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Introduction
DC to AC converters
Change DC input voltage to a symmetric ac
output voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency
Ideal inverter output waveform should be
sinusoidal
Simplest form of output: square wave
Simple Example
Inverter
Simple Example
Load requires ac voltage of 50Hz
Connect the load across the dc source for certain
period of time (10ms)
Reverse connect the load for an equal duration of
time (10ms)
Bipolar square wave across the load of period 20ms
(50Hz)
Square wave output having a fundamental
frequency and harmonics can be found using
Fourier series expansion
(0.5 48)2
2.4 = 240
Mode 1:1 , 2 ON
Mode 2:3 , 4 ON
Mode 3:3 , 4 ON
Mode 4:1 , 2 ON
Output Voltage
Output RMS Voltage
Example
Repeat the same example of single phase half
wave inverter for single phase full wave inverter
Modulation Strategies
Improve
the
output waveform
by increasing the
switching
frequency
Increase
the
number of pulses
Shape is more
sinusoidal
1
=
Single PWM
One pulse per half cycle
Changing the width of the pulse controls the output
voltage of inverter
Use comparator to compare the reference dc voltage
with carrier signal (triangle waveform)
Gate signal is generated
Fundamental frequency of output voltage depends
on frequency of reference signal
By varying from 0 to , pulse width can be
varied from 0 to 180.
Single PWM
Control variable: Amplitude modulation index:
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Frequency modulation ratio:
=
=
2
2
Sinusoidal Modulation
Multiple PWM has equal distance pulses
Pulse width of each pulse is varied in proportion
to the amplitude o a sine wave
Reference signal is a sinusoidal wave
Several pulses per HC with different pulse
widths
Most commonly used in industrial applications