ADDITIONAL

GRAMMAR
BASIC TWO
B2

This material is going to

help you to understand
grammar in Basic Two.

B2

UNIT 1

Buying and Selling

UNIT 2

Healthy Eating

UNIT 3

Getting Help

UNIT 4

Sports

UNIT 5

Enjoy your Meal

UNIT 6

Interesting People

UNIT 7

Family Life

UNIT 8

A Bad Day

UNIT 1

B2

Buying and Selling

Comprando y vendiendo

Past Tense Verb To Be / (Pasado del Verbo To Be)

To form negative and

interrogative form is the same as in
the present simple.

Para formar la negativa y

la interrogativa es lo mismo que en
el presente simple.

Next we will see the affirmative, negative and question forms of the
verb to be in the past:
A continuacin veremos las formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa
del verbo to be en pasado:

Affirmative Sentences

He was my friend when I was twelve years

old.
El era mi amigo cuando yo tena doce
aos.
I was a Math student last year.
Yo era un estudiante de Matemticas el ao pasado.

She was a salesperson / Ella era una vendedora

They were good kids / Ellos eran buenos nios.

He was in the office this morning / l estaba en la

oficina esta maana

Negative Sentences
The short form of Was
not is Wasnt and the
short form of Were not is
Werent. You can say either:
(La Forma corta de was not
es wasnt y la forma corta
de were not es werent.
Puedes

decir

cualquier:)

We were not at home yesterday,

or We werent at home yesterday.
(Nosotros no estabamos en casa ayer)
I was not at home yesterday,
or I wasnt at home yesterday.
(Yo no estaba en casa ayer)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Past of To Be + Subj + ?

Were they at home yesterday?

(Estaban ellos en casa ayer?)

Was I?
Was she/He?
Was It?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?

Was she at the party last night?

(Estaba ella en la fiesta anoche?)

UNIT 2

Healthy Eating
Alimentacin Saludable
Count and Non-count Nouns and Quantifiers

Count Noun (Los nombres o sustantivos contables)

Noun used to refer to things that
can be counted, They have a singular and a plural form.

Sustantivo usado para referirse

a cosas que pueden ser contadas,
Tienen una forma singular y plural.

Tienen forma plural

Ejemplo: book - books
Se pueden numerar
Ejemplo: five books
Se puede usar el artculo indefinido a/an
Ejemplo: a book

Uncountable Nouns (Sustantivos incontables)

Uncountable nouns are for
the things that we cant count
with numbers.
They
usually
dont
have a plural form.

Sustantivos incontables son los

que no podemos contar usando
nmeros, Usualmente no tienen
forma plural.

No tienen forma plural

No se pueden enumerar
Ejemplo: two milks
No se puede usar el artculo indefinido a/an
No se puede decir: a milk

Nombres contables tienen una forma plural:

Ejemplos:
Egg/eggs (huevo/s)

Bicycle/bicycles (bicicleta/s)
Dress/dresses (vestido/s)
Nombres incontables no tienen una forma plural:
Rice (arroz)
Rices
Milk (leche)
Milks

Se puede usar a o an con nombres contables en singular:

Ejemplos:
An apple (una manzana)

A house (una casa)

 No podemos usar a o an con nombres incontables:

A milk

Se pueden usar nmeros delante de un contable:

Ejemplos:
Three apples (tres manzanas)
Five houses (cinco casas)

No podemos usar nmeros delante de un incontable:

Two rices

Indefinite quantifiers
(cuantificadores indefinidos)
Some / Any (Algun / cualquier)
Ejemplos:
Para afirmar
I need some books.
Necesito algunos libros.

Para hacer preguntas (generalmente para ofrecer o pedir algo)

She saw some apples on the table.

Ella vi algunas manzanas sobre la mesa.
They asked for some food.
Ellos pidieron algo de comida.
Some money was given to charity.
Algo de dinero fue dado a obras de caridad.
Para hacer preguntas (generalmente para
ofrecer o pedir algo)
Would you like some coffee?
Te gustara algo de caf?

Could you lend me some coins?

Podras prestarme algunas monedas?
Can you bring some more food, please?
Puedes traer algo ms de comida, por favor?

Any - algn (al preguntar)

Do you have any questions?

Tienes alguna pregunta?
Did they make any mistakes?
Cometieron ellos algn error?
Are there any other people left?
Queda alguna otra persona?

Any - ningn (al negar)

I do not have any questions.

No tengo ninguna pregunta.
She did not give any explanation.
Ella no dio ninguna explicacin.
I couldnt find any excuse.
No pude encontrar ninguna excusa

 Any - cualquier (al afirmar)

Any answer will be believed.
Cualquier respuesta ser creda.
Any fool can do that.
Cualquier tonto puede hacer eso.
Take any of these bottles.
Toma cualquiera de estas botellas.

UNIT 3

Getting Help
Obteniendo Ayuda
Simple Present (presente Simple)

Simple Present (presente Simple)

The simple present tense in
English is used to describe an
action that is regular, true or
normal.
To conjugate the present simple
we use the inifinitive for I ,
you , we and they and for
he , she and it add an s to
end of the verb .

El Presente Simple en Ingls es

usado para describir una accin
que es regular, verdadera o
normal.
Para conjugar el presente simple
usamos el inifinitivo para los
sujetos I, you, we y they
y para las terceras personas he,
she e it, aadimos una s al
final del verbo.

Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Sujeto + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
I talk. (Yo hablo.)

He eats. (l come.)

They learn.
(Ellos aprenden.)

Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Estructura:
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar (to do) + auxiliar negativo
(not) + verbo principal.
Ejemplos:
I do not [dont] talk. (Yo no hablo.)
He does not [doesnt] eat. (l no come.)
They do not [dont] learn. (Ellos no aprenden.)

Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Estructura:
Verbo auxiliar (to do) + sujeto + verbo principal.

Yes / no questions
Estructura:
Verbo auxiliar + sujeto + verbo (en la forma de infinitivo corto) + el
resto de la frase + ?

Ejemplos:

Does he eat? (Come l?)

Do they learn? (Aprenden ellos?)

Do you talk?
(Hablas t?)

Yes / No questions
Yes or no questions are
questions whose expected
answer is either yes or no.

Preguntas Si o No son las

que se espera una respuesta si
o no.

Ejemplos:
Do you speak English? (Hablas ingls?)
Yes, I do. // No, I dont.

Did you go to the cinema yesterday? (Fuiste al cine ayer?)

Yes, I did. // No, I didnt.

Wh- questions
We use question words to ask
certain types of questions.We
often refer to them as Wh words
because they include the letters
Wh.

Para hacer ciertas tipos de

preguntas usamos palabras
preguntas, a menudo nos
referimos a ellas como palabras
Wh porque siempre incluyen
las letras Wh.

Estructura:
Palabra interrogativa (wh-) + verbo auxiliar + sujeto

+ verbo (en la forma de infinitivo corto) + el resto de la frase + ?

Ejemplos:
When is your birthday? My birthday is next week.
Cuando es tu cumpleaos? Mi cumpleaos es la siguiente semana.
Where were you born?
I was born in Sydney.
Donde naciste? Yo nac en Sydney.

Lista de las palabras interrogativas ms

habituales con su traduccin

Who? (Quin?)
How? (Cmo?)
What? (Qu?)
How often? (?Con qu freWhen? (Cundo?)
cuencia?)
Where? (Dnde?)
How much?(Cunto?)
Why? (Por qu?)

UNIT 4

SPORTS
Deportes

Comparatives
and Superlatives

Comparatives and Superlatives

(Los comparativos y superlativos)

Comparatives of inferiority (Comparativo de Inferioridad)

Estructura:
[Less + than] / [not as .......as]
Ejemplos:
He is less intelligent than you.
El es menos inteligente que t.
He is not as intelligent as you.
El no es tan inteligente como t.

Comparatives of equality (Comparativo de Igualdad)

Estructura:
[As + as]
Ejemplo:
He is as intelligent as you.
l es tan inteligente como t.

comparative of superiority (Comparativo de Superioridad)

The comparative of superiority

has two different structures
depending on the length of the
adjective.

El comparativo de superioridad
tiene dos estructuras diferentes
dependiendo de la longitud del
adjetivo.

 Short Adjetives
(Adjetivos Cortos [-er + than])

Long Adjetives
(Adjetivos Largos [more + than])

Ejemplo:
He is taller than me .
El es ms alto que yo.

Ejemplo:
He is more intelligent than me.
El es ms inteligente que yo.

Superlatives (Superlavitos

In English, the superlative, as

occurs with comparative of
superiority has two structures
depending on the length of
adjectives.

En ingls, el superlativo, al igual

que ocurre con el comprativo
de superioridad tiene dos
estructuras dependiendo de la
longitud de los adjetivos.

Short Adjetives (Adjetivos Cortos)

Estructura:
[The + -est]
Ejemplo:
He is the tallest boy in the classroom.
El es el chico ms alto de la clase.

Long Adjetives (Adjetivos Largos)

Estructura:
[The most + adjetivo]
Ejemplo:
He is the most intelligent boy in the
classroom.
El es el chico ms inteligente de la clase.

UNIT 5

Enjoy your Meal

Disfruta tus Alimentos
Count Noun and Non-count Nouns

A lot
When used with nouns, a lot goes with the preposition of .
Cuando se usa con sustantivos, a lot va con la preposicin of.
Ejemplo:
I have a lot of work.
(Tengo mucho trabajo.)
There is a lot of noise in here.
(Hay mucho ruido aqu)
But dont use of when there is no noun after a lot.
Pero no uses of cuando no hay un sustantivo despus de a lot.
Ejemplo:
He eats a lot. (l come mucho.)
Do you like pizza? (Te gusta la pizza?)
Yes, I like it a lot. (S, mucho.)

Much and Many

Much is used with uncountable nouns (food, money, etc.) while
Many is used with plural count nouns (books, cars, etc.).
Much se usa con sustantivos incontables (food, money, etc.)
mientras que many se usa con sustantivos contables plurales
(books, cars, etc.).
How much money do you have? (Cunto tienes?)
I dont drink much coffee. (No bebo mucho caf)

I will buy many books tomorrow.

(Comprar muchos libros maana.
Many people think you are funny.
Muchas personas piensan que eres divertido.
There are many chairs in that classroom.
Hay muchas sillas en esa aula.

A Little / A few
The expressions a little and a few mean some. If a noun is in singular, we use a little, but if its in plural, we use a few.
Las expresiones a little y a few significan algo. Si el sustantivo
es singular usamos a little pero si es plural usamos a few.
Example:
a little money. (singular)
(Un poco de dinero)
a few friends. (plural)
(Unos pocos amigos)
Note: You can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 2 dollars (but not 2 money).
Nota: Puedes contar dinero - pero nombrars la moneda y decir
que tienes 2 dlares ( pero no 2 dinero)

A Little / A few or Little / Few

Its a difference if you use a little
/ a few or little / few. Without
the article, the words have a
limiting or negative meaning.

Hay diferencia si usas a

little/a few o little/few. Sin el
artculo las palabras tienen un
significado limitado o negativo.

a little = some (un poco)

little = hardly any (casi nada)
Ejemplo:
I have a little money. - I have some money.
(Tengo un poco de dinero)
I have little money. - I have hardly any money.
Tengo poco dinero.
a few = some (unos pocos)
few = hardly any (casi nada)
Ejemplo:
A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.
(Unos pocos amigos me visitaron.)
Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.
(Pocos amigos me visitaron.)
Without the article, little / few
Sin el articulo little/few suena
sound rather formal. Thats why formal. Por eso no los usamos
we dont use them very often in
muy a menudo. Una oracin neeveryday English. A negative sen- gativa con much/many es ms
tence with much / many is more comn en este caso.
common here.
Example:
I have little money. = I dont have much money.
Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.

UNIT 6

Interesting People
Personas Interesantes
Regular Verbs (Verbos Regulares)

Regular Verbs (Verbos Regulares)

They are generally formed past
Son los que en general forman
and past participle by adding the el pasado y el participio pasado
ending -ed
aadiendo la terminacin -ed
Ejemplo:
I work / Yo trabajo - I worked / Yo trabaj o trabajaba.

Basic Rules (Reglas Bsicas)

If the infinitive of the verb ends in

e, add a d
Ejemplo:
Absolve /
absolved

Si el infinitivo del verbo termina

en e, se le aade una d

If the infinitive of the verb ends

in y preceded by a consonant,
it changes the y to i and add
-ed

Si el infinitive del verbo termina

en y precedido de consonante,
se cambia la y por i y se le
aade -ed

Ejemplo:
Study /
studied
If the verb infinitive consists of one
syllable in the form vowel-consonant - vowel, the consonant is
doubled and ed is added.

Si el infinitive del verbo esta formado por una sola silaba con la forma
vocal-consonante-vocal, se dobla
la consonante y se aade ed.

Ejemplo:
Present
Past
Past participle
Traduccin
Accept
Accepted Accepted Aceptar
Ask Asked Asked Preguntar
Call Called Called Llamar
Dry Dried Dried Secar
Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Disfrutar
Cry Cried Cried Llorar
Work
Worked
Worked
Trabajar

Irregular verbs (verbos Irregulares)

They are those that form
the past and past participle
irregularly.
Irregular verbs (as the name
suggests) do not follow any
rules to form the past, so must
be learned memorizing or
practicing their use through
specific exercises.

Ejemplo:

Son los que forman el pasado

y participio pasado de manera
irregular.
Los verbos irregulares (como
su nombre indica) no siguen
ninguna norma para formar
el pasado, por lo que deben
aprenderse memorizando o
bien practicando su uso a travs de ejercicios especficos.

duccin
a
r
T
ticiple espertarse
r
a
p
t
s
a
P
D

t

s
n
a
P
r,estar
woke
e
A
S
present Awoke Been apostar
as/were Bet Beber
Awake
W
e/is et
r
a
/
m
a
/
e
B
B
Drunk Sentir
Bet Drank Felt Sentarse
Drink Felt Sat Hablar
Feel Sat Spoken
Sit Spoke
Speak

UNIT 7

Family Life
Vida Familiar
Question Tags /
(Preguntas Coletillas)

Question Tags (Las preguntas coletillas)

In English is often ends a
sentences with another short
sentence , of opposite sign,
which is intended to seek the
views or seek the approval of
the interlocutor : they are called
question tags.

En ingls es frecuente terminar

las frases con otra frase corta,
de signo contrario, la cual tiene
la intencin de pedir la opinin
o buscar la aprobacin del
interlocutor: son las llamadas
preguntas coletillas.

Estas frases equivalen a: verdad?, no es verdad?, no?, no es as?

en serio?
You eat meat, dont you?
(Comes carne, no?)

She doesnt like to dance, does she?

No le gusta bailar, verdad?)

Alex and Sergio are friends, arent they?

(Alex y Sergio son amigos, no?)

Grammatical rules (Reglas gramaticales)

To form this short question
we use the auxiliary of the
main clause and its subject,
but opposite. If it doesnt have
auxiliary then we would use the
auxiliary to do.
If the sentence is affirmative, the
question tag is negative and vice
versa.

Para formar esta pregunta corta

utilizaremos el auxiliar de la
frase principal y su sujeto pero
de signo contrario. Si no tuviera
auxiliar entonces utilizaramos
el auxiliar to do.
Si la oracin es afirmativa, la
pregunta coletilla es negativa
y viceversa.

Afirmative Sentences (Oraciones Afirmativas)

Ejemplo:
Your brother is older than you, isnt he?
(Tu hermano es mayor que t, no es as?)

You can help me, cant you?

Puedes ayudarme, no?

John is getting married, isnt he?

John se casar, verdad?

You worked yesterday, didnt you?

Trabajaste ayer, no?

Sarah likes ice cream, doesnt she?

A Sarah le gusta el helado, no?

Negative Sentences (Oraciones negativas)

Ejemplo:
Youre not from here, are you?
No eres de aqu, no?

Kates not American, is she?

Kate no es americana, verdad?

Peter never liked Susan, did he?

A Peter nunca le gust Susan, verdad?

They didnt go to class yesterday, did

they?
No fueron a la clase ayer, verdad?

You cant dance, can you?

No puedes bailar, no?

Can (Poder)
The verb Can belongs to modal
verbs and is located before the
main verb in infinitive. Means
power. It is used for ability,
permission.

El verbo Can pertenece a los

verbos modales y se ubica antes
del verbo principal en infinitivo.
Significa poder. Se utiliza para
expresar habilidad, permiso.

Affirmative
Ejemplo:
I can play the trumpet.
Yo puedo/s tocar la trompeta.
We can take a taxi to the airport.
Podemos tomar un taxi hasta el aeropuerto.
Mary can be very stubborn sometimes.
Mary puede ser muy terca a veces.
You can sit here if you like.
Puedes sentarte aqu si quieres.
It can take longer than we thought.
(Esto) Puede tardar ms de lo que pensbamos.

 Affirmative

Nobody can understand that.

Nadie puede entender eso.
Your decision can change our
lives.
Tu decisin puede cambiarnos la
vida.

Interrogative

Negative

I cant swim.
No puedo nadar.
That cannot be true.
Eso no puede ser cierto.
You cant tell me what to do.
No puedes decirme qu hacer.

Can + have

Can Peter speak German?

Paul can have gone to Marias.
Puede/sabe Peter hablar alemn? Paul pudo haber ido a lo de Mara.
Can you help me with my
homework?
They cant have left without us.
Me puedes ayudar con mi tarea? Ellos no pueden haberse ido sin
nosotros.
Jane cant have said that.
Jane no puede haber dicho eso.

UNIT 8

A Bad Day
Un Mal Da
Have to /
(Tener que)

Have To (Tener que)

Have to is not a modal verb.
It is simply the main verb.
Have to no es un modal verb.
Es simplemente el verbo principal.

Afirmative

Negative

Estructura:

Estructura:

Sujeto + have to + verbo en

infinitive

Sujeto + do/does + not + have to

Ejemplo:
We have to be there at 5oclock.
Tenemos que estar alli a las 5.

+ verbo en infinitivo + ?

Ejemplo:
We dont have to be there at 5
oclock.
No tenemos que estar alli a las 5.

Interrogative
Estructura:
Do/does + sujeto + have to + verbo
infinitivo + ?

Ejemplo:
Do we have to be there at 5 oclock.
Tenemos que estar all a las 5?

May / Podra, Quizs, Puede que

The verb may is used to express a certain degree of
probability of an action or certainty.
El verbo may se utiliza para expresar cierto grado de
probabilidad de una accin o grado de certeza.

Afirmative
Estructura:
Sujeto + may + verbo principal en infinitive.
Ejemplo:
I may do it.
Puede que lo haga
She May help me.
Puede que ella me ayude.
We may stay here for the night.
Podramos pasar la noche aqu.
Jack may be telling the truth.
Puede que Jack est diciendo la verdad.

 Negative
Estructura:
Sujeto + may + not (maynt) + verbo en infinitive
Ejemplo:
Mrs. Johnson may not remember anything.
Puede que la seora Johnson no recuerde nada.

You may not leave the classroom without permission.

Usted no puede salir del aula sin permiso.
I may not come next week.
Quiz no venga la semana que viene.

Interrogative
Estructura:
May + sujeto + verbo en infinitivo + ?
Ejemplo:
May I go to the bathroom?
Puedo ir al bao?