Contents

Case Studies on Conservation

of Forest Genetic Resources in
Asia, Pacific and Oceania
Region

Threats to Forest Genetic

Resources
Natural disasters hurricanes, volcanic
eruptions, earth quakes, tsunami, fire,
floods,, etc.
Anthropogenic factors logging, land
conversion, dams, highways, grazing,
fire, collection of non-timber products,
war, global warming, etc.

Background threats, conservation tools,

species diversity, sampling strategies for
ggenetic diversity
y studies
Case study on two allopatric species;
Hopea odorata, Dryobalanops aromatica
Case study on long-term and short-term
effects of logging

Conservation Tools
Genetic conservation
areas for specific species
(e.g. kapur gene pools)
Virgin Jungle Reserves
(Pasoh F.R., Bukit Bauk
F.R.)
Wildlife Sanctuaries and
National Parks (Taman
Negara, Mulu National
Park)

Gardens and arboreta

(e.g. Rimba Ilmu, UM,
Dipterocarp
Ab
Arboretum,
FRIM)
Seed or gamete banks
Clonal archives
DNA archives

100

no off species

80
60

40
Unlogged stand
Regenerated stand 1

20

Regenerated stand 2

0
Q1

Q1,2

Q1-3

Q1-4

Q1-5

Quadrat

Sampling strategy for genetic

diversity studies

0.76

5.00

0.74

4.50

0.72

4.00
3.50

0.70

3.00

0.68

2.50

0.66

2.00

0.64

1.50

0.62

He

0.60

ne

0.58

1.00
0.50
0.00

Population Structure
Genetic variation within and among populations
(geographic variation),
breeding system, heterozygosity, relatedness
among individuals
Sample size (N)?
2N 1/GST ( 5-50 )
Molecular marker? ISOZYMES, RFLPs, VNTRs,
SSRs
No. of markers/loci? N
Type of tissue?
SEED, POLLEN, LEAF,
INNER BARK, ROOT TIP

No. of effective alleles, ne

Expected heterozygosity, He

Population
P
l ti structure
t t
Species boundary
Phylogeny

Sampling strategy for genetic

diversity studies

Sampling strategy for genetic

diversity studies
Species Boundary
Interspecific hybridisation,
introgression

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105

4.50

0.70

4.00

0.60

3.50
3.00

0.50

2.50

0.40

2.00

0.30

He

ne

1.50

0.20

1.00

0.10

0.50

0.00

Mean effective allele number, ne

Mean heterozygosity, He

Sample size
0.80

SL & SP, n = 20
samples
AT, n = 15 samples

Sample size (N)? MIN. 2

Molecular marker? FIXED ALLELE
No. of marker/loci? N
Type of tissue?
SEED, LEAF, INNER
BARK, ROOT TIP

0.00
5

10

15

20

25

30

Sample size

Sampling strategy for genetic

diversity studies

SNP

Phylogeny
Species divergence
Sample size (N)? MIN
MIN. 1
Molecular marker? RFLP, PCR-RFLP,
SEQUENCING
No. of marker/loci? N
Type of tissue?
LEAF, INNER
BARK, ROOT TIP

ISOZYMES

Hopea odorata
(Dipterocarpaceae)
Local name Merawan siput jantan (Malaysia), sao
den (Vietnam), kok (Cambodia), khen (Laos), takhianthong (Thailand)
Distributed in Andaman Islands, Mynamar, Thailand,
Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia
Occurs in lowlands (riparian) and hills up to 300 m
altitude or higher (in Andaman Is.)
Flowers small, unisexual, pinkish petals with hairs.
Fruits polyembryonic with up to 7 plantlets per fruit
Pollinator small insects, inferred apomixis
Light hardwood - construction uses, furniture, veneer,
etc.

Distribution
of Hopea
odorata in
Peninsular
Malaysia

Dryobalanoides
clade

3
0
3

78

84

67

62

1
1

99

72-bp deletion
in the trnL-trnF

89

2
1

58
1

60

1
1

Hopea clade

3
4

H. nervosa

D
r
y
o
b
a
l
a
n
o
i
d
e
s

Subsection
Sphaerocarpae

H. dyeri
H. dryobalanoides
H. beccariana
H. pierrei
H. latifolia

Subsection
Dryobalanoides

H. mengerawan
H. myrtifolia
H. ferruginea
H. sangal
H. nutans

H
o
p
e
a

Subsection
Hopea

H. odorata
H. helferi
H. apiculata

Subsection
Pierrea

H. wightiana
Neobalanocarpus heimii

Outgroup

Phylogeny of Hopea based on the trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL sequences.

Numbers above branches are bootstrap values (500 replicates); numbers below
branches are branch lengths

Dryobalanops aromatica
(Dipterocarpaceae)
Local name Kapur
Distributed in Sumatra, Riau Archipelago,
Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia
Occurs in lowlands and hills up to 365 m
altitude
Flowers small, white colour, hermaphrodite.
Pollinated by bees - Apis dorsata, A. indica var.
cerrana
Medium hardwood - construction uses, poles,
furniture, flooring and railway sleeper.

D. aromatica populations studied

Genetic Diversity Parameters

Shc02, Sch03
Sch04, Sch07
Sch09, Sch11
Sch17

Population N

Ae

Ho

He

Kanching
L
Lenggor
Lesong
Bukit Sai
Ulu Sedili
Mean

3.69
3 36
3.36
3.92
3.60
3.60
3.63

0.555
0 454
0.454
0.506
0.531
0.407
0.491

0.721
0 684
0.684
0.735
0.707
0.700
0.709

0.225
0 304
0.304
0.300
0.239
0.428
0.300

19.1
17.4
17
4
17.1
17.0
18.7
17.9

Genetic differentiation and

gene flow between populations

GST (+Kanching) = 0.067

GST ((- Sch07 & Sch11)) = 0.062
GST (-Kanching) = 0.062
RST (- Sch07 & Sch11) = 0.09
Nm = 2.94

HARVESTING
PRACTICES
MALAYAN UNIFORM
SYSTEM (MUS)
55
55-year
year cutting cycle
all trees 45cm dbh
sufficient regenerants must be
present

HARVESTING PRACTICES
SELECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(SMS)
30
30-year
year cutting cycle
dipterocarps 50cm dbh
non-dipterocarps 45cm dbh
32 adolescent trees or equivalent left after
logging

Two Approaches Were Used:

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
TROPICAL RIDGE/HILL FOREST

Serting Tambahan F.R., Negeri Sembilan

Logged in 1996 (SMS)

Ulu Sedili F.R.,, Johor

Logged in 2000 (SMS)

LONG TERM EFFECTS

LOWLAND/HILL MIXED DIPTEROCARP
FOREST

Pasoh F.R., Negeri Sembilan, Ulu Sedili F.R.,

Johor and Panti F.R., Johor

Logged in 1950s (MUS)

Shorea curtisii
(Dipterocarpaceae)

Local name - meranti seraya

Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand,
Sumatra and Borneo

Found in the ridges of hill dipterocarp forests

(300 - 850 m)

Light hardwood of dark red meranti type

furniture, high-class interior finishing, flooring,

veneer, etc.
Hermaphrodite flowers
Pollinator thrips (genera Thrips &
Megalurothrips)

4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00

Tree density for S. curtisii

60

Mean no. o
of trees per ha

Mean basal area per ha

Basal area for S. curtisii

50
40
30
20
10
0

<5cm

5-15cm

15-30cm 30-45cm

>45cm

<5cm

BF-C48

15-30cm

30-45cm

BF-C48

LS-C48

Immediate effects (SMS)

S. curtisii
Stand

5-15cm

>45cm

dbh classes

dbh classes

LS-C48

Long term effects (MUS)

S. curtisii

He

Vgam

LP

BF-C118 Seedling

0.0

19.2

2.9

6.0

34.3

30.2

vs

p g
Sapling

2.5

-10.8

0.6

-0.4

37.3

-72.2

AF-C118

Adult

83.3

50.0

5.4

26.3

84.8

85.1

UL-C40 Seedling -400

-34.5

0.8

-14.8 -105.8 -136.5

vs

Sapling

-200

-27.3

3.0

-0.8

-73.4 -51.6

LS-C48

Adult

50.0

20.0

-4.8

8.8

43.4

Stand

He

Vgam

0.6

0.9

-15.2
15.2 34.8

8.1

0.0

1.1

45.3 -14.8

76.7 37.5

2.0

16.5 71.3 63.4

BF-C118
BF
C118 Seedling 18.0 14.9
vs
RS-C69

Sapling 30.0
Adult

LP

47.4

Scaphium macropodum
(Sterculiaceae)
Local name Kembang Semangkok Jantong
Distributed in Malaysia, Southern Thailand,
Cambodia, Borneo and Sumatra
Found
F
d iin lowland
l l d forests,
f
on ridges
id
<1200m,
1200 in
i
swampy areas
Light hardwood veneer and plywood
Unisexual flowers, male and female flowers on
separate inflorescences on same tree
Pollinators bees, flies, beetles and butterflies

Basal area for S. macropodum

Tree density for S. macropodum

0.60

60.00
Mean no. of trees per ha

Mean basall area per ha

0.50
0.40
0 30
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00

50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
<5cm

<5cm

5-15cm

15-30cm

30-45cm

5-15cm

>45cm

dbh classes

BF-C48

LS-C48

BF-C48

Immediate effects (SMS)

S. macropodum
Sampling Age cohort A
time
Before
Adults (33) 3.3
logging
1.7
Adults (22) 3.0
After
logging
1.7
(57.5%) Poles(15)
3.5
Saplings(31) 3.0
Seedlings(33) 3.0

15-30cm 30-45cm

>45cm

dbh classes

LS-C48

Long term effects (MUS)

S. macropodum

Fis

FMU

Fis

0.415
0.198
0.390
0.212
0.318
0.337
0.396

1.075
0.978
-

0.132
-0.036
0.382
0.076
0.235

US
(30)
RS1 - 13.5%
(11)
RS2 - 40.7%
(18)

3.5
1.8
3.0
1.5*
3.0
1.7*

0.381
0.225
0.541
0.163*
0.498
0.218

1.457
0.998*
1.400

-0.037
-0.041
0.155
0.073
0.175
0.143

Conclusions
0.70

70.0

Mean bas al area per ha

After

Mean no
o. of trees per ha

Before

0.60
0.50
0.40
0 30
0.30
0.20
0.10

60.0
50.0

Before

After

30-45cm

>45cm

40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0

0.00

<5cm

<5cm

5-15cm

15-30cm

30-45cm

>45cm

5-15cm

15-30cm
dbh classes

dbh classes

Reduction in genetic diversity measures:

Saplings < Seedlings < Adults

Assessment of genetic erosion should be

carried out using more than one
molecular marker analysis if one of them
shows no significant difference.
Species vulnerability to the threat of
genetic erosion posed by selective logging
is highly correlated with its abundance
and heterogeneity in a particular FMU