaeus.

Ilex.

Flowers polygamous
stones.

-f/

Fruit

with 4-5

Linmeus. (The

Holly

Aquifolium
Tree.) Fig. 261.
spinyshining,
Leaves ovate, acute, wavy,
toothed
flowers somewhat umbelled.
1.

260

Fig. 260.

Hex paraguayensi

191

GENTIANALS,

Habitat.

Woods.

Quality.

Leaves astringent, tonic

Intermittent fevers

Uses.

2.

I.

root and bark emollient, expectorant, diuretic

icterus.
Bark yields birdlime.

paraguay ensis

(Paraguay

Tea.)

Fig. 260.

smooth

St.

Hilaire.

Perfectly

H0LLYW0RTS.

leaves

lanceolate-oblong, apiculate,

serrated

pe-

duncles axillary, manyparted ; stones wrinkled.

Habitat.

Paraguay and Brazil.

Quality.

Stimulating, narcotic ;
diuretic, diaphoretic.
Uses.
Forms the Paraguay Tea
or Mate, largely used in
South America.
3.

vomitoria Aiton.
Leaves oblong, blunt at each
end,
crenato-serrate,
I.

smooth umbels lateral,

;

nearly sessile.
Habitat.
Quality.

acts

Natural

United States.
A strong decoction
as a mild emetic.

Order, ojrfianrS;

APcynacece(Y.K.

9V .599.)

Prevailing Quality.
emetic, drastic,

261

Acrid,
poisonous.

Cerbera.

Linnaeus.

Calyx without glands.

Co-

rolla

hypocrateriform.
Ovules 2-4 in each

ovary.

Fruit a Drupe.

Tanghin

Hooker.

fanghinia venenifer"Poiret.

Le *ves

lanceolate,

at the

edge

revolute
smooth,
coriaceous,
base,
much tapering to the
cymes dichotomous, terminal.

Xahitat.

Madagascar.
W^.V. Kernel a deadly poison. It is asserted that, although not larger than an
Almond, one kernel is sufficient to destroy twenty people. It was used in MadaThe kerne was
gascar as an ordeal, but the practice is now discontinued.
Pounded on a stone with water, and the emulsion thus obtained was distributed
among the supposed criminals.
I

p ig.

2B1..

tagnified

192

GENTIANALS.

2.

C.

Manghas

DOGBANES.

Linnaeus.

Leaves lanceolate, tapering

tomous, terminal.

to the base, coriaceous,

smooth

cymes

East Indies.
Kernel emetic poisonous, purgative.
Quality.
Leaves used in some parts of India as a substitute for Senna, especially
Uses.
according to Waiz.

dicho-

Habitat.

Nerium.

in Java,

Linnceus.

Calyx 5-parted, with numerous glands

inside.

with large lacerated faucial appendages.

Corolla hypocrateriform,
Fruit bifollicular.

N. Oleander Linn&us. (The Oleander.)

Leaves opposite and ternate, lanceolate, acute.
1.

Shores of the Mediterranean.

Habitat.
Quality.

All the parts acrid, poisonous, very dangerous.

Uses.
Decoction of leaves kills vermin and cures itch powdered bark and wood a
;
rat-poison.
Cases are recorded of persons having been poisoned by meat roasted

upon skewers of Oleander wood.

Allamanda.
Calyx

5-parted,

without

Linnceus.

glands.

Fl
campanulate

limb.

Fruit

prickly capsule.*

A. cathartica Linnaeus.
Leaves whorled or opposite, oblong,
1.

acuminate, membranous
lobes
of the calyx acuminate, smooth.
;

Habitat.

West

Indies.
Quality.
Cathartic, poisonous, emetic.
Uses.
An infusion of the leaves in small
doses in painters' colic. In over-doses
it is

violently emetic

Ichnocarpus.

and purgative.

jB.

Brown.

Corolla hypocrateriform, with a

callous contracted orifice.
Hypo-

gynous glands 5, long, capitate.

Stigma with a long subulate
point.

I.frutescensR. Brown. Fig. 262.

Leaves elliptical, acute at each end,
smooth above.
1.

Habitat
East Indies, especially the island
262
ot Ceylon.
Quality.
Purgative, alterative.
Ises.
Sometimes used in the East Indies as a substitute for Sarsaparilla
Fig. 2fi2. Ichnocarpus frutescens
in flower, after

Bunnann's

figure.

193

GENTIANALS.

LOGANIADS.

Natural Order, EDflanuOWj Loganiacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

p. 602.)

Tonic, poisonous.

Spigelia.

Linnaeus.

Calyx glandular inside.

Corolla long, slender, valvate.
Stamens with
long filaments. Capsule composed of 2 cocci, circumscissile at the base.
S.

1-

marilandica Linnams. (Worm Grass.)

erenmal ; stem simple, quadrangular
leaves
;
hairy at the

Habitat.

Hmhty

edge

United States.
Purgative ; a poisonous narcotic.
very powerful vermifuge.

2-

Anthelmia Linnaeus.

Annual

ovate-lanceolate,

corolla scarlet outside, yellow inside.

"*.

S.

sessile,

leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, the upper in whorls of 4 ; racemes

spicate from the axils of the upper leaves ; flowers very small, purplish.
;

ftMtefe

Tropical America.
Hmity and Uses. Like
the last

but

its

properties disappear with keepin S-

Strychnos.

Linnceus.

Corolla

Stamens with very short

hypocrateriform, with valvate lobes.
filaments.
Berry coated with a rind, 1 -celled, with discoidal seeds

1
'

dged in ul
P P*

^wx-vomica Linnaeus. (NuxMICA Tree
Fi
263
-)

r;.JA
^ irrn i

S-

leaves roundish-oblong,
stalked, 3-5-nerved,
perfectly
;

smooth

corymbs terminal.

?<

East Indies.
******
Seeds a
most dangerous
.

Poison
;

yield

^ychnia. Tonic,
'
diuretic.

*nervousParalysis,
affec-

ons

dyspepsia,
Pyrosis,
impo.'
wnce, dysentery.

2
-

pseudoquina A. St. Hilaire.

'
x-^ A UE rLANT.)
IVpalche
Plant.
,
,
rufous on
and
velvety
corky cirrhi
;
leaves ovate, quintuple-nerved,
under
8.

W*

^ft.
lty
vl

Brazil.

t*

'

AH

the parts bitter, astringent, except the fruit.

bark (Copalche bark) reputed to be the most vi
*;/
v
mtenmttents nf r,;i
'

Fig. 263. -Strychnos

Nux -vomica

LOG AM ADS.

194

GENT1ANALS.

(Wouiuly Shrub.)

tOXlfi

Fig. 264.

Brandies climbing and covered with long rufous hairs, as well as the
leaves nearly sessile, oval-oblong, membranous, 3-nerved,

cirrhi

acute,

covered with long coarse hairs.

Habitat.
Quality.

Demerara.
A most dan-

gerous poison, acting

like Nux vomica; is
the base of a formidable substance,
called Wooraly , used
among the savages
of

Demerara.

Bark has been

used as an applica-

Uses.

tion to foul ulcers.

Natural Order, (Kcnttantonrte

Prevailing Quality.

Gentianacew (V. K.,

619.)

Pure bitterness.

Gentian a.
^Estivation of the corolla left-handed.

Linnceus.
Style 0.

Flowers not glandular

Stigmas 2, revolute.
1. G. lutea Linnaeus. (Yellow Gentian.)
Corolla rotate, yellow
leaves broad, many-nerved, on a
;

Habitat.
Quality.

p.

stout, erect stem.

European Alps.

pure bitter ; narcotic, deleterious in large doses.

the
relax
Uses.
Dyspepsia ; intermittents ; against worms. In full doses it is apt to
a
possesses
bowels, and it does not always agree with the stomach ; in fact it
volatile principle capable of producing nausea and a kind of intoxication.
*
root contains a good deal of sugar and mucilage, which enables the Swiss to prep
from it a liqueur held in high esteem among that people.
Fig 204. Leaves of Strychnos toxifern.


195

GENTIANALS.

punctata Linnseus.
Corolla plaited, campanulate

GENTIANWORTS.

G.

2.

the corolla triangular

stigmas naked
capsule
calyx entire ; leaves acute.

sessile

plaits of

Habitat

Alps of Europe.
Quality and Uses.
Quite like the
G.

3.

last.

purpurea Linnaeus.

Corolla plaited,

campanulate

the corolla truncate

Alps of Europe.
Quality and Uses.
As the

stigmas naked ; capsule sessile

leaves smooth at the edge.

plaits of

Habitat.

All yield * Gentian-root: 1

last.

G. Amarella Linnseus,
G. campestris Linnaeus

4.
5.

are other European substitutes for Gentiana

lutea.

Agathotes.
Estivation of corolla left-handed.
glandular pits, covered in by a
1. A. CMrayita Don.
(Chireeta
Flowers <y ; corolla longer than

Don.

Corolla naked at base, with

Style 0.
fringed scale.
Stamens monadelphous.

Plant.)
the calyx

leaves

ovate and cordate,

smooth.
Habitat.
Quality.

North of India.
Those of Gentiana

lutea.

uses.

Dyspepsia in gouty subjects

and diminishes the tendency
to acidity."_P<jmra.
The

* Strengthens the stomach, obviates flatulency

whole plant is pulled up at the

time the flowers begin to decay, and is dried for
use.
Its
febrifugal properties are in
high estimation with European
practitioners in India, who use
it

instead of Cinchona
the latter is not to be

when

procured.

Erythr^a.
Estivation

handed,

Benealm.

of

corolla

Style

left-

distinct,

deciduous. Anthers having

a spiral and projecting connective.

Inflorescence cen-

trifugal.

Corolla regular,
hypocrateriform.
E. Centaurium Persoon.

(Centaury.)
L ymes

Fig. 265.

dichotomous
flowers
numerous, pink
stigma
double; tube of corolla twice
as long as the calyx
stem
;

erect.

265

Fig.

265. Erythr*ea Centaurium

o 2

196

GENTIANALS.

GENT1ANW0RTS.

gravelly and heavy pastures.

^
Gentian
the
of
properties
essential
all
the
possesses
It
Gentian.
As
Quality and Uses.
medicine.
native
valuable
is
a
professionally
used
not
although
and
shops,
the
of
In manv places it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy.

Habitat

Dry

266

Menyanthes.
of

^Estivation

Linnceus.
corolla

in-

Seeds in the
middle of each valve.

duplicative.

M. trifoliata Linnaeus
(Buck Bean.) Fig. 266.

Rhizome creeping

leaflets

ternate, entire at thebase;

corolla bearded.

Swamps.

Habitat

astringent
Tonic,
Quality.
cathartic, even emetic.
Where bitter tonics are
Uses.

rhizome, ga-

required, the
also
and
August,
in
thered
used.
been
have
seeds
the
for
substitute
occasional
An
hops. All the plant intensely
bitter.
valumost
the
of
one
Reckoned
doses
Large
able of tonics.

purging?
vomiting,
produce
diapowerful
and frequently
recomEspecially
phoresis.
ana
intermittent
in

mended

hergout,
remittent fevers,

petic

tism,

complaints, rheumaana
scurvy,
dropsy,

worms.
Ventenat.

Villarsia.
1

Ventenymph(eoides
V.
nat.

This

common

wild

aqua-

properties

possesses
Meof
those
analogous to
tic

nyanthes.

Fig. 266. Menyanthes trifoliata

a, ripe fruit

h, a cross section of

it

c,

a seed

197

CORTUSALS.

LEAD WORTS.

THE CORTUSAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 637.)

Natural Orlrer af GorttufeI&

Seed

Stamens opposite

(Plumbaginacece .)

Itealfto0rt^

petals.

Styles 5.

1.

Stamens

(Primulacew.)

JJrtmtonrte

opposite

Style

petals.

1.

Seed 00.

Natural Order, Hortrtoorte

Prevailing Quality.

Plumbaginacece (V, K.,

Linncetis.

Corolla hypocrateriform.

Calyx 5-lobed, herbaceous, glandular.

connate.
P. zeylanica Linnseus.

Stem scrambling, shrubby

slightly

auriculate

dense spikes
Habitat.

leaves oblong,
in

flowers

long

corolla regular, white.

East Indies.

Quality.

Extremely acrid.
Sliced roots and leaves produce
_

"se$.

blisters as

readily as cantharides ; applied in India to

incipient buboes ; an infusion in olive oil forms

a useful wash for ulcers.

P. scandens

Linn^ua.
flBUS.
otem scrambling, shrubby; leaves oblonglanceolate, slightly auriculate ; spikes
long, terminal, lax ; corolla regular,
white.
Habitat.

West

Hmhty and
"

Indies.

Like the

Uses.

europcea
F5 g. 267.

ranches

lono\
a,

last.

Linnseus.

(Leadwort.)

striated

slender,

auriculate, with calcareous

slightly irregular
jUulity.

leaves

powder on

limb of the corolla

under
JWto*.

South of Europe.
Excessively acrid

flowers violet.

emetic.
**
A stimulating wash for old ulcers, but extremely painful ; the leaves chewed against
toothache ; forms issues ; raises blisters.

Armeria.

Willdenow.

Calyx membranous, naked.

Styles distinct,

feathery.
*

A. vulgaris

640.)

Acridity, causticity.

Plumbago

1-

p.

J.

Willdenow. (Thrift.)
Fig.

267. Plumbago

europrea.

.7

Styles

198

CORTUSALS.

PRIM WORTS.

smooth, or nearly so
involucral leaves herbaceous at the back.

Csespitose

leaves linear,

Common

Cliffs.

Quality.

Flowers active and useful as diuretics.

Natural Order, $rimtoart

Prevailing Quality.

scapes dwarf,

villous

Primulacece (V. K.,

p. 644.)

Acridity.

Primula.

Linnaeus.

Corolla hypocrateriform, dilated in the

Capsule ovate, 5-valved.
1. P. veris Linnseus.
(Cowslip.)

orifice.

Filaments very

scape longer, bearing an umbel at the end

of corolla short, concave.

Leaves oblong, rugose

Habitat.

gardens as an edging.

Habitat*

in

short.

limb

Meadows.

Flowers sedative.
Uses.
When fermented with sugar they form a soporific domestic wine
wheys.

Quality.

Cyclamen.

IAnnceus.

Corolla rotate, with a long reflexed

limb. Anthers prominent, cuspi-

Peduncles twisted spirally

downwards after flowering. Fruit
date.

leathery, scarcely dehiscent,

1. C.
europceum Linnaeus.
Sow-

Bread.)

Fig. 268.

269

268
Fig.

U{>8.

Cyclamen europseum

2f>y.

Anagallis arvensis

used

for

199

SOLANALS.

OLIVKWORTS.

Leaves reniform-orbicular, crenated, slightly angular

orifice of

the corolla

5-sided.

South of Europe.
and Uses. Extremely acrid

Habitat
Quality

a drastic purgative

emmenagogue.

Anagallis.
Capsule circumscissile (a pyxis).
1. A. arvensis Linnaeus.
(Pimpernel.) Fig. 269.
An annual stems procumbent; angular leaves opposite, or ternate,
sessile, shorter than the axillary peduncles.
Corolla rotate.

Habitat.

Cornfields.

Quality.

Acrid.

Has been prescribed

Uses.

in epilepsy, dropsy,

and mania.

THE SOLANAL ALLIANCE

Natural

ovate,

(V. K.,

p.

615.)

rtor* of ^ofcutaT*

Stamens

Stamens

(Solanacece.)

Stflftt^atroS

2, free.

5,

free

Placentae axile

Seeds 00.
tataS

consolidated.
stigma
and
Stamens

(Asclepiadacece.)

(Cordiacece.)

Stamens

5, free.

Placentae axile.

Seeds

solitary.

inWuW

Stamens

(Convolvulacece.)

Placenta* basal.

5, free.

616.)
K.,
(V.
p.
Oleacece
Natural Order, Itbctoortt;
Prevailing Quality.

Olea.
Calyx

Bitter, tonic.

IAnnwus.
Corolla

4-toothed.

4-cleft.

drupe.
*

0.

europcea

Linnseus.

Olive

(The

Tree.) Fig. 270.

leaves lanceolate, opposite,
entire,

beneath
racemes axillary, compale

pound, short.
JfcWta*.

South of Europe.

Hmldy,

Oil of pericarp unctuous,

scentless,
almost
tasteless ; bark tonic, bitter,

u"*-

Astringent

f
substitute tor cinchona.
.

Oil in plasters, eneraata, salads,

Fig.

&c.

270. Olea europsea

Bark a good
", fruit

showing

t!

e stone.


200

SOLANALS.

Syringa.

Calyx 4-toothed.

Corolla 4-cleft.

OLIVE WORTS.

Linnaeus.

2-celled

Capsule, with navicular

valves.
1.

acuminate.

S. vulgaris Linnaeus.

Leaves cordate,

(The Lilac.)

Habitat East of Europe.

Quality.
Bitter, tonic.
Uses.
Unripe fruit and seeds valuable as a cure for intermittent

271

Fraxinus.

Linnaeus.

Flowers very imperfect.

3-4-parted.
1.

Calyx
Samara.

F. Ornus Linnaeus.
ing Ash.)

Leaflets

272

Corolla

obsolete.

Ornus europeea Persoon.

about 3 pairs, lanceolate or

flowers complete.

Habitat.
Quality.

fevers.

in

0,

or

(Flowerserrate

elliptical,

South of Europe.
Branches exude the bitter-sweet laxative substance

called

Manna.
2. F. excelsior Linnaeus.
(Ash Tree.) Fig.

271.
Leaflets

3-6

in

sessile,

pairs,

^lanceolate-

oblong, acuminate,
flowers
serrated ;
apetalous.

Woods.
Bark tonic ; leaves
Quality.
cathartic and diuretic.
Timber largely used
Uses.
where strength and elas-

Habitat.

ticity are required. Also

yields Manna in hot

countries.

Order, &$*'
Solanacece
sfyattui ;
(V. K., p. 618.)

Natural

Prevailing Quality. Narcotic.

Solanum.

Linnwus.

Corolla rotate.

Anthers

connivent,

opening

by a pore.
1. S. tubervsum

A Berry.
Linn#u?.

(Potato.)
Kg.

271.

Flower of Fraxinus excelsior, magnified;

'272.

Solanum Dulcamara.

201

SOLANALS

Leaves interruptedly pinnated,

Habitat,

downy

NIGHTSHADES,

flowers white

tuberous.

Chili.

Leaves and fruit narcotic.

Tl^bers abound in starch, which

Quality,
s

sometimes used as arrow-root, but it is of very

causing flatulence, and disordering the stomach of delicate persons.
They are among the most valuable of known food, if perfectly ripe and well cooked.

\
inferior quality,

S.

2.

Dulcamara Linnaeus,

Stem scrambling

is

(Bittersweet.)

Fig,
272.
w

leaves ovate-cordate,
hastate
-~, the upper

re
opposite the leaves ; flowers violet ; berries redcf

Habitat.

corymbs

Hedges.

polity.

Diaphoretic, diuretic,

273

acro-narcotic.
Uses.

Chronic catarrhs, rheumatism, gout, eczema and

The root and

psoriasis.

young branches, in the form

of a decoction,
much diluted with milk,
have been

recommended in scrophulous or

glandular obstructions.
Smith. The plant
is a
dangerous narcotic, and
8 gay tempting
berries
naye occasionally
caused
senous accidents

among
and others who

children

nave eaten them.

In medicine the
plant has been considered serviceable
both in.

Anally,
Ba

fn

and

nsed

as a
lepra, and other

cutaneous disorders.

It is

said to

have been advantageously exhibited

in asthma.
3-

S.

nigrum Linnaeus.
(Puck Nightshade.)

273.
An annual
;
stem erect,
angular leaves
sinuate;

toothed,

* hl te;

downy

flowers

berries

Wackj

ai 'ed
">

with purple pulp,

which the seeds
are

^bedded.

r ''g.

273.

nigru

a,

a transverse section of

fruit

b, seed,

both magnified.

202

SOLAN A LS.

NIGHTSHADES

Waste

places all over the world.

Slightly narcotic.
Quality,
As a resolvent ; berries eatable without danger
Uses.

Habitat.

in hot countries, leaves used

as spinach.

4.

Lycopersicum Linnseus. (Tomato.)

annual leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy

S.

An

flowers yellow

berries

large, ribbed, many-celled.

Habitat.

Peru.

The

Uses.

juice of the fruit subacid,

S. Melongena Linnseus.

5.

An

much used

as a sauce.

(Egg Plant.)

annual, gray, with stellate hairs leaves ovate, angular; flowers purple;
fruit oblong, smooth, shining, with a hard skin.
;

Habitat
Uses.
it

East Indies.
Fruit much used as food, when skilfully cooked.
grows, Aubergine, Brinjal, &c.
.
.

Hyoscyamus.
Corolla funnel-shaped, irregular.

Called, in the countries where

Linnceus.

Fruit a pyxis enclosed in a permanent

hardened calyx.
1.

H- niger Linnseus.
bane.)

(Hex-

Fig. 274.

sessile, viscid, amplexiflowers

caul, pinnatifid ;

Leaves

nearly sessile

corolla yel-

low, veined with purple.

Habitat.
Quality.
ous.

Waste

places.
Sedative, narcotic, poison-

antispasand
anodyne,
As an
Uses.
toot ugonorrhoea,
modic; cough,
dilate
to
swellings;
ing, glandular
the pupil of the eye.

274

Datura.

Linnceus.

Corolla funnel-shaped, plaited.

anent
perm
Calyx deciduous, with a
4-celled, 4-valved Capsule.

1.

cu r b *se.
A
Jf
D. Stramonium Linnseus. (Thorn Apple.)

ai

mt

Fig. 274.

Fig- 275.

Hyoscyamus niger

mi

a, calyx

cir

b, pyxis.

203

SOLAXALS.

An annual

NIGHTSHADES

leaves ovate, smooth, unequally

erect, spiny ; flowers white.

Habitat

Waste

sinuate-toothed

capsules

places.

Quality.

Like those of Henbane and Belladonna,

Seeds produce maniacal delirium.
Uses.
To allay pain ; in^tic-douloureux, spasmodic
asthma, mania, epilepsy.
*

D. sanguinea Ruiz
pondio.)

2.

tree

and Pavon. (Flori-

leaves

oblong-acuminate, toothed,
angular, hairy ; flowers pendulous, red,
with narrow acuminate lobes to the
;

corolla.
Habitat

Peru.
Quality.
Seeds produce furious excitement.
Uses,
To bring on fits of delirium: to form a stupefying
beverage.

Mandragora

>fi

Corolla

campanulate, plaited.
Stigma capitate
Stamens inclosed in the tube of the calyx, spreadln g
Berry 2-celled, surrounded by the enlarged
calyx.

officinarum

Miller.

Atropa

Mandragora

Linn seus. (Mandrake.)

st emless

root
;

plant, with

a large forked fleshy perennial

leaves lanceolate, spreading, grey flowers
;

hidden

Sf
<%.

among

the leaves, pale

violet.

South of EurPe-

'

Acro-nareotic,
P^gative, anesthetic,
aPnrodisiac.

**

An

old ingredient
'Philtres
; dangerous

and disused.

Le pro-

fesseur

Fodeve avait
cueill, un
pied de Man
Jagore,
et
l'avait
la, sse
par inadvertence

y*
* il
a
-

un

petit cabinet
se livrait au
tra-

Au

bout d'un
d'heure il fut

TO
EL

e vertige9 de
>
^'blesse, et d'une
lan-

^r

telle

qu<i, avaU

P e"ie a so soutenir.
II
"e sonpait
pIus |

Prenuer

mouvement

gdouvrirlafenOtiv.

522'

SET

sur

,!l

275
of

a seed

'7
c
>

ra Stram <um; a, flower;

&, cross section of ovary
section of ditto.

^S

c f upe

fruit

d 9 magnified view

204

S0LANALS.

sortit

NIGHTSHADES.

une odeur fortement nausabonde qui

lui lit]

apergevoir aussitot la cause de

Dr. T. H. Silvester has

ces accidens." (Roques, Medecine Legale, torn. iv. p. 22.)
shown that the root was formerly employed in the same way as chloroform and
other ansesthetic agents now are.

Atropa.
Corolla campanulate.

Berry not

Linnceus.

filled

with pulp.
1.

A. Belladonna Linnaeus.

(Deadly

Night-

Fig. 276.
Leaves ovate, entire seeds
pitted, not lying in

shade.)

pulp

flowers

dirty

violet-brown

276

Habitat.

Woods.

Quality.

Like those of Henbane.

Nervous

Uses.

irritation, tic-douloureux, rigidity of the os uteri,

spasmodic

stricture,

hooping cough, maladies of the eyes, epilepsy, hysteria, mania, chorea.

Fig.

276. Atropa Belladonna

in fruit

a, a corolla laid

open

fruit
6, a cross section of

c, seed.

205

SOLANALS.

Ni c oti an a

NIGHTSHADES.

Linnaeus

Corolla funnel-shaped,

with a plaited limb.

Stigma capitate.
2-celled, 4-valved at the point.
1. N". Tdbacum Linnaeus.
(American Tobacco.) Fig. 277.
Leaves ovate or oblong, lanceolate, acuminate,
the lower decurrent ; corolla much longer
than the calyx, pink, with acute segments.
Habitat
Quality.

Tropical America.
Narcotic, purgative,

relaxes
Uses,

muscular

emetic,

anodyne

Capsule

fibre.

Colic, hernia, constipation, ischuria and dysuria, tetanus, dropsy.

favourite

Constitutes all
cheroots.

luxury.
the American cigars and Indian

N. rustica Linnaeus. (Syrian Tobacco.)

heaves stalked, ovate, obtuse, entire
corol;
las not much longer than the calyx,
green, with rounded segments.
2.

Sabitat

Quality

Levant.

and

Like the last, but milder

Turkish, Syrian, Latakia Tobaccos.
Uses.

forms

3.

N.persica Lindley. (Tobacco of Shiraz.)

ktem-leaves amplexicaul, oblong, acuminate;
corolla

much longer than the calyx,white,

with ovate emarginate unequal segments.

habitat.

Persia.

Wdity and

but much more

fragrant and agreeable
; not used in medicine.
* orms the finest Persian Tobacco ; but not
suited to cigars,
from the difficulty of making

it

Uses.

Like the

first,

-77

bum.

Capsicum.
Corolla rotate.

Stamens

Linnceus.

projecting, converging, opening

by

slits.

Fruit

a dry berry.
j-

C.

annuum Linn^us. (Chilli.)

eaves vate,
O^'tot*

lfa

acuminate, entire, smooth

fruit long, conical.

called Tchitli according to Hernandez.

Stimulant, rubefacient, vesicant ; in excess dangerous.

Mexico, where

it

was

\Xhis

and other species furnish the well-known condiment called Cayenne

Pepper.
The fruit and seeds are a powerful stimulant, without any narcotic property.
Cayenne pepper consists principally of the ground seeds. It is employed
m medicine, in combination with Cinchona, in intermittents and lethargic affections,
and also in atonic
gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis,
**
Its most valuable application appears, however, to be in cynanche maligna

and scarlatina
maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally.
-

frntescens Linn ecus.

(Goat Pepper

;)

C baccatum
Linnaeus.
(Bird Pwpbrj)
Quali
% Have similar properties, but are more acrimonious.
'

Fig.

277. Flowers

of Nicotiana

Tabacum.

206

S0LANALS.

ASCLEP1ADS.

Natural Order, 3ftlepu0!tf; Asclepiadacece (V. K., p. 623.)

Acrid, purgative, emetic.

Prevailing Quality.

Linnceus.

Asclepias.

bearing
each
processes,
Coronet consisting of 5 cucullate

a horn in its inside. Fig- 278.

(ButterLinn.
decwnbens
A. tuberosa Linn seus. A.
fly Weed.)

1.

hirsute
linear-oblong,
Stem ascending, hispid ; leaves
flowers
downy
pedicels
;
umbels rather corymbose ;
;

orange red.
Habitat.

United States.

Root
Quality.
stimulant.
Uses.

expectorant,

diaphoretic;

tonic

mild

ana

Catarrh, pneumony, pleurisy.

278

A. curassavica Linnaeus.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, smooth
than the leaves
umbels many-flowered lobes of
2.

peduncles shortei
corolla acuminate

flowers scarlet.

West

Indies.
Emetic and purgative.
Quality.
In gleets and fluor albus.
Uses.

Habitat.

B. Brown.

Gomphocarpus.

cucullate pro-

Coronet consisting of 5
horn.
a
containing
cesses, not
1.

G.

D
n
fruticosw

minutely

Branches
hoary

leaves
;

linear,

smooth,

revolute

at

edge

processes
;

truncate

white

the

flowers
follicles

prickly.
Habitat. Levant.
WjJ
Qulity and Uses.
Solenostemn*
of
those
Barely **j
Argel.
o
adulteration
as an
con**
that
the senna
to England.
27!>

Calotuopis.

jR.

Brmvn.

of
base
Coronet consisting of 5 blunt saccate processes adhering to the

filaments.
1.

C. gigantea

R.

Br. (Mudar

Fig. 279.
a
ovateProcesses of the coronet short, incurved, blunt ; leaves cordate,
Fig.

Plant.)

278. Flower of an Asclepias

279. Calotropis gigantea.

te


207

SOLANALS.

Habitat

ASCLEPIADS.

East Indies.

Alterative and sudorific.

Elephantiasis, venereal diseases, chronic cutaneous affections, worms.

Quality.
Uses.

Vincetoxicum.

Moench.

Coronet without accessory processes, scutelliform, fleshy, with 5-10 lobes

tube very short

V.

Cynanchum vincetoocicum.
Mcench.
Branches with two hairy lines
leaves cordate, ovate-lanceolate,
cymes shorter than the leaves
stem erect flowers white.
1.

officinale

Quality.

An

Uses.

ffabitat.

ciliated

South of Europe.
Emetic, purgative.
old antidote to poisons.

Haync.

Solenostemma.
Coronet raised

on a long

shaft, with

5 obtuse concave processes at

its

base,

opposite the lobes of the corolla.

Argel Hayne.
Cynanchum Argel Delile. (Arghel.) Fig. 280.
Stem 2 feet high, erect, branched
leaves lanceolate, leathery, nearly
veinless, wrinkled and downy on the under side.
1-

S.

J***

281

Eirvpt

tf\Forms

Acrid/ putative.

hut
senna,
Alexandrian
of
samples
a considerable proportion of many
are veinless,
readily known
which
leaves,
the
of
texture
by the thick leathery

Wl*inkled. and

dnwnv
IIemidesmus.

B. Brown.

Cor onet

free
anthers
upwards
united
not
Filaments
Corolla rotate.
m t ^le sti ma witl1
masses.
pollen
20
S
1
tt
A. indicus R. Brown. (Indian Sarsaparilla.) Fig. 281.
smooth, twining
flowers
end
each
at
;
leaves narrow oblong, obtuse
;

>

axillary,

nearly sessile.

Fig 280.--Sol(

nostemma

Argel in flower

281. Ilemhlesimis indicus.

208

SOLANALS.

Quality.
Habitat. East Indies.
stitute for Sarsaparilla.

Natural Order,

;;;

SEBESTENS.

Alterative, sudorific, diuretic,

A sub-

Uses.

___________

gttitsitcivi

Cordiacece (V. K., p. 628.)

MucilaPrevailing Quality.
ginous, emollient.

Plumier.
Calyx tubular, not striated,
Corolla hypotoothed.

Cordia.

funnel-

or

crateriform

Drupe pulpy,
shaped.
surrounded by the permanent

calyx.

Myxa Linnseus.

1. C.

Fig. 282.

Branches smooth, round

leaves

stalked, ovate, occasionally

above,
repand, smooth
rough beneath
rather
tube of corolla as long as
calyx ; drupe egg-shaped,
mucronate.
Habitat. East Indies.
mucilasucculent,
Fruit
Quality.
ginous, emollient.
Plums,
Sebesten
the
Yields
Uses.
in the preparation of lenitive electuary

formerly employed

also as a pectoral medicine.

C. latifolia Roxburgh.
leaves
.nnriiln.r
angular
Branches

2.

stalked,

roundish-ovate,

cordate
rather
sometimes
smooth
nearly
and repand,

above;

tube

of

corolla

calyx
than
shorter
rather

obovate.
roundish
drupe
Habitat. East Indies.
last,
the
Quality and Uses. Like
but of better quality.
SebcstJ
name
the
Under
N.B.

Sepistans,
or
Plums, Sebestans,
been
qPF"
have
fruit
Indian
of
two sorts
mucu
their
as pectoral medicines, for which
astm
some
with
ginous qualities, combined
llie
them.
^.i
gency, have recommended
es
Dioscon
believed to have been the Pewea of
Jjre
is
this
a
According to Mr. Colebrooke
descr
that
than
and more mucilaginous sort
Mem
,
Materia
on
by European writers
species.
last
the
of
produce
which is the
i
Sebesten
nseus applied the name of
knowi
not
American species of this genus,
medicine.

282

Fig.

282. Leaf

of Cordia

Myxa.

209

SOLANALS.

Natural Order,

33urtrtocrtr

BINDWEEDS.

Convohulacece (V. K.,

p.

630.)

Prevailing Quality.

Purgative.

Convolvulus.
Calyx naked.
1.

C.

Stigmas 2,

Perennial

stem smooth

Ovary

linear.

Scammonia Linnseus.

Linnceus.

(Scammony.)

2-celled, with

ovules,

Fig. 283.

leaves sagittate with truncate or lohed auricles

peduncles very long, many-flowered
sepals truncate, much shorter
than the calyx.
;

Habitat.

Levant.
Quality.
A powerful drastic purgative.
WW. Constipation, worm cases, dropsy.
2.

C. arvensis

Linnseus.

983

(Smaller

Bindweed.)

Fig. 284.
Perennial,
creeping rooted ; leaves
sagittate, auricled ; sepals roundishovate.
Habitat.

Quality

Hedges.
and Uses. Like Scammony, but

less

active.

284

3. C. dissectus Cavanilles.

Perennial

stem downy

leaves deeply 5-parted

or

linear

sagittate,

peduncles 1-2-flowered;
calyx downy, nearly as

long as the corolla.

S*
jT*

a *'

lt

y-

South America nd South Africa.

Abounds

in prussic acid.

.
mr
B
".
&c,
Gives its flavour to the liquor called noyeau imported from Martinique,
where the plant is called the Noyeau Vine."

Pig.

283.-Leaf of Convolvulus Scammonia; 284. Convolvulus

arvensis

BINDWEEDS.

210

SOiANALS.

.1

R. Brown.

Calystegia.

Calyx concealed within 2 large leafy bracts.

2-celled at base, 1-celled at apex.
1.

C.

Stomas

sepium R. Brown. (Larger Bindweed.)

linear.

Omnj

Fig. 285.
^

sagittate, truncate

smooth,
large,
leaves
angular
smooth,
twining,
Stem
large.
flowers
1
-flowered
angular,
;
peduncles
at base ;
;

2S

Habitat. Hedges.
Quality and Uses.
Like

Scammony, but

less active.

Linnaeus.

Ipomcea.

Calyx naked.
Stigmas 2, capitate.
Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded.
1. I. pandurata Meyer.
Stem slender, rather downy ; leaves cordate, entire or pnndurate,
3-lobed
peduncles 1-3-flowered, longer than the petioles
small, ovate
corolla large, white and purple.
HabitcU. West Indies and Southern States of the North American Union.
;

Quality,
Uses.

Powdered root

acts like rhubarb.

Calculous cases, gravel.
Pig.

285. Calystegia sepium;

a, the

two bracts fotced aside to show the calyx

or even
;

sepals


211

SO LAN A LS.

BINDWEEDS,

operculata Martius.
Stem quadrangular, winged, smooth
leaves palmat<
1 -flowered, longer than the
petiole ; sepals orbic
corolla long, tubular, white
capsule operculate.

2.

I.

ge

~~

Habitat,

Brazil.

and

Quality

Like those of jalap, but weaker

Uses.

macrorhiza Michaux.
Convolvulus Jalapa Linnaeus.
This plant, inhabiting the sandy soil of Georgia and
Carolina, with white insipid
farinaceous roots weighing from 40 to 50 lbs., is said to possess no purgative properties whatever.
Dr. Baldwin administered six drachms of
the powdered root without effect
in fact it contains little or no resin,
but like Batatas consists chiefly of saccharine and farinaceous matter.
3.

I.

Exogonium.

Choisy.

Calyx naked.
1.

Corolla tubular.
Stamens prominent.
Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded.
E. Purga Bentham.
(True Jalap.) Fig. 286.

Stigma

capitate.

Leaves cordate, acuminate,

smooth

pe-

duncles 2-flowered;
sepals

smooth, the

outer shortest; corolla

large,

son,

hypocrateri-

crim-

form; root tuberous.

BabUat.

Mexico,

near

Xalapa.

Hmlhy.

a powerful dras-

tic
ses >

purgative.
Constipation, worm cases,
*ater in the brain, dropsies,

retention of the catamenia.

Batatas.

Rumphius.

C<%* naked.
Stomas 2,
**te.
Ovary 4-celled.

capi-

B edidis Choisy.
Convolvulus
Batatas Linnaeus.
(Sweet

Potato.)
Stem creeping

widely

leaves cordate, acute,

angular, stalked ;
Peduncles longer than the petole,

3-4-flowered

"jucronate

P ,e

fcftfc

sepals

corolla large, pur-

root very large, tuberous.

East

Indies
tio pical
C0untrie8

5\

cultivated iu

all

Sweet^ nutritive, laxative.

28(J
The tubers are largely consumed
or ,ood in
all hot countries, where they occupy the place of potatoes with us

Fig.

280. Flower and

leaf of

P 2

Exogonium Purga


212

BIGNONIALS.

PEDALIADS.

Choisy.

Pharbitis.

Ovary 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell.

Convolvulus Nil Linnseus. (Convolvulus Major.)

Stigma

Calyx naked.

capitate.

P. Nil Choisy.
peduncles
hairy
3-lobed,
or
entire
cordate,
leaves
backwards
Stem hairy
sepals hispid at the
2-3 -flowered, generally longer than the petiole
corolla large, pallid, showy.
base

1.

Tropical countries.
Quality.
Seeds purgative, when roasted.
an
be
to
Said
Dana.
Kala
of
name
Uses.
A common purgative in India, under the
adminisand
powdered,
coffee,
like
roasted
Seeds
are
effectual quick cathartic.
tered in doses of from 30 to 40 grains, in any convenient vehicle.

Habitat.

THE BIGNONIAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 668.)

Natural Orfcrtf at 3Btjju0mal.

ftefccltalftt

(Pedaliacece.)

aStgnumaW
fttnariaftg *

Placentae parietal.

(Bignoniacece.)
(

Albumen

Placentse axile.

Scrophulariacece. )

0.

Albumen

Placentse axile.

abundant.

287

Natural Order, prtaltaM

K., p. 669.)
Prevailing Quality.

Emollient,

oily.

Linnceus.

Sesamum.

Upper

(V,

Pedaliacea?

Corolla long-

lobe of calyx smaller.

5-lobea
unequal
campanulate, with an

4-cornered,

Capsule oblong,
apterous.
thick
Seeds
2-valved.
Til
(Sesame.
S. indicum Linnseus.
border*

1.

or

Fig. 287.
downy,
lanceolate,
Stem erect, downy leaves
entire, or lobed.

Teel.)

Habitat
Quality.

East Indies.
Emollient, demulcent.

c Q id-oil,
&a

of
instead
Uses.
Oil of seeds employed
seeds
of
Meal
but is apt to become rancid,

poultices, like Linseed.

Fig. 287. Sesamum indicum, less than the natural size; 1,

seed ; 4, a cross section of it.

The ambiguity of the term

change it for the more expressive

Figworts," employed by

Linariads.

ripe fruit

me

the frui
of
valve
2, a

on former occasions,

induce"
m

fn

213

BIGNONIALS.

BIG NOMADS.

Natural Order, WigntmitiM; Bignoniacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

675.)

Uncertain.

Catalpa.
Corolla

p.

campanulate.

Stamens

Scopoli.

5,

being

sterile..

Capsule

lono-,

siliquiform.

sy ring if
Leaves membranous,

(Catalpa Tree.)

beneath

cordate,

United States.

Quality.

Emollient.

nearly entire,

my

do\t

In Italy a decoction of the fruit for coughs and hoarseness ; bark said to
be bitter.
[According to Ksempfer a nearly allied species, or perhaps the same,
found in Japan, has extremely bitter leaves and bark, and a decoction of the pods is
employed in asthmatic complaints ; the leaves are also used for fomentations.]

Tecoma.
Corolla short-tubed, with a

Jussieu.

dilated orifice

Rudiment of a 5th stamen.

1.

acuminate,

flowers panicled.

Habitat.

uses.

ovate,

and an irregular 5-lobed limb.

Capsule 2-valved, with the partition

opposite the valves.

T. stans Jussieu.

J^rect.

Leaves unequally pinnated, with 3 pairs of lanceolate, deeply

serrated, acuminate leaflets
flowers panicled, yellow.
habitat West Indies.
;

Hmhty.

Roots

bitter, diuretic.

Natural Order,
fcmarfato

Scrophulariacece

(V. K., p. 681.)

Prevailing

htter

Quality.
;

emetic,

narcotic.

Digitalis.
Cal

Purgative,

Linnceus.

5-parted.
campanula te,
Corolla
with an oblique 4-cleft limb.
Stamens
.

4
anthers with divaricating lobes.
Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, opening
;

septicidally.
*

D purpurea
^g. 288.
-

^aves

dm*,
downy,

Linnaeus.

crenated

(Fox-glove.)
corolla

large,

purple or white, quite smooth.

Babitat.

Roadsides.

Qmlityl

Diuretic, emetic, purgative, narcotic ;

r ueea
the P ulse r.
Ci- In
fevers/
infh
,
,
inflammation,
dropsy, hsem or,

ages, diseases of the heart, phthisis, insanity,

Fig 288. Flowers of

Digitalis purpurea.

288

214

BIGNONIALS.

LINARTADS.

Scrophularia.

289

J%#^\

Linnceus.

the
Corolla nearly globose, with a small 5-lobed limb
lowest lobe reflexed. Stamens 4, with an additional
barren spathulate one.
;

Fig. 289.
(Figwort.)
Leaves smooth, doubly serrated, the lower serratures longer
and sharper than the others.
1.

S. nodosa Linnaeus.

Habitat.

Ditches.

Emetic, purgative, diuretic, narcotic.

Leaves in fomentations ointment in skin diseases.

Quality.
Uses.

290

Lin aria.

Calyx 5-parted.

Tournefort.

Corolla ringent, spurred, the upper

lip bifid.
1.

L. vulgaris
Fig. 290.

Leaves

Miller.

(Toad-Flax.)
lanceolate-linear,

numerous,

thickly covering the upright stem

rachis and pedicels covered with
;

glandular hairs.

Hedgerows and

Habitat.
291

planta-

tions.

Purgative, diuretic, bitter.

Quality.

Chronic diseases of skin

Uses.
coction a fly poison.

de-

Linnceus.

Gratiola.
-

Upper

Calyx 5-parted,

lip

of

trifid.
lower
corolla
fertile
stamens
2
Only
anthers pendulous.

bifid,

1.

G.

offi

(Hedge

Linnaeus.
Fig.
Hyssop.)

291.
lanceolate,

sessile,

Lcjavcs
enserrulated,
3-ncrved,
flowers
base
;
the
tire at
solitary, axillary.

Meadows

Habitat.
duality.

retic,

in

Europe.
di u-

cathartic
an acrid bith

violent

emetic

ITmY*Visceral

obstructions,

liver

venescurvy,
affections, dropsy,
hypochondriasis,

real

A
lig

very active plant, formerly called Gratia Dri.

-ruimioi

a ocro

Gratiola officinalis.

diseases,

It is

extremely

a,
flowers;
vulgaris
seen in front; 290. Linaria

bitter,

***

a seed roagn

'

215

BiGNONIALS.

LINARIADS.

the
of
basis
the
be
to
said
been
has
violently both as a purgative and emetic, and
and
poison,
violent
a
is
it
over-doses
In
gout medicine, called Eau Medichale.
useless
meadows
Swiss
the
of
some
according to Haller, renders, by its abundance,
as pastures.

Euphrasia.
Calyx tubular, 4-toothcd.
1.

Linnaeus.

Corolla bilabiate, with a

flat limb.

Capsule

Seeds striated, apterous.

(Eyebright.)
vemy,
corolla
the
of
lobes
ovate, with about 5 teeth on each side

obtuse, many-seeded.
E. officinalis Linnaeus.

Lecaves

lobed.
Habitat,
Quality.

Um.

Downs, meadows, woods.

Slightly bitter and aromatic." Nearly inert."Pemra.

Catarrhal inflammations of the eye, cough, hoarseness.

Franciscea.

Pohl.

unequal
slightly
very
a
with
Calyx 5-toothed.
hypocrateriform,
Corolla
pulp.
in
immersed
large,
Seeds
dry.
limb.
Capsule
Stamens 4.
*'
J?ig.
(Manaca.)
1. F.
F. Hopeana Hooker.
uniflora Pohl.
solitary,
flowers
obtuse
;
A smooth shrub ; leaves oblong or obovate,
calyx.
tubular
narrow
purple changing to white, with a

292

Habitat.

Brazil.

Qmlity. Purgative, emetic, emmenagogue, dexipliannic ,

against
Brazd
fi.
Root and bark employed largely in

nauseously bitter.
syphilis, under the

name

of

Mercurio vegetal.

Vbbbascum.
Corolla rotate.

Linnanis.

^^t^^ltT

Stamens 5, very
V. Thapsus Linnus.-(MDLLEiN.

High Taph^

to the otbci

Leaves woolly, crenated, decurrent from one

so.
nearij
or
with white wool, the two longest smooth
Fig. 292. Franciscea

uniflora.

i ame nts covered

n

_____

216

ECHIALS.

BORAGE WORTS.

Habitat.

Roadsides.

Quality.

Seeds and flowers poisonous

foliage acrid

and

bitterish.

THE ECHIAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 649.)

Natural erterrf of rfjtate*

380raflcta0rtS

Flowers

Boraginacew)

symmetrical.
*

JLaitataS

Flowers unsym-

(Lamiacece).

Nuts

metrical.

Wcrbmc&

4.

Verbenacece)

Nuts

Ditto,

confluent.

Natural Order, 3B0rafltto0rtjS

Prevailing Quality.

i.

is. officinalis

Lower

p. 655.)

Mucilaginous, inert.

Borago.
Corolla rotate

Boraginacece (V. K.,

Linnaeus.

Filaments bifid, with their inner leg antheriferous.

Linnaeus. (Borage.)

leaves elliptical obtuse,

tapering to the base
ovate, acuminate, flat.

Habitat. Waste places.

Quality and Uses. Commonly

employed to cool beverages

steeped

Anchusa.

lobes of the corolla

in

which

its

leaves

are

Nuts

sur-

Linnceus.

Corolla hypocrateriform, with

5 inflexed scales in the
rounded at the base by a
tumid edcre.
1. A. tmctorla Linnoeus.

orifice.

(Alkanet.)
&tem herbaceous, procumbent,
obtuse,
rough with hairs
lanceolate,
leaves
Hoary calyx hairy, rather
nuts
corolla
shorter than the tube of the
;

warted.

Habitat.

Quahty.

South of Europe and

Levant
Roots yield a reddish

^^okuxrfatty substances

colouring matter

Part f the flower - s

P*e of
wasnified.'~

alkalies^naer

it

Verbasc^Tha^gus

blue.
;

a, one of the

su!e
a
P
8teltotetairJ767ac

217

ECHIALS.

Natural Order, ILautataS

LABIATES.

Lamiacece (V. K.,

p.

659.)

Aromatic, tonic.

Prevailing Quality.

Salvia.

Linnceus.

Stamens ascending, 2, with half an anther borne on one end of a divaricating connective.
(Garden Sage.)
officinalis
A low shrub leaves hoary, crenulate, rugose bracts deciduous ; calyx;

teeth spiny.
Habitat.

South of Europe.
Stomachic, aromatic,

Quality.

As an ingredient

Uses.

bitter.

in culinary seasoning.

Sclarea Linnseus.
(Clary.)
Stem herbaceous, villous
leaves green, hairy, cordate, rugose

2. S.

large, coloured, deciduous

Habitat.

bracts

calyxes spiny.

Middle of Europe.

Quality.

Stimulant, aromatic, bitter.

In the preparation of a domestic wine.
_

Uses.

Linnceus.

Rosmarinus.

Stam ens ascending, 2, with 2-celled anthers, and toothed filaments.

bilabiate \.
1.

R. officinalis Linnseus.

mary.)
Fig. 294.
A bush leaves narrow,
;

(Rose-

sessile,

un-

divided.
Habitat

Hills in the

South of Europe.

Wlity.

Carminative, stimulant.
"*&
Hypochondriasis ; oil in the preparation of unguents for the hair.

Lavandula.

Linnceus.

Stamens decimate,
4, included.

Co-

rolla bilabiate

294

f
L wra De Candolle. (Common Lavender.)
-

J,-

loral

leaves rhomboid-ovate.

tfobitat.

W%

Basin of the Mediterranean.

Extremely fragrant ; stimulant, tonic, stomachic, cordial.

^Hysteria, headache ; and as a perfume thetjnc^^
;

P ig.

25)4.

Rosmarinus

officinalis

a, flowers magnified.

Calyx


218

ECIIIALS.

2. L. Spica

De

LABIATES

(French Lavender.)

Candolle.

Floral leaves lanceolate-linear, or subulate.

Habitat.

Basin of the Mediterranean.

Quality.

Yields

By

Uses.

of Spike.
painters on porcelain,
oil

and by

artists in the

Mentha
Stamens

M.

viridis Linnaeus.

Leaves glabrous,
Marshy

(Mint.

longer than the calyx.

little

Calyx 5-toothed.
Spearmint.)
Fig. 295.

cells.

sessile, lanceolate, acute,

bracts subulate
Habitat.

Linnceus.

Corolla nearly equal,

straight, 4.

Anthers each with 2 parallel

1.

preparation of varnish

serrate

spikes lax, cylindrical;

throat of calyx naked.

places.

Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, tonic.

Uses.
Leaves as sauce and salad ; against colic.
The herb has a strong, peculiar and
pleasant odour, with an aromatic
bitter taste, followed by a sense of
coldness when air is drawn into the
mouth. It is an aromatic and car-

Quality.

minative,

and

employed

in

flatulence

to relieve

the pain of colic.

Various preparations are ordered by

Pharmacopoeias, of which oil of spearmint, and spearmint water are the

most common.

2&

M. piperita Linnaeus. (Peppermint.)

Leaves stalked, oblong, acute, serrated; spikes
2.

rupted below; calyx-teeth straight in fruit

Fig.

295. Mentha

viridis.

oblong-cylindrical,

throat naked.

inter-

219

ECHIALS.

Habitat

Meadows,

LABIATES.

rare.

Aromatic, carminative, stomachic, stimulant.

Uses.
Against flatulence, nausea, colic, &c. Peppermint is an aromatic stimulant, and
the most pleasant of all the mints.
It is employed principally to expel flatus, to
cover the unpleasant taste of other medicines, and to relieve nausea and griping
pains of the alimentary canal.
The volatile oil is sometimes taken as an antispasmodic ; it is what gives their flavour to peppermint lozenges. Pereira.

3.

M. Pulegium Linnaeus.

(Pennyroyal.)

Fig. 296.

Stems prostrate
leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire ; verticillasters
remote, axillary ; calyx, when in fruit, closed by a ring of hairs.
;

Habitat

Moist

heaths

and

downs.
Quality. Aromatic, carminative,
emmenagogue, antispasmodic.
I

ms.

Obstructed menstruation,
hysteria, hooping cough.

Hyssopus.

Linnceus.

Stamens straight, diverging,

4.
Calyx with 15 ribs.
1* H. officinalis
Linnaeus
(Hyssop.)
Leaves

lanceolate, entire
flowers
in
one-sided
verticillate

Habitat.

racemes.

South of Europe.

Hmdity. Stimulating, stomachic,

carminative.
'**.
Against flatulence and in
hysterical complaints.

Melissa.

Linnaeus.

Stamens ascending, 4.
lyx

ribbed,

Ca-

bilabiate.

Tube of corolla longer

than calyx, without any
ring.

* M.

officinalis

Linnreus.

296

(Balm.)

^aves

ovate, crenate-serrate, the lower cordate

bracts ovate.

ffoKfetf,

verticillasters

sccuncl

South of Europe.

Quality,

Stimulant, tonic.
u**. Balm-tea
as a diaphoretic in fevers an emmenagogue
chlorosis as an exhilarating drink ; in hypochondriasis.
;

Fig. 2i)<>. Mentha Pulegium

in

amenorrhea and


220

ECHIALS.

Ocymum.

LABIATES.

Linnceus.
Mi

Stamens declinate,
upper lobe.

Calyx of the

4.

fruit deflexed,

with a large ovate

(Basil.)
0. Basilicum Linnaeus.
Leaves narrowed at the base, ovate or oblong, remotely serrated ; verticillasters 6-flowered ; calyxes in fruit completely bent down, more than
2 lines long, the upper lip round stamens about twice as long as

1.

corolla.
Habitat,
Quality.
Uses.

East Indies.

Stimulant, aromatic.
An ingredient in culinary seasoning

Origanum.

a palliative in the pains of

childbirth.

Linnceus*

Stamens

diverg-

straight,

Calyx

10-

equally

5-

4.

IDg,

ribbed,

toothed, with a villous

Spikes loose,
orifice.

with broad bracts.

1.

0. vulgare Linnaeus.

Marjoram.)

(Wild
Fig. 297.

Leaves ovate, acute

bracts

without glands on the

upper

side.

Chalky pastures.

Habitat

Tonic, stimulant,
Quality.
grant.
Uses.

fra-

Asa

seasoning in cooker)-;
powder an errhine tea for
This plant
nervousness.
;

yields

what

is called oil of

thyme in the shops, a com-

mon remedy

for the pain

of carious teeth.

It is fre-

with
mixed
used,
quently
olive oil, as a stimulating
liniment against baldness,

in

rheumatic complaints,

and against
2V

sprains and

bruises.

Thymus.
Stamens

straight, diverging, 4.

a
with
2-lipped,
10-ribbed,
Calyx
,

orifice.

T. Serpyllum Linnaeus- (Garden Thyme.)

Leaves flat ; upper lip of corolla ovate, nearly quadrangular.
1.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

Hills, heaths,

and exposed places.

Fragrant, stimulating, carminative.

Chiefly as an ingredient in culinary seasoning.

Fig. 297.

Origanum vulgare.

viilloub

ECHIALS.

221

LABIATES.

Teucrium.
Stamens 4, ascending, prominent.
Corolla with upper lip 2-parted, and
decimate, as long or longer than the lower, which is large
and concave.
1. T. Marum LinnsGus.
(Cat Thyme.)

Verticillasters 2-6-flowered,
1

teeth near the point

racemose

Basin of the Mediterranean.

Quality.

Stimulating, aromatic.

leaves hoary, entire, with a few

a small shrub.

Habitat.
Uses.

very remarkable feline aphrodisiac.

Nepeta.

Linnceus.

Stamens 4, ascending, the uppermost longest.

Calyx equal, 15-nerved, with
the upper lobe rather broader than the others.
Cells of the anthers
diverging.

N. Cataria Linnseus.
(Cat Mint.)
Jheaves ovate, acute, serrato-crenate,

cordate, hoary beneath

panicled
Habitat.

a remarkable feline aphrodisiac.

Glechoma Bentham.

St em

creeping

Habitat.

wality.

*#.

nuts smooth.

Stimulating.

In amenorrhcea

OxN.

verticillasters

Hedges.

W*%
Uses.

flowers white

Glechoma hederacea Linn.

(Ground

Ivy.)

leaves crenate, reniform.

Dry

ditches, plantations, &c.

Stimulant, pectoral, aromatic.
tea prepared from the leaves in great repute

Satureia.

among the

poor.

Linnceus.

Stamens straight, diverging, 4.

Calyx 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, nearly equal,
with a nearly hairless orifice.
Upper lip of corolla ovate.
*

S. hortensis Linnaeus.

n ann ual
JKto*.
Huality

(Summer Savory.)

leaves linear-lanceolate, pointless.

South of Europe.
Aromatic, carminative.

*.

An

montana Linnseus. (Winter Savory.)

'

S.

ingredient in culinary seasoning.

small shrub.

Leaves lanceolate, mucronate, marked with glandular dots

on each side.
If'fti.

w&ty

South of Europe,
and Uses. A th i*-*

Marrubium.
Ca tyoc tubular,
included.

Linna?u?.

10-ribbed, with 5-10

2
L^L
Corolla

orehound.)
eaves ovate,

spiny equal teeth.

Stamens

4,

Fig. 298.

crenate, rugose, downy ; verticillasters

calyx-teeth hooked, smooth above the middle.

'

almost

globose

222

ECHIALS.

places, hedgerows, &c.

Tonic, stimulant, laxative.
Coughs ; uterine and hepatic affections.

Habitat.
Quality.
Uses.

LABIATES.

Waste

Scutellaria.

Calyx

Linnceus.

2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, external to the lower

lip,

Gynophore long and curved.

Fig. 299.
1. S. galericulata Linnaeus. (Common Scullcap.)
flowers
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate, remotely crenate

which

is

truncate and entire.

axillary,

opposite, racemose.

(i

298

Habitat.

Wet

290

ditches.

Quality and Uses.

An old exploded remedy for hydrophobia ; also formerly us
against intermittent has little
;
or no useful effect upon the constitution, unless
r

a weak tonic,

tural Order,

Quality.

Vttbtnti

Verbe

Aromatic, subacrid.

ARPHETA
Ovules

erect

solitary.

stamens
1.

2.

Vahl

Fruit a dicoccous capsule.

l

Flowers sp iked.

S. jamaicensi s Vahl.

Nearly smooth
very long
Habitat.
Quality

West

leaves oval or roundish

ovate, coarsely serrated
bracts aristate.

spikes

Indies.

Reported to be purgative and

anthelmintic
tlVC f r ChUdren
fre8h
to ulcers
PPHed
fo^Tbad
sometimes sold in Austria as Brazilian Tea.

^nnj^LTnf
Fig.

298. Marrubium vulgare

**

299

Smt*

when

dried,

223

ECHIALS.

Lippia.
erect,

Ovules

VERBENES

Linnceus.

Flowers

Fruit a dicoccous capsule.

solitary.

capitate.

Stamens 4.
Calyx membranous.
1.
L. Pseudo-thea Schauer.
Lantana Pseudo-thea Aug. de St. Hilaire.
An erect viscid shrub.
Leaves erect, stiff, lanceolate, serrate, entire at the
base
heads of flowers hemispherical bracts acute, as long as the
;

tube of the corolla.

Habitat.

Brazil.

Quality.

Aromatic, fragrant.

In coughs, rheumatism, medicated baths

Ims.

dried,

forms an agreeable

Vitex.

when

tea.

Linnceus.

7T

Omdes pendulous.

Fruit a drupe, with a 4celled stone.

Corolla f
V. Agnus castus Linnaeus.
(Chaste Tree.)

J.

Fig. 300.

Downy

the back, digitate

acuminate, entire or

leaves white

leaflets

at

lanceolate,

nearly so ; calyx campanulate ; corolla three

times as long as the calyx ; inflated in the

;V

r-

throat.
Habitat.

Basin of the Mediterranean.

Quality.

Fruit acrid.
fe. Seeds used in Smyrna as an external application
against colic; taken internally, act as powerful
aphrodisiacs.

- V. Negundo Linna3iis.
ln

India a decoction of the

helps to form the

aromatic loaves of this plant

bath for women after delivery ; bruised they are applied to the temples for
headache ; pillows stuffed with them are put under
the head to remove catarrh and the headache

warm

attending

it.
L

3
-

V.

trifolia

Linnaeus.
^

Th e leaves
of this
Indian
species
are

a powerful

<hscutient
and
*re employed

by

the

"
Malaya

^nove the

to

boss.

*ne lea\res are

given in decoction

and infu10 n, and

?
formed
ln

a cataplasm

^'hich is
t0

applied
the enlarged

spleen.

Fig.

300.- Vitex Agnus coitus

a,

magnified
and
flower divided perpendicularly

/-

224

CAMPANALS.

LOEELIADS.

THE CAMPANAL ALLIANCE.

Statural Ortfrrtf of

Campanate.

ILobrttalnS (Lobeliacece.)

Walmanlxmrte

Anthers syngenesious.

Anthers

Valerianacece .)

C0mjp0ttaS (Asteracece .)

Ovule

free.

Anthers syngenesious.

Natural Order, 2LoMtaif; Lobeliacece (V.

Prevailing Quality.

Ovule

KM

1, erect.

p. 692.)

Linnceus.

Stigma surrounded by

the upper lip split to the base.

fringe.

1, pendulous.

Narcotico-acrid.

Lobelia.
Corollas

Ovules 00.

Capsule 2-3-celled.

iflata

Smooth, erect

leaves irregularly toothed

flowers small, blue, racemose

capsule ovate, inflated.

United States.
an
emetic;
expectorant;
Diaphoretic,

Habitat.
Quality.

acro-narcotic poison.
In
hooping-cough,
Uses.
Asthma, hernia, croup,
diaphoretic,
and
expectorant
small doses it is
ot
pain
the
exciting expectoration without
tea
common
a
as
coughing. In such doses
wnicii
leaves,
and
spoonful of the seeds
ventured
have
practitioners
qnantity irregular
or
five
in
fatal
to give it, it frequently proves
tobacco,
of
instead
used
six hours.
It has been
hernia.
strangulated
in the form of enema, in

2.

cardinalis

L.

Linmeus.

(Cardinal

Flower.)

Downy,

erect

-,

leaves
icarco

oblong-lanceolate,
~~~

glandular
bracts
irregularly toothed ;
iron
calyx
flowers scarlet, racemose ;
J

a smooth hemispherical tube.

United States.
Quality and Uses. Like the next.

Habitat

3. L. siphilitica Linnaeus.
"

irregularly

Hairy, erect ; leaves ovate,

calf
blue
toothed flowers racemose,
ana
tube
hairy, with a hemispherical
;

lanceolate auriculate lobes.

301

Uses.

Root supposed

Habitat.
Quality.

to be useful in syphilis,

Fig. 301.

United States.
Emetic, cathartic, diuretic
but now disused.

Lobelia inflatn.

225

CAMPANALS.

Natural Order,

SMmaufonrte ;

WORTS.

Valerianacece (V. K., p. 697.)

Stimulating, aromatic.

Valeriana.

Linnceus.

Calyx pappose.
Corolla spurless.
Stamens 3.
1. V. officinalis LinnsBus.
(True Valerian.) Fig. 302.
Leaves all pinnatifid, with 7-8 pairs of lanceolate segments

corymb

becoming panicled fruit smooth.

Habitat.
Damp meadows in Europe.
;

Nervine, tonic, antispasmodic

remarkable feline stimulant.
Um. Epilepsy, chorea, spasms, hypoQuality.

chondriasis, hysteria.
2.

V. PJiu Linnaeus.

Radical leaves

oblong
cauline pinnatifidwith oblong lobes; coryu
panicled stigmas slender fruit
:

"

smooth.

Xztitat.

^ty

Alps of Europe.
and Uses. As in the

the *oD of
be
to
supposed
o-rt
Dioscoridis,
moBcw;u,
V.
v
or
.
This,
last.
Greeks, and to be strongest of the European Valerians.
Fig.

302.Valeriana

officinalis

a, fio\

lagnified

226

CAMPANALS.

VALERIAN WORTS.

V. celtica Linnaeus. Fig. 303.

obovate
root
the
next
those
obtuse,
entire,
Smooth leaves

3-

stem simple

flowers in interrupted spikes

fruit hairy.

Habitat. European Alps.

Like those of Nardostachys,
Quality and Uses.
largely employed

4.

_
substitute
mm

as a

for which this

is

by Eastern nations.

V. dioica Linnaeus.

Radical leaves ovate :

stigmas connate

Fig. 304.
cauline pinnatifid with linear lobes

fruit

flowers dioecious;

smooth.
304

Habitat.
Boggy places all over
Quality and Uses.
As in V.

Europe

officinalis,

but more feeble.

Be

Nardostachys.

Candolle.

Calyx with leafy toothed lobes.

Corolla spurless.
1. N. Jatamansi De Candolle. (Spikknard.)

Stem

villous

leaves lanceolate,

downy

Stamens

4.

ite
opposi
lateral,
flowers
of
fascicles
t

stalked and terminal.

Habitat.
Himalayas.
Quality and Uses.
Stimulant, bitter
hysteria and epilepsy.
Fig.

304. Valeriana

dioica

used as a perfume by

a, a

male flower

6,

ag
and
eastern nations,

a female

c,

a ripe

fruit.

nst


vw/

CAMPANALS.

COMPOSITES

Valerianella.

Moench.

Calyx "with an imperfect toothed limb.

Corolla spurless.
1. V. olitoria Moench.
(Lamb's Lettuce.)

Stamens

smooth, compressed, oblique, with scarcely any limb

linear-oblong, nearly entire ; stem with rough angles.

Fruit globose,

Habitat.

Cornfields

Quality.
Uses.

3.

leaves

and gardens.

Insipid.

Occasionally

grown as a small

salad.

Natural Order, Composite^

Prevailing Quality.

Bitter,

and

Composite (V. K.,

p. 702.)

tonic.

* Corymbiferous Composites.

Arnica. Linnceus.
clavate,
Stigmas
Pappus hairy.
disk
the
ray
Florets of the
? of
$
Bracts forming a cylindrical involucre.
terminated by a hairy cone.
Receptacle naked.
Achcenia wingless, striated.
I. A. montana Linnaeus.
(Mountain Tobacco.)
glandular.
bracts
Radical leaves obovate, 5-nerved
few-flowered
stem
.

Habitat.

Alpine meadows.
Quality.
Acrid, nauseous, emetic, causes constipation.
m
dysenamenorrhea,
Uses.
chlorosis,
Typhoid fevers ; amaurosis, paralysis, dropsy,
tery, &c.

Linnceus.

Eupatorium.

clavate.

Bracts

Stigmas
Florets all tubular, 0.
imbricate, oblong.
Receptacle naked.
* E. cannabinum Linnaeus.
.
middle
the
segments,
Leaves stalked, 3-5-parted, with lanceolate-serrated

Pappus hairy.

of

which

Habitat.

is

longest.

Common by

the side of ponds and ditches.

Quality.
Root bitter, aromatic, pungent.
s es.
Root purgative not now employed.
;

E. glutinosum
shrub.

Lamarck.
Branches smooth, glutinous

Peru.

todity and Uses.

Inula.

Pppus

Said to be the true Matico

lanceolate,
cordate,
stalked,
leaves

upper
the
on
smooth
acuminate, serrated, extremely wrinkled,
downy on the lower.
Habitat.

but

this is

questioned.

side,

See Piper.

Linnceus
the

ray 9

of

the disk

one row. Florets of

liecep
rows,
many
in
Bracts imbricated,
Anthers with 2 bristles.
tacle naked.
; I. Helenium Linnreus. (Elecampane-)
cordate
stem
the
of
leaves unequally dentato-serrate, downy beneath, those
ovate, acuminate, amplexicaul.
pilose, uniform, in

aoitee.

Europe, in damp meadows.

,-*;*
emetic.
expectorant,
$*%. An aromatic tonic. Diaphoretic, diuretic,
ses
Root in coughs, dyspepsia, exanthemata.
.

q2

228

CAMPANALS.

Tussilago.

COMPOSITES.

Linnceus.

Florets of the ray 9 , in many rows, ligulate ; of the

Bracts with a membranous edge.
Receptacle naked.
disk (J.
Fig. 305.
(Coltsfoot.)
1. T. Farfara Linnaeus.
Leaves angular, cordate, appearing after the scapes, which are covered with

Pappus

hairy.

scales,

and carry each a cylindrical yellow flower-head.

305

Waste

Habitat.
Quality.

places.

Emollient, demul-

cent, tonic.

A common remedy for

Uses.

troublesome coughs formerly smoked, now used

;

in decoction.

Linnwus.

Helianthus.

paleaceous, de-

Pappus

Florets of

ciduous.

of the disk
. Anthers without
Bracts imbritails.
the

ray

cated. Ach<jenia$ti>>

of the same form.

tuberosus.{ Jeru-

all

1.

H.
salem Artichoke.)

perennial.
tuberous
tall

Leaves triple-nerved,
scabrous,

serrated,

the
cordate,
the lower

ovate-lanceo-

upper
late

heads small

Habitat.

Brazil.

Quality.

Tubers

nutritious

slightly aromatic.

Uses.

common

Linnceus.

Pyretiirum.

Pappus

esculent.

memelevated
an

border.

branous
yf
in

the rat

one row

disk

Bracts form-

hemispherical
ing: a
Recepflower-head.
convex,
tacle rather

naked. AchawiaMgular, not winged.

1.

P. Parthenium Smith,

Leavei

rM

Habitat
vacs.

(Feverfew.)
mm

_.x:j

Woods and

gardens.
Quality.
Bitter, tonic.
decoction a favourite popular remedy for slight fevers.

""

'

Fig.

305. Tussilago Farfara.

*h*

sficrnents


229

CAMPANALS

T an acetum.
Pappus a

slight

membranous

COMPOSITES.

Linnceus.

border.

Florets all tubular, of the ray $ , of

the disk
Bracts forming a hemispherical flower-head. Receptacle
naked.
Achcenia oblong, angular, with a large epigynous disk.
1. T. vulgar e Linnrcus.
(Tansy.)
Leaves bipinnatifid, with serrated segments.
.

Habitat

Road-sides.

Quality.

Aromatic, bitter, tonic, anthelmintic.

Dyspepsia, intermittents, gout ; as an ingredient in puddings and cakes

Uses.

worm

in

cases.

Achillea.

Linnaeus.

Pappus 0.
Florets of the ray short, 9
with a flattened
of the disk
winged tube. Bracts forming an ovate or oblong imbricated flowerhead. Receptacle scaly, subconvex.
Achcenia com;

pressed.
306

A. Millefolium Linnaeus.
Fig. 306.
(Milfoil.)
Leaves woolly, those of the stem lanceolate or nearly
linear, bipinnatifid, with deeply divided pinme
the
1.

rachis scarcely at all toothed.

Habitat.

Road-sides.
Quality.
Strong-scented, bitter, stimulating, tonic.
Jses.
Its astringent leaves have been used to staunch wounds.

A. nobilis Lin nseus.

Leaves woolly, oval, bipinnatifid, with deeply
divided pinna) the rachis toothed from the
point to the middle.
2.

307

Habitat.

Fields in Europe.
Quality and Uses.
As in the

A.

3.

Ptarmica

Fig. 307.
Leaves lanceolate,

last.

Linnreus.
acute,

(Sneeze wort.)

sharply and

finely

serrated.
Habitat

Europe, in damp places.

Quality.

Acrid, burning.

Uses.

Root a substitute for Anacyclus Pyrethrum

Artemisia.

p^ppus

powdered leaves produce sneezing.

Linnceus.
the disk

$\ of

the

ray

in

one row.

Florets few, all tubular ; of

Bracts forming a roundish imbricated head. Receptacle naked or
disk.
epigynous
"airy.
small
a
with
Achcenia obovate,
* A. Abrotanum
Linnams. (Southernwood.)
leaves downy beneath, not auricled, bipinnate, with extremely narrow
segments ; flower-heads hoary, nearly round ; receptacle naked.
6?fotf.

0.

Common

in gardens.

VWtty.

KW.

Fragrant, bitter, acrid.

Leaves dried to drive away moth* from linen

an ingredient

some

onti-

nental beer.

%. 30.-Portion of the inflorescence of Achillea

Millefolium

307. Leaf of Achillea I'tarmica.

COMPOSITES.

230

CAMPikNALS

308.
Fig.
(Wormwood.)
Linnaeus.
2. A. Absinthium
segments
obtuse
lanceolate
with
Leaves hoary, 2-3-pinnatifid,
hairy.

receptacle

Thickets and mountainous places

Habitat.

in

Europe.
Aromatic, bitter, tonic; produces
Quality.
headache and giddiness.
Dyspepsia, intermittens, worm cases.
Uses.
3.

A.

Sieberi

Linnaeus.

Art.

Besser.

(Semen

Contra
Se-

Contra.
Fig. 309.

mencine.)
Leaves very small,

stiff,

lar,

hairless, glandu3-5-parted ; the

middle lobe

pinnatifid,

the

trifid

latter

linear

and

flower-heads

very small, panicled,

few-flowered,

glandu-

lar.

Habitat.

Palestine.

Quality.

Odour nauseous,

samic, bitter

bal-

sialagogue.

flowerand
leaves
Uses.
remedy
celebrated
a
heads
allied
Several
for worms.
Semen
the
furnish
species

The

the
of
Semencine
Cin or

Continental druggists.

309

4.

A.

Moxa De

Candolle,

(Moxa Weed.)

bipinnatifui, n
globose,

shrub.

itli

Leaves hoary, with a loose separable down,

linear-lanceolate obtuse segments
heads middle-sized,
racemose panicles.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

China.

The loose wool, or the beaten tops, form an inflammable substance,

Moxa, employed to produce eschars, instead of the actual cautery.

Uses.

Paralysis of the nerves ; sciatica, lumbago, neuralgia, spasmodic asthma,

swelling, stiff joints, visceral diseases.

Fig.

308. Artemisia

magnified.

leaf;

b,

a flower-head

ca jj e j

y^
both


2:31

CAMPANALS.

COMPOSITES.

(Tarragon. Estragon Fr.)

A. Dracunculus Linnaeus.
flower-heads nearly
Leaves green, smooth, linear-lanceolate, undivided
5.

round.

Common

in gardens.
Quality.
Warm, aromatic, slightly sialagogue.
The names, Dracunculu-.
Uses.
Chiefly employed as a pickle, and to flavour vinegar.
Estragon, Tragon, Tarragon, are said to allude to the convolutions of the root,

Habitat.

Siberia.

which have been compared to a dragon's

Anthemis.

Florets of
conical, scaly.

tail.

Linnceus.

or 0, in one row

Achcenia

of the disk

Bract-

;u<>

obscurely 4-cornered.
1.

A. nobilis Linnaeus.(Chamomile.) Fig. 310.

Perennial, prostrate

pinnate,

leaves

downy,

lobes pinnatifid

the

recep-

tacle long, conical.

Habitat.
Quality.

Pastures on gravel.
Aromatic, bitter, tonic,

emetic.
Uses.

Intermittents,

dyspepsia,
flatulence, colic, eructation.

Anacyclus.

Linnaw.

at the Achcenia are wini

A. Pyrethrum De Candolle. Anthems P

tory of Spain.)
*
*
u\%
tn
w
pinnate
smooth,
Stems procumbent, downy
radical leaves nearly
monocephalous.
branches
pinnatifid segments and linear subulate lobes
*

Uclihd.

Barbary, Spain, Levant.

.
,,,
%
Rubefacient ; a very powerful local irritant ;
ia
neura
neuralK
ami
f
j,
^w. As tincture for toothache ; chewed for palsy of the tongue,
head and face ; as a gargle in relaxed uvula.

W*W"
.

Fi B .

310.-Anthemis

nobilis

, the recent

-eta

with a few

florets

'

adhering to

it.

the


232

CAMPANALS.

COMPOSITES.

!_

Guizotia.

Pappus

Cassini.

ray $
in one row
of the dish 6
with thick jointed hairs below the middle.
Bracts in two rows,
0.

)f the

leafy.

Receptacle paleaceous.

Achcenia angular.
Verbesina sativa Roxburgh.
leif
(Ram-til.)
Stem downy at the upper end ; leaves half amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate
or cordate, remotely serrated, rather rough ; outer bracts more leafy
and spreading than the others.
East Indies, Abyssinia.
Seeds yield a large quantity of bland

Habitat.
Uses.

311

oil

employed

like Olive

Calendula.

oil.

Linnceus.

Florets of the ray

of the disk 0.
Achcenia deformed, curved, variously toothed, and muricated at
;

the back.
C.

1.

Marigold.)

An

Fig. 311.

Stem

annual.

(Pot

Linnaeus.

officinalis

erect

lower

leaves obovate, on long stalks;

achseflorets large, deep yellow
;

nia boat-shaped.
b

it

Habitat.
Uses.

It

Common

in gardens.

was formerly much

as a carminative

it

is

chiefly used now

to

adulterate saffron.

* *

Cynaraceous Composites.
Centaurea.

Pappus

pilose,

in

many rows

spiny or lacerated.
attached obliquely.
**

C<

Linnceus.

Bracts imbricated

second row longest.

Filaments papillose. Receptacle chaffy.
;

Cakitrapa Linnaeus. (Star Thistle.)

Fig. 311. -Calendula officinalis

a, a capitulum in fruit

b,

an achaenium.

Achmt*

CAMPANALS.

233

COMPOSITES,

Bracts smooth, palmate, spiny, with a strong

channelled central spine; heads
lateral ; leaves deeply pinnatifid.
Habitat.

Gravelly and sandy places.

Quality.

Roots

bitter.

Employed as a

Uses.

substitute for the Cnicus Benedictus.

C nic us,

Linnceus*

Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, extended into a long

hard pinnated spine. Achcenia regularly furrowed,

smooth, with a broad lateral scan

Pappus triple
the outer horny, short ; the next composed of 10
long bristles ; the third of 10 short bristles.
!

C.

Benedictus Linns_._,
Fig. 312.
branched rather shaggy annual ; leaves amplexicaul,
rather decurrent, half pinnatifid
heads terminal,
enveloped in leaves
florets yellow,
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Levant, Persia ; now in South America.

Tonic, diaphoretic, emetic.

Weak

Uses.

digestion

warm

infusion in chronic diseases.

Cynara.

Linnceus.

>/
C.

Scolymus Linnaeus.

(The Artichoke.)
I
leaves rather spiny, pinnatifid and undivided scales
;

of the involucre ovate.

Qn,,AU ~r T7
South
of Europe.
The receptacle or bottom "

Hahitnt
Habuat.
Wjfc

of the flower-head
is largely

ployed as a delicate esculent.

.^

emThe

Pappus forms the choke."

Arctium.

Linnceus.

Pappus short, pilose, distinct.

Bracts forming a globular
nead,armed with hardhooks,
and constituting a bur.
A fitojus Schkuhr. Lappa
<*jor. (Burdock.) Fig.

313.
involucre nearly

smooth bracts
all subulate
and hooked,
lo nger
than the florets;
heads rather corymbose.
;

tlvtotat.

Road-sides, waste places,

old gravel
pits.

?y-

Resolvent, diaphoretic,
diuretic; acluenia
diuretic and

Purgative.
fr

Roots, leaves, and fruit, as

a alterative
and resolvent in
gouty, rheumatic,
calculous, and venereal complaints
Arctium minus, known bvits cob webbv heads, nlaced in
Fig.

312. Leaf of Cnicus Benedictus

313.

N.B.

The smaller Burdock

has the same property

Arctium majus

234

CAMPANALS.

COMPOSITES.

* * * Ciciioraceous Composites.

Taraxacum.

Pappus

filiform,

and

lax.

very soft, deciduous.

Bracts in 2 rows ; the outer short
Achcenia compressed, beaked, muricated.
Receptacle

naked.
1. T. Dens Leonis Desfontaines.
(Dandelion.
Dent de Lion.)
Leaves runcinate, toothed ; achsenia linear, obovate, blunt, scaly, muricated,
with a long beak.
.

Habitat.

Pastures and waste places, everywhere.

Stomachic, tonic, aperient, diuretic.

Quality.

Weak

Uses.

digestion, hepatic affections, dropsy, dyspepsia,

cutaneous diseases, uterine

obstructions.

Lactuca.

Pappus

filiform,

rows,

soft,

deciduous.

outer shorter,

Linnceus.

Bracts
Heads few-flowered.
membranous edge. Receptacle

in 2-4

naked.
with a
Achcenia compressed, contracted into a filiform beak, which is not
muricated.
1. L. virosa Linnaeus.
(Acrid Lettuce.)
Leaves with a prickly keel, auricled, toothed or sinuate, mucronate achsenia
black, as long as the white beak.
;

Dry

Habitat.

banks.
Quality.
Narcotic, subacrid.
Uses.
Yields Lettuce-opium or Lactucarium.

2.

L. Scariola

Linnseus. (Prickly Lettuce.)

Leaves with a prickly keel, sagittate,

sinuate, amplexicaul
as long as the white beak.
Habitat.
Waste places.
Quality and Uses.
As in the

ach^nia

pale,

last.

L. sativa Linnseus. (Garden

Lettuce.)
Leaves oblong, erect, narrower at
the base, smooth on the keel
long leafy flowering stem.
3.

Habitat.

East Indies?

Wxty

Common

with

in gardens.

Sedative, hypnotic, antiscorbutic,

(anaphrodisiac ? ).
uses.
Leaves largely as salad. Lettuce
opium in troublesome coughs, inflammation,
nervous disorders, as a substitute
for opium, but more uncertain.

Scorzonera.

Linnceus.

Pappus feathery, in several rows. Bracts imbricated. Receptacle

Achwnia neither stalked nor beaked, with a lateral scar.
1

k. hispanica

Linnaeus. (VirER's Grass.)

Koot cylindrical, succulent;
branches monocephalous ; leaves
lanceolate, wavy
involucres smooth ; flowers yellow.
.

naked.

amplexicaul.

P ain and the sonth of Europe. Common in gardens.

l 8a,d t0 be
sud rinc ; nutritious, subaromatic.
?*.
'

oflrf'
r/Z
a

eataWe r0Ot

bites

fande

'

Uy the S P aniards t0 be a

Ciciiorium.

Pappus two rows

reflexed from
Achce,

of minute palese.
t.h* flr Q +

!,

.
p
vip<*
specific against
.

Linnceus.

Bracts

in

1-

outer
the
unequal rows,
nakedr>~~~*~i
n
n*r\v
Receptacle


CAMPANALS.

1.

C. Intybus Linnsous.

235
(Succory.

COMPOSITES,

Chicory.)

Fig. 314.

Leaves runcinate, hispid on the k eel, upper

oblong, arnplexicaul,
entire;

heads

axilla-

ry, in pairs, sessile.

Habitat. Banks, on gravel
or chalk,all over Europe.
Quality.

Bitter, sedative.

Leaves form a bad

Roots roasted
salad.

I 'ses.

are largely mixed with

coffee, the exciting effect
of which they are said
to diminish. Fresh root
its
tonic and aperient
;

decoction employed in
chronic, visceral, and
nutiinpous diseases.
Fig.

314. Cichoriumlntybus;

a a portion of the inflorescence;

b, root and lower leaves.
f


236

CINCHONALS.

2. C.

CRANBERRIES.

Endivia Linnaeus. (Endive.)

smooth,
nearly
sinuated,
leaves
oblong,
lower
hairy
rather
or
smooth,
Stem
florets blue or white.
those next the flower-heads broadly auricled
;

Uses.

Common

East Indies.

Habitat.
Quality,

in gardens.

Bitter.

Employed

largely as a winter salad.

Tragopogon.

Linnceus.

Bracts in one row, 8-10, united at the

Achcenia striated, with a long beak.
Receptacle punctured.
base.
Cercifis or Salsifis Fr.)
(Salsafy.
1. T. porrifolium Linnseus.
peduncles
leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire
Smooth

Pappus

feathery, in

many

rows.

obconical, fistular
Habitat.

Meadows

all

flowers purple

roots cylindrical, succulent.

Common

over Europe.

in gardens.

Said to be sudorific. Root nutritious and subaromatic.

Roots sweet, tender ; much esteemed as an esculent.

Quality.
Uses.

THE CINCHONAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 757-)

Natural rtortf af Cmtf)0naT&

CranfccrrtaS

Vacciniacece.)

Cmri)0na5jjj (Cinchonacece.)

Stamens epigynous, porandrous.

Stamens epipetalou3.

Leaves

opposite,

Stamens epipetalous.

Leaves

opposite,

with interpetiolar stipules.

Caprtf0ibS (Caprifoliacece.)

with no stipules.

no

Leaves

Stamens epipetalous.

gtcXUtui (Galiacece.)

verticillate, with

Fruit didymous.

stipules,

Natural Order, CranbnrttiS;

Vacciniacece (V. K., p. 757.)

j

Prevailing Quality.

Uncertain.
|

Oxycoccus.

Persoon.

Corolla rotate, 4-parted, revolute.

Stamens 8.
1. 0. palustris Persoon.
(Cranberry.)

Branches creeping,
Habitat
Quality.

Bogs over

filiform

4-celled.

the north of Europe.

Fruit largely used in tarts and puddings.
all

Linnceus.

Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate or urceolate.

celled,

Berry

leaves oval, entire, rolled back at the edge.

Vaccinium.

1.

Stamens 8-10.

Berry

4-5-

many-seeded.

V. Vitis Idcea Linnseus. (Red Whortleberry.)

dwarf shrub
leaves evergreen, obovate, emarginate, rolled back
edge, marked beneath with black dots.

at the

North of Europe and America.

The berries form one of the most agreeable of marmalades.

Habitat.
Uses.

Leaves sometime,

used to adulterate samples of Arctostaphylos uva ursi.

2.

V. uliginosum Linnseus. (Whortleberry.)

Stem much branched, ferruginous

and glaucous on the under
Habitat.
Quality.

leaves

small, obovate, entire,

downy

side.

All Europe, from the polar region to the Mediterranean.

Fruit succulent ; when fermented, producing a heady liquor.

I
j


237

CINCHONALS.

Cinchonacece (V. K.,

Natural Order, Cmdjtfnatrj ;

Prevailing Quality.

Cinchona.

p.

761.)

Tonic, emetic.

Linnaeus.

Corolla tubular, valvate.

included.

CINCHONADS.

Capsule

Anthers

5,

ovate,

2-

2-valved, septicidal, with

winged seeds.
celled,

1.

micrantha Ruiz and Pavon.

C. scrobiculata Humboldt.
(Silver or Huanuco Bark Tree.)
C,

Branches quadrangular, smooth; leaves

oblong, very large,

membranous, pitted
at the axils of the
veins ; flowers in a
loose leafless downy
panicle.
Peru.
Quality. Stimulant, tonic,
corroborant, irritant,
astringent

Habitat.

Uses.

Intermittents, in-

flammatory diseases,
rheumatism, atony, debility, &c.
2.
*

(Crown
Humboldt.
C. Condaminea
315.
Fig.
Tree.)
Bark
Loxa
or

or ovatelanceolate
smooth,
Leaves
pit
deep
a
with
thin,
rather
lanceolate,
side
under
the
;
on
veins
the
of
axils
at the
the
of
axils
the
in
corymbose,
short,

panicles

upper leaves,

downy

flowers small.

Habitat. Loxa, in Peru.

last
the
As
Uses.
and
Quality

Fig.

315.-Cinchona Condaminea

in flower.
Ipecacuanha
316. Cephaelis


238

CINCHONALS.

CINCHONADS.

Swartz.

Cephaelis.
Floicers in heads, surrounded by a le
Lobes of corolla
lobed limb.
1.

fy

involucre.

Calyx with a

short-

Anthers included.
Fruit succulent, 2-celled, with the stones striated on the external side.
(True Ipecacuanha.) Fig. 316.
C. Ipecacuanha A. Richard.
leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough above, downy
creeping herbaceous plant
heads long-stalked, pendulous.
beneath stipules multifid
small,

obtuse.

Habitat.

Woods

of Brazil.

Emetic, narcotic.
Hooping-cough, croup, asthma, cases of poisoning, mucous catarrh, bronchial
Uses.
haemorrhage, indigestion, dysentery, &c.

Quality.

Kunth.

RlCHARDSONIA.

Calyx with a globose tube and a 4-7-parted limb.

Corolla obconical,
valvate.
Stamens 3-5, projecting.
Style 3-4-cleft, with capitate
stigmas.
Capsules composed of 3-4 indehiscent 1 -seeded shells.
1. R. scabra Aug. de St. Hilaire.
(White Ipecacuanha.) Fig. 317.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rough at the edge
teeth of the stipules shorter
;

than their tube

heads many-flowered

calyx-lobes triangular,

ciliated.

317

Habitat.
Tropical
Quality and Uses.

America

As

in

many

places.

in Cephaelis Ipecacuanha.

Uncaria.

Schreber.
with

Flowers

cleft.

Corolla funnel-shaped,_ a a

U.
u. tfamewGambir Roxburgh.
Koxburgh. (Gambir Plant.)
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth stipules ovate

rA

i.
1.

solitary,

peduncles

axillary,

with 2 bracts in the middle, the lower barren and hooked.

Habitat.

East Indies, Malay Archipelago.

Quality.
One of the most powerful of pure astringents.
Uses.
Yields Gambir. a substitute for Catenl
Fig. 317.

Richardsonia scabra.

239

CINCHONALS.

Manettia.

CINCHONA PS.

Matis.

Calyx permanent.
the

Anthers 4, sessile in
Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft.
hairy mouth,
Capsules 2-valved, septicidal, with numerous

winged seeds.
1. M. cordifolia Martius.
Stem twining, terete, rough
leaves ovate, cordate, acute, downy on each
side
peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered.
Habitat.
Woods of Brazil.
Bark of root emetic.
Quality.
;

Uses.

Regarded

in Brazil as

a valuable remedy in dropsy and dysentery

Chiococca.

P. Browne.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, smooth inside. Stamens 5,

in the bottom of the corolla.
Fruit succulent, crowned by the calyx,
with 2 papery stones.
G.densifolia Mar tins. Fig. 318.
Leaves ovate, rather cordate
1.

broad at the base

racemes many-flowered corolla much longer than the
stipules

Habitat.
Quality.

Tropical America.
Bark of root violently emetic

and drastic ; diuretic.

ises.
Dropsy, visceral obstructions,
snake-bites ? hydrophobia ?

Coffea.

Linnceus.

spreading
oblong
4-5
Calyx 4-5-cleft.
Corollas funnel-shaped, with
side,
the
along
furrowed
drupe,
compressed
twisted lobes.
a
Fruit
deep
a
with
plano-convex,
Seeds solitary,
crowned by the calyx,
Putamen like parchment.
furrow along the flat side.
^ ^^
319.
Fig.
*
C.
Tree.)
*"
;
arabica Linnaeus.
aratnca
Linnaeus. (Coffee
clusshort,
axillary,
peduncles
Leaves oblong, ovate, acuminate, smooth ;
BBB1

tered
Habitat.

corolla 5-cleft

tf~^

stamens projecting.

Arabia Felix and Nubia.

fnlity. Antisoporific, stimulating ; apt to produce constipation

dvsoepsia
>n djspepsia.
headache
**. Counteracts opium, relieves intoxication, removes
astnma.
spasmodic
<1linrrhrea.
int^W^nts some nervous disorders ;

to.

318.

- Chiococca

densifolia

319. Coffea arabica.

240

CINCH ONALS.

Natural Order, Caprtfaftg; Ca\

Ing Quality.

CAPRIFOILS.

/<

Subacrid, emetic.

Sambucus.

Linnaeus.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Stamens

Berry with 3-5 seeds.
(Elder Bush.) Fig. 320.
1. S. nigra Linnaeus.

Stem

almost

serrated

Habitat

arborescent

corymb 5-rayed

Woods and hedgerows

pinnated

leaves

all

5.

leaflets

Stigmas

3, sessile.

ovate-lanceolate,

at the first division.

over Europe.

Flowers stimulant and sudorific ; fruit aperient and diuretic ; inner bark
hydragogue, cathartic, emetic.
Uses.
Flowers form an ointment and a distilled water ; berries make a grateful wine
bark in dropsies.

Quality.

321

320

Viburnum

Linnccus.

5-lobed.
Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla rotate, campanulate, or tubular,
Stamens 5.
Stigmas 3, sessile.
Berry 1 -seeded.
1. V. Opulus Linnaeus.
Fig. 321.
...in
Leaves 3-5-lobed, with acute toothed lobes flowers neuter and radical
;
the circumference of the corymb
Fig.

320.Sambucua nigra

in fruit;

321.

Viburnum Opulus

a, a leaf; &, a flower,

magnified

241

CINCHONALS.

Marshes

Habitat.
^

common

STELLATES.

in gardens, with all the flowers neuter

forming the * Gueldres Rose."

and radiant,

Leaves emetic, drastic ; fruit austere.

Leaves as those of Sambucus; fruit a miserable food for savage northern
nations.

Quality.
Uses.

Natural Order, stellate*; Galiacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

p.

768.)

Astringent.

Rubia.
Fruit succulent, didymous.
1. R. tinctorum Linnseus.

Linnceus.

Corolla rotate.

(Madder.)

Fig. 322.

Leaves in fours, netted, lanceolate, with reversed hooks at the edge

of the corolla taper-pointed.

lobes

Habitat

Levant.
Commonly cultivated in
fields in the south of Europe.
Quality.
A mild astringent and tonic. Colours
red the bones of animals that feed on it.
Uses.
A valuable red dye.

Asperula.

Linnceus.

fruit dry, didymous.

Corolla funnelshaped, or campanulate. Style bifid,

with capitate stigmas.

A. odorata Linnseus.
(Woodruff.)
Jleaves in whorls of 6 and 8, lanceolate,
smooth, rough at the edge and keel
fruit covered with hooked bristles.
In woods in most parts of Europe.
q
Hualtfy,
Possesses a very agreeable fragrance when dried.
V**Said to be diuretic forms an agreeable herb-tea ; dried leaves said to drive away
;
moths from clothes.
1

/.^'

THE MYRTAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 717.)

itfii

JH
1

or 2, pendulous.

Ovary

1 -celled.

i8rtWM00m*
axile.

Leaves dotted.
(Myrtacece.)
Ovary 2- or more- celled.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

jftjirafiaftuu;

Stamens 00.

Combretacea? (V. K.,

717.)

Astringent.
Linnceus.

Terminalia.

{Wjp campanulate,
wingless
a
Fruit
0.
deciduous. Petals
T Bellerka Roxburgh. (Beleric Myrobalan.)

p.

Ovules

juiceless drupe.

long
on
smooth,
end,
alternate, elliptical, entire, acute at each
stalks, with 2 small
petiole.
the
of
end
the
glands at

le *ve s

^tenuant
tonic
astringent
Fruit
Mountains of India.
Quality.
wate
in
soluble
Kernels eaten in India ; said to intoxicate ; gum, though
^flammable, and burns like a candle.

***

Fig.

322. A

whorl of leaves of Rubia tinctorum.

242

MYRTALS.

2.

MYROBALANS.

T. Chebula Retzius.

Leaves rather opposite, ovate, acute, stalked, when old smooth on the upper
side, but when young coarsely silky; with 2 glands at the end of the
petiole, and a few along its sides.
The mountains

Habitat.

of India.

Fruit and galls extremely astringent.

Employed by dyers ; dyes yellow with alum, black with salts of iron.

Quality.
Uses.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

^xtlMootai

cylindrical, 4-cleft,

distinct, in
1.

734.)

Linnceus.

much

clusters.

Stamens
longer than broad.
Petals 4.
Berry oblong, with 1-2 cells and as many seeds.

(The Clove Tree.)

acuminate
each

C. aromaticus Linnaeus.

Leaves ovate-oblong,

p.

Aromatic, astringent,

Caryophyllus.

Calyx

Myrtacece (V, K.,

end

at

324

Fig. 323.

cymes many-flowered.
323

L* {

r Ar
magnified
to show
tgm

-*

of ^jyophyilus aromatfens
the oil-cysts.

of
portion
324. Leaf of Eugenia Pimenta; a, a


243

MYRTALS.

MYRTLEBLOOMS.

East Indian Islands.

Quality.
Fragrant, sweetish, very agreeable ; stomachic, carminative.
Uses,
Dried flower-buds much used as flavouring ingredients ; in dyspepsia, nausea,

Habitat.

flatulence.

Eugenia.
Calyx roundish, 4-parted.

E. Pimento,
Allspice.)

I.

De

Stamens

Petals 4.

many

with as

1-2-celled,

Linnaeus.

Berry

distinct.

seeds.

(Pimento.

Myrtus Pimenta Linnaeus.

Candolle.

Fig. 324.

Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, smooth

325

peduncles axillary and terminal, in trichotomous

panicles ; berry globose, 1 -seeded.

West India

fiahitat.

roundish,

Islands.

Intermediate between pepper and cloves."

Pereira.
Uses,
As a spice in cookery ; in weak digestion ; to

Quality.

relieve flatulency, &c.

Myrtus.

Linncens.

Calyx roundish, 5-cleft.

Stamens
Petals 5.
2-3-celled, many-seeded.

Berry
M. communis Linnaeus.
distinct.

326

(The Myrtle.)

Fig. 325.
leaves ovate and lanceolate, acute ; pedicels
solitary, 1 -flowered, about as long as the
leaf, with a pair of linear deciduous bracts

beneath each flower.

aft

Common

Persia.

q
Vitality.
j.

in gardens.

Fragrant, aromatic.
v *9. Dried
fruit and flower-buds formerly used as a
s Pice; and are
said to be so still in Tuscany;
form a kind of wine; flowers yield a distilled water
^lled Eau d'Ange.

Punic a.

Linnceus.

Caly% coriaceous,
tubular,
Petals 5-7, crumpled.

valvate.

5-7-cleft,

Fruit a leathery

indehiscent case, with numerous irregular

cells, and 00 seeds, covered with pulp.
P.

Granatum Linnaeus. (The Pomboba-

nate.)

tre e

Fig. 326.
leaves lanceolate.

****

Barbary and the south of Europe.

JFWtfy. Astringent ; bark of root emetic and purgative
U** Bark of
gargles
for
fruit
of
rind
root in worm cases
;

m fevers,

refrigerant,
pulp of seeds retngerant,

especially bilious.

Linnceus.

Melaleuca.
fi

dlyx 5-parted..

phah<u)res.

r>.

Petal*
Petals

.
/>.

CapmU
flrular

polyadelph
>Stamcm poiyuut^uu*,

inclosed in the calyx, adnate

5 polyandrous
in ,
to the very branch,

seeds.

Fig. 325.

r^

Myrtus communis

r2

326. Puoica

Granatum

244

CACTALS.

1.

M. Cajeputi Roxburgh.

INDIAN FIGS.

M. minor Smith.

(Cajeput Tree.)

Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved

wide apart, with a woolly rachis.
Habitat* Amboyna and other Indian islands.

flowers spiked, rather

Oil a powerful antispasmodic, stimulant and sudorific.

Low fevers, paralysis, cholera, spasms, colic, chronic rheumatism, stimulating

Quality.
Uses.

liniments.

THE CACTAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 741.)

Natural rtrcr of Cattail

Sepals and

SntJian Jtflg (Cactacece.)

Fruit succulent.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

JEutttau dFtfltf;

flat,

undistinguishable.

Cactacece (V. K., p. 746.)

Uncertain.

Opuntia.

Stems

petals 00,

Tournefort.

jointed, obovate or oblong, or ovate, at length confluent in a

terete trunk.
1.

0. vulgaris Miller.

Fig. 327.
joints
of

prickles all of the

Fig.)

Spreading
ovate

(Indian

stem

same form, very short and

numerous.

Habitat.

Southern states of North America. Commonly cultivated in the south of

Europe.
Quality and Uses.^ Ripe fruit agreeable, and sold for the table in southern countries ;
stains the urine red.
Fig.

327. Opuntia

vulgaris

a, its

branches;

6,

a flower.

245

GROSSALS

CURRANTWORTS

THE GROSSAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 749.)

Natural Ortorr at H&ritttaM.

Natural Order, Curranttoortt

Seeds parietal

Fruit pulpy.

Curraittfooite (G rossulariacece .)

Grossulariacece (V.K., p. 750.)

Subaromatic.

Ribes.

Linnams.
Fruit a succulent berry.

Calyx 5-lobed.
Petals 5, scale-shaped.
1. R. rubrum Linnfcus. (Common Currant.)
above
smooth
beneath,
Leaves angular, bluntly 3-5-lobed, downy

Hedge rows and woods.

,*
.ifWi*naa
suffenng
persons
to
grateful

from
ti om

and
refrigerant
fruit
the
JuicI of
cooking.
for
and
dessert
Largely cultivated for

Quality.

2.

Currant.)
(Black
Linnajus.
R. niqrum

underside.
the
on
dots
Leaves angular, 3-5-lobed, with glandular
Habitat.
r\

I'm

Woods

of

Europe and

rr%

__1

fever.

Unarmed

Siberia.
^.a^a^i/i enW^lfl.

__ a

nut

mui'ii uuni*tvu xv*

conserve employed for sore throat.
i

racemes

Unarmed.

pendulous.
Habitat

N.B.-The

forms
Gooseberry

is

Ribes Grossularia.

ALLIANCE.
UMBELLAL
THE
Natural drttrr* af ElwrtrllaW.

UmUmea
ibiifuortt

(Apiacece.)

(AraVacew.)

Fruit didymous.

didymous,
not
Fruit

Leaves alternate*
Cornel* (Cornaccce.)
Leaves opposite.

didymous
not
Fruit

Natural Order, Wm&rfltfn*;

Prevailing Qualities.

Aromatic

A^^

stimulating

Flowers pentamerous
Flowers tetramerous

(V. K., p. 773.)

poisonous.

'>

Linnceus

Apium.

J^*$,

Involucre 0.
Umbels compound.
Bug*
side.
the
at
contracted
Fruit roundish,
Vittat
edge.
the
on
lateral
5, narrow, equal, the
terete.
^&wm
1 to each furrow,
Fig
RY.)
E
1. A.
Linn^us.-(CEL

pwob,

Smooth

leaves pinnated
toothed at the point.

Pig.

328-a, Fruit

of ditto.

of

Apt**

cut and
cuneate,
leaflets

size
graveolens, natural

32s

,alf of it

manned

c,

transverse section


UQ

UMBELLALS.

UMBELLIFERS

Ditches, especially in salt marshes.

Acrid, poisonous when growing in wet places and unblanched.
Quality.
When cultivated forms a favourite salad and ingredient in soups.
Uses.

Habitat

Linnaeus.

Cicuta.

Involucre : general, obsolete

Umbels compound

Calyx

bracts.
b

partial of

many

subulate

Fruit roundish, conRidges 5, flattish, equal,

leafy.

tracted at the side.

1 large to
Vittce
the Literal at the edge.
Albumen terete.
each furrow.
Fig. 329.
1. C. virosa Linnoeus.
Leaves tripinnate leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,

serrated.

329

Habitat.
Quality.

Ditches and river sides.

dangerous poison, acting like Conium.

Petroselix um

Hoffmann.

Umbels compound. Involucres: partial of many, general of few bracts.

Ridges 5,
Calyx obsolete.
Fruit ovate, contracted at the side.
narrow, equal, the lateral on the edge.
Albumen planoVittce 1 to each furrow.
convex*
1. P. sativum

329.
Stem angular

Fig-

Hoffmann. (Parsley.)
;

leaves

shining,

3-pinnate

leaflets toothed.

Pleasant, stimulating, aromatic, diurct

Leaves a common garnish to meat, &c,

Quality.
Uses.

favourite pot-herb.

330

Pimpinella.

Umbels compound.
b

331

Linnaeus.

Fruit con-

Involucres usually 0.
Calyx obsolete.
Ridges 5, filiform,
tracted at the side, ovate.
AlbW
Vittce 00.
equal ; the lateral on the edge.
men concavo-convex.
Fig. 330.
1. P. Anisum Linnaeus.
(Anise.)
stem
the
of
Lower leaves roundish-cordate, cut, those
downy.
fruit
leaflets
;
pinnate, with wedge-shaped

Commonly cultivated.
Syria.
Quality.
Aromatic, stimulant.

Ac
sweetmeats,
*
Uses.
As a flavouring substance for liqueurs,
BT
amth
aqua
the
The officinal preparations, especially
bon
Nurses
ployed to relieve flatulence, and colicky pains, especially of children.
times take it to promote the secretion of milk. It has also been used in pulmomu j
Pereira.
affections.
Its effects are condimentary, stimulant, and carminative.
Habitat

Egypt and

^r

half a fruit of Cicuta virosa magnified ; b, its transverse section ; 330. a, * nnt oiT?r

0l ri
nut
tlVUm ' natuml size 6 half of u magnified;
a,
*
>
>
c, its transverse section; 331.
pinena Anisum, natural size* 6, half
of it magnified; c f its tramiverse section.

JESJOZ*
SV f

UMBELLIFERS

247

UMBELLALS

Linnwus.

CONltJM.

Calyx
small.
partial,
and
general
Involucre both
Umbels compound.
wavy.
prominent,
Ridges
5,
obsolete.
Fruit ovate, compressed.
commisthe
next
side
the
on
furrow
Vittw 0.
Albumen with a deep
sure.

maculatum Linnasus. (Hemlock.) Fig. 332.

lanceolate,
bracts
hairless
Stem and all the parts perfectly
1.

C.

shorter than

the partial umbel.

332

places.

Habitat.

Hedgerows and waste

frailty.

Diuretic, discutient, narcotic

Vm.

po sonous

naph ro disiac.
anap

bronchocele,

^"

In glandular enlargements, ob "***

neuralgia
euraW.
rheumatism,
syphilis, hooping cough, tetanus,

M
Umbels compound.
halved.

Calyx

Linnceus.

thus A.

Involucre
obsolete.

general
Fruit ovate

broader.
and
edge
acute, the lateral on the

Albumen
men terete.
Linntcus.-(Foot
napium

Fig.

"~

332,-Coniun. niaculatum

a, its

>

pendulous,
long,
partial
thick,
raised,
Ridges 5,
1 to each furrow.
Vittce

T>^xvY)
Parsley^Fie.
fc

~Z
fruit

ZiftlTT
magnified
6,
,

333.

of
section
transverse
a tra

it.


248

UMBELLALS.

Bracts longer than the umbel

the fruit.

UMBELLIFERS.

stalks of the circumference twice as long as

Habitat.
Hedgerows and waste places.
Quality.
Poisonous ; narcotic, acrid, emetic.
Uses.
-Leaves a frequent cause of dangerous accidents, on account of their resemblance
to Parsley.

Carum,
Umbels

Linnceus*

compound.

Involucre

small or obsolete*

Calyx

334

Fruit oblong,
compressed.
Ridges 5,

obsolete.

narrow, equal, the lateral

on the edge, Vittce 1 to
each furrow.
Albumen
terete.

Carui LinnsBUs.
(Caraway.) Fig. 334.
leaflets
Leaves bipinnate
C.

1.

the lower pair

decussating
stem angumultifid,

lar

root fusiform.

Habitat.
Europe.
gardens.

Cultivated in

An

aromatic stimulant
and condiment.
Vm. In flatulent colic ; chiefly
as a flavouring material, for

Qiatlity.

liqueurs

Crithmcm.

and cakes.

Linnceus.

Umbels compound.
Involucre of many lanceolate bracts.
Calyx obsolete.
fruit oblong, rather flattened
from the back.
Ridges 5, winged,
fr

sharp, the lateral rather the widest.

Vittce 00,
spread over all the seed.
Albumen terete.
1. C. maritimum Linnaeus.
(Samphire.) Fig. 335.

Leaves fleshy, 2-3 pinnate

Habitat.
Rocky cliffs of the sea
;

Quality.
Uses.

Aromatic,

leaflets lanceolate, few.

coast.

saline.

favourite ingredient in pickles.

335

magnified

c. its

transv^s* .^;,Tr

magnified

Carui, natu
.

>.

maritimum


249

UMBELLALS.

UMBELLTFERS.

Linnceus.

Sium.

Umbels compound.
Involucres both partial and compound.
Ridges 5, equal,
Fruit compressed from the side.
narrow, the lateral on the edge,
Vittce 3 or thereabouts to each furrow.
Albumen subterete.
1. S. Sisarum Linnseus.
Fig. 336.
(Skirret.)

Calyx minute

Root tuberous,

lower leaves pinnate, with

oblong serrated leaflets, the terminal being cordate ;
the upper ternate with lanceolate leaflets*
fascicled;

Japan, China. Common in gardens.

Quality.
Roots sweet, succulent, nutritious, subaromatic, employed in cookery in the same way as Scorzonera.

Habitat

~3<;

Linnceus.

S MriOTUM.

Umbels compound. Involucres variable. Calyx obsolete.

ovate, compressed, didymous. Ridges sharp,
thick, the 3 dorsal prominent, the lateral
distant, on the edge.
Vittce 00. Albumen
involute.
1-

Olusatrum

S.

Linnseus.

Fruit roundish337

(Alexanders.)

Fig. 337.

Stem terete

leaves ternate, stalked, serrate

fruit black.
Habitat.
Quality.

Waste ground, near

ruins.

Aromatic, rather pleasant when blanched

fruit

Vm.

carminative.
Formerly instead of Celery

rarely cultivated

now.

Linnceus.

Coriandrum.
Umbels compound.

Involucres

halved.
3-leaved,
partial
general 0,

Calyx

primary narrow, round, zigzag,

Fruit spherical. Ridges :

Vittce
filiform.
prominent,
obsolete ; secondary
hemiAlbumen
0, except on the commissure.
5-toothcd.

spherical, concave.
*

C sativum

Linnseus.

Upper leaves multifid

Fig. 338.

(Coriander.)

flowers white.

cultivated in gardens.
Quality.
Aromatic, stimulant, carminativ
Uses.
Fruit in confectionary ; and as an
Habitat.

Levant

338

medicine.

Linnceus.

Daucus.

back
the
from
compressed
ridges,
secondary
fruit with both primary and
i
vzucb
segments
segments.
Si
:
_
B*jr_
i^i,
infn
rromilar
into
~
~
Ridges prickly, or broken
plano-convex
Albumen
beneath each secondary ridge.
'

"
!

\
*>^

Pig. 336\~a, Pratt of Sium Sisarum, natural size

c
j
section; 837. a, Fruit of Smyniium Olusatrum, natural

Fruit of Coriandrum, magm;

~ / n,- inivp* magnified c. its transverse

* on7of ihe halves, magnified ; c, its
section of one of its halves.


250

UMBELLALS.

1.

D. Carota Linnseus.

UMBELLIFERS.

Fig. 339.

(Carrot.)

Stem

hispid

leaflets pin-

opaque, with
segments
cuspidate
natifid,

bracts of the involucre

trifid

and

pinnatifid.

Roadsides and banks.

Habitat.

Commonly
The
Quality.

cultivated.
fruit

aromatic,

root
diuretic
stimulant,
sweet, nutritious.
Fruit in suppression of
Used.
urine ; poultice of the root
sometimes applied to chap:

ped

nipples

but painful.

Root a well-known

esculent.

2. D.

gummifer Lamarck.

Stem

hispid

natifid,

leaflets pin-

nearly

with

smooth, thick, ovate inbracts

cised segments
;

pinnainvolucre
the
of
trifid, shorter
tifid or
than the umbels.
on
Europe
of
South
Hahitat.
the sea-coast.
bita
yield
roots
Quality.
forsubstance,
balsamic
ter
called Sicilian Bdel-

The

merly
lium.

339

CEnanthe.

Linnceus.

Umbels compound. Involucres variable. Calyx stiff, leafy. -Fruit

Vittw
crowned by the stiffened styles. Ridges 5, very convex.
each furrow.
Albumen subterete.
1. (E. crocata Linnaeus.
(Hemlock Dropwort.) Fig- 340.

t0

-shaped

fusiform
leaflets cut
Fig.

long the upper sides

339,-Daucus Carota

fruit magnified.

a, a flower of the ray

J

'

close
fruit cylindrical, in
b,

an umbel of

fruit

of 1*1*
section
c, a transverse

251

UMBELLALS.

UMBELL1FERS.

Wet

places and swampy meadows.

Poisonous ; narcotico-acrid ; loses its virulence in northern latitudes,
Quality.
resembling small parsnips, a frequent cause of fatal accidents.

Habitat.

Roots,

X3
*

340

e
341

2.

(E.

Phellandrhm

(W

Linnaeus.
aquaticum
Phellandrium

Sprengel.
Fig. 34.

leaves repeatedly pinnate,

fibres
whorled
numerous
with
Rhizome jointed,
segments.
dark-green
fine
cut into innumerable
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Ditches, ponds, and wet places.

As in the last, but less dangerous.

Hoffmann.

Anthiusciis.

of
partial
general
0;
Umbels compound. Involucres :
beaked.
side,
the
at
Fruit contracted
obsolete.

the beak, which has

Stem smooth

Pig.
;

0.

next the commissure.

A. vulgaris Persoon,

1-

umbels

;
;

4fti*.

is

fun owed

;Pp
nS
n
^
rtllf tvv
as
twice
about

fruit ovate, luspid,

smooth.

~T~:
TTaufn mjurnified
of the natural
natural
^^SmvSi
Phellandnum,
Fruit of Enanthe

340 CEnanthe crocata; n, its fruit

its

half-terete,

lateral, stalked

long as the beak, which

transverse section
Qd seen from the back

<*,

Vittce

5.

^f*J
Jj
*%*> "-

I
341. a,
of
c, a transverse section

size

it.

c,

b,

one of the halves

half of

it

magnified

252

UMBELLALS.

UMBELUFERS.

common

weed.
Deleterious ; has been the cause of accidents in consequence of being mistaken for the following. Some Dutch
soldiers, who gathered it by mistake for common Chervil,
were poisoned by the soup into which it was put. Burnett.
Anthriscus sylvestris is reputed to be similar in its effects to

Waste

Habitat.
Quality.

places, a

Hemlock, only rather less narcotic. (Herba Cicutarise

Officin.)

(Chervil.) Fig. 342.

Cerefolium
Stems hairy above the joints ; umbels lateral, sessile
fruit smooth, about twice as long as the beak.

in

Occasionally cultivated

Habitat.
Waste ground of Europe.
gardens.

Leaves agreeably aromatic.

Grown merely for soups, and salads.

Quality.
Uses.

-,.

342

Cuminum.

Umbels compound.

Involucre

Linnceus.

general of

Calyx of 5 lanceolate setaceous

finally reflexed.

2-4 bracts, partial halved,

Fruit slightly contracted at the side. Bidges blunt,

filiform, the lateral on the ed^e.
Vittce 1 beneath each
prominent hairy furrow.
Albumen nearly flat
1. C. Cyminum Linnceus.
Fig. 343.
(Cummlv.)
involucres
Leaves multifid, setaceous
umbels 3-5-cleft
longer than the hairy fruit.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Egypt and the Mediterranean.

Mildly stimulant and carminative

discutient.
Uses.
In the preparation of plaisters in veterinary practice
liqueurs.

343

teeth.

F<ENicuLim.

Umbels compound.

margin.

and

in

Hoffmann.

Involucre
Vittce

0.

Bidges

Fruit taper.

bluntly keeled.

Calyx a tumid
5,

prominent

furrow.
each
to
1, large,

Albumen plano-convex.
F. officinale Allioni.
(Fennel.) Fig. 344.
Leaves multifid, with setaceous segments.
1.

Common in gardens.
Coast of the Mediterranean.
Quality.
An aromatic stimulant, carminative.
Uses.
Chiefly as a potherb for flavouring sauces.
Habitat.

344

Opoidia.

Lindley.

Umbels compound. Involucres: general obsolete, partial of many bracts.

dorsal
Calyx obscurely 5-toothed.
3
Bidges
Fruit terete, oval.
each
beneath
angles.
Vittw one large one
345
ridge.
each
furrow, and one small one beneath
Albumen furrowed next the commissure.

Fig. 345.
Leaflets oblong, obtuse, serrulate, decurrent
1

tr-im vi

f 'ZZl-

FrUi

i o

A " thri

\TavJS?V
*V'
tnppiculuni

half

0. galbanifcra Lindley.

Cerefolium, natural size; b

Cummnm Cyminum

one of

its

magnified;
officinale, natural size
b, one half magnified;
34ft
SHfc Transverse section
of half a fruit of Opoidia galbanifera, magnified.

t^

tJ >*

friiit

of

agnized

253

UMBELLALS.

Habitat.

UMBELLIFERS,

Persia.

to yield the fetid gum-resin called Galbanum ; but Dr. Pereira now
thinks that the substance obtained from it is different from either Galbanum or

Quality.

Supposed

Sagapenum

Archangelica.

Hoffmann.

Umbels

compound,

large,

general 0,

Involucres

partial of

many

bracts.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit

compressed from the back
Midges 5, winged, the lateral short of the edge and
broader than the dorsal.
00, covering the
albumen,
plano-convex
Vittw

1.

which is loose.
A, officinalis Hoffmann.

(Angelica.)
Stem
smooth,

Fig. 346.

furrowed
with
bipinnate,

leaves

ovate, or

somewhat

cor-

date broad serrated leaflets ; upper petioles ventricose.

Watery places.
Quality.
Root and fruit pungent, aromatic, stimulant, tonic.
U*es.
The candied stalks are stomachic. Chiefly employed in

Habitat.

Anethum.

the preparation ol gin

Linnceus.

Calyx
Umbels compound.
Involucres none.
pressed from the back, with a broad dilated edge.
lateral
equidistant
;
filiform,
Ridges 3 dorsal,
Vittce 1 to each furrow.
lo3t in the margin.

Fruit com

obsolete.
a

Albumen

thin, lenticular.
(Dill.)
graveolens Linnaeus.

A.
Segments of leaves long, setaceous
I.

border

Fig. 347.
;

fruit

elliptical

flat.

Habitat.

South of Europe, near the coast.

Quality.
Aromatic, stimulant, carminative.
Use*.
As a condiment to relieve the flatulence and griping ol
;

infants.

Fig. 346.
section

347

erse section 01

"

ll

Mlv *e *

magnified
Fruit of Anethura graveolens,

this the vitta?

UMBELLALS.

254

Pastinaca.

UMBELLIFERS.

Linnceus.

Umbels compound. Involucres: general obsolete,

partial
Urutt thin, compressed from the back, surrounded

Calyx obsolete.
by a broad border.
Midges, 5, very fine, the 3 dorsal near
each other, the 2 lateral distant
and close to the edge.
Vittce 1 to each furrow.
Albumen flat.
0.

1.

f?^V^\

P.

sativa

(Parsnep.)

Linnceus.
Fig. 348.

Stem angular, furrowed

leaves pinnated, shining,

hairy on the under side;

leaflets oblong, blunt,
crenate-serrate, the ter-

minal 3-lobed.

^
?\

Habitat Chalky districts, especially on the coast.

Quality and Uses, Roots sweet,
nutritious ; a favourite ar-

ticle

of food.

348

349

348

'

ronium,
UmtelS^?^
natural size

ed ; b, its transverse section

a, Fruit of Opopauax
&, the same magnified
c 9 transverse section of one-half.

'

fruit

ma^i

fi

M&

255

UMBELLALS.

Opopanax.

UMBELLIFERS.

Koch

Umbels compound.
Involucres general and partial, of few bracts.
Petals
roundish, entire, with an involute point.
Calyx obsolete. Fruit thin,
compressed from the back. Ridges 3, filiform.
Vittce 3 to each
furrow, and 6-10 on the commissure.
Albumen flat.
1. 0. Chironium Koch.
(Opopanax.) Fig. 349.
Leaves bipinnate, with unequally cordate, crenate, obtuse segments.
Habitat

South of Europe.

One
effects to

of the plants yielding a fetid antispasmodic gum-resin analogous in

its

Ammoniacum.

Narthex.

Falconer.

Calyx obsolete.
Umbels compound.
Involucres 0.
Fruit thin, compressed at the back, with a dilated
border.
Ridges 3 only, dorsal. Vittce 1 to each
Albumen
dorsal furrow, and 2 to the laterals.

thin, flat.

nauis.

ifoetida Lin-

Falconer.

Asafi

(Asaf(etida.)

Radical leaves 3-parted

Fig. 350.

segments bipinnatifid, with

fo

oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, decurrent lobes.

Laristan, Affghanistan, the Punjaub.
Quality.
Gum-resin fetid, stimulating, antispasmodic.
Uses.
In spasms and convulsions, chronic catarrh, flatulent
350
colic, uterine obstructions.
N.B. This is the genuine Asafootida plant, but probably the substance is also yieMed
produced
the
have
to
conjectured
been
has
It
Ferula.
by even species of
Inapsia,
See
evidence.
unsatisfactory
on
but
ancients,
Silphium or Laser of the
p. 256.

Habitat.

Ferula.

Linnceus.

Petals ovate, acuminate. Calyx

surrounded
disappearlateral
the
filiform,
dorsal
the
Ridges 5,
more
or
furrows,
4
dorsal
the
in
more
or
3
Vittee

Involucres variable.

Umbels compound.
slightly 5-toothed.

by a broad border.

ing in the border.

on the commissure. Albumen flat.
* F. persica Willdenow.
Fig. 351.
Stem dwarf, glaucous
leaves supradecompound,
;

with distant segments, and linear-lanceolate

cut lobes, dilated at the point; the first umbel

sessile.
flo&itot
Quality.

Persia.

There seems to be

little

doubt that this yields

some part of the Asafootida of commerce. Its fruit

has been received from Persia as that of the Asafootida
plant; and an oil plant at Chelsea yielded a gum-resin
so like the drug that, until the re-discovery of Narthex,
it was generally believed to be its real source.
F 'g.

350.~rt, Fruit of Narthex Asafcetida magnified; b,

** ; a, natural size ; b, magnified.

its

transverse section

351

351 Fruit of Ferula

256

UM BELLA LS.
2.

UMBELLIFERS.

F. orientalis Linnseus.

Stem branched leaves supradecompound

downy upper petioles much inflated.
;

setaceous,

leaflets

jninutely

Habitat

Asia Minor, Greece.

Said to furnish African Aminoniacum ; but if
Uses.
that drug is yielded by the Fashook of the
Moors, then it is certain that its source is the next
species.

r^rf
*

niacum.)

<

(African Ammo-

F. tingitana Linnseus.

3.

Fig. 352.

Stem

**^"

branched
leaves
supradecompound,
shining
segments
oblong -lanceolate,
much cut
upper petioles large and
dilated
terminal umbel on a short stalk.
;

Habitat. Various places in the North of Africa.

Quality.
The fetid gum- resin is analogous in its effects
to common Ammoniacum.

352

* Hekacleum.
353

Linnceus.

Umbels compound.
Involucres obsolete.
Calyx 5toothed.
Fruit compressed from the back, thin,
with a broad border.
Ridges 5, filiform, the 3
dorsal near each other, the lateral distant.
Vittce
1

Albumen

to each furrow, short, clavate.

thin,

flat.

1.

H. Sphondylium Linnseus.

(Cow

Parsnep.

Hog-

weed.) Fig. 353.

Leaflets lobed or pinnatifid, cut and serrated ; fruit
smooth, emarginate
2 vittse on the commissure.
;

Habitat.
Quality.

Hedges and dry ditches very common.

Acrid, vesicant. Rind of the root ulcerates the skin,
;

Thapsia.

Umbels compound.
b

if applied in

a fresh

state.

Linnceus.

Involucres variable.
Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit compressed from the back. Ridges: 5 primary
dorsal, filiform, 2 secondary lateral winged.

beneath each of the 2 intermediate

iimen
ridges, and 2 on the commissure.

Vittce 1

nearly flat.
1. T. garganica Linnseus.
354.

Stem smooth
fruit

354

(Asa

leaflets linear,

Dulcis.)

acute,

Fig.

decurrent

widely cordate.

Habitat,
South of Europe and Barbary.
Uses.
This, or a nearly allied species, called T. Silphium,
yielded the Laser cyrenaicum or Asa dulcis, a drug
enjoying the highest reputation among the ancients
as an antispasmodic, deobstruent, and diuretic.

Fig. 352, -Fruit of Ferula tingitana, natural size

;
b y the sai
the same
353. Fruit of Heracleum Sphondyttum, magnified
magnified 6, its transverse section.


257

UBELLALS.

UMBELLIFERS.

D. Don.

Dorema.

Calyx obsolete. Epigynous

Fruit compressed from the back, surrounded
Ridges 3, dorsal filiform,

Umbels proliferous, racemose.

disk cup-shaped, toothed.

1.

Involucres 0.

by a broad border.
lateral very minute within the border.

Vittce

of the furrows 0, of the commissure 4.

Albu-

men flat.*
D. ammoniacum D. Don.

(Ammoniacum.) Fig.

355.
Leaves large, bipinnate, with pinnatifid segments,

and oblong, obtuse lobes

and

petioles

fruit

woolly.
Ilalitot.

Persia.

gum-resin stimulating, discutient.

glandular
for
plaister
a
as
Urn.
Deficient expectoration ;
enlargements.

The

Quality.

fetid

**

Linnceus.

Eryngium.

355

Calyx

leafy.

Fruit taper,

Involucre leafy.
Umbels simple, capitate.
Vitta> 0.
Ridges 0obovate, scaly.
1. E. maritimum Linnaeus.
,
stem
the
on
cordate,
Leaves spiny-toothed, those next the root undivided
spiny.
3-lobed,
generally
bracts ovate,
amplexicaul, palmate
.

Sandy coasts of the sea.

Quality.
Root sweet, aromatic, tonic, diuretic.
&. The candied root used as an aperient, and
Balif<u.

Renuted
Repute

be an aphrodisiac.

to
2.

ration*.
w,m,
uctions.
obsti
visceral
in
.

E. campestre Linnaeus.

with
stem
the
of
those
Leaves ternate, bipinnatifid, netted,
Habitat.
Qolity

Barren
and Uses.

Europe

places.

As

. nra t ol i auricles
A
lacerated
i

the

last.

780.)
K.,
(V.
p.
Araliacea
Iunto0rW;
Natural Order,

Tonic

Prevailing Quality.

Acrid

Aralia.

Linncpus.

Styles
*

diverging, 5.
A. nud'iraulis Linn?eus.

Leaf solitary, radical

ttahitat,

The United

rt

petiole tnfid

scape shorter than the

serrated;

States.

Alterative and tonic.

Root said to equal Sarsaparilla

mv

itied.
magnineu.
both
section,
transverse
h
its
b
been
Ammoniacum
having
Dorema
specimens
of
355.-a, Fruit
of wrong
consequence
in
In the Flora Medic* - the fruit is misdescribed
"

72

avatp
ovate, acute,

leaf.

Quality.

u***-

_
^
c
segments

Wished hy Mr. Don.


258

UMBLLLALS.

Hedera.

IVY WORTS.

Linnceus.

Styles converging, or connate, 5-10.

H. Helix Linnseus. (Common Ivy.) Fig. 356.

leaves coriaceous, smooth, angular
Stem creeping by fibrous rootlets
1.

umbels simple, downy.

356

Habitat

Bark

and

of trees,

walls, everywhere.
fruit bitter, aperient, emetic.

Leaves bitter
HaS had S me rePutation
a sudorific leaves applied to cauterised surfaces.
rru
The gum-resin called Hederine, used by varnish makers, and said to be depilatory
and emmenagogue.

Quality.

Natural Order, Cornrte; Cornacece (V. K.,

Prevailing Quality.

782.)

Astringent, tonic.

Cornus.
Calyx nearly obsolete, 4-toothed.
Fruit a 2-3- celled drupe.
Fig.

p.

356. Hedera Helix

Linnceus.

Petals 4, sessile.

Stamens

4.

a, magnified view of a perpendicular section of its seed

Style

1.


259

UMBELLALS.

COKNELS.

C. Jlorida Linnaeus.

Flowers appearing with the leaves in close heads, surrounded by large white
roundish bracts
a tree.
;

The United

Habitat.
Quality.

States.

Tonic, astringent, bitter.

Uses.
Bark employed advantageously in intermittent fevers in the United States. It
approaches Cinchona in its general effects, and is not inferior to it in the cure of
intermittents.
The young branches stripped of their bark, and rubbed with their
ends against the teeth, render them white.

C. sanguinea Linnrcus.

(Common
wood.)
Leaves

Dog-

Fig 357.
whole-

ovate,

downy

be-

neath ; corymbs
headed.

flat-

coloured,

Habitat.

Hedges and woods,

common.

Quality.

Fruit contains a
great quantity of oil, which
is
said to equal that of
the olive.

3.

mas Linnaeus.
(The Cornel Tree.

C.

Cornelian Cherry.)
3*7

Flowers appearing before

the leaves in small yellow heads with
Babitat.

Quality

from England
Wo'od very hard and tough.

Woods and

and

Uses.

perfectly ripe
intermittents.

plantations

4 inconspicuous
to

Japan.

bracts

Fh* austere, tae

formerly "fermented for a beverage.

Bark

tree.

^
,

said to have

pow

C'Suecica Linn seus.

,
,.
,
bracts,
white
by
surrounded
Flowers appearing with the leaves in close heads,
leaves sessile, ovate ; herbaceous.
*

habitat.

Northern parts of Europe.

Qmlity.

Berries tonic
Pig.

rtta^ohlp manner.
remarkable
very
a
in
appetite
the
said to increase

357.-Cornus sanguinea

perpendicular section of

its

flower, magnified.


260

ASARALS.

LORANTHS.

THE ASARAL ALLIANCE

(V. K., p. 786.)

Natural cteuS of StearaR

Ovary

EnrantT)^ {Loranthacece.)
33trtf)&)0rt

1-celled.

Ovary 3-6-celled.

(Aristolochiacece.)

"

Natural Order, HorautljS; Loranthacece (V. K., p. 789.)

Unknown.

Prevailing Quality.

Vis cum,

Linnaeus.

Calyx obsolete.
Petals 4.
Anthers adnate to the petals, honeycombed.
1. V. album Linnseus.
(Misselto.)
Stem dichotomous, much branched leaves lanceolate, blunt, veinless.
;

Habitat.
Europe, parasitical on trees.
Quality.
Bark astringent.
Berries yield a
birdlime.

Natural Order,
Prevailing Quality.

viscid

matter of the same nature as

3Birfi)foarte; Aristolochiacece

(V. K., p. 792.)

Stimulant, aromatic.

Artstolochia.

Linnceus.

Calyx tubular, oblique, inflated at the base.

Stamens adnate to the style.
1. A. Clematitis Linnseus.
(Common Birthwort.) Fig. 358.
Leaves roundish-cordate, stalked
stem erect, striated flowers axillary,
;

crowded, erect, with an ovate obtuse

Habitat.

lip.

Many

parts of Europe, among rubbish, and in waste places.

Quality.
Roots strong scented, powerfully stimulating.
Uses.
Once in great repute as an aid in difficult parturition.

A. rotunda Linnseus. Fig. 359.

Leaves cordate, amplexicaul, obtuse
2.

sessile, erect,

with an oblong

Habitat.

South of Europe.

Quality.

Bitter, acrid roots stimulant

Uses.

flowers solitary,

lip.

and

In amenorrhea as an emmenagogue

A. longa Linnseus.
Leaves cordate, ovate, retuse

stem nearly erect

tonic.
;

in gout.

Said to stupify snakes.

3.

lanceolate acute lip

stem prostrate

flowers

erect,

with

root oblon<r.

Habitat. South of Europe.

Quality and Uses. As in A. rotunda.

A. Serpentaria Linnseus. (Serpextary.) Fig. 360.

Leaves cordate, oblong, acuminate; stem zigzag, ascending; peduncles
growing from the root, scaly flowers with a triangular mouth.
4.

261

ASARALS.

BIRTH WORTS,

im

Habitat

United States.

Quality,

Stimulant, nauseous, purgaincreases the pulse ; dia-

tive ;
phoretic.

intermittent
and
continued
In
Uses
throat
the
in
typhus
;
low
fevers ;
penea
has
root
The
distemper.

Fig. 3.8.- Artstolochia Clematitis

<*, one of its flowers.

3*9. Aristolochia rotunda

Serpentana
Aristolochia
of
Leaf
360.

ASA HALS

262

BIRTH WORTS

tratmg resinous smell, and a pungent bitter

tain cases as an antispasmodic and
anodyne.

taste.

It acts as

tonic,

and

in cer-

It is peculiarly useful in supporting

the strength and in allaying the irregular

action which attends great febrile debility.

Dr. Chapman considers it "admirably
suited to check vomiting and to tranquillise
the stomach, more particularly in bilious
cases.

A. anguicida Linnseus.
Leaves cordate, acuminate
5.

date, solitary,

Fig. 361.
;

stipules cor-

amplexicaul

calyx

erect, with a lanceolate lip.

Habitat.
Quality.

Carthagena and Mexico.

The juice of the root chewed and

introduced into the mouth of a serpent so

stupifies it, that it may for a long time be
handled with impunity ; if the reptile is
compelled to swallow a few drops, it perishes
in convulsions.
The root is also reputed to

be an antidote to serpent-bites. Jacquin,l.c.

A. Guaco. (The Guaco.) Fig. 362.

Leaves thin, oblong, almost parallel6.

edged, somewhat cordate, shortly

acuminate, obtuse, smooth, 3-nerved
at the base.

362
361
Fig. 361.

LenfofAristolochiaangiucida; 362.
Leaf of Aristoloehia

G unco.


263

ASARALS.

1URTH WORTS.

Habitat.
Equinoctial America.
Quality and Uses.
This appears, from the testimony of Dr. Hancock, to be the real
Guaco, to which, as an alexipharmic, so much interest has attached by the
relation of Humboldt.
What is sold as Guaco in Colombia is certainly an
Aristolochia of some kind.
The accompanying figure is taken from one of
Dr. Hancock's specimens.

Asarum.
Stamens 12, horned,

distinct

Linnaeus.

from each other, and from the

style.

Calyx

campanulate, 3-lobed.
1. A. canadense Linnaeus.
Leaves reniform, mucronate, pubescent, in pairs.
Habitat.

Canada.

Quality.

A warm

aromatic, stimulant and diaphoretic, and as

a substitute

for

Serpentary.

(Asarabacca.)
A. europceum Linnaeus.
Leaves reniform, obtuse, hairy, in pairs.
Woods of Europe.
Habitat.
2.

Fig. 363.

Acrid, emetic, purgative, diuretic ? diaphoretic ; excites sneezing.

Uses.
As a substitute for Ipecacuanha; as a counter irritant in affections of the eyes,
brain, &c, headache, toothache, ophthalmia. Drunkards in the south of France use
Powder said to form the base
it to sober themselves by emptying the stomach.
of Cephalic snuff.

Quality.

363
Fig.

363. Asarom europium

a 9 the ovary and

stamen

magnified

INDEX.
(the numbers refer to the pages.)

Anchusa

216
Andromeda polifolia, 106

Abelmoschus esculentus, 135 Algaroba, 178

moschatus, 1 36
Abies Balsamea, 67
excelsa, 67
Larix, 67
nigra, 67
pectinata, 67
Picea, 67
Acacia Adansonii, 180
arabica, 180
Catechu, 180
nilotica, 180
vera, 180
Verek 179
Achillea Millefolium, 229
nobilis, 229
Ptarmica, 229
Achira, 50
Achras Sapota, 167

Aconitum Cammarum, 151

Lycoctonum, 152
Napellus, 150
paniculatum, 151

Acorus Calamus, 53
Acrogens, 22
Acteea spicata, 1 52

Adiantum Capillus Veneris, 24

pedatum, 24
^Ecidium Berberidis, 13
cancellatum, 13
Urticse, 13
iEsculus Hippocastanum, 1 02
-^Ethusa

Alismal Alliance, 61
Alkanet, 216

Allamanda cathartica, 192

Allium ascalonicum, 57
Cepa, 57
fistulosum, 57

Porrum, 56
sativum, 56
Scorodoprasum, 56
Allspice, 243

Almond

Ammannia vesicatoria,
Ammoniacum, 257

86

Agrostemma Githago,

20

Alaria esculenta, 6
Alder, Black, 164

Aider Tree, 72
Alexanders, 249
Algal Alliance, 5

officinalis,

25

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 106

Areca Catechu, 38
nut, 38
oleracea, 37
Argemone mexicana, 154
Arghel, 207
Aristolochia anguicida, 262
Clematitis, 260

189

45

Meleguetta, 46

35

Amygdalus communis,

Agrimony, 186
Agrimonia Eupatoria,

Pyrethrum, 231
Anthriscus Cerefolium, 252

Arctium majus, 233

Amorphophallus campanulatus,

231

Archill, 21

African, 256

nobilis,

Archangelica

Galanga, 45
racemosa, 45
Althsea officinalis, 135
rosea, 135
Alum Root, 120, 189
Amande de Terre, 33
A mental Alliance, 72
American Aloe, 41
Amanita muscaria, 10

Grana Paradisi, 4

oreades, 9
Agathotes Chirayita, 195
Agave anuricana, 41

Anthemis

Arbutus Unedo, 108

linia

Agaricus campestris, 9

Angelica, 253
Anise, 246

Antiaris toxicaria, 79
Apium graveolens, 245
Apple Tree, 1 82
Apricot Tree, 182
Aral Alliance, 33
Aralia nudicaulis, 257
Ara-root, 51

Amomum Cardamomum,

Cynapium, 247

Anemone nemorosa, 146

Anethum graveolens, 253

socotrina, 59
spicata, 59
vulgaris, 59

Andropogon Schoananthus, 29
Androssemum officinale, 158

vulgaris, 251

80
Alnus glutinosa, 72
Aloe, Barbadoes, 59
barbadensis, 59
Cape, 59
purpurascens, 59
Tree,

tinctoria,

80

Persica, 181
Anacardium occidentale, 113
.

Anacyclus Pyrethrum, 231

Anagallis arvensis, 199
Anamirta Cocculus, 88
Ananassa sativa, 40, 41
Anatherum muricatum, 30

Guaco, 262
longa, 260
rotunda, 260
serpentaria, 260
Armeria vulgaris, 197
Arnica montana, 227
Arnotto tree, 96
Arrow-head, Chinese, 62
common, 62

Arrow-Root, 51
Artanthe elongata, 133
Artemisia Abrotanum, 229
Absinthium, 230
Dracunculus, 231

266

Beet, Garden, 128

Benjamin Tree, 169
Berberal Alliance, 103
Berberis Lycium, 104
vulgaris, 104
Berberry Blight, 1

Bush, 1 04
Beta vulgaris, 128
Betel Nut, 38
Betula alba, 72
nigra, 72
Bibiri, 161

Bignonial Alliance, 212

Bindweed, Larger, 210
Smaller, 209
Birch, Black, 72

Common, 72

officinalis,

Aspidium Filix mas, 24

Astragalus gummifer, 1 72
strobiliferus,

73

verus, 173
Atriplex hortensis, 128

Atropa Belladonna, 204

Mandragora, 203
Ava Plant, 133
Avena sativa, 29
Avens, 185
Water, 185
Azalea pontica, 1 07

Bassiana, 14

Bovista giganteum,
Box Tree, 8

Braken, 25
Brake, 25
Brassica Napus,

Winter's, 143

Common, 95
Buck Bean, 196
Dyers',

Batatas edulis, 211

Bay, Sweet, 161
Bean Caper, 1 1
Bean, Common, 171
Bear-Berry, 106
Beech Trpp. on

Cactal Alliance, 244

Cajeput Tree, 244
Caladium esculentum, 35
Calendula officinalis, 232
Calico Bush, 107
Calla palustris, 52
Callitris quadrivalvis, 69
Calotropis gigantea, 206

Calumba, 87

64

Bulrush, 34

Bumelia

lycioides, 167

Bunt, 16
Burdock, 233

edulis, 49

Achiras, 50
Cannabis sativa, 76

Caper Bush, 142

Capparis spinosa, 142
Capsicum annuum, 205
baccatum, 205
frutescens, 205

Caraway, 248
Cardamom, Round, 45
Cardamom, 49
Cardamine pratensis, 1 39
Cardinal Flower, 224
Carex arenaria, 32
hirta, 32
Carob Tree, 178
Carpinus Betulus, 90
Carragreen Moss, 6
Carrot, 250
Carum Carui, 248
W*
aromaticus,
Caryophyllus

CascarillaBush,83
Cashew Nut, 11
Cassia acutifolia, 177
elongata, 177
Fistula, 177
obovata, 177
Castanea vesca, 91
Castor Oil Plant, 85

Bucku, 1
Buckwheat, 124

81

Cabbage, 138
Cabbage Palm, 37

CatalpaTree,213

Buckthorn, 164

220

Buxus semper virens,

38
oleracea, 138
Rapa, 138
Brava, 87
Brayera anthelmintica, 187
Bread-Fruit Tree, 79
Broom, 174
Butcher's, 60
Spanish, 172
Bryonia dioica, 95
Bryony, Black, 62

Barley, 28
Barosma crenata, 112
Basil,

1 1

thurifera, 110
Botrytis infestans, 1

22

Boswellia serrata,

Badderlocks, 6
Balm, 2 1
Balsam Apple, 94
Balsamodendron Myrrha, 1 1
Balsam of Tolu Tree, 1 76
Banana, 44
Bane-Berry, 152
Bark Tree, Angostura, 112
Crown, 237
Huanuco, 237
Loxa, 237
Silver, 237

Butterfly weed, 206

Canna

Common, 260

144
Bixa orellana, 96
Black Tang, 7
Bletia verecunda, 52
Blood Root, 154, 185
Blue Mouldiness, 1
Bog-Moss, 23
Borage, 2 1
Borago officinalis, 216

Aspergillus glaucus, 1
Asperula odorata, 241

umbellatus, 61

Bitter- Wood,

Bistort,

57

Butomus

Bitter King, 100

Bittersweet, 201

Birthwort,

Tree, 200

Burnet, 188

Calystegia sepium, 210

Cambogia Gutta, 157
Campanal Alliance, 224
Camphor Tree, 161
Camphora officinarum 161
Canella alba, 105

Bird Cherry, Virginian, 181

Asparagus, 57
-

INDEX.

Artemisia Moxa, 230

Sieberi, 230
Artichoke, 233
Jerusalem, 228
Artocarpus incisa, 79
Arum maculatum, 34
Colocasia, 35
seguinum, 36
Asa dulcis, 256
Asafoetida, 255
Asagrsea officinalis, 54, 55
Asarabacca, 263
Asaral Alliance, 260
Asarum canadense, 263
europseum, 263
Asclepias curassavica, 206
decumbens, 206
tuberosa, 206
Ash, Flowering, 200
Mountain, 183

Ash

5342

2 61

syringifolia 213

Catechu Tree, 1 80
Catha edulis, 166
Catmint, 221
Cedrate, 119
Cedrela Toona, 113
Celandine, 153
Celery, 245

267

INDEX.
Celtis australis,

62

Cenomyce rangiferina, 18
pyxidata, 18
Centaur ea Calcitrapa, 232
Centaury, 105
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 238
Cerasus Laurocerasus, 181
virginiana, 181
vulgaris, 182
Ceratonia Siliqua, 178

Cerbera Manghas, 192

Tanghin, 191
Cetraria islandica, 2
Chamomile, 231

Champignon, 9
Chaste Tree, 223
Chavica Betle, 132

officinarum, 132

Roxburghii, 132
Chelidonium majus, 153
Chenopodal Alliance, 126
anthelminti-

Chenopodium

cum, 129
Botrys, 129
olidum, 129

Cherry,

Cissampelos Pai*eira, 87
Cissus cordata, 104
Cistal Alliance, 138
Cistus creticus, 138
Citron, 110
Citrus acida, 110
Aurantium, 109
Bergamia, 109
Bigaradia, 109
decumanus, 110
Limetta, 110
Limonum, 109
Lumia, 110
medica, 110
Clary, 2 1
Clematis erecta, 145
Vitalba, 145
Flammula, 145
Clove tree, 242
Club-Moss, 23
Cnicus benedictus, 233
Coca, 103
Cocco, 35
Coccoloba uvifera, 126
Cocculus indicus, 88
palmatus, 87
Cochlearia Armoracia, 1 40
officinalis, 140
Cocoa, 135
Nut Tree, 39
Cocos nucifera, 39
Ccesalpina coriaria, 179

Common, 182
Cornelian, 259

Chervil, 252

Chesnut, Horse, 102

Sweet, 91
Chicory, 235
Chien-Dent, 26

205
Chimaphila maculata, 105
Chilli,

umbellata,

05

China Root, 64
Chiococca densifolia, 239
Chireeta Plant, 195
Chive, 59
Chloranthus officinalis, 1 34
inconspicuus, 134
Chocolate Root, 185
Chocolate Tree, 1 35

Chondrus crispus, 6
Chu-Lan, 134
Cichorium Intybus, 235
Endivia, 236
Cicuta virosa, 246
Cinchona Condaminea, 237
micrantha, 237
scrobiculata, 237
Cinchonal Alliance, 236

Cinnamomum

zeylanicum,
160
Cassia, 161

Cinnamon, wild, 105

160
Cassia, 161

Chinese, 161
Cinquefoil, 183

Coffea arabica, 239

Coffee Tree, 239
Col eh i cum autumn ale, 54
Colocasia esculenta, 35
ant i quorum, 35

Colocynth, Himalayan, 93
False, 94
Coltsfoot,

228

Colutea arborescens, 172

Comarum palustre, 186

Conium maculatum, 247

Con tray erva, 78

Coriander, 249
Coriandrum sativum, 249
Corn Cockle, 120
Cornel Tree, 259

259
mas, 259
sanguinea, 259
suecica, 259
Coronilla Emerus, 1 72
Cor si can Moss, 8

Cornus

florida,

Cortusal Alliance, 197

Corylus Avellana, 90
Cotton, 1 36
Couch Grass, 26
Co wage Plant, 173
Cowslip, 198
CrabVeye Lichen, 20
Crambe maritima, 1 39

Cranberry, 236
Crate va gynandra, 142
Cress, Garden, 142

Crithmum maritimum, 248

Crocus vernus, 42
sativus, 42
Croton balsamiferum, 84
Draco, 84
Eleuteria, 83
Pavana, 84
pseudo- China, 83
- Tiglium, 84
tinctorium, 85
Crowfoot, Upright, 147

Crown

Imperial, 59

Crozophora

tinctoria,

85

33
officinalis, 132
Cubebs, 132, 133
Cuckoo-Flower, 139

Cubeba canina,

Pint, 34
Cucumber, Spirting, 95
Cucumis Colocynthis, 93

Melo, 92
pseudo-colocynthis

209
Jalapa. 211
major, 212
nil, 212

93
Cucurbita aurantia, 94
lagenaria, 92
maxima, 94
Melopepo, 94
Pepo, 94
Cucurbital Alliance, 92
Cudbear, 20
Cuichunchulli,98

Scammonia, 20!'

Cummin, 252

Convallaria majalis, 58

Polygon atum, 58
Convolvulus arvensis, 209
-

Batatas, 2 1
dissectus,

Copalche Bush, 83
Plant, 193
Copaiva Tree, 178
Copaifera officinalis, 178
Corchorus olitorius, 137
Cordia Myxa, 208
latifolia, 208

Black, 149

Cuminum Cyminum, 252

Cup Lichen,

18

Moss, 18
Curcas purgans, 86
Curcuma longa, 48
Zedoaria, 49

268
Ecbalium

agreste, 95
Echial Alliance, 216

Currant, Black, 245

Common, 245
66
Cyclamen europseum, 198
Cydonia vulgaris, 183
Cynara Seolymus, 233
Cynanchum Argel, 207
vincetoxicum,
207
circinalis,

Cyperus esculentus, 33
longus, 33

Cytisus alpinus,

74

Laburnum, 1 74
scoparius, 174

Daffodil, 41
Damson, Mountain, 116
Dandelion, 234
Daphnal Alliance, 159

Daphne Laureola, 1 60

Mezereum, 160
Darnel, 27

Date Palm, 36
Datura sanguinea, 203
Stramonium, 202
Daucus Carota, 250
25

^jr**"*
Delphinium

Consolida,

50
Staphisagria,150
Dent de Lion, 234

Dictamnus albus,

Dictyogens, 62
Dieffenbachia seguina,
36
digitalis purpurea,
213
Dillisk, 7

Dion

83

INDEX.

Curcuma Zerumbet, 49

Cyeas

3 3

edule, 66

Dioscorea triphylla,
62
*
sativa, 63
Dittany, Bastard,
112
Dividivi Tree, 179
Dock, Water, 1 24
Dog Lichen, 21

Dogwood, Common,
259
Dorstenia brasiliensis,
78
Contrayerva, 78

uorema ammoniacum,
257

Dragon's Blood,
Mexican,
Uropwort, 187

Hemlock, 250
Water, 25

jjrymw Winteri, 143

Duilhsg, 7
Dulse, 7

Dumb

Cane, 36
Dust-Brand, 16

Dutch Rush, 22
Dyer's Moss, 21

Fir Moss, 23

Balm

Eddoes, 35

of Gilead, 67
Scotch, 66

Egg

Silver, 67

Plant, 202
Elseis guineensis, 39

Fish Poison, Jamaica, 1 76

Five Fingers, 183
Flacourtia Ramontchi, 96
Flag, Sweet, 53
Yellow, 43
Flat Orchill, 21
Flax, Common, 1 1
Purging, 1 1
Floripondio, 203
Fly Agaric, 10
Fceniculum officinale, 252
Fox-Glove, 213
Fragaria vesca, 184

Elder Bush, 240

Elecampane, 227

Cardamomum, 49

Elettaria

Elm, Witch, 163

Endive, 236
Endogens, 26
Equisetum nuviatile, 22
hyemale, 22
Ergotsetia abortifaciens,
Erical Alliance, 1 05

Erodium moschatum, 1 20
Eryngium campestre, 257
maritimum, 257

Erysiphe communis,

virginiana, 185

Ervum

Lens, 171
Erythrsea Centaurium, 195
Erythroxylon Coca, 103

Franciscea uniflora, 215

Hopeana, 215
Fraxinella, 112
Fraxinus excelsior, 200
Ornus, 200

Eugenia Pimenta, 243

Fritillaria imperialis, 59

Euonymus

Fucus vesiculosus, 7
Fungal Alliance, 9

bicornis,

europaeus, 167

Eupatorium cannabinum, 227

glutinosum, 227
Euphorbia antiquorum, 80
Galangale, 45
Cyparissias, 80
Gab pea Cusparia, 112
Gerardiana, 80
officinalis
hyberna, 80
Gambir Plant, 238
Ipecacuanha, 80
Gamboge Tree, American, 158
Mysore, 156

Lathyris, 81
Euphorbia ofticinarum, 80
Peplus, 80

Ceylon, 157
Garcinia Mangostana, 156

Euphorbial Alliance, 79
Euphorbium Bush, 80
Euphrasia officinalis, 215
Eyebright, 215
Exogens, 70
Exogonium Purga, 211

Garlick, 56
Garlic Pear, 142
106
procumbeus,
Gaultheria
Gentian, Yellow, 194
Gentiana Amarella, 195
campestris, 195
lutea, 194
pannonica, 195
punctata, 195
purpurea, 195
Gentianal Alliance, 190
Geranial Alliance, 117

Faba vulgaris, 7
Eagopyrum esculentum, 124
1

Fagus sylvatica, 90
Fairy-Ring Mushroom, 9
Fennel, 252
Fenugreek, 1 75

Geranium maculatum,

Ferula Asafoetida, 255

Robertianum,

256
persica, 255
tingitana, 256
Feverfew, 228
Ficoidal Alliance, 158
Ficus Carica, 78
Ficus elastica, 77
Fig, Indian, 244

German

orientalis,

Millet, 3

Tinder, 11
Geum canadense, 185
rivale, 185
Geum urbanum, 185
Giant Puff ball, 12
Gigartina Helmintbochortos
Gillenia trifoliata, 188
Ginger, Common, 45
1
-W
hederacea,

Figwort, 214

Famo

1 **

Sarsaparilla, 32

Common, 78

Filical AlliannA? nr

1-y

OA

llechoma

INDEX.

209

Glumal Alliance, 26

Helleborus orientalis, 148

Italian Narcissus, 41

Glycyrrhiza glabra, 171

Gobbo, 135
Gomphocarpus fruticosus,206
Gomuto Palm, 38
Goosefoot, Stinking, 129
Gossypium barbadense, 136
herbaceum, 136
Gourd, Bottle, 92
Common, 94
Colocynth, 93

Hemidesmus

Ivy,

Orange, 94
Squash, 94
Spanish, 94
Trumpet, 92
Gracilaria
Helminthochor-

indicus, 207

Hemlock, 247

Hemp, 76

Jalap, True, 211

Janipha Manihot, 82
Jatropha Curcas, 86
Juglans regia, 92
Jujube, 165
Juncal Alliance, 52
Juniper, Common, 68
Juniperus communis, 68
Oxycedrus, 69
Sabina, 68

Henbane, 202

Hen ware,

Heracleum Sphondylium, 256

Herb Bennett, 185

Robert, 1 1
Heuchera americana, 1 89
Hibiscus esculentus, 135
Abelmoschus, 136
High Taper, 215

Hog Gum,

1 1

Hogweed, 256

Hollyhock, 1 35
tos, 8 Holly Tree, 190
tenax, 8
Honey ware, 6
Grains of Paradise Plant, 46 Hop, 77
Granadilla, 96
Hordeum distichum, 28
Graphium penicilloides, 15
Horehound, 221
Grape, Seaside, 126
Hornbeam, 90
Gratiola officinalis, 214
Horse-Radish, 140
Greenheart Tree, 161
tree, 97
Green Sloke, 5
Humulus Lupulus, 77
Green Laver, 5
Hyoscyamus niger, 202
Grossal Alliance, 245
Hypericum perforatum, 158
Ground Liverwort, 21
Hyssop, 219
Ground Ivy, 221
Hedge, 214
Guaco, 262
Hyssopus officinalis, 219
Guaiacum officinale, 117
Iceland Moss, 21
sanctum, 117
Guazuma ulmifolia, 1 35
Ichnocarpus frutescenS, 192
Guizotia oleifera, 232
Ilex Aquifolium, 190
Gum Arabic Tree, 179
paraguayensis, 191
vomitoria, 191
Red, 180
Gutta Percha Tree, 167
Illicium anisatum, 143
Guttiferal Alliance, 1 55
Ionidium Itubu, 98
Gymnogens, 65
Ipecacuanha, 98
Gyrophora proboscidea, 18
microphyllum, 98
India-Rubber Tree, Bengal,
erosa, 18
77
Hard Amadou, 11
Indian Corn, 30
Hsematoxylon
campeachia- Indigo, Egyptian, 173
num, 179
East Indian, 1 75
Hanchinol, 1 90
Indigofera tinctoria, 175
Heartsease, 98
Inga Sassa, 180
Hebradendron pictorium, 156 Inula Helenium, 227
gambogioides, 157 Ipecacuanha, American, 80
Hedera Helix, 258
True, 238
Heimia salicifolia, 190
White, 98, 238
Helianthus tuberosus, 228
Ipomcea macrorhiza, 211
Helonias frigida, 56
operculata, 211
Helvella crispa, 1
pandurata, 210
Hellebore, black, 148
Iridsea edulis, 7
Irish Moss, 6
oriental, 148
stinking, 149
Iris florentina, 43
germanica, 43
white, 53
Helleborus foetidus, 1 49
Pseudacorus, 4 3
Isonandra Gutta, 167
niger, 148

Common, 258

'

Kalmia latifolia, 107

Kawa, 133
Kelp Ware, 7
Kino Tree, African, 1 75
Indian, 175
Knot Grass, 122
Krameria triandra, 101

Labrador Tea, 106

Laburnum, 1 74
Scotch, 174

Lactuca Scariola, 234

virosa, 234
sativa, 234
Ladanum Bush, 138
Lagenaria vulgaris, 92
Laminaria digitata, 5
Lanosa nivalis, 1
Lantana Pseudo-thea, 223
Lappa major, 233
Lathyrus Aphaca, 170
Cicera, 170
tuberosus, 170
Larch, 67
Larkspur, Branching, 150
Laudanum, Dutchman's, 97
Laurel,

Common

181
Spurge, 160
.

Laurencia pinnatifida,

Laurus Camphora, 161

Cinnamomum,

160

Sassafras, 161
nobilis, 161
Lavandula vera, 217
Spica, 218

Lavender, Common, 217

French, 218
Laver, 5
Leadwort, 197
Lecanora Parella, 19, 20
tart area, 20
Ledum latifolium, 106
Leek, 56
Lemon, Common, 109
Grass, 29
Sweet, 110

270

31

INDEX.

Lentil, 171

Lepidium sativum, 142

Lettuce, Acrid, 234
Garden, 234
Lamb's, 227
Prickly, 234
Leucojum sestivum, 41
Lichenal Alliance, 1
.

Lignum Vite, 117

Lilac,

200

Lilial Alliance,

53

Lily of the Valley, 58

Lime, 110

Liquidambar Altingia,

73

orientale, 73
styraciflua, 73

Tree, American,

73
Tree, Oriental, 73
Liquorice, 171

Liriodendron tulipifera,
Lobelia cardinalis, 224
inflata, 224
siphilitica, 224
Locust Tree, 178
Logwood Tree, 179
Lolium temulentum, 27
Longan, 101

44

Loosestrife,

Common, 89
1

Lords and Ladies, 34

Lungwort, 20
Lycoperdon gemmatum, ] 2
giganteum, 12
T
Lycopodal Alliance, 23
Lycopodium catharticum, 24
clavatum, 23
rubrum, 24
Selago, 23

Lythrum

Mandragora officinarum, 203

Mandrake, 203

Muscal Alliance, 22
Muscardine, 14

Manettia cordifolia, 239

Mangifera indica, 1 1
Mango Tree, 113
Mangosteen, 156
Maranta arundinacea, 50, 51
Marigold, Pot, 232
Marjoram, Wild, 220
Marrubium vulgare, 221
Marsh Mallow, 1 35
Marvel of Peru, 1 26
Mastich, Barbary 114

Mushroom,

Musk-Seed, 136
Mustard, White, 139
Black, 139

Mycoderma,

17

Myristica moschata, 87
fatua, 87
Myrobalan, Beleric, 241

Myrospermum

peruiferum,
toluiferum,

Sweet, 110
Tree, 137
Linaria vulgaris, 214
Linden Tree, 1 37
Linum catharticum, 118
usitatissimum, 118
Lippia Pseudo-thea, 223

Saliearia, 18,9

Macropiper methysticum,
y
133.

Madder, 241
Magnolia glauca, 144.
Maidenhair, 24.
Maize, 30
Malaguetta Pepper, 4 6
Male Fern, 24
Mallow, Common, 136

Malva

64 1 39 1

sylvestris,

36
Malvai Alliance, 1 34
Manaca, 2 1 5.
1

Mandioc Plant, 82

176

Tree, 1 1
Matico Plant, 133
Meadow Sweet, 187
Melaleuca Cajeputi, 244

Myrrh

minor, 244
Melia Azedarach, 116
Melissa officinalis, 214
Mellarosa, 109
Melloca, 159
tuberosa, 159
Melon, 92
Menispermal Alliance, 86
Mentha piperita, 218
Pulegium, 2 1
viridis, 218
Menyanthes trifoliata, 196
Mercurialis annua, 82

Narcissal Alliance, 40
Narcissus Pseudo- Narcissus,
41

Tazzetta, 41
Nardostachys Jatamansi, 226

Narthex

Nectarine, 181

Nepeta Cataria, 22
Glechoma, 221
Nephelium Longan, 101

Mercury, Dog, 82
Metroxylon Sagus, 36
Mezereon, 160
Mildew, 13
Milfoil, 229

Nephrodinm Filix-mas,
Nerium Oleander, 192
Nettle Blight,

180

Mint, 218
1

Mitre Mushroom,

26
1

Moha, 31
Momordica Balsamina, 94
Elaterium, 05
Monk's Hood, 150
Morchella esculenta, 1
Moringa pterygosperma, 9
Moms nigra, 78
Morell, 1
Mouldiness, 16

Moxa Weed, 230

Mucor Mucedo, 1
Mucuna pruriens, 1 73
Mudar Plant, 206
Mulberry Tree, 78
Mullein, 215
Murlins, 6

Musa samentum 44

Larger

24

Stinging,

Tree, 162
Nicotiana persica, 205
Tabacum, 205
rustica, 205
Nigella sativa, 149
Nightshade, Black, 201

.
Deadly, 204

Milkwort, 99

Cat, 221
Mirabilis Jalapa,
Misselto, 260

Asafoetida, 255

Nasturtium officinale, 140

Nectandra Rodieei, 161

perennis, 82

nilotica,

1 1

Myrtal Alliance, 241

Myrtle, 243
Myrtus communis, 243
Pimenta, 243

'

Mimosa

Tree,

Nut, Hazel, 90
Tree, 87
Nux-vomica Tree, 193

Nutmeg

Oak, Belote, 89
i

Cork, 88
Jerusalem, 129
Long-stalked, 89
Lungs, 20
Nutgall, 88
Short-stalked, 90

Oat, 29

Oca, 119
Ochro, 135

Ocvmum

Bnsilicum, -- u

CEnanthe crocata, 250

Phellandnum,

&

94

64

11

271

INDEX.
Oidium abortifaciens, 14
Tuckeri, 14
Oil Palm, 39
Olea europaaa, 199
Oleander, 1 92
Olibanum Tree, 1 1
Olive Tree, 199
Onion, Common, 57
Welch, 57
Opoidia galbanifera, 252

Pennyroyal, 2 1
Pepper, African, 144
Black, 131
Betle, 132
Bird, 205
Brand, 16
Common Long, 132

Opopanax, 255
Chironium, 255
Opuntia vulgaris, 244
Orach, Garden, 128
Orange, Bergamot, 109
Common Sweet, 109
Seville, 109
Orchidal Alliance, 51
Or chill, 21
Orchis maculata, 51
mascula, 51
' Spotted, 51

Oreodoxa oleracea, 37
Origanum vulgare, 220
Orris-root, Purple, 43

White, 43

Oryza sativa, 30, 31

Osmunda regalis, 25
Osmund Royal, 25
Oxalis Acetosella, 119
crenata, 119

Oxycoccus palustris, 236

Oyster Green, 5

Java Long, 132

Water, 121
White, 131
Peppermint, 218
Perelle, 20
Petroselinum sativum, 246
Pharbitis Nil, 212
Phaseolus multiflorus, 172
Phoenix dactylifera, 36
Physic Nut, 89
Phytolacca decandra, 127
Picraena excelsa,
Pile wort, 146

Pimento, 243
Pimpernel, 199
Pimpinella Anisum, 246
Pinang, 38
Pine Apple, 41

Parietaria officinalis, 76
Parmelia parietina, 19

66
Pipe Tree, Pudding, 177
Piper angustifolium, 133
Betle, 132
Cubeba, 1 32
longum, 132
methysticum, 133
nigrum, 131

Parsley, 246
Fool's, 247

trioicum, 131
Piperal Alliance, 1 30

Parsnep, 254

Piscidia Erythrina, 176

Pistacia atlantica, 1 1
Lentiscus, 114

Pansy, 98
Papaver Rhaeas, 153

somniferum, 152
Pareira, 87

Cow, 256
Partridge-Berry, 106
Passiflora quadrangularis, 96
fcetida,

97

rubra, 97

254

Pastinaca sativa,
Paullinia pinnata, 101
sorbilis, 101
Peach, 181
Pear Tree, 82
Pearl Moss, 6
PelHtory of Spain, 231

Polanisia viscosa, 142

Polyanthus Narcissus, 4

Polygala Chamsehuxus, 100

Poaya, 100

99
Senega, 100
vulgaris, 99
Polygonum amphibium, 122
aviculare, 122
Bistorta, 1 22
Hydropiper, 121
Polyporus fomentarius, 1
.

igniarius, 11

officinalis, 11

Pomegranate, 243
Poplar Tree, Black, 74
Balsam, 74
Populus balsamifera, 74
nigra, 74

Porphyra

_
_

Nut, 1 1
Terebinthus, 1 1
Turpentine, 1 ! 4
vera, 114
Planera Abelicea, 162
Plantain, 44
Plocaria Helminthochortos, 8
.

tenax, 8

Wall, 76
Peltidea aphthosa, 21

Poppy, Corn, 153

Opium, 152
Plum, Common, 182
Sapodilla, 167

canina, 20, 21
Penicillium glaucum, 1

Plumbago europaea, 197

scandens, 1 97

laciniata, 5

vulgaris, 5

Portulaca oleracea, 121

Potatoe, 200

Mildew, 14
scab, 12
Sweet, 211

Mugho, 66

sylvestris,

Palmal Alliance, 36

Poison Oak, 114

Cluster, 67

Stone, 66
Pinus Pinaster, 67
Pinea, 66
Pumilio, 66

rubella,

Dulse, 7
Goat, 205

Plumbago zeylanioa, 97
PocanBush, 127

Potentilla anserina, 184

reptans, 183

Tormentilla, 184
Poterium Sanguisorba, 188

Primula

veris.

198

Prinos verticillatus, 190

Prunus Armcniaca, 1 82
Coccomillia, 182
domestica, 1 82
spinosa, 182
Pteris aquilina, 25
Pterocarpus erinaceus, 175

Marsupium,

175

santalinus, 175

Puccinia graminis,
Puccoon, 154
Puff-ball, 12

Punica Granatum, 243

Purslane, 121

Pyrethrum Parthenium, 228

Pyrus Aucuparia, 183
communis, 182

Malus, 182

Quassia amara, 115

Jamaica, 116
Surinam, 115
Quercus Gramuntia, 89
infectoria, 88
pedunculata, 89
sessiliflora, 90

INDEX.

272
Rumex

Quereus Suber, 98
Quernal Alliance, 88
Quince Tree, 183
Quinquino, 176
Quitch, 26
|

Radish, 139
Rape, 138
Ram-Til, 232
Ranal Alliance, 143
Ranunculus acris, 147
Fiearia, 146

Raphanus

Raspberry, 187
Rattany-Root, 101

Red-Ware,

Reindeer Moss,

Rhamnal Alliance, 1 62
Rhamnus catharticus, 164

Scurvy Grass, 140

Hydrolapathum, 124

Scutellaria galericulata, 222

Sea- Girdles, 5

Ruscus aculeatus, 60
Rush, Flowering, 61
Ruta graveolens, 111
montana, 111

Sea Kale,

Rutal Alliance, 108.

Rye, 27

Secale cereale, 27

Semencine, 230

Semen

Sabadilla, 55

Saccharum officinarum, 29
Saffron Crocus, 4 2

Meadow, 54
Sage, Garden, 217
Sagittaria chinensis, 62
sagittifolia,

62

Serpentary, 260

prickly, 37
Saguerus saccharifer, 38

Sesame, 212

Sassafras officinale, 161

Swamp, 144

centifolia,

188
gallica, 188
Rosal Alliance, 170
Rose, Cabbage, 188
Christmas, 148
Dog, 188
French, 188
Provins, 188

Rosemary, 217
Rosmarinus officinalis, 217
Rubia tinctoria, 241

Rubus I dams, 187

Rue, Common, 111
Rumex Acetosa, 125

Sago Palm, true, 36

Contra, 230
Seneka, 100
Senna, Alexandrian, 177
Bladder, 172
Blunt-leaved, 177
Scorpion, 172
Tinnivelly, 177
.

Rosa canina, 188

39

Sea Ware, 5, 7
Seawrack 7

Sagus Isevis, 36
Rumphii, 37
Frangula, 164
Salicornia annua, 129
infectorius, 164
Salix Helix, 75
Rheum Emodi, 126
pentandra, 74
palmatum, 125
purpurea, 75
undulatum, 126
Russelliana, 75
Rhizogens, 25
vitellina, 75
Rhododendron chrysanthum, Salsafy, 236
107 Salsola Kali, 128
ferrugineum, Saltwort, 129
107 Salvia officinalis, 217
Golden, 107
Sclarea, 217
Rhodomenia palmata, 7
Sambucus nigra, 240
Rhubarb, Monk's, 124
Samphire, 248
RhusCotinus, 115
Sandal- Wood, Red, 175
Metopium, 1 14
Sandarach Tree, 69
Toxicodendron, 114
Sanguinaria canadensis, 154
nigrum, 245
Sapindal Alliance, 99
rubrum, 245
Sapindus saponaria, 103
Rice, 31
Sarsaparilla, Brazilian, 64
Richardsonia scabra, 238
Indian, 207
Ricinus communis, 85
Italian, 64
Rocambole, 56
Jamaica, 64
Roccella fuciformis, 21
Vera Cruz, 63
tinctoria, 21

Sea- Wand, 5

Flammula, 147
sceleratus, 148
sativus, 139

alpinus, 124

Tree, 161
Satureia hortensis, 221

montana, 221
Savin, 68
Savory, Winter, 221
Summer, 221
Saxifragal Alliance, 189
Scammony, 209
Scarlet Runner, 172
Scilla maritima, 58
Scorzonera hispanica, 234
Scotch Bonnets, 9
Scrophularia nodosa, 214
Scullcap,

Common, 222

indicum, 212
Setaria germanica, 31

Sesamum

italica, 31

Sevoeja, 56

Shaddock, 110
Shallot, 57

Shamrock, 119
Shave-Grass, 22
Silenal Alliance, 120

Silverweed, 184

Silkworm-Rot, 14
Simamba amara, 116
Sinapis alba, 139
nigra, 139

Sium Sisarum, 249

Skirret, 249

Skunk Cabbage, 52
Sloe, 182

Slokaun, 5
Sloke, 5

Smilax aspera, 64
China, 64
medica, 63
.

64
siphilitica, 64
officinalis,

Smut, 16
Smut-Balls, 16
Smyrnium Olusatrum,
Snake Moss, 23

Sneezewort, 229
Snow-Flake, 41
Snow Mould, 16
Soap-Berry, 103
Soap wort, 120
Soft Amadou, 1
199
Alliance,
Solanal

Ji
Dulcamara,
Solanum
Lycopersicum, 202
Melongena, 202
nigrum, 201
tuberosum, M"

207
Argel,
Solenostemtna

5 3

21

INDEX.

Solomon's Seal, 58
Sorrel, Common, 125
Wood, 119
Souchet comestible, 33
Soulamea amara, 100
Southernwood, 229
Sow-Bread, 198

Soymida febrifuga, 1 1
Spar tium j unceum, 172
Spearmint, 218
Sphserococcus
Helmintho-

Sphagnum

chortus, 8
tenax, 8
obtusifolium, 23

Spigelia Anthelmia, 193

marilandica, 193
Spikenard, 226
Spinach, 128
New Zealand, 159
Spinacia oleracea, 128
Spindle Tree, 167
Spirsea Filipendula, 187
Ulmaria, 187
Spring Crocus, 42
Spruce, Black, 67
Common, 67

Spunk, 11
Spurge, Caper, 81
Cypress, 80
Petty, 80
Winter, 80
Squill, Officinal, 58
Pan era tic, 58
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis,

222
Star Anise Plant, 143
Stavesacre, 150

John's Bread, 178

Wort, 158
Stenanthium frigidum, 56
Sticta pulmonaria, 20
Storax Tree, 169
Strawberry, Garden, 185
Tree, 108
Wood, 184
Strychnos Nux- vomica, 193
pseudoquina, 193
toxifera, 194
Styrax Benzoin, 169
officinale, 169
Succory, 235
Sugar Cane, 29
Sumac, Venetian, 1
Swine Tang, 7
Symplocarpus foetid us, 52
Syringa vulgaris, 200
St.

Tamarind Tree, 178

Tamarindus indica, 178

Tamus communis, 62

273

Tanacetum vulgare, 229

Tanghinia venenifera, 191
Tangle, 5
Tansy, 229
Taraxacum Dens Leonis, 234
Tarragon, 231
Taxus baccata, 69
Tea, Arabian, 166
Paraguay, 191
Plant, 155, 156

Tecoma

stans,

213

21
Tephrosia Apollinea, 173
Terminalia Bellerica, 241
Chebula, 242
Tetragonia expansa, 159
Teucrium Marum, 221
Thallogens, 5
Thapsia garganica, 256
Thea Bohea, 1 55
viridis, 156
Teel,

Typha

latifolia, 33,

34

Ui lucus tuberosus, 159

Ulmus montana,

63

Ulva latissima, 5
Umbellal Alliance, 245
Uncaria Gambir, 238

Upas Tree, 79
Uredo Caries, 16
segetum, 16
Urginea Pancration, 58
Scilla, 58
Urtica dioica, 76
Urtical Alliance, 76

Thistle, Star,

Vaccaria vulgaris, 120

Vaccinium uliginosum, 236
Vitis Ideea, 236
Valerian, 225
Valeriana celtica, 226
dioica, 226
officinalis, 225
Phu, 225

Thrift, 197

Valerianella olitoria, 227

Vanilla, 52

Theobroma Cacao,

35

232
Thorn Apple, 202

Thrush Lichen, 21
Thyme, Cat, 221
Garden, 220

Thymus Serpyllum, 220

Til,

212

Tilia europoea,

37

Tilly Seed, 84

Toad-Flax, 214
Tobacco, American, 205
Indian, 224
Mountain, 227
of Shiraz, 205
Syrian, 205
Tomato, 202
Tormentil, 184

Touchwood, 11
Tous les Mois, 49
Tragacanth, White, 172
Red, 173
Tragopogon porrifolium, 236
Traveller's Joy, 145
Trigonella Fcenum Graeeum,

175
Tripe de Roche, 18
Triticum cestivum, 27
repens, 26
.

Truffle,

Tuber cibarium,

Tuburcinia Scabies, 12
Tulip Tree, 144
Turmeric, 48
Turnip, 138
Turnsole, 85
Tussilago Farfara, 228
Tutsan, 158
T

planifolia,

52

Velvet Leaf, 87
Vera t rum album, 53
Verbascum Thapsus, 215
Verbesina sativa, 232
Vetiver, 30
Vetivert, 30
Viburnum Opulus, 240
Vicia Faba, 171
Villarsia nymphceoides, 196

Vincetoxicum officinale, 207

Vine, 1 04
Vine Mildew, 14
Vinegar Plant, 1
Viola canina, 98
tricolor, 98

odorata, 98
Violal Alliance, 96
Violet,

Dog, 98

Sweet, 98
Viper's Grass, 234
Virgin's- Bower, Sweet, 145
Viscum album, 260
Visinia guianensis, 158
Vitex Agnus castus, 223

Negundo, 223
trifolia, 223
Vitis vinifera, 104

Walnut Tree,

92
Watercress, 140
Water Horsetail, 22
Water-leaf, 7

Wheat, 27
White Wood, 105

INDEX.

274

Wormseed, 129

Whortleberry, 236

Wormwood, 230
Wouraly Shrub, 194

red, 236

Wig

Tree, 1 1
Willow, Bedford, 75
Golden, 75
Sweet, 74

Yellow Wall Lichen,

Yew Tree, 69

Zamia furfuracea, 65
Xylopia aromatica, 144
glabra, 144
grandiflora, 144

Winter Green, Umbelled, 105

tenuis, 65

Zea Mays, 30
Zedoary, Round, 49
True, 49

Variegated, 105

Wolfsbane, 152
Woodruff, 241
Worm Grass, 193

Yam, Three-leaved, 62
West Indian, 63
Yatum Condenado, 24

Zingiber officinale, 45
Zizyphus vulgaris, 165

Zygophyllum Fabago, 117

ERRATA.
Page 71,
Page 71,

Placentae parietal," read

for GENTIANALS. Monopetalous.
TIANALS. Monopetalous. Placentae parietal or axiJe. Embryo minute."
line 16,

line 18,

add "Embryo

large."

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