Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.

5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.

The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.

The surface is given in explicit form.

Review: Arc length and line integrals

I

The integral of a function f : [a, b] R is

Z b
n
X
f (xi ) x.
f (x) dx = lim
n

a
I

i=0

The arcZlength of a curve r : [t0 , t1 ] R3 in space is

t1
st1 ,t0 =
|r0 (t)| dt.
t0

The integral of a function

f :ZR3 R along a curve
Z
t1


3
r : [t0 , t1 ] R is
f ds =
f r(t) |r0 (t)| dt.
C

The circulation of aZ function F :ZR3 R3 along a curve

t1


3
r : [t0 , t1 ] R is
F u ds =
F r(t) r0 (t) dt.
C

t0

t0

3
The flux of a function F : {z = 0} R3
I {z = 0} R along
a loop r : [t0 , t1 ] {z = 0} R3 is F = F n ds.
C

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.

The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.

The surface is given in explicit form.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function

I

The double integral of a function f : R R2 R on a region

R R2 , which is the volume under the graph of f and above
the z = 0 plane, and is given by
ZZ
f dA = lim

n X
n
X

f (xi , yj ) x y .

i=0 j=0

2
The area of a flat
Z Zsurface R R is the particular case f = 1,
that is, A(R) =
dA.
R

We will show how to compute:

I

The area of a non-flat surface in space. (Today.)

The integral of a scalar function f on a surface is space.

The flux of a vector-valued function F on a surface in space.

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.

The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.

The surface is given in explicit form.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces

Review: Curves on R2 can be defined in:
I

Explicit form, y = f (x);

Implicit form, F (x, y ) = 0;

Parametric form, r(t) = hx(t), y (t)i.

The vector r0 (t) = hx 0 (t), y 0 (t)i is tangent to the curve.

Review: Surfaces in R3 can be defined in:

I

Explicit form, z = f (x, y );

Implicit form, F (x, y , z) = 0;

Parametric form, r(u, v ) = hx(u, v ), y (u, v ), z(u, v )i.

Two vectors tangent to the surface are
u r(u, v ) = hu x(u, v ), u y (u, v ), u z(u, v )i,
v r(u, v ) = hv x(u, v ), v y (u, v ), v z(u, v )i.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces

Example
Find a parametric expression for the cone z =
tangent vectors.

x 2 + y 2 , and two

Solution: Use cylindrical coordinates: x = r cos(), y = r sin(),

z = z. Parameters of the surface: u = r , v = . Then
x(r , ) = r cos(),

y (r , ) = r sin(),

z(r , ) = r .

Using vector notation, a parametric equation of the cone is

r(r , ) = hr cos(), r sin(), r i.
Two tangent vectors to the cone are r r and r,
r r = hcos(), sin(), 1i,

r = hr sin(), r cos(), 0i.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces

Example
Find a parametric expression for the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 ,
and two tangent vectors.
Solution: Use spherical coordinates:
x = cos() sin(), y = sin() sin(), z = cos().
Parameters of the surface: u = , v = .
x = R cos() sin(),

y = R sin() sin(),

z = R cos().

Using vector notation, a parametric equation of the cone is

r(, ) = R hcos() sin(), sin() sin(), cos()i.
Two tangent vectors to the paraboloid are r and r,
r = R h sin() sin(), cos() sin(), 0i,
r = R hcos() cos(), sin() cos(), sin()i.

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.

The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.

The surface is given in explicit form.

The area of a surface in parametric form

Theorem
Given a smooth surface S with parametric equation
r(u, v ) = hx(u, v ), y (u, v ), z(u, v )i for u [u0 , u1 ] and v [v0 , v1 ]
Z u1 Z v1
is given by
|u r v r| dv du.
A(S) =
u0

Remark: The function

S = { r ( u, v ) }
u=

v=

v0

d = |u r v r| dv du.
represents the area of a small
region on the surface.

du r
x

dv r

This is the generalization to

surfaces of the arc-length formula
for the length of a curve.

The area of a surface in parametric form

Example
Find an expression for the area of the surface in space given by the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: Use cylindrical coordinates. The surface in parametric
form is
r(r , ) = hr cos(), r sin(), r 2 i.
The tangent vectors to the surface r r, r are
r r = hcos(), sin(), 2r i,

r = hr sin(), r cos(), 0i.





i
j
k



sin() 2r 
r r r =  cos()
r sin() r cos() 0 
r r r = h2r 2 cos(), 2r 2 sin(), r i.

The area of a surface in parametric form

Example
Find an expression for the area of the surface in space given by the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: Recall: r r r = h2r 2 cos(), 2r 2 sin(), r i.
p
p
4
2
|r r r| = 4r + r = r 1 + 4r 2 .
Z

A(S) =

r
0

1 + 4r 2 dr d.

This integral will be done later on by substitution. The result is:

A(S) =



(17)3/2 1 .
6

Surface area and surface integrals. (Sect. 16.5)

Review: Arc length and line integrals.

Review: Double integral of a scalar function.

Explicit, implicit, parametric equations of surfaces.

The area of a surface in space.

I
I

The surface is given in parametric form.

The surface is given in explicit form.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Theorem
Given a smooth function f : R3 R, the area of a level surface
S = {f (x, y , z) = 0}, over a closed, bounded region R in the plane
{z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dA.
R |f k|
z

Remark: Eq. (7), page 949, in

S = { f (x,y,z) = 0 }
k
f

y
R
x

the textbook is more general

than the equation above, since
the region R can be located on
any plane, not only the plane
{z = 0} considered here.
The vector p in the textbook is
the vector normal to R. In our
case p = k.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA.
|f k|

Example
Find the area of S = {z 1 = 0} over R in {z = 0}.
Solution: This is simple: f (x, y , z) = z 1, so f = k, hence
ZZ
|f |
= 1 A(S) =
dx dy = A(R).
|f k|
R

Remark: The formula for A(S) is reasonable: Every flat horizontal

surface S over a flat horizontal region R satisfies A(S) = A(R).

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA.
|f k|

Example
Find the area of S = {y + z 1 = 0} over R in {z = 0}.
Solution: The plane S intersects the horizontal plane at a /4
angle. So, f (x, y , z) = y + z 1, and f = j + k, hence
ZZ

|f |
= 2 A(S) =
2 dx dy A(S) = 2 A(R).
|f k|
C
R

Remark: The formula for A(S) is still reasonable: Every flat

surface S having
an angle /4 over a flat horizontal region R
satisfies A(S) = 2 A(R).

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Recall: The area of a level surface S = {f (x, y , z) = 0} over a flat
horizontal region R in {z = 0}, is given by
ZZ
|f |
dA.
A(S) =
R |f k|

Remark: The formula for A(S)

can be interpreted as follows:
|f |
The factor
is the angle
|f k|
correction function needed to
obtain the A(S) by correcting the
A(R) by the relative inclination
of S with respect to R.

f
f (x,y,z) = 0

k
y
R
x

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
Solution:
The surface is given by f = 0 with
z
x + 2y + 2z = 5

x=y

f (x, y , z) = x + 2y + 2z 5.
The region R is in the plane z = 0,
(
)
(x, y , z) : z = 0, y [1, 1]
R=
.
x [y 2 , (2 y 2 )]

1
2

x=2y

ZZ
Recall: A(S) =
R

|f |
dA. Here f = h1, 2, 2i.
|f k|

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
ZZ
|f |
Solution: A(S) =
dA. Here f = h1, 2, 2i.
R |f k|

Therefore: |f | = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3, and |f k| = 2.
And the region R = {(x, y ) : y [1, 1], x [y 2 , (2 y 2 )]}.
So we can write down the expression for A(S) as follows,
ZZ
A(S) =
R

3
3
dx dy =
2
2

2y 2

dx dy .
1

y2

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Example
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by
the cylinder with walls x = y 2 and x = 2 y 2 .
Z Z
2
3 1 2y
Solution: A(S) =
dx dy .
2 1 y 2
3
A(S) =
2

1
2

2y y
1

3
dy =
2

2 2y 2 dy



y 3 1
1
A(S) = 3
1 y dy = 3 y
 =3 1 +1
3 1
3
1

2
4
A(S) = 3 2
=3
A(S) = 4.
3
3
Z

1
3
C

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Example
Find the area of the surface in space given by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Solution: The surface is the level surface of the function
f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 z. The region R is the disk z = x 2 + y 2 6 4.
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dx dy , f = h2x, 2y , 1i, f k = 1,
|f

k|
R
ZZ p
A(S) =
1 + 4x 2 + 4y 2 dx dy .
R

Since R is a disk radius 2, it is convenient to use polar coordinates

in R2 . We obtain
Z 2 Z 2 p
A(S) =
1 + 4r 2 r dr d.
0

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Example
Find the area of the surface in space given by the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 0 and z = 4.
Z

Solution: Recall: A(S) =

0

Z
A(S) = 2

2p

1 + 4r 2 r dr d.

2p

1 + 4r 2 r dr ,

u = 1 + 4r 2 , du = 8r dr .

2
A(S) =
8
We conclude: A(S) =

17

u
1

1/2

2 2  3/2 17 
du =
u  .
8 3
1



(17)3/2 1 .
6

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Remark: The formula for the area of a surface in space can be
generalized as follows.

Theorem
The area of a surface S given by f (x, y , z) = 0 over a closed and
bounded plane region R in space is given by
z

f
f (x,y,z) = 0

ZZ
A(S) =
R

|f |
dA,
|f p|

p
k
R

where p is a unit vector normal to the region R and f p 6= 0.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Proof in a simple case: Assume that the surface us given in
explicit form:

S = {(x, y , z) : z = g (x, y )},

On the one hand, a simple parametric form is to use u = x, v = y

and z(u, v ) = g (u, v ). Hence
(
x r = h1, 0, x g i
r(x, y ) = hx, y , g (x, y )i
y r = h0, 1, y g i,
x r y r = hx g , y g , 1i
On the other hand, an implicit form for the surface is
f (x, y , z) = g (x, y ) z
Therefore,

x f = x g ,

y f = y g ,

z f = 1.

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Proof in a simple case: Recall: x r y r = hx g , y g , 1i and
x f = x g ,

y f = y g ,

z f = 1.

One can show (with chain rule) that x r y r is given by

D f f E
x
x
,
,1
x ry r =
z f z f

1
hx f , y f , z f i.
z f

x ry r =

f
. We then obtain
f k
Z x1 Z y1
ZZ
A(S) =
|x r y r| dy dx =

That is, x r y r =

x0

y0

|f |
dA.
|f k|

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Proof: Introduce a partition in R R2 , and consider an arbitrary
rectangle R in that partition. We compute the area P.
(x i , yi , z i )

It is simple to see that

P
v

u
(x i +

(x i ,y i +

P = |u v|,

y, z i )

x, yi , z i )

and

k 0
uxv

u = hx, 0, (zi zi )i,

v = h0, y , (zi z i )i.

x
y


 i

u v = x
 0

j
0
y

Therefore,



k

(zi zi )  = hy (zi zi ), x(zi z i ), xy i.
(zi z i )

The area of a surface in space in explicit form

Proof: Recall: u v = hy (zi zi ), x(zi z i ), xy i.
The linearization of f (x, y , z) at (xi , yi , zi ) implies
f (x, y , z) ' f (xi , yi , zi ) + (x f )i x + (y f )i y + (z f )i (z zi ).
Since f (xi , yi , zi ) = 0, f (xi + x, yi , zi ) = 0, f (xi , yi + y , z i ) = 0,
0 = (x f )i x + (z f )i (zi zi )

(zi zi ) =

(x f )i
x,
(z f )i

0 = (y f )i y + (z f )i (zi z i )

(zi z i ) =

(y f )i
y .
(z f )i

u v = h(x f )i , (y f )i , (z f )i i
P =

|(f )i |
xy
|(f k)i |

(f )i
xy
uv =
xy .
(f k)i
(z f )i
ZZ
|f |
A(S) =
dA.
R |f k|