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HDL based control circuit for power flow

regulation of TCSC
CONFERENCE PAPER MARCH 2014

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Sangheetha Ponnuchamy

Sona College of Technology

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HDL based Control Circuit for Power flow

Regulation of TCSC
Sangheetha A P

S. Padma

B. Thiyaneswaran

PG Scholar, Electrical and

Electronics Engineering,
Sona College of Technology
Salem-636 005, India

Professor, Electrical &

Electronics Engineering,
Sona College of Technology
Salem -636 005, India

Assistant professor, Electronics &

Communication Engineering,
Sona college of Technology,
Salem-636 005, India

sangheetha.0311@gmail.com

swanisha@gmail.com

Thiyanesb@yahoo.co.in

Abstract
To enhance power flow and stability of power
system networks, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) controllers are used. There are different
types of FACTS controllers available namely series, shunt
and combination of both, all of which have their own
advantages and applications. In this work, one of the series
controllers-Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
(TCSC) is considered. With the goal of maintaining the rated
voltage and regulating the power flow under varying load
conditions, a transmission line model is equipped with TCSC
and studied to evaluate their performance. In low load and
peak load conditions, output voltage and power flow in the
system with and without TCSC are analysed. Firing angle
simulator control circuit is built for the power flow
regulation of TCSC based on the results obtained from the
open loop circuit of TCSC. This is done with the help of
HDL and the results are analysed with the help of
MATLAB, LABVIEW and Model Sim. Firing pulses are
generated from the firing angle simulator which will be
given to the gate circuit of the thyristors to operate the
system in closed loop mode. The results show that TCSC is
capable of regulating the voltage and the power flow in the
system.
Index terms FACTS, TCSC, MATLAB, Modelsim, Firing
angle simulator

II. MODELLING OF TCSC

The equivalent circuit of TCSC is shown in fig.1.

Fig 1.Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator

TCSC consists of a fixed capacitor shunted with Thyristor

Controlled Reactor (TCR) as shown in fig.1. Depending
on the varying load conditions, the thyristor firing angles
are varied to provide the necessary impedance to the
transmission network [5]. By varying the impedance both
the capacitive and the inductive compensation is provided
in the circuit. The equivalent impedance of the capacitor
and thyristor controlled inductor is given in equation (1),
(2) and (3).

I. INTRODUCTION
Power system network is becoming more and
more cumbersome because of the increasing demands and
the limitation in terms of space, cost etc. To overcome
these factors and to utilize the transmission lines to their
maximum limit, FACTS devices came into existence. The
FACTS devices are shown to improve the transmission
capability of the transmission lines by means of reducing
the impedance. Moreover, the FACTS devices provide the
possibility to resolve congestion in transmission lines by
controlling the power flows and voltages; thereby stability
of the system can be improved [1, 2 and 3]. Under varying
load conditions, FACTS devices play an important role in
the power system to maintain the rated voltage and power
[4]. One of the important series FACTS controllers is
TCSC which allows rapid and continuous change of the
transmission line impedance. In this paper, under varying
load conditions, the power flow and the load voltage are
analysed in the uncompensated and the TCSC
compensated system. Change in value of the load will
affect the load power but TCSC is capable of improving
the power flow in the system compared to the
uncompensated system. TCSC is not only used to improve
the power flow in the system, but also used to reduce the
sub synchronous oscillations and power oscillations.

Xc

1
2 fC

(2)

TCR

X TCSC

(1)

X tcr . X C
( X tcr X C )

(3)

Where
;
- conduction angle , -angle of advance,
-firing
angle, C-capacitance of TCSC, L-inductance of TCSC.
Parallel combination of X c and X TCR provides the
necessary TCSC impedance. By varying the impedance,
both the capacitive and the inductive compensation are
provided in the circuit. Based on the TCSC impedance,
the operating regions are inductive mode, resonance and
capacitive mode. The TCSC can be made to operate in
these operating regions by varying the firing angle
of
the thyristors. Operating regions based on firing angle are
shown in fig. 2

Proceedings of the International Conference on Advancements in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICAEEE14)

Operating Mode

Range Of Firing Angle

Inductive Mode

90 to 148

Resonance Region
Capacitive Mode

148 to 150
150 to 180

From the table 2, it is observed that inductive mode

ranges from 90 to 148 and the capacitive mode ranges
from 150 to 180. The resonance region lies between
148 and 150.
B. Simulink Diagram

Fig.2 Firing angle vs. Operating Region

From the fig. 2, the operating regions are given in table 1.

TABLE 1
Firing angle vs. Operarting Region
RANGE OF FIRING ANGLE

OPERATING REGION
Inductive region
Resonance region
Capacitive region

Depending on the loading condition, firing angle of

thyristor can be varied to operate the system with rated
output voltage and power.
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Here, the TCSC is implemented in the single phase
transmission line of 220V. The TCSC is connected in
series with the transmission line with 500
capacitor
and 7 mH inductor. Thus the compensation provided is
26% of the transmission line impedance. The firing pulses
given to the thyristors are 180 out of phase with each
other.
A.Operating regions based on firing angle
The operating regions of TCSC for the given
specifications are determined with the help of LABVIEW.
Different operating regions are shown in fig. 3and table 2.

Fig.3 Operating regions based on firing angle

TABLE 2
RESULTS FROM FIG. 3

Government College of Engineering, Salem

Fig.4 Simulink Diagram of TCSC

The TCSC controller in the transmission line is

implemented in the MATLAB SIMULINK model and is
shown in fig. 4. The system is operated in the open loop
mode. A source voltage of 220V is used and for TCSC, a
500
capacitor shunted with 7 mH thyristor controlled
inductor. The transmission line is represented by a series
RL branch of 0.01
mH and the load is given by
series RL branch of 15
and 5 mH. The firing pulse to
the thyristor is given with the help of pulse generator. By
varying the pulse width and the phase delay in the pulse
generator, the firing pulses can be varied [6].
IV.RESULTS
A .Open Loop mode
When the load increases, the TCSC can be made to
operate in the capacitive mode. This can be done by
varying the phase delays given to the pulse generators,
thereby the power flow increases and it will satisfy the
load. Likewise, when the load decreases, the TCSC can be
switched to inductive vernier mode to maintain the
stability [7] and [8]. Thus, the TCSC can be operated
during the varying load conditions and thus maintains the
stability. All these changes are done manually. For the
varying load conditions, the results are shown in table 3
[9].
B .Under varying load conditions
In the proposed system, an additional load of
8+j4.712 is included in the system for a period of 0.1 s
to 0.4 s. The output voltage and power flow with and
without TCSC are analysed. The output voltage, current

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HDL based Control Circuit for Power flow Regulation of TCSC

and the power with and without TCSC are shown in fig. 5,
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 respectively.
TABLE 3
Firing angle to attain the rated voltage under varying load conditions

Load R + j X

Uncompensated
system voltage (V)

Firing angle of the TCSC

compensated system to
maintain constant 220 V
voltage (deg)

1+j1.9792

77.07

175

1+j2.2933

82.94

170

1+j2.5226

86.96

166

2.5+j4.9951

126

165

3.3+j4.7123

131.8

177

3+j5.5920

133.5

166

3.5+j5.6234

137.4

171

3+j6.8172

140.5

160

4+j5.3721

140.6

179

4+j5.6862

142.7

176

3+j7.2256

142.8

159

2.5+j5.1207

143.3

164

3+j7.4769

144.1

157

4+j6.5973

1451

169

4+j6.1575

145.6

172

4+j6.7544

145.7

168

3+j7.7911

145.8

156

3+j8.1053

147.5

155

2.6+j8.3252

148.3

152

4+j7.7283

149.2

163

4+j7.9796

150.2

162

5+j6.6601

150.8

178

5+j6.7858

151.3

177

5+j9.9588

160.3

161

5+j11.0584

163.1

158

4+13.2889

167.9

150

8+j4.7123

168.3

160

7+j9.7389

168.7

174

7+j9.9588

168.8

173

8+j12.8805

179

167

From table 3, it can be inferred that when there is a

variation in the load, output voltage is affected. To maintain
the rated voltage, firing angle of the TCSC is varied
manually. For example, when the load is increased to
8+j4.712 , the system voltage decreases to 168.3 V. To
maintain the constant voltage of 220V, TCSC is made to
operate in the capacitive mode i.e., at an angle of 160 [12].

Fig.5 Output voltage of uncompensated system

Government College of Engineering, Salem

Fig.6 Output current of the uncompensated system

Fig.7 Output power of the uncompensated system

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Advancements in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICAEEE14)

from the results obtained from the open loop. The firing
pulse is given to the thyristor as shown in fig.11. The
firing pulses generated for different load conditions are
shown in fig. 12 and 13 [13 and 14].
O/P
With
out
TCSC

RAM
(Represent
ing the
address of
the output
voltage

Firing
pulse to
1st
thyristor

Firing
pulse to
2nd
thyristor

Gate
circuit of
Thyristor

Fig.11 Block diagram for the generation of firing pulses

Fig.8 Output power of the TCSC compensated system

Fig.9 Output current of the TCSC compensated system

Fig.12 Generation of firing angle for the load of voltage 140 V in

uncompensated system

Fig.10 Output power of the TCSC compensated system

The results show that, in a simple circuit when the load is

5+j1.5707 , the output voltage is 145 V and the output
power is 3800 W. When TCSC is implemented in the
system, the output voltage becomes 220 V and the output
power is 9300 W. After the addition of excess load of
8+4.7123 at 0.1s to 0.4 s there is sag of both voltage and
power of magnitudes 110 V and 3600 W respectively
which is then compensated by the implementation of
TCSC, whereby the output voltage is same as before and
the power is 13000 W.
C. Closed Loop firing angle simulator
The results obtained in table 3 are implemented
in the system using Verilog programming to provide
automatic control of the system under varying load
conditions. Without TCSC, when the load on the system
increases, the output voltage decreases and vice versa.
Here, the output voltage without TCSC is given as the
input to the RAM. From that input, the firing pulse at
which the rated output voltage and power flow is chosen

Government College of Engineering, Salem

Fig.13 Generation of firing angle for the load of voltage 123 V in

uncompensated system

Fig 12 and 13 shows the firing pulses generated for the

load voltage of 140 V and 123 V in the uncompensated
system. The blue line indicates the time delay of the
pulses and the rose line indicates the address at which the

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HDL based Control Circuit for Power flow Regulation of TCSC

load voltage of the uncompensated system is located in

the RAM. By giving the input of uncompensated system
voltage, the firing pulses are generated using the
Modelsim software. The firing pulses are then given to the
thyristors.

[12]

IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol 20.

No 2, april 2005
[13]

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the series FACTS controller-TCSC is
inserted in the transmission line. Initially, the operating
regions are analysed with the help of LABVIEW
software. To maintain constant voltage under varying load
conditions, the firing pulses are calculated. The resulsts
without and with TCSC are analysed. From the results it
clear that the TCSC is capable of regulating the voltage
and the power flow in the system and it is realised with
the help of MATLAB Simulink. For the closed loop
control of TCSC, firing angle simulator is developed with
verilog programme using the Modelsim.

National Conference on Challenges & Opportunities in

Information Technology (COIT-2008) RIMT-IET, Mandi
Gobindgarh. March 29, 2008
D.Jovcic
ling of TCSC

Zhou, X; Liang, J
IEE proceedingsGeneration,
Transmission
and
distribution Volume: 146 Issue: 2 Pages: 125130 Published: MAR 1999

[14]
Ltd.

VI. FUTURE WORK

The firing pulses generated with the help of
Modelsim will be given to the thyristors and the closed
loop hardware circuit of TCSC will be realised using
FPGA. Under varying load conditions, the output voltage
and power are compared with the simulation results.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

N. H. Hingorani, "Flexible AC transmission systems,"IEEE

Spectrum p. 4045, Apr. 1993
R. M. Mathur, R. k. Verma, "Thyristor based FACTS controllers
for electrical transmission systems", IEEE Press, 2002, pp 277288.
Khederzadeh, M.
2nd
International conference, Publication Year: 2007 , Page(s): 607
- 612
Bindeshwar Singh, K.S. Verma, Pooja Mishra, Rashi
Maheshwari, Utkarsha Srivastava, and Aanchal Baranwal
INTRODUCTION TO FACTS CONTROLLER International
Journal of Automation and Power Engineering Volume 1 Issue 9,
December 2012
Prudhviraj, G.V.T.; Raghu; Meikandasivam, S.; Vijayakumar, D.
"Implementing TCSC device in Kalpakam - Khammam line for
power flow enhancement", Circuits, Power and Computing
Technologies (ICCPCT), 2013 International Conference on, On
page(s): 138 - 141
Fuerte-Esquivel, CR; Acha, E; Ambriz-Perez, H
controlled series compensator model for the power flow solutions
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER
SYSTEMS Volume: 15 Issue: 1 Pages: 5864 Published: FEB 2000
J. V. Kadia, J. G. Jamnani Modelling and Analysis of TCSC
Controller for Enhancement of Transmission Network
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459,
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012) 223
Kusum Arora, S.K. Agarwal, Narendra kumar, Dharam Vir
ISSN: 2250-3021, p-ISSN: 2278-8719 Vol. 3, Issue 4 (April.
2013), ||V|| PP 17-26 www.iosrjen.org 17 | P a g e
S. Meikandasivam, Rajesh Kumar Nema, Shailendra Kumar Jain
a Matlab/simulink
Technology 21 2008

[10]

[11]

loop
Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945IJAET/Vol.III/ Issue
I/January-March, 2012/175-179 Research Paper
Preeti Singh, Mrs.Lini Mathew, Prof. S
Proceedings of 2nd

Government College of Engineering, Salem

C|24

A Study on the Magnetizing Inrush and Differential

protection of Power transformer
M.Gopila,

Dr.I.Gnanambal,

Research Scholar,
Asst.Prof/EEE,Sona college of Technology,
Salem,India
greatgee@gmail.com

HOD/EEE,
Government college of Engineering,
Salem,India.
ignan1960@gmail.com

Abstract This paper presents a review on the magnetizing

inrush and the faults in a power transformer. In this study the
various transformation techniques involved in identifying the
abnormalities is proposed. Also the simulation tools like
MATLAB, PSCAD, ATP/EMTP are discussed. Analysis of
simulation and experimental results show that by varying the
parameters like switching angle, and by using the good magnetic
material the occurrence of inrush for several dozens of cycles can
be reduced. The maloperation of the transformer differential
protection during the nonlinear load switching-in mainly results
due to the saturation of transformer core and this is termed as
ultra saturation phenomenon. Several methods using digital
signal processing and artificial intelligent techniques has been
proposed.
Index Terms inrush, power transformer, ultra saturation.

I. INTRODUCTION
A protection scheme in a power system is designed in such
a way to monitor the power system continuously to ensure
maximum continuity of electric supply with minimum damage
to life and equipment. While designing the protection scheme
one has to understand the fault characteristics of all the power
system elements.
The modern electrical power system caters the demands to
all the electrical apparatus like generator, transformers and the
like. In spite of all necessary precautions taken in the design
and installation of such systems, they do encounter abnormal
conditions or faults. The power transformer is the most
important component in a power system network. Any
condition that calls for an instantaneous change in flux
linkages in a power transformer will cause abnormally large
magnetizing currents to flow which leads to mal operation of
the relay. This is due to the non linear properties of circuit
elements and abrupt changes in the magnetizing voltage.
The magnetizing inrush is experienced whenever there are
sudden changes in the system voltage such as sudden recovery
of system voltage on clearing of a fault, by energizing an
unloaded transformer and occurrence of an external fault. The
amplitude of inrush current will be 8-15 times of the rated
current and so a detailed analysis of the magnetizing inrush
current under various conditions is necessary. Discriminating

magnetising inrush currents from internal faults has long been

recognised as a very challenging problem to the protection
engineers.
In this paper after a careful review on various papers the
detailed analysis on the results is presented. The various signal
processing techniques along with the latest artificial intelligent
techniques is discussed.
II. INRUSH PHENOMENON
In the case of magnetizing inrush current creating from
transformer switching; two major factors affect the peak
magnitude value of the magnetizing inrush current [1]. The
first one is the energizing time instant, which can be controlled
through controlling the time that the circuit breaker is closed
and transformer is connected to the system. The inrush current
will be larger when energizing time is at the zero crossing point
of the transformer voltage. The second factor is the amount of
the residual magnetism in the transformer core, which already
exists due to previous switching operations of the power
transformer. If the polarity of the residual flux is opposite to
that of the steady state condition, the peak value of the
magnetizing current increases. On the other hand, the residual
magnetism can be considered by switching the transformer for
several times or the desired remnant magnetism can be set in
unenergized transformer with controlled dc current sources in
PSCAD/EMT DC simulation model [2]. Several cases of
inrush current with variable time switching and different value
of residual magnetism have been simulated in [3].The
switching time was taken as 0.2 s and figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the
correlation coefficients of differential current in the case of an
inrush current (without and with residual magnetism
respectively).
In [4] the fundamentals of inrush current and the
calculations are presented. A single phase transformer is
simulated in MATLAB. By varying the switching angle,
energizing circuit impedance and remnant flux the
characteristics of inrush current is investigated .Remnant flux
is the static magnetic field retained by the transformer core
when power is removed. Results shows that by increasing
switching angle at a positive remnant flux(Br) will decrease the