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CHAPTER 2 BODY COORDINATION

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

Understanding Body Coordination


Understanding the Human Nervous System
Analysing Nervous Coordination
2.1 Understanding
Body Coordination
Understanding the Role of Proprioceptors
in maintaining
balance and coordination
Understanding the human brain and its complexity
Understanding Hormonal Coordination in the Body
Analysing Coordination between the Nervous System and
the Endocrine System
Evaluating the effects of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol
on Body Coordination and Health
Realising the importance of a Sound and Healthy Mind

What is Body Coordination?


1. a) _________________ is the adjustment of the body's reaction towards any stimulus,
b) The stimuli can be _______, _______, ________________ and _______________.

2. _______________ensures that different body parts _________________ to perform a


specific function in harmony when ________________System of the Body that Controls Body Coordination
1. Activities of different body parts are controlled by two systems of coordination, which
are.
a) the _________________
b) the _______________________

Body Coordination

Nervous system: Controlled


and coordinated by the
____________________

Hormonal system: Controlled


and coordinated by the
______________________

Controlled activities of the body

The Importance of Body Coordination


1) Controls coordination between ____________________________________
2) Prevents the body __________________________________
3) Allows the body ________________________________________

2.2
Understandi
ng the
Human
Nervous
System

The human __________________ allows


__________________to everything in the environment. It
will be __________________________________

The Parts of the Human Nervous System


The human nervous system is divided into two parts,
a) the ______________________________________
b) the ______________________________________
Human Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
Transmit impulses from
_________________ through the
___________________________ to
____________ for response.

__________
nervous system

Central nervous system


Receives impulses from
_________________ to be
interpreted. After the impulses are
interpreted, new impulses will be
sent to the ____________for
response.

__________
nervous system

(
)
Relays information
to and from the skin
and skeletal
muscles.

(
)
Relays information
to the internal
organs.

1. ______________are cells specialised to __________


a particular stimulus.
2. The _________________________ coordinates
a response.
3. The _______controls all the body activities such
as running and listening.
4. The _____________ controls reflex actions such
Parts
as the knee jerk.

Functions

Dendro
n

Neurones
Dendrite
1) Neurones are the _____________ of the nervous system.
2) The function of neurones is to _____________________
3) The diagram below shows the __________________ of neurones and the
___________of the parts of neurone.
Axon

Myelin
sheath

Nucleus

Characteristics

Position of
neurones
Position of the
cell bodies
Function

Size of the axon


Size of the
dendron
Pathway of
impulses

Exercises Practice

Sensory
neurones

Relay
neurones

Motor neurones

1. Label the parts on each of the neurones and state its function.

2.2

Understanding the Human Nervous System

Structured Question
1. Diagram 1 shows the human nervous system.

Diagram 1
a) Among the parts labelled P,Q, R and S, which two parts are the components of the
central nervous system? Name them.
i)_____________________________

ii)____________________________
[2 marks]

b) Among the parts labelled P, Q, R and S, which two parts are the components of the
peripheral nervous system ? Name them.
i)_____________________________

ii)____________________________
[2 marks]

c) Name two sensory organs in the head which are connected to R.


______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
d)

1. Raju sits on a chair with one leg crossed over the other leg.
2. Nazri gently taps Raju's knee just below the knee cap with a rubber hammer.
3. Raju's leg jerks forward.
Among the parts labelled P, Q, R and S, which part controls the action described
above?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

2.3

Analysing Nervous Coordination

Receptor and Effector


1. _____________________________ is the _____________________________ against
a stimulus received to produce a response through the __________________________
in the form of _______________
2. In the previous topic, you have been introduced to the term _________and__________
3. ____________are ________________ that are present in the ____________________
and they are very sensitive to stimuli.
4. There are ______________________________namely the ______________________
and__________________.
5. _____________are organs that ____________________________
6. Examples of effectors are ___________ and ______________
7. When your hand touches hot water, you will pull your hand away quickly. The muscle in
your hand is the _____________
8. The diagram below explains the _________________________ in nervous
coordination.

Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

1. A ________________ is an _____________________________________ of the body


to an external stimulus carried out ________________________
2. A reflex action occurs ______________. This is because the _____________________
known as the ___________ is _________________.
3. The flow chart below shows the neural pathway of a reflex action which forms a reflex
arc.
Neural Pathway of a Reflex Action

Receptor

Stimulus

Sensory
neurone

Relay
neurone

Motor
neurone

Effector

Receptor

Central
nervous
system

Effector

Response

Example of a Reflex Action

2.4

Understanding the Role of Proprioceptors in maintaining balance


and coordination

Stretch Receptors
1. Stretch receptors function to _______________________ that involve the _________
and ________________________
2. Stretch receptors are ___________________________________________________
3. There are stretch receptors in the _________________________________________
4. The diagram below shows the ____________________________________________
Stretch receptors are also known as
______________________

Stretch receptors are specialised muscle


fibres that are connected to __________
_________________________
These receptors are stimulated when the
________________________________

5. Stretch receptors in the muscles are stimulated when the muscles are ____________
_________________________________
6. Stretch receptors generate ____________________ and transmit the nerve impulses
together with the __________________ (sensory neurones) to the brain or spinal
cord.
7. The brain or spinal cord interprets the _____________and sends the response along
with the ________________ to the correct part of the body for ___________________
___________________________
8. The sense that helps us to be ________________ and ________________________
with the use of stretch receptors is known as _________________
Pathway of Impulses Involving Stretch Receptors

Importance of Stretch Receptors

Keeping
our balance

Exercises
Structured Question
1. Diagram 1 shows the reflex arc in an action when a student accidently touches a hot up
of coffee.

Diagram 1
a) How will the student react when he/she touches the hot cup of coffee?
______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
b) Which part of the nervous system controls the action of the student as stated in (a)?
______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

c) (i) Name the parts labelled P and R.


P : ___________________________________
R : ___________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) State the function of the part labelled Q.
___________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
d) Using the parts labeled P,Q,R,S and T, build a flow chart shoWing the transmission of
impulse for the action shown in Diagram 1.

[1 mark]

2.5

Understanding the human brain and its complexity

The Human Brain


Humans have a brain to ____________________________________________________
and perform various activities. The human brain is the ____________________________.
Let us identify its structure and functions.
The Structure and Functions of the Human
1. The brain is a ________________________ and is covered by the ____________ or
skull known as the __________________
2. The human brain is divided into ____________main parts, namely the ____________
_________________________________________________
3. The diagram below shows the parts of the ___________________ and its functions.

Voluntary Actions and Involuntary Actions


1. A voluntary action is an action __________________________________________ and
can be implemented in accordance with our requirements. Examples are ___________
______________________________________
2. An involuntary action is done ________________________________. Examples are
_________________________________________________
3. The diagram below shows the differences between voluntary actions and involuntary
actions.

Exercises
Structured Question
1. Diagram 1 shows a student throwing a ball.

Diagram 1.1
(a) What is the type of action shown in Diagram 1.1?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the structure of the human brain.

Diagram 1.2
(i) Which of the parts labelled P, Q and R, controls the students action?
___________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the part stated in (b)(i).
___________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(c) The path taken by the impulse when the student throws the ball is shown below.

(i) Name the neurones labelled X and Y.


X: _______________________________________
Y: _______________________________________

[2 marks]

(ii) What is the function of the effector in this actions.


___________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

2.6

Understanding Hormonal Coordination in the Body

__________ is the control response of the body to a stimulus from the body and the
external environment. _____________________________ in the body is controlled by the
_____________________________
Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system consists of the
________________________ i.e.
___________________________
which ________________________
directly into the bloodstream.

Function and Location of the Glands


PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID GLAND
(Thyroxine, contains Iodine)

PANCREAS

ADRENAL GLAND (adrenaline)

TESTIS (testosterone)

OVARY (oestrogen, progesterone)

The Effects of Hormonal Imbalance


HORMONES

EFFECT OF

Growth hormone
(pituitary)

OVER SECRETION
_______________(child)

UNDER SECRETION
_____________

__________(adult)
Thyroxine
(thyroid)

Insulin (pancreas)

Oestrogen (ovary)

Progesterone
(ovary)

Testosterone
(testis)

_________________________

-__________physical and
mental (children)
-_______________
-______________ (adult)

2.7

Analysing Coordination between the Nervous System and the


Endocrine System

Comparison between the Nervous System and Endocrine System


1. The human nervous system is divided into...
a) the central nervous system

b) the peripheral nervous system

2. The endocrine system consists of the endocrine glands, i.e. glands without ducts which
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
3. Look at the chart below which shows the similarities and differences between the
nervous system and the endocrine system.

Control and coordinate activities in the body


Mutually interact in the coordination of responses to stimuli

Coordination between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System in Emergency
Situations
1. Coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system is important in
preventing danger.
2. The diagram below shows how the two systems work together.

2.8

Evaluating the effects of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on


Body Coordination and Health

________are chemicals that can alter the functions of the body. Some drugs are used as
____________ and are usually ____________by doctors to ____________. __________
is the use of drugs for purposes other than medical.
Effects of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination
1. Drug abuse has _______________ on __________________ and the
______________
2. The table below shows the main groups of drugs and their effects.
Groups of
drugs
Stimulants

Depressants
(opiates)

Hallucinogens

Examples

The effects on body coordination and the nervous


system

Effects of Excessive Intake of Alcoholic Beverages


1. Excessive intake of alcohol can cause a person to be drunk.
2. Alcoholic drinks contain ethanol.
3. Examples of alcoholic drinks are beers, wines and spirits.
4. Alcohol slows down the transmission of nerve impulses and affects brain functions.
5. The diagram below shows the effects of excessive intake of alcohol.

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