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Documente Cultură
doi: 10.14355/ijace.2014.0303.02
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Introduction
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
Design of boiler
Fuel used
Skill in obtaining combustion within the
minimum amount of excess air.
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Economizer
Boiler drum
Down Comers
Water walls
Water wall platen (used for Low Pressure Boilers)
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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Supporting Structures:
Boiler Structural:
The boiler structural is divided into two parts.
Supporting Structure
Galleries and stair ways
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
Boiler Drum
The function of steam drum is to separate the water
from the steam generated in the furnace walls and to
reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam to
below the prescribed limit of 1 ppm. The drum is
located on the upper front of boiler.
Economiser
The purpose of economizer is to preheat the boiler
feed water before it is introduced into the steam drum
by recovering heat from the flue gases leaving the
boiler. The Economiser is located in the boiler rear gas
pass below the rear horizontal superheater. The
economizer is continuous unpinned loop type and
water flows in upward direction and gas in the
downward direction.
Reheater
The function of Reheater is to reheat the steam coming
out from high pressure turbine to a temperature of
540C. The Reheater is composed of two sections, the
front pendant section and the rear pendant section.
The rear pendant section is located above the furnace
arc and the rear water wall and front pendant section
is located between the rear water hanger tubes and the
superheater platen section.
Super Heater
There are three stages of superheater besides the side
walls and extended sidewalls. The first stage consists
of horizontal superheater of convection mixed flow
type with upper and lower banks located above
economizer assembly in the rear pass. The upper bank
terminates into hanger tubes, which are connected to
outlet header of the first stage superheater. The second
stage superheater consists of pendant platen which is
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Burners
There are total twenty four pulverized coal burners for
corner fired C.E. type boilers and twelve oil burners
provided each in between two pulverized fuel burner.
International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
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Linked and can be tilted as a single unit from +30 to 30.The oil burners are fed with heavy fuel oil till
boiler load reaches to about 25%.
1.
2.
Igniters
There are twelve side eddy plate oil/H.E.A igniters per
Boiler Auxilliaries
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
Coal Bunker
Wind Box
Coal Feeders
Each mill is provided with a drag link
chain/rotary/gravimetric feeder to transport raw coal
from the bunker to the inlet chute, leading to mill at a
desired rate.
Mills
There are six mill (25% capacity each), for every 200
MW unit, located adjacent to the furnace at '0' M level.
These mills pulverize coal to the desired fineness to be
fed to the furnace for combustion.
P.A. Fan
The primary air fans (2 per unit - 50% capacity each)
are designed for handling atmospheric air up to a
temperature of 50 C. These fans are located at 0M
level near the boiler.
Air Pre-heater
Air pre-heater transfers heat from flue gases to cold
primary and/ or secondary air by means of rotating
heating surface elements. Beneath these regenerative
type air pre-heaters, there exists a steam coil air preheater.
Electrostatic Precipitator
These are generally two plate type located between
boiler and the chimney. The precipitator is arranged
for horizontal gas flow and is constructed with welded
steel casings.
ID Fans
There are two induced draft fans per boiler located
between the Electrostatic precipitator and the chimney.
These fans are used for sucking flue gas from furnace.
Chimney
These are tall RCC structures with single/multiple
flues (one flue per 200 MW Unit). The heights of these
chimneys vary depending on the location
considerations; anywhere between 150 m. to 220 m.
Seal Air Fan
These are used for supplying seal air to the mills to
prevent ingress of coal dust into gear box lubrication
oil. There are two fans per boiler for 200MW units.
Soot Blowers
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
i.
ii.
iii.
One
Fuels
There are two types of fuels which play a vital role in
fuel firing system. They are:
1.
2.
Coal
Oil
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Coal
Fuel (coal) is fed from mines to the boiler through the
fuel feeding plant commonly known as Coal
handling plant. Selection of proper methods of coal
supply from the mines to the power station depends
upon the system capacity in the tons/hour, location of
available outsides storage and overhead coal bunkers.
The unloading will take place by Merry Go Round
system in which loading and unloading will take place
within 12-20 minutes. Coal is crushed to the sizes of
25mm in the crusher house before it is fed to the
bunkers of individual units. The coal from CHP is
transferred to the bunkers through the conveyer belts
via turning points. The storage capacity of bunkers in
terms of time is 14 hours.
The coal from the bunkers enters the mills through the
coal feeders by gravity action. The quantity of coal
reaching the coal mill is controlled by feeders by
altering the speed of DC motors as per the
requirements of the unit.
Coal Bunker
These are in process storage silos used for storing
crushed coal from the coal handling system. Generally,
these are made up of welded steel plates. Normally,
there are six such bunkers supplying coal of the
corresponding mills. These are located on top of the
mills so as to aid in gravity feeding of coal.
Coal Feeders
In most of the power stations the types of feeders used
for transporting coal from Raw Coal bunker to the
mills are:
1.
2.
Volumetric feeders
Gravimetric type feeders
Mills
Pulverised fuel firing is a method whereby the
crushed coal, generally reduced to fineness such
that 70-80% passes through a 200 mesh sieve, is
carried forward by air through pipes directly to
burners or storage bins from where it is passed to
burners.
When discharged into combustion chamber, the
mixture of air and coal ignites and burns in
suspension.
The economic motives for the introduction and
development of pulverised fuel firing are:
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
High availability.
Oils
A coal fired unit incorporates oil burners to a firing
capacity of 30% of boilers load for following reasons:
a) To provide necessary ignition energy to light
off coal burner.
b) To stabilise the coal flame at low boiler/burner
loads.
c) As a safe start-up fuel and for controlled heat
input during light off.
Firing Systems:
This can be broadly classified into direct firing system
and indirect firing or intermediate bunker system.
Both the systems can use any type of mill. Either hot
gas or air can be used for drying and transporting the
coal.
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
when necessary.
Corner or Tangential Firing
Tangential firing is a method of firing a fuel to heat
air, which is the most common one in thermal
power
Stations.The flame envelope rotates ensuring
thorough mixing within the furnace, providing
complete
combustion
and
uniform
heat
distribution.
The most effective method for producing intense
turbulence is by the impingement of one flame on
another. This action is secured through the use of
burners located in each of the four corners of the
furnace, close to the floor or the water-screen. The
burner nozzles are so directed that the streams of
coal and air are projected along a line tangent to a
small circle, lying in a horizontal plane, at the
centre of the furnace. Intensive mixing occurs
where these streams meet. A scrubbing action is
present which assures contact between the
combustible and oxygen, thus promoting rapid
combustion and reducing carbon loss. A relative
motion, similar to that of a cyclone, is imparted to
the flame body, which spreads out and fills the
furnace area. The ignition at each burner is aided
by the flame from the preceding one.
With tangential firing the furnace is essentially the
burner, consequently air and coal quantities need
not be accurately proportional to the individual
fuel nozzle assemblies. Turbulence produced in the
furnace cavity is sufficient to combine all the fuel
and air. This continuously insures uniform and
complete combustion so that test performance can
be maintained throughout daily operation. With
other types of firing the fuel and air must be
accurately proportioned to individual burners
making it difficult to always equal test results.
With this type of firing, combustion is extremely
rapid and short flame length results. The mixing is
so intense that combustion rates exceeding 35,000
Btu/ (ft3h) or 360 kW/m3 are practical under certain
conditions. However, since there is considerable
impingement of flame over the furnace walls it is
absolutely necessary that they be fully watercooled. This sweeping of the water-cooled surfaces,
in the furnace, by the gas increases the evaporation
rate. Thus, in addition to absorption by radiation
from the flame envelope, there is transfer by
convection, and the resulting furnace temperatures
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
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a) Mixing plate
b) Spray Plate.
Atomisation
Atomisation breaks the fuel into fine particles that
readily mixes with the air for combustion. Oil should
be divided up into small particles for effective
atomisation. The advantages of atomisation are:
a) Atomising burners can be used with heavier grades
of oil.
b) Can be adopted to large applications because of
large capacity range.
Classification
a) Air-atomised burners
b) Steam-atomised burners
Refer the figure below for air / steam atomised oil gun
compartment with wind box assembly.
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
Burner Arrangement
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
CORNER -1, 2, 3, 4
H H
AIR
H
COAL
G H
OIL
G
COAL
F G
AIR
F
COAL
E F
OIL
E
COAL
D E
AIR
D
COAL
C D
OIL
C
COAL
B C
AIR
B
COAL
A B
OIL
A
COAL
A A
AIR
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Coal Nozzel
MILLS
Nozzle are the place from where primary air and coal
sent to Boiler.
G H
E F
A B
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International Journal of Automation and Control Engineering (IJACE) Volume 3 Issue 3, August 2014
Length:
Total no of nozzle = 32
Tip:
IGNITER GUNS
4 X 8 = 32
OIL GUNS
4 X 4 = 16
COAL BURNERS 4 X 8 = 32
SCANNERS IR (COAL) 4 X 4 = 16
SCANNERS UV (OIL)
4 X 4 = 16
Filler
Cobal Arc is used as filler.
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Wikipedia
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