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Trigonometric
Functions
13.6
Introduction
Integrals involving trigonometric functions are commonplace in engineering mathematics. This
is especially true when modelling waves, and alternating current circuits. When the root-meansquare (rms) value of a waveform, or signal is to be calculated, you will often nd this results
in an integral of the form
sin2 t dt
In this Section you will learn how such integrals can be evaluated.
'
Prerequisites
Before starting this Section you should . . .
&
Learning Outcomes
After completing this Section you should be
able to . . .
Write
integrals:
down the following
a) sin x dx,
b) cos x dx,
c) sin 2x dx,
d)
cos 2x dx
Your solution
d)
1
2
sin 2x + c.
The basic rules from which these results can be derived are summarised here:
Key Point
cos kx
+c
sin kx dx =
k
cos kx dx =
sin kx
+c
k
sin2 = 12 (1 cos 2)
sin2 x dx in an alternative form.
Your solution
1
(1
2
cos 2x)dx.
Note from the last exercise that the trigonometric identity was used to convert a power of sin x
into a function involving cos 2x which can be integrated directly using the Key Point above.
sin2 x dx.
Your solution
x 21 sin 2x + c = 21 x 41 sin 2x + K where K = c/2.
1
2
sin x cos x dx
Your solution
1
2
Using the result of the previous example write down the value of
2
sin x cos x dx
0
Your solution
2
2
1
sin x cos x dx = cos 2x + c
4
0
0
1
1
= cos 4 + cos 0
4
4
1 1
= + =0
4 4
This result is one example of what are called orthogonality relations.
2. Orthogonality Relations
In general two functions f (x), g(x) are said to be orthogonal to each other over an interval
a x b if
b
f (x)g(x) dx = 0
a
It follows from the previous example that sin x and cos x are orthogonal to each other over the
interval 0 x 2 or indeed any other interval x + 2 (e.g. /2 x 5 or
x ).
More generally there is a whole set of orthogonality relations involving these trigonometric
functions on intervals of length 2 (i.e. over one period of both sin x and cos x). These relations
are useful in connection with a widely used technique in engineering, known as Fourier analysis
where we represent periodic functions in terms of an innite series of sines and cosines called a
Fourier series.
We shall demonstrate the orthogonality property
2
Imn =
sin mx sin nx dx = 0
0
2
(m n)
(m + n)
0
= 0
because (m n) and (m + n) will be integers and sin(integer)2) = 0. Also of course sin 0 = 0.
HELM (VERSION 1: March 18, 2004): Workbook Level 1
13.6: Integration of Trigonometric Functions
follows by use of a similar identity to that just used. Here again m and n are integers such that
m = n.
Your solution
2
(m + n)
(m n)
0
1 cos(m + n)2 1 cos(m n)2 1
+
2
(m + n)
(m n)
=
Finally show that the orthogonality relation Kmn also holds if m = n. Hint:
You will need to use a dierent trigonometric identity.
Your solution
Note that the particular case m = n = 1 was considered earlier in this Section.
Putting m = n, and then using the identity sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A we get
2
sin mx cos mx dx
Kmm =
0
1 2
sin 2mx dx
=
2 0
2
1
cos 2mx
=
2
2m
0
1
=
(cos 4m cos 0)
4m
1
(1 1) = 0
4m
=
Kmn =
sin mx cos mx dx
3. Reduction Formulae
You have seen earlier in this Workbook how to integrate sin x and sin2 x (which is sin x multiplied
by itself). Applications sometimes arise which involve integrating higher powers of sin x or cos x.
It is possible, as we now show, to obtain a reduction formula to aid in this task.
So consider
In = sinn (x) dx
Your solution
I2 =
sin2 x dx
I3 =
sin3 x dx
I10 =
sin10 x dx
g dx =
sin x dx = cos x
We have
df
= (n 1) sinn2 x cos x (using the chain rule of dierentiation)
dx
Now use the integration by parts formula on
the parts formula if necessary). Do not attempt to evaluate the second integral that you obtain.
Your solution
df
dx
sinn2 x cos2 x dx
g dx
7
Putting cos2 x = 1 sin2 x in the integral on the right-hand side, this integral becomes:
n2
sin (x) dx sinn (x) dx
so nally
In =
sin
n1
n1
sin
n2
(x) dx(n1)
sinn (x) dx
or
In = sinn1 (x) cos x + (n 1)In2 (n 1)In
from which
1
n1
()
In2
In = sinn1 (x) cos x +
n
n
This is our reduction formula for In . It enables us, for example, to evaluate I6 in terms of I4 ,
then I4 in terms of I2 and indeed I2 in terms of I0 where
0
I0 = sin x dx = 1 dx = x.
Your solution
1
1
I2 = [sin x cos x] + I0
2
2
1 1
x
= [ sin 2x] +
2 2
2
1
x
sin2 x dx = sin 2x +
4
2
Use the reduction formula () to obtain I6 =
Your solution
1
3
I4 = sin3 x cos x + I2
4
4
1
5
I6 = sin5 x cos x + I4
6
6
Then, by () with n = 4
Using () with n = 6
Now substitute for I2 from the previous exercise to obtain I4 and hence I6 .
Your solution
5
1
5
5
I6 = sin5 x cos x
sin3 x cos x
sin 2x + x
6
24
32
16
I4 = 41 sin3 x cos x
3
16
sin 2x + 83 x
Denite integrals can also be readily evaluated using the reduction formula (). For example,
/2
sin nx dx
In =
0
/2
sinn2 x dx
so In2 =
0
We obtain, immediately
/2 n 1
1
sinn1 (x) cos x 0 +
In2
In =
n
n
or, since cos 2 = sin 0 = 0,
(n 1)
In2
n
This simple easy-to-use formula is well known and is called Wallis formula.
In =
/2
If In =
0
/2
8
4
4 2
sin5 x dx = I3 = =
5
5 3
15
/2
2
2
2
sin3 x dx = I1 = 1 =
3
3
3
I5 =
I3 =
/2
0
/2
=1
The total power P of an antenna is given by
L2 I 2
sin3 d
P =
2
4
0
sinn x , obtain P .
Your solution
10
If I1 =
I3 =
L2 I 2
42
Hence P =
sin3 d =
sin d = [ cos ]0 = 2
0
sin3 d.
/2
cosn x dx then Jn =
Jn =
0
(n1)
Jn2
n
2
sin(x ) dx
and
cos(x2 ) dx
Clearly, F (0) =
0
sin x
sin x
dx = 0. Recall the graph of
against x, x > 0:
x
x
sin x
x
For any positive value of t, F (t) is the shaded area shown (the area interpretation of a denite
integral was covered earlier in this Workbook). As t increases from 0 to , it follows that F (t)
increases from 0 to a maximum value
sin x
F () =
dx
x
0
whose value could be determined numerically (it is actually about 1.85). As t further increases
sin x
curve
from to 2 the value of F (t) will decrease to a local minimum at 2 because the
x
is below the x-axis between and 2.
Continuing to argue in this way we can obtain the shape of the F (t) graph as follows: (can you
see why the oscillations decrease in amplitude?)
F (t)
1.85
The result
sin x
dx =
x
2
0
is clear from the graph (you are not expected to know how this result is obtained). Such problems
are dealt with in Workbook 31.
12
Exercises
You will need to refer to a Table of Trigonometric Identities to answer these questions.
/2
1. Find a) cos2 xdx b) 0 cos2 tdt c) (cos2 + sin2 )d
2. Use the
identity
sin(A
+
B)
+
sin(A
B)
=
2
sin
A
cos
B
to
nd
sin 3x cos 2xdx
3. Find (1 + tan2 x)dx.
4. The mean square value of a function f (t) over the interval t = a to t = b is dened to be
1
ba
(f (t))2 dt
a
/2
n1
n
Jn =
cos x dx then Jn =
Jn2 (Wallis formula).
n
0
(d) Using Wallis formula show that
/2
5
cos6 x dx = .
32
0
Answers
4. 21 .
1
1. a) 21 x + 41 sin 2x + c. b). /4. c). + c. 2. 10
cos 5x 21 cos x + c. 3. tan x + c.
13