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00060-5, 00060
Pharmacognosy
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For Elsevier
Commissioning Editor: Pauline Graham
Development Editor: Janice Urquhart, Fiona Conn
Project Manager: Gail Wright
Design Direction: George Ajayi
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Pharmacognosy
William Charles Evans BPharm BSc PhD DSc FIBiol FLS FRPharmS
SIXTEENTH EDITION
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The
publisher's
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in China
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Contents
Preface
Part 3
Principles related to the commercial
production, quality and standardization
of natural products 81
vii
Contributors
ix
Part 1
Introduction 1
1. Plants in medicine: the origins of
pharmacognosy 3
Part 2
The plant and animal kingdoms as
sources of drugs 13
4. Biological and geographical sources of
drugs 15
5. A taxonomic approach to the study of
medicinal plants and animal-derived
drugs 18
6. Pharmacological activities of natural
products 45
87
93
117
121
Part 4
Phytochemistry 133
17. General methods associated with the
phytochemical investigation of herbal
products 135
18. Basic metabolic pathways and the origin of
secondary metabolites 148
83
Part 5
Pharmacopoeial and related drugs
of biological origin 169
Introduction
171
173
219
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vi
CONTENTS
263
333
353
Part 7
Non-medicinal toxic plants and
pesticides 521
504
498
428
Part 8
Morphological and microscopical
examination of drugs 537
451
459
Introduction
445
477
485
539
471
Part 6
Plants in complementary and
traditional systems of medicine 483
Introduction
533
563
571
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Preface
Pharmacognosy embraces a number of scientific and
other disciplines providing a unified and comprehensive treatment of medicinal plants. There are constant
advances and changes affecting all areas of the subject
and, as in the past, this 16th edition addresses these
new developments while at the same time maintaining the fundamental concepts required for the teaching of all aspects of the subject. It should continue
to be of value not only to those of a pharmaceutical
and medical persuasion but also to scholars of other
disciplines who have an interest in natural products.
Over 60 crude drugs, recently included in editions of the European and British pharmacopoeias, have now been given separate entries in Part 3.
Cognizance has been taken of the shift away from
material collected in the wild, which results in the
endangerment of species, towards cultivation under
controlled conditions. The implementation of legal
requirements for the quality control of herbal drugs
and medicines has given an even greater significance
to the development of additional standardization and
analytical procedures; similarly for traditional Asian
and Chinese medicines.
Subsequent to the publication of the 15th edition of
this book, many new phytochemicals, their structures
and pharmacological activities, have been reported,
especially from those plant materials having current
interest. In this respect, a new chapter covering plant
nutraceuticals gives emphasis to the attention now
being given to this diverse group of pharmacologically active food constituents. Genetic fingerprinting,
now widely used by plant taxonomists, is becoming
increasingly important for the characterization of
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Contributors
Robin Baker
RoA Services Ltd, Harwich, UK
Peter J. Houghton BPharm PhD FRPharmS CChem FRSC
Department of Pharmacy, Kings College London,
London, UK
Jane A. Lewis BSc PhD
Medicines Research Centre,
GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
G. Brian Lockwood BPharm PhD MRPharmS
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Simon Y. Mills MA FNIMH MCCP
Centre for Complementary Health Studies,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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