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Electrostatics
The branch of physics that deals with the study of static charges is called
electrostatics.
Q.1
If the two balls are touched with positive charge glass rod and becomes
free. These balls will repel each other and moves away from each other.
Now if one ball is touched with positive charge rod and the other with
negative charged rod and becomes free. These balls will attract each
other and moves closer to each other.
Conclusion
It is concluded from the above experiments that charge can be transferred
from one object to another. It is also concluded that similer charges repel
while opposite charges attract each other.
Q.2 How an object can be charged by rubbing?
(Ans) Charging by rubbing
A body can be charged by rubbing it with another body. It is because
some electrons from the surface of one body transferred to the surface of
other body during rubbing. For example
When a comb is rubbed with hair, the hair loses an electron and becomes
positively charge while the comb gain electron and becomes negatively
charge.
Q.3 What is meant by electrostatic induction?
(Ans) Electrostatic induction
The rearrangement of charges inside a neutral body when a charged body
is brought closer to it is called electrostatic induction. This new
arrangement of charges is temporary and will regain original after the
removal of charged body. Electrostatic induction can take place in both
conductors and insulators.
Charging of insulators by induction
When a comb is rubbed with hair, the comb gains negative charge due to
the accumulation of charges from the hair over it. When this comb is
brought closer to a neutral body such as a piece of paper, then the
electrons push locally away, whereas the positively charged protons
remain at their original position. Thus the attractive forces become
stronger as compared to the repulsive forces and the piece of paper is
attracted towards the comb. This separation of positive and negative
charges inside the insulator is known as polarization of insulators
Charging a conductor by induction
Take a metallic sphere that is fixed on an insulated stand. When a positive
charge glass rod is brought closer to the sphere. The rearrangement of
charges takes place inside the metallic sphere. The negative charges
come closer to the positive charged glass rod. In this way, a conductor is
charged by induction.
Detection of charge
In order to detect the presence of charge on a body, bring it near the disc
of an uncharged electroscope. If the body is charged, the leaves of the
electroscope diverge to a definite extent.
If the body is uncharged then the leaves remain at their normal position.
q1
q2
Mathematical expression
F q1q2 (1)
F
1
(2)
r2
q1q2
r2
F (Constt)
F k
q1q2
r2
q1q2
r2
1
4
1 q1 q 2
4 r 2
F
E
q
qq
F k 2
r
qq
q
Ek
k
q r 2
r2
When two opposite charges are placed nearer, then the lines of force start
from the positive charge and ends at negative charge. As a result, they
attract each other.
When two identical charges are placed nearer, the lines of force behave
as shown in figure.
Consider two infinite oppositely charge plates are placed parallel to each
other. The electric lines of force emit from positive charge and absorbe by
the negative charge. The lines of force are straight and parallel at the
centre of the plates. Whereas at the ends of the plates, the lines of force
are a little bulging out. This shows that the field is uniform at the centre
and non-uniform at the ends of the plates.
W
q
Potential difference
The work done on a unit positive charge to move it from point A to point
B against the electric field is called potential difference. OR
The energy supplied by a unit positive charge as it moves from a point of
higher potential to a point of lower potential is called potential difference.
It is denoted by V . Mathematically
W A B
q
V V A V B
V
W A B
q
q (V A VB )
V A VB
W A B
(2)
Dust extraction
Electrostatics is used for the separation of smoke and dust particles from
a coal-burning power station by means of an electroastatic precipitator.
Capacitance of a capacitor
The capacity of a capacitor to store charge is called capacitance of the
capacitor.
Experiments show that the charge store in a capacitor is directly
proportion to the potential difference across the plates of the capacitor.
Mathematically
Q V
Q CONSTANT (V )
Q CV
Explanation
Consider three capacitors of capacitance c1, c2 and c3 are connected in
series. A battery of voltage V is connected to the circuit. The battery
provide a positive charge Q to the left plate of capacitor C1 due to
electrostatic induction a negative charge is induced on the right plate and
charges distribute on the other plates similarly.
The flow of charges to each capacitor is constant in series combination.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q
Voltage across each capacitor decreases. The sum of all the voltage
across the capacitors is equal to the total voltage.
V V1 V2 V3
We know that
Q
V
Q CV
C
V V1 V2 V3
Q
Q
Q
Q
1 2 3
Ceq
C1 C2
C3
Q
Q
Q
Q
Ceq
C1 C2 C3
Q
1
1
1
Q(
)
Ceq
C1 C2 C3
1
1
1
1
Ceq
C1 C2 C3
Ceq
C1
C2
C3
Cn
1
1
1
Ceq
C1 C2
1
C C1
2
Ceq
C1C2
Ceq
C1C2
C1 C2
Explanation
Consider three capacitors of capacitance c1, c2 and c3 are connected in
series. A battery of voltage V is connected to the circuit. The battery
provide a positive charge Q to the left plate of capacitor C1 due to
electrostatic induction a negative charge is induced on the right plate and
charges distribute on the other plates similarly.
The voltage across each capacitor remains constant in parallel
combination of capacitors.
V1 V2 V3 V
C eqV C1V C 2V C 3V
C eq C1 C 2 C 3
(Fixed capacitors)
(Variable capacitors)
SHORT QUESTIONS
1.
A.
2.
A.
3.
A.
4.
A.
5.
A.
6.
A.
7.
A.
8.
A.
9.
A.
10.
A.
As shown in the figure a chain is hanging from the rear side of petrol
supply tanker. What is its purpose?
When the petrol supply tanker moves on a road, charge may be induced
on its body due to friction. To avoid these charges a chain is made to hang
from the rear side of petrol supply tanker. This chain works like earth wire
and supply these charges to the earth.
11.
A.
The tyres of an aircraft are made from special rubber that conducts
electricity. Explain why?
The tyres of an aircraft are made from special rubber that conducts
electricity. It is because charges are induced on the tyres due to friction
between the tyres and the ground. To transferred these charges to the
ground the tyres of an aircraft are made from a special conducting rubber
to work as earth wire.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1.
q 2 15C 15 10 6 C
r 100cm 1m
K 9 109 Nm 2 / C 2
F ?
We know that
qq
F K 1 22
r
(5 10 6 )(15 10 6 )
F 9 109
(1) 2
F 675 109 6 6
F 675 10 3
F 0 675N
2.
Two identical charges are 25cm apart. They repel each other with a
force of 2x10-6N. Find each charge?
Given data
q q q ( say) ?
r 25cm 0.25m
F 2 106 N
K 9 109 Nm 2 / C 2
We know that
q1 q 2
r2
qq
F K 2
r
F K
Fr 2
K
q2
( 2 10 6 )(0 25) 2
9 109
( 2 10 6 )(0 0625)
q2
9 109
0 125 10 6
2
q
10 9
9
2
q 0 01389 10 69
q2
q 2 13 89 10 6 9 3 13 89 10 18
q 13 89 10 18 3 72 10 9 C
3.
q 2 4 0 10 6 C
K 9 109 Nm 2 / C 2
F 2 2N
r ?
We know that
qq
F K 1 22
r
qq
r2 K 1 2
F
(5 10 6 )(4 10 6 )
r 2 9 109
22
Negative sign shows that force is attractive.
(5 10 6 )(4 10 6 )
r 2 9 109
22
180
10966
22
r 2 81 81 10 3
r2
r 2 8 181 10 2
r 2 86 10 1 0 286m
4.
q 10C 10 106 C
F 104 N
E ?
We know that
E
E
E
E
E
E
5.
F
q
10 4
10 10 6
10 4
10 6
10
10 4 6
10
10 2
10
10 N / C
C eq C1 C 2 C 3
C eq 100 200 300
C eq 600F
Q CV
V 110V
W 550J
Q?
We know that
W
Q
W
550
Q
5C
V
110