John the Apostle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Saint John the Apostle[1]
Hans Memling 039.jpg
Apostle
Born
c. 6 AD
Bethsaida, Judaea, Roman Empire
Died
Ephesus, Asia, Roman Empire
Venerated in
Christianity
Canonized
Pre-congregation
Feast 27 December (Roman Catholic, Anglican)
26 September (Orthodox)
Attributes
Book, a serpent in a chalice, cauldron, eagle
Patronage
Love, loyalty, friendships, authors, booksellers, burn-victims,
poison-victims, art-dealers, editors, papermakers, publishers, scribes, scholars
, theologians
John the Apostle (Aramaic: ????? ?????? Yohanan Shliha; Hebrew: ????? ?? ????? Y
ohanan Ben Zavdai; (Latin and Koine Greek: Ioannes) c. AD 6
c.?100) was one of t
he Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. He was the son of Ze
bedee and Salome. His brother was James, who was another of the Twelve Apostles.
Christian tradition holds that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he w
as the only one not to die a martyr's death (excluding Judas Iscariot who died b
y suicide). The Church Fathers consider him the same person as John the Evangeli
st, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple. The tradition of many Christian de
nominations holds that he is the author of several books of the New Testament.
Contents
1
New Testament author
1.1
Book of Revelation
2
References to John in the New Testament
2.1
Sons of thunder
2.2
Other references to John
2.3
The Disciple whom Jesus loved
3
Extrabiblical traditions
4
Liturgical commemoration
5
Other views
5.1
Latter-day Saint view
5.2
Islamic view
6
Gallery of art
7
See also
8
References
9
External links
New Testament author[edit]
St. John at the Crucifixion of Jesus in a Stabat Mater by Pietro PeruginoRome, c
. 1482
Lamentation of the Virgin. John the Apostle trying to console Mary
Church tradition holds that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four ot
her books of the New Testament the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revela
tion. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jes
us loved" (? a??t?? ?? ???pa ? ??s???, o mathetes on egapa o Iesous) in John 20:2
. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of
the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature has been de
bated since about the year 200.[2][3] Some[by whom?] doubt that the "Gospel of J
ohn" was written by an individual named "John" (??????? or ?????). Nevertheless,
the notion of "John the Evangelist" exists, and is usually thought of as the sa
me as the Apostle John.

In his Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and
the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions tha
t the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but we
re written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish wi
th the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of Joh
n. The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelatio
n.[4] The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospel
s, likely written decades earlier than John's gospel. The bishops of Asia Minor
supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebio
nites, who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary. John probably knew an
d undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gosp
els spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of
John the Baptist.[5] Around 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "t
wo epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a cert
ain John the Elder" and, while stating that Revelation was written by John of Pa
tmos, it was "later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus",[6] presumably in
an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style.
Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel of John had universally bee
n attributed to the Apostle John. However, most modern critical scholars have th
eir doubts.[7][8] Some scholars agree in placing the Gospel of John somewhere be
tween AD 65 and 85,[9][page needed] John Robinson proposes an initial edition by
50 55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul.[10]
:pp.284,307 Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was compos
ed in two or three stages.[11]:p.43 Among contemporary scholars are those who co
nsider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first centu
ry AD, and in the opinion of some an earliest possible would be 75-80 CE.[12] ".
..a date of 75-80 CE as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospe
l". Other scholars think that an even later date, perhaps even the last decade o
f the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 - 100),
is applicable.[13]
Today, many theological scholars continue
Colin G. Kruse states that since John the
in the writings of early church fathers,
, despite widespread reluctance to accept
n scholars."[14]

to accept the traditional authorship.

Evangelist has been named consistently
"it is hard to pass by this conclusion
it by many, but by no means all, moder

The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author.[15][16][17][18][19][20][2

1][22][23] According to Paul N. Anderson, the gospel "contains more direct claim
s to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions".[24] F. F. Bruc
e argues that 19:35 contains an "emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness autho
rity".[25] Bart D. Ehrman, however, does not think the gospel claims to have bee
n written by direct witnesses to the reported events.[17][26][27]
However, the Gospel's chapter 21 ends (at verse 24) with an explicit declaration
unifying the witness and authorship, in the form of a literary device of postpo
nement of the discovery of the identity of the mysterious "other disciple," and
"disciple he loved," and "this man," the first two used multiple times across th
e expanse of eye-witness accounts:
This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: a
nd we know that his testimony is true. (Source, AV)
Book of Revelation[edit]
The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as "John"[28] The early
2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelat
ion with John the Apostle.[29] However, some biblical scholars now contend that
these were separate individuals.[7][30]

John the Presbyter, an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identif
ied with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his C
hurch History (Book III, 39) [31] and Jerome.[32]
John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under
Emperor Domitian. Revelation 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos:
"I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation... was on the island th
at is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ."
Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School, writes:
Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities.
This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used durin
g the Imperial period for a number of offenses. Among such offenses were the pra
ctices of magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to
the same category, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with political
implications, like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation, would have
been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order. Three of the isl
ands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished. (Pliny
Natural History 4.69-70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[33]
Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the A
postle, John the Evangelist, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals.
[34] These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the
Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. For one, the author of Revelation ident
ifies himself as "John" several times, but the author of the Gospel of John neve
r identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, gr
ammar, and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its pre
sent form by the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel".[35]
References to John in the New Testament[edit]
Russian Orthodox icon of the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, 18th ce
ntury (Iconostasis from the Church of the Transfiguration, Kizhi Monastery.
Sons of thunder[edit]
John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James, son of
Zebedee (Saint James the Greater). According to Church tradition, their mother
was Salome.[36] Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee. The brothers
were firstly disciples of John the Baptist. Jesus then called Saint Peter, Saint
Andrew and these two sons of Zebedee to follow him. James and John are listed a
mong the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated
"sons of thunder");[8] although their nature was calm and gentle, when their pat
ience was pushed to its limits their anger became wild and thunderous causing th
em to speak out like an untamed storm. A gospel story relates how the brothers w
anted to call down heavenly fire on a Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them. [L
k 9:51-6] John lived more than half a century after the martyrdom of James, who
was the first Apostle to die a martyr's death.
Other references to John[edit]
John the Evangelist and Peter by Albrecht Drer
Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of Daughter of Jair
us.[37] All three also witnessed the Transfiguration, and these same three witne
ssed the Agony in Gethsemane more closely than the other Apostles did.[38] John
was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple
from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is
not against us is on our side'.[39]
Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the fin
al Passover meal (the Last Supper).[Lk 22:8][40] At the meal itself, the "discip
le whom Jesus loved" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to lie along upon couch

es at meals, and this disciple leaned on Jesus.[38] Tradition identifies this di

sciple as Saint John[Jn 13:23-25]. After the arrest of Jesus, Peter and the "oth
er disciple" (according to Sacred Tradition), John followed him into the palace
of the high-priest.[38]
John alone among the Apostles remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Ca
lvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women; following the instruction
of Jesus from the Cross, John took Mary, the mother of Jesus, into his care as
the last legacy of Jesus [Jn 19:25-27]. After Jesus' Ascension and the descent o
f the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, John, together with Peter, took a prominent part
in the founding and guidance of the church. He was with Peter at the healing of
the lame man at Solomon's Porch in the Temple [Ac 3:1 et seq.] and he was also
thrown into prison with Peter.[Acts 4:3] He went with Peter to visit the newly c
onverted believers in Samaria.[Acts 8:14]
While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area, the other disciples returne
d to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about AD 51). Paul, in opposing his en
emies in Galatia, recalls that John explicitly, along with Peter and James the J
ust, were referred to as "pillars of the church" and refers to the recognition t
hat his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these
three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.[37]
According to the Book of Revelation, its author was on the island of Patmos "for
the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus", when he was honoured with the
vision contained in Revelation.[Rev. 1:9]
The Disciple whom Jesus loved[edit]
Jesus and the Beloved Disciple
The phrase the disciple whom Jesus loved (Greek: ? a??t?? ?? ???pa ? ??s???, ho m
athetes hon egapa ho Iesous) or, in John 20:2, the Beloved Disciple (Greek: ?? ?
f??e? ? ??s???, hon ephilei ho Iesous) is used five times in the Gospel of John,
[41] but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus. John 21:24 claims that the
Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple.
The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to, specifically, six times in John's
gospel:
It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks J
esus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him.[J
n 13:23-25]
Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, "Woman, here is your son", and
to the Beloved Disciple he says, "Here is your mother."[Jn 19:26-27]
When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb, she runs to tell the Beloved Disci
ple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is th
e first to reach the empty tomb. However, Peter is the first to enter.[Jn 20:1-1
0]
In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one
of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.[Jn 21:1-25] [42
]
Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die,
Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks, "What about him?" Jesu
s answers, "If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follo
w Me!"[John 21:20-23]
Again in the gospel's last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based
on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.[John 21:24]
None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be direct
ly understood as the Beloved Disciple. For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter alone r
uns to the tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve dis
ciples having witnessed the crucifixion.

There are also two references to an unnamed "other disciple" in John 1:35-40 and
John 18:15-16, which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20:
2.[43]
Extrabiblical traditions[edit]
Byzantine illumination depicting John dictating to his disciple, Prochorus (c. 1
100).
Apostle John and Marcion of Sinope, 11th century Italy.
There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John's activity
in Judea. According to tradition, John and the other Apostles remained some 12 y
ears in this first field of labour. The persecution of Christians under Herod Ag
rippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire's provinc
es.[cf. Ac 12:1-17]
A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf.
"the brethren"),[Acts 18:27] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original c
ommunity was under the leadership of Apollo (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disc
iples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[44] Accord
ing to Church tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. Fro
m there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banish
ed by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to t
radition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Presc
ription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunge
d into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in
the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this m
iracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign
of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians.
When John was aged, he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This
was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to future genera
tions. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him stories about John. In Agains
t Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of
John, the disciple of the Lord, going to bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerint
hus within, rushed out of the bath-house without bathing, exclaiming, "Let us fl
y, lest even the bath-house fall down, because Cerinthus, the enemy of the truth
, is within."[45]
It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and surv
ived them. He is said to have lived to an old age, dying at Ephesus sometime aft
er AD 98.[46]
An alternative account of John's death, ascribed by later Christian writers to t
he early second-century bishop Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by
the Jews.[47][48] Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascripti
on to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barc
lay Swete, maintain that these references to Papias are credible.[49][50] Zahn a
rgues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist.[46] John's traditiona
l tomb is thought to be located at Seluk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus
.[51]
In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagl
e, which symbolizes the height he rose to in his gospel.[8] In Orthodox icons, h
e is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel (or the Book
of Revelation) to his disciple, traditionally named Prochorus.
Liturgical commemoration[edit]

The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint
John, Apostle and Evangelist", and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calen
dars, which call him "Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist", is on 27 December.
[52] In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the followin
g days up to and including 3 January, the Octave of the 27 December feast. This
Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955.[53] The traditional liturgical co
lor is white.
Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is th
at of "Saint John Before the Latin Gate" on May 6, celebrating a tradition recou
nted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor
Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously
preserved unharmed. A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was
built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional site of this event.[54]
The Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzanti
ne Rite commemorate the "Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theo
logian" on September 26. On May 8 they celebrate the "Feast of the Holy Apostle
and Evangelist John the Theologian", on which date Christians used to draw forth
from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the s
ick.
Other Christians highly revere him but do not canonize or venerate saints.
Other views[edit]
Latter-day Saint view[edit]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that John r
eceived the promise of immortality from Jesus Christ, as recorded in John 21:21 23
and the seventh chapter of the Doctrine and Covenants. It also teaches that in
1829, along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John visited J
oseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Aposto
lic succession to earth.[55] John, along with the Three Nephites, will live to s
ee the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings.[56]
The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evan
gelist, John of Patmos, and the Beloved Disciple.[56]
Islamic view[edit]
The Quran also speaks of Jesus's disciples but does not mention their names, ins
tead referring to them as "helpers to the work of God".[57] Muslim exegesis and
Quran commentary, however, names them and includes John among the disciples.[58]
An old tradition, which involves the legend of Habib the Carpenter, mentions th
at John was one of the three disciples sent to Antioch to preach to the people t
here.[59]
Gallery of art[edit]
John the Apostle
A portrait from the Book of Kells, c. 800
St John at Patmos by Pieter Paul Rubens
John the Apostle and St Francis by El Greco
Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph

Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus

St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini (1612-1648), Bologna
Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco
The Last Supper, anonymous painter
Part of a series of articles
John in the Bible
"St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s
Johannine literature
Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation
Authorship
Apostle Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Disciple whom Jesus loved
Communities
Twelve Apostles Early Church
Related literature
Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel
See also
Holy Spirit in Johannine literature
Johannine Christianity
John's vision of the Son of Man
Logos
v t e
See also[edit]
Book icon
Book: Apostle (Christian)
See also: Acts of John
Basilica of St. John
Four evangelists
Names of John
St. John the Evangelist on Patmos
Vision of St. John on Patmos, frescos by Antonio da Correggio
References[edit]
^ "Saint John the Apostle". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History Book vi. Chapter xxv.
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocalypse".
^ The History of the Church by Eusibius. Book three, point 24.
^ Thomas Patrick Halton, On illustrious men, Volume 100 of The Fathers of the Ch
urch, CUA Press, 1999. P. 19.
^ Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem (2007) [c. 600], "The Life of the Evangelist Joh
n", The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John, House Springs, Missour
i, USA: Chrysostom Press, pp. 2 3, ISBN 1-889814-09-1
^ a b Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible (Palo Alto: Mayfield, 1985) p.
355
^ a b c Foley OFM, Leonard. "Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons and Feast", (revis
ed by Pat McCloskey, OFM), American Catholic.org
^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. McGraw-Hill, 2006. ISBN 978-0-07296548-3
^ Robinson, John A.T. (1977). Redating the New Testament. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0334-02300-5.
^ Mark Allan Powell. Jesus as a figure in history. Westminster John Knox Press,
1998. ISBN 0-664-25703-8 / 978-0664257033
^ Gail R O'Day, introduction to the Gospel of John in New Revised Standard Trans
lation of the Bible, Abingdon Press, Nashville, 2003, p.1906
^ Reading John, Francis J. Moloney, SDB, Dove Press, 1995
^ Kruse, Colin G.The Gospel According to John: An Introduction and Commentary, E

erdmans, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, p. 28.

^ E P Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, 1995) page 63 - 64.
^ Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The New Testament: a historical introduction to early
Christian writings. Oxford University Press.
^ a b Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) Lost Christianities: the battles for scripture a
nd the faiths we never knew Oxford University Press, New York.
^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P
MATTHEW, GOSPEL ACCORDING TO. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: Matthew, like t
he other three Gospels is an anonymous document.
^ Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris (2002:328) Invitation to t
he Gospels Paulist Press.
^ Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) The Synoptic Gospels: an introduction Westmin
ster John Knox Press.
^ Ben Witherington (2004:44) The Gospel code: novel claims about Jesus, Mary Mag
dalene, and Da Vinci InterVarsity Press.
^ F.F. Bruce (1994:1) The Gospel of John Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
^ Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) The Gospel of Mark Made Easy Paulist Press
^ Paul N. Anderson, The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel, p. 48.
^ F. F. Bruce, The Gospel of John, p. 3.
^ Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian
Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. Oxford
University Press.
^ Bart D. Ehrman(2006:143) The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: a new look at betr
ayer and betrayed. Oxford University Press.
^ "Revelation, Book of." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christia
n church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
^ Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, 81.4
^ Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Ea
rly Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 468. ISBN 0-19-515462-2.
^ "Church History, Book III, Chapter 39". The Fathers of the Church. NewAdvent.o
rg. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ saint, Jerome. "De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) Chapter 9 & 18". new
advent.org. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ Adela Collins. "Patmos." Harper's Bible Dictionary. Paul J. Achtemeier, gen. e
d. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985. p755.
^ Griggs, C. Wilfred. "John the Beloved" in Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. Selections fr
om the Encyclopedia of Mormonism: Scriptures of the Church (Salt Lake City, Utah
: Deseret Book, 1992) p. 379. Griggs favors the "one John" theory but mentions t
hat some modern scholars have hypothesized that there are multiple Johns.
^ Introduction. Saint Joseph Edition of the New American Bible: Translated from
the Original Languages with Critical Use of All the Ancient Sources : including
the Revised New Testament and the Revised Psalms. New York: Catholic Book Pub.,
1992. 386. Print.
^ By comparing Matthew 27:56 to Mark 15:40
^ a b "Fonck, Leopold. "St. John the Evangelist." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol
. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 6 Feb. 2013". Newadvent.org. 191010-01. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
^ a b c Butler, Alban. The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Sai
nts, Vol.IV
^ Luke 9:49-50 NKJV
^ While Luke states that this is the Passover,[Lk 22:7-9] the Gospel of John spe
cifically states that the Passover meal is to be partaken of on Friday[Jn 18:28]
^ John 13:23, 19:26, 20:2, 21:7, 21:20
^ James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson, Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible,
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 1210, ISBN 0-8028-3711-5.
^ Brown, Raymond E. 1970. "The Gospel According to John (xiii-xxi)". New York: D
oubleday & Co. Pages 922, 955.
^ "Vailh, Simon. "Ephesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Ap
pleton Company, 1909. 6 Feb. 2013". Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01. Retrieved 2013-05
-03.

^ Irenaeus, Against Heresies, III.3.4.

^ a b Zahn, T. "John the Apostle", in Schaff, Philip. The New Schaff-Herzog Ency
clopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VI: Innocents - Liudger, p.203
^ Cheyne, Thomas Kelly (1901). Encyclopaedia Biblica, Volume 2. Adam and Charles
Black. pp. 2509 11. Although Papias' works are no longer extant, the fifth centur
y ecclesiastical historian Philip of Side and the ninth-century monk George Hama
rtolos both stated that Papias had written that John was "slain by the Jews."
^ Rasimus, Tuomas (2010). The Legacy of John: Second-Century Reception of the Fo
urth Gospel. BRILL. p. 5. ISBN 9789004176331. Rasimus finds corroborating eviden
ce for this tradition in "two martyrologies from Edessa and Carthage" and writes
that "Mark 10:35-40//Matt. 20:20-23 can be taken to portray Jesus predicting th
e martyrdom of both the sons of Zebedee."
^ Culpepper, R. Alan (2000). John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of A Legend. Con
tinuum International Publishing Group. p. 172. ISBN 9780567087423.
^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1911). The Apocalypse of St. John (3 ed.). Macmillan. pp
. 179 180.
^ Procopius of Caesarea, On Buildings. General Index, trans. H. B. Dewing and Gl
anville Downey, vol. 7, Loeb Classical Library 343 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Un
iversity Press, 1940), 319
^ http://prayerbook.ca/resources/bcponline/calendar/
^ General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII
^ Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom. Gaspar L
eFebvre, O.S.B., Saint Paul, MN: The E.M. Lohmann Co., 1952, p.1325-1326
^ Doctrine and Covenants 27:12
^ a b "John", KJV (LDS): Bible Dictionary, LDS Church, 1979
^ Qur'an 3:49-53
^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets In Islam And Judaism, Brandon M. Wheeler, Di
sciples of Christ: "Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples as Peter, Andrew, M
atthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon"
^ Hughes Dictionary of Islam, Habib the Carpenter
External links[edit]
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the Apostle.
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ay 8)
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Works by John the Apostle at Project Gutenberg
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v t e
Twelve Apostles of Jesus
Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus the Less James of Zebedee John Beloved Evan
gelist Patmos
Judas Iscariot replaced by Matthias Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Sim
on the Zealot Thomas
v t e
New Testament people
Jesus Christ
in Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament
Gospels
Individuals
Alphaeus Anna Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man (Bethsaida) Caiaphas Man born
blind ("Celidonius") Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ("St. Dismas") Elizabet

h Gabriel Impenitent thief ("Gestas") Jairus' daughter Joanna John the Baptist J
oseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha
Mary Mary Magdalene Mary, mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked
fugitive Son of Nain's widow Nathanael Nicodemus (Nicodemus ben Gurion) Salome S
amaritan woman Simeon Simon, brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Si
mon the Pharisee Susanna Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah
Groups
Angels Jesus's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists God-fearers Herodians Magi
Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribe
s Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots
Apostles
Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus (James the Less) James of Zebedee John Evan
gelist Patmos "Disciple whom Jesus loved" Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew P
hilip Peter (Simon Peter) Simon the Zealot Thomas
Acts
Aeneas Agabus Ananias (Damascus) Ananias (Judaea) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos A
quila Aristarchus Bar-jesus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorca
s Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James, brother of Jesus Jason Jose
ph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen (John) Ma
rk Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary, mother of (John) Mark Matthias Mnason Nic
anor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sc
eva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes St
ephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus
Romans
Herod's family
Gospels
Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias "Longinus" Philip Pilate Pilate's wif
e Quirinius Salome Tiberius
Acts
Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullu
s
Epistles
Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epap
hras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Ju
stus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Philemo
n Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius
Revelation
Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of B
abylon
v t e
History of Christianity
Centuries:1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th
17th 18th 19th 20th 21st
Ministry of Jesus &
Apostolic Age
Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy
disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament B
ackground Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation
The Nicene Creed at the First Council of Nicaea
Ante-Nicene Period
Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Can
on Tertullian Montanism Origen
Late ancient
Constantine Monasticism Councils: Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augu
stine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism
Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Greece Georgia Egypt Syri
a Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America 20th century
Middle Ages

Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus' Investiture Ansel

m Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition
Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism
Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism
Catholicism
Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas
More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa
Vatican I & II Modernism
Protestant
Reformation
Protestantism
Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist v. Arminian Arminianism Dort Wars
Lutheranism
Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Co
ncord
Calvinism
Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Wes
tminster
Anglicanism
Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil
War
Anabaptism
Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Mntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyt
h
1640 1789
Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism Great Awakening Meth
odism Millerism Pietism Neo- & Old Lutherans
1789 present
Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic churches Second Great Awaken
ing Restoration Movement Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh-day Adventist Adv
entism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus moveme
nt Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian
right
Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy
Protestantism Catholicism
v t e
Catholic saints
Virgin Mary
Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption M
arian apparition Guadalupe Laus Miraculous Medal Lourdes Fatima
alt = Stained glass of the Four Evangelists in Bockweiler, Germany
Archangels
Gabriel Michael Raphael
Patriarchs
Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Matriarchs David Noah Solomon Joseph (fathe
r of Jesus)
Prophets
Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Is
aiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizede
k Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zecha
riah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah
Apostles
Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Greater John Jude Matthe
w Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas
Evangelists
Matthew Mark Luke John
Disciples
Apollos Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seven
ty disciples
Martyrs

Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Drina Martyrs Forty Martyrs of England and W
ales Four Crowned Martyrs Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs Lbeck mar
tyrs Korean Martyrs Martyrology Martyrs of China Martyrs of Japan Martyrs of Otr
anto Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Perpetua and Felicity Saints of the Criste
ro War Stephen Three Martyrs of Chimbote Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs
Popes
Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anas
tasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I C
elestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene
I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Greg
ory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I J
ohn I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus
Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Pa
ul I Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius
Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus T
elesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus
Fathers
Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athana
sius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathe
rs Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexand
ria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulge
ntius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of
Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Se
ville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confesso
r Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Po
lycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lerins Ze
phyrinus
Confessors
Anatolius Chariton the Confessor Edward the Confessor Maximus the Confessor Mich
ael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Salonius Theoph
anes the Confessor
Doctors
Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Cae
sarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of
Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas
Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Gr
eat Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Franc
is de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus A
nthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of vila Catherine of Siena Thrse of Lis
ieux John of vila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek
Virgins
Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mrida Euphemia
Genevieve Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti Narcisa de Jess Rose o
f Lima
Apologetics
Anselm of Canterbury Aristides of Athens Augustine of Hippo Clement of Alexandri
a Epistle to Diognetus John Henry Newman Justin Martyr Quadratus of Athens Theop
hilus of Antioch Thomas Aquinas
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WorldCat VIAF: 78822416 LCCN: n79060715 ISNI: 0000 0000 8396 6054
Categories: John the Apostle6 births100 deathsChristian saints from the New Test
ament1st-century theologiansAngelic visionariesBook of RevelationBurials in Turk
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