TERRESTRIAL ISDB-T SPECIFICATION

TERRESTRIAL INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
BROADCASTING (ISDB-T)
SPECIFICATION OF CHANNEL CODING,

FRAMING STRUCTURE AND MODULATION
28 SEPTEMBER 1998
Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1
Scope............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2
Baseline of ISDB-T ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Transmission Bandwidths of ISDB-T ........................................................................................ 4
1.2.2 Hierarchical Transmission......................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Partial Reception....................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Multiplex for Hierarchical Transmission ................................................................................... 4
1.3
Transmission Parameters .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 ISDB-T for 6 MHz.................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 ISDB-T for 7 MHz.................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 ISDB-T for 8 MHz.................................................................................................................... 9
1.4
Terminology ............................................................................................................................... 12
Multiplex............................................................................................................................... 13
2.1
Multiplex Frame ......................................................................................................................... 13
2.2
Application of MPEG-2 Control Signals ..................................................................................... 14
2.2.1
Multiplex of PAT, NIT and CAT ............................................................................................ 14
2.2.2
Multiplex of PMT ................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3
Multiplex of PCR-Packet for Partial Reception Layer.............................................................. 14
3.
Channel Coding ..................................................................................................................... 15

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.
Functional Block Diagram of Channel Coding ............................................................................ 15

Outer Coding .............................................................................................................................. 15
Division of TS ............................................................................................................................ 16
Energy Dispersal ........................................................................................................................ 17
Delay Adjustment ....................................................................................................................... 18
Byte-wise Interleaving (Inter-code Interleaving) ......................................................................... 19
Inner Coding (Convolutional Codes)........................................................................................... 20
Relationship of TSP Flow and Clock........................................................................................... 21
Modulation ............................................................................................................................ 22
4.1
Modulation ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.2.1 Delay Adjustment for Bit Interleave ........................................................................................ 22
4.3
Bit Interleaving and Mapping...................................................................................................... 23
4.3.1 DQPSK .................................................................................................................................. 23
4.3.2 QPSK ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.3 16-QAM ................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3.4 64-QAM ................................................................................................................................. 26
4.3.5 Normalization Factors............................................................................................................. 27
4.4
Data Segment ............................................................................................................................. 27
4.5
Synthesis of Layer-Data Streams................................................................................................. 28
4.6
Time Interleaving ....................................................................................................................... 30
-1-
4.7
Frequency Interleaving ............................................................................................................... 31
4.7.1 Inter-Segment Interleaving...................................................................................................... 32
4.7.2 Intra-Segment Interleaving...................................................................................................... 33
4.8
OFDM Segment-Frame Structure................................................................................................ 36
4.8.1 OFDM Segment-Frame for Differential Modulation................................................................ 36
4.8.2 OFDM Segment-Frame for Coherent Modulation.................................................................... 39
4.8.3 Modulation Schemes for Pilots................................................................................................ 41
4.8.4 Transmission Spectrum........................................................................................................... 42
4.9
RF signal Format ........................................................................................................................ 43
4.10 Insertion of Guard Interval.......................................................................................................... 43
4.11 Relationship between Data-Flow and Clock ................................................................................ 44
5.
Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control (TMCC) ............................................ 45

5.1
TMCC Transmission Format....................................................................................................... 45
5.2
Reference to Differential Demodulation...................................................................................... 45
5.3
Synchronization of TMCC .......................................................................................................... 45
5.4
Segment Type Identification ....................................................................................................... 45
5.5
TMCC Information..................................................................................................................... 46
5.5.1 System Identification .............................................................................................................. 47
5.5.2 Index for Transmission Parameter Change .............................................................................. 47
5.5.3 Activation Flag for Alert Broadcasting.................................................................................... 47
5.5.4 Partial Reception Flag............................................................................................................. 48
5.5.5 Modulation Scheme ................................................................................................................ 48
5.5.6 Coding Rate of Inner Code...................................................................................................... 49
5.5.7 Length of Time Interleaving.................................................................................................... 49
5.5.8 Number of Segments............................................................................................................... 50
5.6
Channel Coding for TMCC Information...................................................................................... 50
5.7
Modulation of TMCC Carriers.................................................................................................... 50
6.
Auxiliary Channel (AC )........................................................................................................ 51

6.1
Transmission Capacity................................................................................................................ 51
Receiving System .................................................................................................................. 52

7.1
Functional Block Diagram .......................................................................................................... 52
7.2
Model Receiver for Composition of Multiplex Frame.................................................................. 54
7.2.1 Input Stream to Splitter ........................................................................................................... 54
7.2.2 Operation of Splitter to Viterbi Decoder .................................................................................. 55
-2-
Foreword
The system specification for digital terrestrial broadcasting has been produced by the Association of
Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) and has been approved as the Final Draft Standard by the
Telecommunication Technology Council of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) in
Japan.
Overview
This draft specification describes baseline transmission system of the Terrestrial Integrated Services
Digital Broadcasting (ISDB-T). The system can transmit television programs, audio programs, or
data independently or transmit arbitrary combinations of them.
1.1
Scope
The draft specification specifies the transmission system which delivers IF signal with input signals
of MPEG-2 transport streams, which includes the re-multiplex, channel coding, modulation,
transmission control and the corresponding functions of the receiver, as shown in the functional block
diagrams in Fig.1-1.
Source coding
Multiplexing
(Section 2)
Channel Coding
(Section 3)
Modulation
(Section 4)
TMCC
(Section 5)
IF Signal
Signal Flow
Control Signal
(a) Diagram of Transmitter
RF Signal
Receiver
(Section 7)
Source Decoder
(b) Diagram of Receiver

Fig. 1-1 Functional Block Diagram
1.2
Baseline of ISDB-T
By using MPEG-2 coding and systems in a multiplexing process, ISDB-T provides common
-3-
elements in operation and reception between digital satellite broadcasting and communications.
ISDB-T also provides flexible multi-program editing for different receiving conditions by
hierarchical transmission in a transmission channel, which is composed of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-segments in which transmission parameters can be independent of
each other.
A Transport Stream is re-multiplexed and arranged into data groups (Data Segments) prior to OFDM
framing. After Channel coding, data segments are forming into OFDM segments, each having a
bandwidth of 429 kHz (6/14 MHz), by adding pilots.
1.2.1 Transmission Bandwidths of ISDB-T

The ISDB-T has a bandwidth of 5.6 MHz composed of 13 OFDM segments.
1.2.2 Hierarchical Transmission

In ISDB-T, the transmission parameters of the modulation scheme of OFDM carriers, the coding
rates of inner code, and the length of the time interleaving can be independently specified for each
data segment. Hierarchical transmission of ISDB-T is achieved by transmitting OFDM segment
groups having different transmission parameters in a channel. The maximum of three layers (three
different segment-groups) can be transmitted in a channel at the same time.
It should be noted that partial reception is regarded as one hierarchical layer.
1.2.3 Partial Reception

By limiting the range of frequency interleaving within a segment itself, it is possible to separate the
segment independently from the remaining segments in the transmitted signal. In such a way, partial
reception of services contained in a transmission channel can be obtained using a narrow-band
receiver that has a bandwidth of one OFDM segment.
It should be noted that one segment is dedicated to partial reception and its position is the central
segment of 13 OFDM segments.
Fig. 1-2 shows an example of hierarchical transmission and partial reception.
1.2.4 Multiplex for Hierarchical Transmission

Multiplexing in the ISDB-T system is in accordance with ISO/IEC 13818-1 (MPEG-2 systems). For
the hierarchical multiplexing in ISDB-T, in principle, a single transport stream (TS: defined in
MPEG-2 systems) is transmitted in a transmission channel bandwidth of 5.6 MHz, whether a
hierarchical transmission is in operation or not. For this reason, division and synthesis of the TS is
necessary and this process is performed at both the transmission and reception sides.
It should be noted that because a signal for partial reception is part of a whole signal in a channel,
part of a TS is received in partial reception.
-4-
Layer A
Layer A
Layer B
Layer C
Data Multiplexing
OFDM Frame Structure

and Modulation
Data Segments
Spectrum
Wide band ISDB-T Receiver
Narrow band ISDB-T Receiver
Fig. 1-2 Example Diagram of Hierarchical Transmission and Partial Reception
1.3
Transmission Parameters
1.3.1 ISDB-T for 6 MHz
Table 1-1 Segment Parameters for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

Mode
Bandwidth
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP*1
Number
of
CP*1
Carriers TMCC*2
AC1*3
AC2*3
Carrier Modulation
Number of Symbol
per Frame
Effective Symbol
Duration
Mode 1
250/63 = 3.968 kHz
108
108
96
96
9
0
0
1
1
5
2
2
0
4
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 2
3000/7 = 428.57 kHz
125/63 = 1.9841 kHz
216
216
192
192
18
0
0
1
2
10
4
4
0
9
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 3
125/126 = 0.99206 kHz
432
432
384
384
36
0
0
1
4
20
8
8
0
19
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
204
252 s
504 s
1008 s
Guard Interval
63 s (1/4), 31.5 s (1/8),

15.75 s (1/16), 7.875 s (1/32)
126 s (1/4), 63 s (1/8),

31.5 s (1/16), 15.75 s (1/32)
252 s (1/4), 126 s (1/8),

63 s (1/16), 31.5 s (1/32)
Frame Duration
64.26 ms (1/4), 57.834 ms (1/8),

54.621 ms (1/16), 53.0145 ms (1/32)
128.52 ms (1/4), 115.668 ms (1/8),

109.242 ms (1/16), 106.029 ms (1/32)
257.04 ms (1/4), 231.336 ms (1/8),

218.464 ms (1/16), 212.058 ms (1/32)
FFT sample clock

512/63 = 8.12693 MHz
Inner Code
Convolutional Code (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8)
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
*1: SP (Scattered Pilot), and CP (Continual Pilot) can be used for frequency synchronization and channel estimation. (See Sec. 4)
*2: TMCC (Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control) carries information on transmission parameters. (See Sec. 5)
*3: AC (Auxiliary Channel) carries ancillary information for network operation. (See Sec. 6)
-5-
Table 1-2 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

Mode
Number of Segments (Ns)
Bandwidth
Number of Segments for
Differential Modulation
Coherent Modulation
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP
Number of
*1
CP
Carriers
TMCC
AC1
AC2
Carrier Modulation
Number of Symbol per Frame
Effective Symbol Duration
Mode 1
3000/7(kHz)Ns + 250/63(kHz)
= 5.575MHz
Mode 2
13
3000/7(kHz)Ns + 125/63(kHz)
= 5.573MHz
Mode 3
3000/7(kHz)Ns + 125/126(kHz)
= 5.572MHz
nd
ns (ns+nd=Ns)
250/63 = 3.968kHz
108Ns + 1 = 1405
96Ns = 1248
9ns
nd + 1
ns + 5nd
2Ns= 26
4nd
125/63 = 1.984kHz
125/126 = 0.992kHz
216Ns + 1 = 2809
432Ns + 1 = 5617
192Ns = 2496
384Ns = 4992
18ns
36ns
nd + 1
nd + 1
2ns + 10nd
4ns + 20nd
4Ns= 52
8Ns= 104
9nd
19nd
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, DQPSK
204
252 s
504 s
1.008 ms
63 s (1/4), 31.5 s (1/8),
126 s (1/4), 63 s (1/8),
252 s (1/4), 126 s (1/8),
Guard Interval
15.75 s (1/16), 7.875 s (1/32)
31.5 s (1/16), 15.75 s (1/32)
63 s (1/16), 31.5 s (1/32)
64.26 ms (1/4), 57.834 ms (1/8), 128.52 ms (1/4), 115.668 ms (1/8), 257.04 ms (1/4), 231.336 ms (1/8),
Frame Duration
54.621 ms (1/16),
109.242 ms (1/16),
218.464 ms (1/16),
53.0145 ms (1/32)
106.029 ms (1/32)
212.058 ms (1/32)
Inner Code
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
*1: The number of CP includes CPs on all segments and a CP for higher edge of whole bandwidth. (See Sec. 4-8-4)
Table 1-3 Information Rates for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

(a) Information Rates per Segment
Number of
Transmitting TSPs*1
Guard Interval
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
Ratio 1/4
1/2
12/ 24 / 48
280.85
DQPSK
2/3
16/ 32 / 64
374.47
3/4
18/ 36 / 72
421.28
QPSK
5/6
20/ 40 / 80
468.09
7/8
21/ 42 / 84
491.50
1/2
24/ 48 / 96
561.71
2/3
32/ 64 / 128
748.95
16QAM
3/4
36/ 72 / 144
842.57
5/6
40/ 80 / 160
936.19
7/8
42/ 84 / 168
983.00
1/2
36/ 72 / 144
842.57
2/3
48/ 96 / 192
1123.43
64QAM
3/4
54/ 108 / 216
1263.86
5/6
60/ 120 / 240
1404.29
7/8
63/ 126 / 252
1474.50
*1:
The number of Transmitting TSPs per one OFDM frame.
Carrier
Modulation
Convolutional
Code
-6-
Information Rates (kbps)

Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
312.06
330.42
416.08
440.56
468.09
495.63
520.10
550.70
546.11
578.23
624.13
660.84
832.17
881.12
936.19
991.26
1040.21
1101.40
1092.22
1156.47
936.19
991.26
1248.26
1321.68
1404.29
1486.90
1560.32
1652.11
1638.34
1734.71
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/32
340.43
453.91
510.65
567.39
595.76
680.87
907.82
1021.30
1134.78
1191.52
1021.30
1361.74
1531.95
1702.17
1787.28
(b) Information Rates for 13 Segments*1

Information Rates (Mbps)
Number of
Transmitting TSPs
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
Ratio 1/4
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
Ratio 1/32
1/2
156/ 312 / 624
3.651
4.056
4.295
4.425
DQPSK
2/3
208 / 216 / 832
4.868
5.409
5.727
5.900
3/4
234 / 468 / 936
5.476
6.085
6.443
6.638
QPSK
5/6
260 / 520 / 1040
6.085
6.761
7.159
7.376
7/8
273 / 546 / 1092
6.389
7.099
7.517
7.744
1/2
312 / 624 / 1248
7.302
8.113
8.590
8.851
2/3
416/ 832 / 1664
9.736
10.818
11.454
11.801
16QAM
3/4
468 / 936 / 1872
10.953
12.170
12.886
13.276
5/6
520/ 1040 / 2080
12.170
13.522
14.318
14.752
7/8
546/ 1092 / 2184
12.779
14.198
15.034
15.489
1/2
468 / 936 / 1872
10.953
12.170
12.886
13.276
2/3
624 / 1248 / 2496
14.604
16.227
17.181
17.702
64QAM
3/4
702 / 1404 / 2808
16.430
18.255
19.329
19.915
5/6
780 / 1560 / 3120
18.255
20.284
21.477
22.128
7/8
819 / 1638 / 3276
19.168
21.298
22.551
23.234
*1:
In the case of hierarchical transmission, information rate can be calculated by the combination of segment information rates.
Carrier
Modulation
Convolutional
Code

Mode
Bandwidth
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP*1
Number
of
CP*1
Carriers TMCC*2
AC1*3
AC2*3
Carrier Modulation
Number of Symbol
per Frame
Effective Symbol
Duration
Mode 1
500/108 = 4.629 kHz
108
108
96
96
9
0
0
1
1
5
2
2
0
4
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 2
7000/14 = 500 kHz
500/216 = 2.3614 kHz
216
216
192
192
18
0
0
1
2
10
4
4
0
9
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 3
500/432 = 1.157 kHz
432
432
384
384
36
0
0
1
4
20
8
8
0
19
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
204
216 s
432 s
108 s (1/4), 54 s (1/8),

216 s (1/4), 108 s (1/8),
27 s (1/16), 13.5 s (1/32)
54 s (1/16), 27 s (1/32)
110.16 ms (1/4), 99.144 ms (1/8), 220.32 ms (1/4), 198.288 ms (1/8),
Frame Duration
93.636 ms (1/16),
187.272 ms (1/16),
90.882 ms (1/32)
191.764 ms (1/32)
FFT sample clock
256/27 = 9.481 MHz
Inner Code
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
Guard Interval
54 s (1/4), 27 s (1/8),
13.5 s (1/16), 6.75 s (1/32)
55.08 ms (1/4), 49.572 ms (1/8),
46.818 ms (1/16),
45.441 ms (1/32)
864 s
-7-
Table 1-5 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (7 MHz)

Mode
Bandwidth
Mode 1
7000/14(kHz)Ns + 500/108(kHz)
= 6.504 MHz

Coherent Modulation
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP
Number of
*1
CP
Carriers
TMCC
AC1
AC2
Carrier Modulation
Mode 2
13
7000/14(kHz)Ns + 500/216(kHz)
= 6.502 MHz
Mode 3
7000/14(kHz)Ns + 500/432(kHz)
= 6.501 MHz
nd
ns (ns+nd=Ns)
500/108 = 4.629 kHz
108Ns + 1 = 1405
96Ns = 1248
9ns
nd + 1
ns + 5nd
2Ns= 26
4nd
500/216 = 2.3614 kHz

500/432 = 1.157 kHz
216Ns + 1 = 2809
432Ns + 1 = 5617
192Ns = 2496
384Ns = 4992
18ns
36ns
nd + 1
nd + 1
2ns + 10nd
4ns + 20nd
4Ns= 52
8Ns= 104
9nd
19nd
204
216 s
432 s
864 s
54 s (1/4), 27 s (1/8),
108 s (1/4), 54 s (1/8),
216 s (1/4), 108 s (1/8),
Guard Interval
13.5 s (1/16), 6.75 s (1/32)
27 s (1/16), 13.5 s (1/32)
54 s (1/16), 27 s (1/32)
55.08 ms (1/4), 49.572 ms (1/8), 110.16 ms (1/4), 99.144 ms (1/8), 220.32 ms (1/4), 198.288 ms (1/8),
Frame Duration
46.818 ms (1/16),
93.636 ms (1/16),
187.272 ms (1/16),
45.441 ms (1/32)
90.882 ms (1/32)
191.764 ms (1/32)
Inner Code
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
Table 1-6 Information Rates

Number of
Transmitting TSPs*1
Guard Interval
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
Ratio 1/4
1/2
12/ 24 / 48
327.66
DQPSK
2/3
16/ 32 / 64
436.89
3/4
18/ 36 / 72
491.50
QPSK
5/6
20/ 40 / 80
546.11
7/8
21/ 42 / 84
573.42
1/2
24/ 48 / 96
655.33
2/3
32/ 64 / 128
873.78
16QAM
3/4
36/ 72 / 144
983.00
5/6
40/ 80 / 160
1092.22
7/8
42/ 84 / 168
1146.84
1/2
36/ 72 / 144
983.00
2/3
48/ 96 / 192
1310.67
64QAM
3/4
54/ 108 / 216
1474.50
5/6
60/ 120 / 240
1638.34
7/8
63/ 126 / 252
1720.26
*1:
Carrier
Modulation
Convolutional
Code
-8-

Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
364.07
385.49
485.43
513.99
546.11
578.23
606.79
642.48
637.13
674.61
728.15
770.98
970.87
1027.98
1092.22
1156.47
1213.58
1284.97
1274.26
1349.22
1092.22
1156.47
1456.30
1541.97
1638.34
1734.71
1820.38
1927.46
1911.40
2023.83
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/32
397.17
529.56
595.76
661.95
695.05
794.34
1059.13
1191.52
1323.91
1390.11
1191.52
1588.69
1787.28
1985.87
2085.16

Number of
Transmitting TSPs
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
Ratio 1/4
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
Ratio 1/32
1/2
156/ 312 / 624
4.259
4.732
5.011
5.163
DQPSK
2/3
208 / 216 / 832
5.679
6.310
6.681
6.884
3/4
234 / 468 / 936
6.389
7.099
7.517
7.744
QPSK
5/6
260 / 520 / 1040
7.099
7.888
8.352
8.605
7/8
273 / 546 / 1092
7.454
8.282
8.769
9.035
1/2
312 / 624 / 1248
8.519
9.465
10.022
10.326
2/3
416/ 832 / 1664
11.359
12.621
13.363
13.768
16QAM
3/4
468 / 936 / 1872
12.779
14.198
15.034
15.489
5/6
520/ 1040 / 2080
14.198
15.776
16.704
17.210
7/8
546/ 1092 / 2184
14.908
16.565
17.539
18.071
1/2
468 / 936 / 1872
12.779
14.198
15.034
15.489
2/3
624 / 1248 / 2496
17.038
18.931
20.045
20.653
64QAM
3/4
702 / 1404 / 2808
19.168
21.298
22.551
23.234
5/6
780 / 1560 / 3120
21.298
23.664
25.057
25.816
7/8
819 / 1638 / 3276
22.363
24.848
26.309
27.107
*1:
Carrier
Modulation
Convolutional
Code

Mode
Bandwidth
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP*1
Number
of
CP*1
Carriers TMCC*2
AC1*3
AC2*3
Carrier Modulation
Number of Symbol
per Frame
Effective Symbol
Duration
Guard Interval
Mode 1
1000/189 = 5.291 kHz
108
108
96
96
9
0
0
1
1
5
2
2
0
4
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 2
8000/14 = 571.428 kHz
500/189 = 2.645kHz
216
216
192
192
18
0
0
1
2
10
4
4
0
9
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
Mode 3
250/189 = 1.322 kHz
432
432
384
384
36
0
0
1
4
20
8
8
0
19
16QAM, 64QAM,
DQPSK
QPSK
204
189 s
47.25 s (1/4), 23.625 s (1/8),
11.8125 s (1/16), 5.90625 s
(1/32)
48.195 ms (1/4), 43.3755 ms (1/8),
40.96575ms(1/16),
39.760875ms(1/32)
378 s
756 s
94.5 s (1/4), 47.25 s (1/8),

23.625 s (1/16), 11.8125 s (1/32)
189 s (1/4), 94.5 s (1/8),

47.25 s (1/16), 23.625 s (1/32)
96.39 ms (1/4), 86.751 ms (1/8),

192.78 ms (1/4), 173.502 ms (1/8),
81.9315 ms (1/16), 79.52175 ms
163.863 ms (1/16), 159.0435 ms
(1/32)
(1/32)
FFT sample clock
2048/189 = 10.835 MHz
Inner Code
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
Frame Duration
-9-
Table 1-8 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (8MHz)

Mode
Bandwidth
Mode 1
8000/14(kHz)Ns+1000/189(kHz)
= 7.433 MHz

Coherent Modulation
Carrier Spacing
Total
Data
SP
Number of
*1
CP
Carriers
TMCC
AC1
AC2
Carrier Modulation
Mode 2
13
8000/14(kHz)Ns+500/189(kHz)
= 7.431 MHz
Mode 3
8000/14(kHz)Ns+250/189(kHz)
= 7.429 MHz
nd
ns (ns+nd=Ns)
1000/189 = 5.291 kHz
108Ns + 1 = 1405
96Ns = 1248
9ns
nd + 1
ns + 5nd
2Ns= 26
4nd
500/189 = 2.645 kHz

250/189 = 1.322 kHz
216Ns + 1 = 2809
432Ns + 1 = 5617
192Ns = 2496
384Ns = 4992
18ns
36ns
nd + 1
nd + 1
2ns + 10nd
4ns + 20nd
4Ns= 52
8Ns= 104
9nd
19nd
204
189 s
378 s
756 s
47.25 s (1/4), 23.625 s (1/8),
94.5 s (1/4), 47.25 s (1/8),
189 s (1/4), 94.5 s (1/8),
11.8125 s (1/16), 5.90625 s
23.625 s (1/16), 11.8125 s
Guard Interval
47.25 s (1/16), 23.625 s (1/32)
(1/32)
(1/32)
48.195 ms (1/4), 43.3755 ms (1/8), 96.39 ms (1/4), 86.751 ms (1/8), 192.78 ms (1/4), 173.502 ms (1/8),
Frame Duration
40.96575ms(1/16),
81.9315 ms (1/16), 79.52175 ms
163.863 ms (1/16), 159.0435 ms
39.760875ms(1/32)
(1/32)
(1/32)
Inner Code
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
Table 1-9 Information Rates

Number of
Transmitting TSPs*1
Guard Interval
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
Ratio 1/4
1/2
12/ 24 / 48
374.47
DQPSK
2/3
16/ 32 / 64
499.30
3/4
18/ 36 / 72
561.71
QPSK
5/6
20/ 40 / 80
624.13
7/8
21/ 42 / 84
655.33
1/2
24/ 48 / 96
748.95
2/3
32/ 64 / 128
998.60
16QAM
3/4
36/ 72 / 144
1123.43
5/6
40/ 80 / 160
1248.26
7/8
42/ 84 / 168
1310.67
1/2
36/ 72 / 144
1123.43
2/3
48/ 96 / 192
1497.91
64QAM
3/4
54/ 108 / 216
1685.15
5/6
60/ 120 / 240
1872.39
7/8
63/ 126 / 252
1966.01
*1:
Carrier
Modulation
Convolutional
Code
-10-

Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
416.08
440.56
554.78
587.41
624.13
660.84
693.47
734.27
728.15
770.98
832.17
881.12
1109.56
1174.83
1248.26
1321.68
1386.95
1468.54
1456.30
1541.97
1248.26
1321.68
1664.34
1762.25
1872.39
1982.53
2080.43
2202.81
2184.45
2312.95
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/32
453.91
605.21
680.87
756.52
794.34
907.82
1210.43
1361.74
1513.04
1588.69
1361.74
1815.65
2042.61
2269.56
2383.04

Carrier
Modulation
DQPSK
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
*1:
Convolutional
Code
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
Number of
Transmitting TSPs
(Mode 1 / 2 / 3)
156/ 312 / 624
208 / 216 / 832
234 / 468 / 936
260 / 520 / 1040
273 / 546 / 1092
312 / 624 / 1248
416/ 832 / 1664
468 / 936 / 1872
520/ 1040 / 2080
546/ 1092 / 2184
468 / 936 / 1872
624 / 1248 / 2496
702 / 1404 / 2808
780 / 1560 / 3120
819 / 1638 / 3276
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/4
4.868
6.490
7.302
8.113
8.519
9.736
12.981
14.604
16.227
17.038
14.604
19.472
21.907
24.341
25.558

Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
5.409
5.727
7.212
7.636
8.113
8.590
9.015
9.545
9.465
10.022
10.818
11.454
14.424
15.272
16.227
17.181
18.030
19.091
18.931
20.045
16.227
17.181
21.636
22.909
24.341
25.772
27.045
28.636
28.397
30.068
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/32
5.900
7.867
8.851
9.834
10.326
11.801
15.735
17.702
19.669
20.653
17.702
23.603
26.553
29.504
30.979
-11-
1.4
Terminology
AC
Auxiliary transmission channel for ancillary information in the OFDM

transmission of the ISDB-T
Coherent Modulation A group of Data Segments to be transmitted by QPSK, 16QAM, Modulation

Portion
or 64QAM modulation
Continual Pilot
Pilot contained in OFDM segments of Differential Modulation scheme
Data Segment
An information data group corresponding to an OFDM segment: a unit in

which the kind of carrier modulation, the coding rate of inner code, and the
length of time interleaving can be independently defined
Differential
Modulation Portion
A group of Data Segments to be transmitted by DQPSK modulation
Hierarchical
Transmission
Transmission of groups of OFDM segments, which have different parameter

sets of carrier modulation, coding rate of inner code and length of time
interleaving
ISDB-T
Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting (DTB) System defined in this Specification
Mode 1
Transmission mode of ISDB-T for which the OFDM carrier spacing is 4 kHz
Mode 2
Mode 3
Multiplex Frame
Multiplex frame defined for the hierarchical transmission in the ISDB-T: its
duration coincides with the OFDM Frame
Null TSP
A TSP having a PID=0x1FFF prescribed in MPEG-2 systems
OFDM Frame
Transmission frame of 204 OFDM symbols
OFDM Segment
Data Segment accompanied with Pilots, which is transmitted in the

bandwidth of 6/14 MHz (= 429 kHz)
Partial Reception
Reception of only a central segment transmitted in ISDB-T transmission

signal
Scattered Pilot
Pilot contained in OFDM Segments of coherent modulation scheme
TMCC
Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control-Pilot contained in all

OFDM Segments
Transmission TSP
Reed-Solomon RS (204,188,8) error protected TSP
TSP
Transport Stream Packet: The MPEG-2 transport multiplex (MUX) packet

having a length of 188 byte
-12-
Multiplex
The multiplex of the system is compatible with MPEG-2 Transport Stream (TS) ISO/IEC 13818[1].
In addition, a Multiplex Frame and TMCC descriptors are defined for hierarchical transmission with a
single TS.
2.1
Multiplex Frame
To achieve hierarchical transmission using the Band Segmented Transmission OFDM scheme, the
ISDB-T system defines a multiplex frame of TS within the scope of MPEG-2. In the multiplex frame,
TS is a continual stream of 204-byte RS-TSP composed of TSP and null data of 16 bytes or ReedSolomon parity.
The duration of the multiplex frame is adjusted to that of the OFDM frame by counting RS-TSP using
a clock that is four times faster than that used for FFT sampling.
The number of transmission-TSPs actually transmitted in one OFDM frame is shown in table 1-3.
The number is smaller than the corresponding number of RS-TSP on the multiplex frame shown in
table 2-1. The difference in number of TSPs between the two numbers corresponds to the number of
inserted null RS-TSPs.
The method of re-multiplexing a TS for the multiplex frame is predetermined in such a way that the
receiver regenerates the same TS (See section 7.2).
An example of TS in the multiplex frame is shown in Fig. 2-1. RS-TSPs in the multiplex frame belong
to layer-A, B, C. Null RS-TSPs are not transmitted.
Table 2-1 Number of Interfaced TSP of Multiplexing Frame

Mode
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/4
1280
2560
5120
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Number of TSPs per one Multiplexing Frame

Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Guard Interval
Ratio 1/8
Ratio 1/16
Ratio 1/32
1152
1088
1056
2304
2176
2112
4608
4352
4224
Multiplexing Frame
#1
#2
TSPB
TSPB
#3
#1151
#1152
#1
#2
TSPnull
TSPA
TSPnull
TSPB
TSPB
Fig. 2-1 An Example of Transport Stream

(Mode 1, Guard Interval Ratio 1/8)
-13-
2.2
Application of MPEG-2 Control Signals
For the hierarchical transmission, the next application rules are introduced.
2.2.1 Multiplex of PAT, NIT and CAT
The multiplex of PAT, NIT and CAT obeys the rule that:
-
these signals shall be transmitted in the most robust transmission layer or;
these signals shall be duplicated and transmitted in the most robust transmission layer and the
partial reception layer in the case the partial reception layer is not the most robust transmission
layer
2.2.2 Multiplex of PMT

The PMT shall be transmitted in the most robust transmission layer.
2.2.3 Multiplex of PCR-Packet for Partial Reception Layer

The multiplex of the PCR packet shall obey the rule that:
-
one PCR packet per multiplex frame is transmitted periodically (for Mode 1) or;
two PCR packets with same interval as that of Mode 1 are transmitted every multiplex frame
(for Mode 2) or;
four PCR packets with same interval as that of Mode 1 are transmitted every multiplex frame
(for Mode 3).
-14-
3.
Channel Coding
This section describes the channel coding block, which receive the packets arranged in the multiplex
frame and decline the channel-coded packets to the OFDM modulation block.
3.1
Functional Block Diagram of Channel Coding

Splitter
Energy
Dispersal
Delay
Adjustment
Byte-wise
Interleaving
Convolutional
Coding
Energy
Dispersal
Delay
Adjustment
Byte-wise
Interleaving
Convolutional
Coding
OFDM
Multiplexing
Outer Code
RS (204,188)
Modulation
Energy
Dispersal
Delay
Adjustment
Byte-wise
Interleaving
Convolutional
Coding
Null RS-TSPs
Fig. 3-1 Channel Coding Diagram
The duration of the multiplex frame coincides with the OFDM frame by counting the bytes in the
multiplex frame using a clock that is a half of FFT-sampling rate, Fs (Fs =512/63 MHz = 8.12693
MHz).
At the interface between the multiplex block and the outer coder, the head byte of the multiplex frame
(corresponding to the sync.-byte of TSP) is regarded as the head byte of OFDM frame. In bit-wise
description, the MSB of the head byte is regarded as the synchronization bit of OFDM frame.
3.2
Outer Coding
Reed-Solomon RS (204,188,t=8) shortened code is applied to each MPEG-2 TSP (See Fig. 3-2(a)) to
generate an error protected TSP (See Fig. 3-2(b)). Reed-Solomon code can correct up to 8 random
erroneous bytes in a received 204-byte word.
Field Generator Polynomial: p(x)= x8+x4+x3+x2+1
Code Generator Polynomial: g(x)=(x-1)(x-)(x-2)(x-3)(x-15)
where, =02HEX
It should be noted that null TSPs from the multiplexer are also coded to RS (204, 188) packets.
-15-
MPEG-2 transport MUX data

187 bytes
Sync.
1 byte
(a) MPEG-2 Transport Stream Packet (TSP)

MPEG-2 transport MUX data
187 bytes
Sync.
1 byte
16 Parity bytes
(b) Transmission TSP, RS(204,188) Error Protected TSP

Fig, 3-2 MPEG-2 TSP and Transmission TSP
3.3
Division of TS
A TS from the outer encoder shall be divided every 204 bytes, and then sorted into up to three
predetermined layers in accordance with hierarchical control information. In this process, each TSP is
divided at the end of the synchronization byte and the SYNC of OFDM frame is delayed by a byte. In
the case of non-hierarchical transmission, one certain stream should only be defined as the stream for
the whole transmission.
It should be noted that null TSPs in the multiplex frame are removed at the splitter.
Fig. 3-3 shows division of TS and shift of OFDM frame SYNC.
OFDM frame SYNC
I1
P1
Transmission TSP #1
I2
P2
Null Transmission TSP
I3
P3
P3
Transmission TSP #2
OFDM Frame
Shifted OFDM
frame SYNC
Layer A
I1
P1
S
OFDM Frame
Layer B
I2
P2
Removed Null TSPs
I3
Fig. 3-3 Dividing Process of TS
-16-
3.4
Energy Dispersal
In order to ensure adequate binary transitions, the data from the splitter is randomized with PRBS
sequence generated according to Fig. 3-4.
The polynomial for the pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) generator shall be:
g(x) = x15 + x14 +1
Loading of the sequence 100101010000000 into the PRBS registers is initiated at the start of every
OFDM frame.
Initial Sequence
1
D
0
D
0
D
1
D
0
D
1
D
0
D
1
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
10
11
12
13
14
15
Output
Enable
Fig. 3-4 PRBS Generation Diagram
-17-
3.5
Delay Adjustment
In the byte-wise interleaving, the delay caused in the interleaving process differs from stream to
stream of different layer depending on its properties (i.e. modulation and channel coding). In order to
compensate for the delay difference including de-interleaving in the receiver, the delay adjustment is
carried out prior to the byte-wise interleaving on the transmission side.
The amount of delay to be adjusted for is defined in terms of the number of TSPs for each layer
stream, as shown in Table 3-1.
In each layer, the total delay including 11 TSPs of the byte-wise interleaving and de-interleaving
processes itself is adjusted to one multiplex frame independently of its hierarchical properties.
Table 3-1 Delay Adjustment for byte Interleaving

Carrier
DQPSK
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Number of Transmission TSPs for Delay Adjustment

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
12N-11
24N-11
48N-11
16N-11
32N-11
64N-11
18N-11
36N-11
72N-11
20N-11
40N-11
80N-11
21N-11
42N-11
84N-11
24N-11
48N-11
96N-11
32N-11
64N-11
128N-11
36N-11
72N-11
144N-11
40N-11
80N-11
160N-11
42N-11
84N-11
168N-11
36N-11
72N-11
144N-11
48N-11
96N-11
192N-11
54N-11
108N-11
216N-11
60N-11
120N-11
240N-11
63N-11
126N-11
252N-11
N indicates the number of segments used for a certain layer
Convolutional code rate

1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
-18-
3.6
Byte-wise Interleaving (Inter-code Interleaving)
Following the conceptual scheme of Fig. 3-5, convolutional byte-wise interleaving with length of I =
12 is applied to the 204-byte error protected and randomized packets. It should be noted that for
synchronization purposes, the bytes just after the SYNC bytes shall always be routed in branch 0 of
the interleaver (corresponding to a null delay).
The interleaver may be composed of I = 12 branches, cyclically connected to the input byte-stream by
the input switch. Each branch j shall be a First-in First-out (FIFO) shift register, with length of j 17
bytes. The cells of the FIFO shall contain 1 byte, and the input and output switches shall be
synchronized.
The de-interleaver is similar in principle, to the interleaver, but the branch indices are reversed. Total
delay caused by interleaver and de-interleaver is 17 11 12 bytes (corresponding to 11 TSPs).
0
1
17 bytes
2
172 bytes
3
173 bytes
1 byte per position
11
1711 bytes
FIFO shift register
Fig. 3-5 Conceptual Diagram of the Outer Interleaver
-19-
3.7
Inner Coding (Convolutional Codes)
The system shall allow for a range of punctured convolutional codes, based on a mother
convolutional code of rate 1/2 with 64 states. This will allow selection of the most appropriate
property of error correction for a given service or data rate in the ISDB-T including mobile services.
The generator polynomials of the mother code are G1 = 171OCT for X output and G2 = 133OCT for Y
output.
The inner encoder, having constraint length k=7 and mother convolutional code rate of 1/2, is shown
in Fig. 3-6. The punctured patterns and transmitted sequences are given in table 3-1.
X Output, G1 = 171oct
Data Input
1 bit
Delay
1 bit
Delay
1 bit
Delay
1 bit
Delay
1 bit
Delay
1 bit
Delay
Y Output, G2 = 133oct
Fig. 3-6 The Mother Convolutional Code of Rate 1/2 (Constraint Length = 7)
Table 3-2 Puncturing Pattern and Transmitted Sequence

Code Rates Puncturing Pattern
X:1
1/2
Y:1
X:10
2/3
Y:11
X:101
3/4
Y:110
X:10101
5/6
Y:11010
X:1000101
7/8
Y:1111010
Transmitted Sequence
X1, Y1
X1, Y1, Y2
X1, Y1, Y2, X3
X1, Y1, Y2, X3 Y4, X5
X1, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, X5, Y6, X7
-20-
3.8
Relationship of TSP Flow and Clock
As an example, the relationship between TSP flow and processing clock for two layered hierarchical
transmission is shown below. In the Fig. 3-7, Fs means the sample clock of IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform).
Transmission condition: Two layered hierarchical transmission of A and B, 1/8 symbol guard interval
Layer
A
B
Modulation
DQPSK
64-QAM
Inner coding rate

1/2
7/8
Number of segments
5
8
TSP = 188 clocks = 46.3 s

A
RS Encoder
Null
Null
Transmission TSP = 204 clocks = 50.2 s

Fs/2
Null
Null
Division into
hierarchical stream
Layer A (DQPSK 1/2)
8
8
Layer B (64QAM 7/8)
Energy dispersal, Energy dispersal,

Byte-wise
Byte-wise
interleaving
interleaving
8
204 clocks = 50.2 s
P/S
P/S
1632 clocks = 50.2 s

Layer A (DQPSK 1/2)
4 Fs
Inner coder
Rate 1/2
Layer B (64QAM 7/8)
Inner coder
Rate 7/8
3264 clocks = 50.2 s
Layer A (DQPSK 1/2)

8 Fs
Layer B (64QAM 7/8)
1866
clocks
1865
clocks
1865
clocks
1866 clocks every 7 Transmission TSPs
Fig. 3-7 Example of Burst Streams and Clocks in the Channel Coding Blocks
-21-
4.
Modulation
This section describes the OFDM modulation block, which receives channel coded TSPs from
inner-coder and delivers OFDM signal.
Modulation
Bit Interleaving
Channel
Coding
Mapper
Modulation
Bit Interleaving
Mapper
Synthesis of
Hierarchical
Burst Stream
Time
Interleaver
Frequency
Interleaver
OFDM
Frame
Adaptation
IFFT
Guard
Interval
Insertion
Modulation
Bit Interleaving
Mapper
Control Signal
Fig. 4-1 Block Diagram of Modulation
4.1
Modulation
After bit-wise interleaving, data of each layer mapped to the complex domain.
Modulation
Bit Interleaver
DQPSK Mapper
Bit Interleaver
QPSK Mapper
Bit Interleaver
16QAM Mapper
Bit Interleaver
64QAM Mapper
Delay Adjustment
Fig. 4-2 Configuration of Modulation Block
4.2.1 Delay Adjustment for Bit Interleave

Bit interleave causes the delay of 120 complex data (I + jQ) as described in the next section. By
adding proper delay shown in table 4-1, total delay in transmitter and receiver is adjusted to the
amount of two OFDM symbols.
Although OFDM frame SYNC is needed to be delayed, but the adjustment is carried out after the
synthesis of layer streams (See section 4-5).
-22-
Table 4-1 Delay Adjustment for Bit Interleaving

Number of bits for Delay Adjustment
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Modulation
DQPSK
QPSK
384N-240
768N-240
1536N-240
16QAM
768N-480
1536N-480
3072N-480
64QAM
1152N-720
2304N-720
4608N-720
Where, N indicates the number of segments used in a certain layer.
4.3
Bit Interleaving and Mapping
4.3.1 DQPSK
The serial bit-sequence at the output of the inner coder is converted into a 2-bit parallel sequence to
undergo /4-shift DQPSK mapping, by which n bits of I-axis and Q-axis data are delivered. The
number n may depend on the hardware implementation. After the serial-to-parallel (S/P) conversion,
bit interleaving is carried out by inserting a 15-bit delay on the second output of the S/P converter
(See Fig. 4-3).
It should be noted that the Delay in Fig. 4-3 the delay corresponding to the amount of all the data,
which are dealt with during one OFDM symbol period in the data segments dedicated to /4-shift
DQPSK mapping. When data segments of Ns1 are used for the mapping, the delay amounts to 96Ns1
symbols (i.e. 96Ns1 2 bits) for Mode 1, 192Ns1 symbols (i.e. 192Ns1 2 bits) for Mode 2, and 384Ns1
symbols (i.e. 384Ns1 2 bits) for Mode 3.
b0
S/P
b0, b1,
b1
b0
120-Bit Delay
Phase
Calculator
b1
Ij-1
Phase
Shifter
Qj-1
Ij
Qj
Delay
Fig. 4-3 /4-Shift DQPSK Modulation
-23-
I
Q
Q
+2
Input
Output
b0, b1
0, 0
/4
0, 1
-/4
1, 0
3/4
1, 1
-3/4
+1
-2
-1
+1
+2
-1
-2
Fig. 4-4 Phase Calculation and /4-Shift DQPSK Mapping

Phase shift of complex data is as follows.
I j cos j sin j I j 1
=
Q sin cos Q
j
j
j 1
j
Where, (Ij, Qj) denotes a complex data of j-th symbol, and (Ij-1,Qj-1) denotes the data one OFDM
symbol before.
4.3.2 QPSK
The serial bit sequence at the output of the inner coder is converted into a 2-bit parallel sequence in
order to undergo QPSK mapping, by which I-axis and Q-axis data of n bits each are delivered. After
the S/P conversion, bit interleaving is carried out by inserting 120-bit delay on the second output of
the S/P converter as shown in Fig.6-5. Fig. 4-6 shows the constellation.
b0
S/P
b0, b1,
b1
120-Bit Delay
QPSK
Mapping
Fig. 4-5 QPSK Modulation
-24-
I
Q
Q Convey b1
(1,0)
(b0, b1) = (0,0)

+1
-1
+1
(1,1)
I Convey b0
(0,1)
-1
Fig. 4-6 QPSK Mapping and the Corresponding Bit Patterns
4.3.3 16-QAM
order to undergo 16-QAM mapping, by which n bits of I-axis and Q-axis data are delivered. After S/P
conversion, bit interleaving is carried out by bit delays inserted on the b1 to b3 outputs of the S/P
converter as shown in Fig. 4-7. Fig. 4-7 shows the constellation.
b0
S/P
b0, b1, b2, b3,
b1
40-Bit Delay
16QAM
b2
80-Bit Delay
Mapping
b3
120-Bit Delay
I
Q
Fig. 4-7 16QAM Modulation

Q Convey b1, b3
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
+3
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,1)
+1
(0,0,1,1)
(b0, b1, b2, b3)=(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
I Convey b0, b2
-3
-1
+1
+3
-1
(1,1,0,1)
(1,1,1,1)
(1,1,0,0)
(1,1,1,0)
(0,1,1,1)
(0,1,0,1)
(0,1,1,0)
(0,1,0,0)
-3
Fig. 4-8 16QAM Mapping and the Corresponding Bit Patterns
-25-
4.3.4 64-QAM
order to undergo 64-QAM mapping, by which n bits of I-axis and Q-axis data are delivered. After the
S/P conversion, bit interleaving is carried out by bit delays inserted on the b1 to b5 outputs of the S/P
converter as shown in Fig. 4-9. Fig. 4-10 shows the constellation.
b0
24-Bits Delay
b1
S/P
64QAM
48-Bit Delay
b2
Mapping
b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5,
72-Bits Delay
b3
96-Bits Delay
b4
120-Bits Delay
b5
Fig. 4-9 64QAM Modulation

Q Convey b1, b3, b5
(100000)
(100010)
(101010)
(101000)
(001000)
(001010)
(000010)
(b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5)=(000000)
(001001)
(001011)
(000011)
(000001)
(001101)
(001111)
(000111)
(000101)
(001100)
(001110)
(000110)
(000100)
+7
(100001)
(100011)
(101011)
(101001)
+5
(100101)
(100111)
(101111)
(101101)
+3
(100100)
(100110)
(101110)
(101100)
+1
I Convey b0, b2, b4

-7
-5
-3
-1
+1
+3
+5
+7
(011100)
(011110)
(010110)
(010100)
(011101)
(011111)
(010111)
(010101)
(011001)
(011011)
(010011)
(010001)
(011000)
(011010)
(010010)
(010000)
-1
(110100)
(110110)
(111110)
(111100)
(110101)
(110111)
(111111)
(111101)
(110001)
(110011)
(111011)
(111001)
(110000)
(110010)
(111010)
(111000)
-3
-5
-7
Fig. 4-10 64QAM Mapping and the Corresponding Bit Patterns
-26-
4.3.5 Normalization Factors

To keep the mean power constant regardless of the kind of modulation, the normalization factor is
applied to the constellation point z (=I + jQ) shown on to Figs. 4-4, 4-6, 4-8, and 4-10. By the
normalization according to Table 4-2, the mean power is kept constant.
Table 4-2 Normalization Factors for Data Symbols
4.4
Carrier Modulation
/4 Shift DQPSK
QPSK
16QAM
Normalization Factor
64QAM
Z / 42
Z/ 2
Z/ 2
Z / 10
Data Segment
96 Complex Data
As shown in Fig. 4-11, data segment is defined as a table of addresses for complex data, on which rate
conversion, time interleaving, and frequency interleaving shall be executed. The data segment
corresponds to the data portion of OFDM segment (See section 4.8).
S0,0,k
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
S0,1,k
S1,1,k
S2,1,k
S0,2,k
S1,2,k
S2,2,k
Si,j,k
S95,0,k
S95,1,k S95,2,k
192 Complex Data
(a) Structure of Data Segment for Mode 1

S0,0,k
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
S0,1,k
S1,1,k
S2,1,k
S0,2,k
S1,2,k
S2,2,k
Si,j,k
S192,0,k S192,1,k S192,2,k
(b) Structure of Data Segment for Mode 2
-27-
S0,1,k
S1,1,k
S2,1,k
S0,2,k
S1,2,k
S2,2,k
384 Complex Data
S0,0,k
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
Si,j,k
S383,0,k S383,1,k S383,2,k
(c) Structure of Data Segment for Mode 3

Fig. 4-11 Structure of Data Segment
4.5
Synthesis of Layer-Data Streams
After being channel-coded and mapped, complex data of each layer are inputted to pre-assigned
data-segments every one symbol. The assignment of thirteen segments is as follows:
- One segment is assigned for a partial-reception layer if the layer is used;
- A certain number of segments are assigned for differential modulation layer;
- Finally the remaining segments are assigned for coherent modulation layer.
The data stored in all data segments are cyclically read with the IFFT-sample clock; then rate
conversions are carried out (See Fig. 4-23).
Each layer is designated as Layer A, Layer B or Layer C in the order of the above assignment.
Fig. 4-12 shows synthesis and rate conversion processes.
-28-
1 Complex Data per Position
Layer A
I, Q
0
1
2
:
nc-1
Data Segment No. 1-1
0
1
2
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
Data Segment No. 1-Ns1
0
:
:
nc-1
nc-1

Layer B
I, Q

Layer C
I, Q
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
Read with IFFTSample Clock
Buffer RAM
where, nc = 96 (Mode 1), 192 (Mode 2), or 384 (Mode 3)

Ns1 + Ns2 + Ns3 = 13
Fig. 4-12 Synthesis of Layer-Data Streams
Accompanying the rate conversion, OFDM frame SYNC shall be shifted by two OFDM symbols to
recover the synchronization relationship with layer streams (See section 3.3). OFDM-frame SYNC
corresponds to the symbol carried by the 0th carrier in the 0th segment, and occurs every 204 symbols.
-29-
4.6
Time Interleaving
After synthesis, symbol-wise time interleaving is carried out.
Write with IFFTSample Clock
0
1
2
:
nc-1
Intra-Segment
Time Interleaver
No. 0
0
1
2
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
Intra-Segment
Time Interleaver
No. 1
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
Intra-Segment
Time Interleaver
No. 2
0
:
nc-1
0
:
nc-1
Intra-Segment
Time Interleaver
No. 12
0
:
nc-1
Read with IFFTSample Clock
Where, nc=96 for Mode 1, 192 for Mode 2, 384 for Mode 3.
Fig. 4-13 Time Interleaver
The structure of the intra-segment time-interleaver in the Fig. 4-13 is shown in Fig. 4-14. The integer
I is a parameter for the length of time interleaving, and shall be specified for each layer.
0
Im0-Symbol-Buffer
1
Im1-Symbol-Buffer
2
Im2-Symbol-Buffer
nc-1
Imnc-1-Symbol-Buffer
where, mi = (i5) mod 96, and nc = 96 (Mode 1), 192 (Mode 2), or 384 (Mode 3)
Fig. 4-14 Intra-Segment Time Interleaver
-30-
A delay accompanying time interleaving is adjusted in accordance with an integer I as shown in table
4-3. A delay to be compensated for each layer is determined so that the total delay including deinterleaving process in the receiver amounts to an integral number of OFDM-frames.
Table 4-3 Delay Adjustment Accompanied with Time Interleaving
Mode
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
4.7
I
0
4
8
16
32
0
2
4
8
16
0
1
2
4
8
Number of Symbols
for Delay Adjustment
0
28
56
112
224
0
14
28
56
112
0
109
14
28
56
Number of OFDM Frames to be delayed

by Delay Adjustment and Time Interleaving
0
2
4
8
16
0
1
2
4
8
0
1
1
2
4
Frequency Interleaving
The configuration of frequency interleaving functional blocks is shown in Fig. 4-15. Inter-segment
frequency-interleaving is taken among the segments having the same modulation scheme.
Partial Reception Portion
Segment
Splitter
Differential Modulation Portion
Coherent Modulation Portion
Intra-Segment
Carrier Rotation
Intra-Segment
Carrier Randomization
Inter-Segment
Interleaver
Intra-Segment
Carrier Rotation
Intra-Segment
Inter-Segment
Interleaver
Intra-Segment
Carrier Rotation
Intra-Segment
Fig. 4-15 Configuration of Frequency Interleaver
-31-
OFDM
Frame
Structure
4.7.1 Inter-Segment Interleaving

The inter-segment interleaving is carried out among differential modulation (DQPSK) segments and
among coherent modulation (QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM) in the way shown in Fig. 4-16.
Where, Si,j,k denotes complex data shown in Fig. 4-11. Suffix n denotes the number of segments
dedicated for differential or coherent modulation portion.
Data Segment
No. 0
S0,0,0
= S0
S1,0,0
= S1
Data Segment
No. 1
S95,0,0
= S95
S0,0,1
= S96
S1,0,1
= S97
Data Segment
No. 2
S95,0,1
= S191
S0,0,2
= S192
S1,0,2
= S193
Data Segment
No. n-1
S95,0,2
= S287
S0,0,n-1
= S96(n-1)
S1,0,n-1
= S96(n-1)+1
S95,0,n-1
= S96n-1
Allocation of Complex Data before Inter-Segment Interleaving
Data Segment
No. 0
S0
Sn
Data Segment
No. 1
S95n
S1
Sn+1
Data Segment
No. 2
S95n+1
S2
Sn+2
Data Segment
No. n-1
S95n+2
Sn-1
S2n-1
S96n-1
Allocation of Complex Data after Inter-Segment Interleaving

(a) Inter-Segment Interleaver for Mode 1
Data Segment
No. 0
S0,0,0
= S0
Data Segment
No. 1
S191,0,0
= S191
S1,0,0
= S1
S0,0,1
= S192
S1,0,1
= S193
Data Segment
No. 2
S191,0,1
= S383
S0,0,2
= S384
S1,0,2
= S385
Data Segment
No. n-1
S191,0,2
= S575
S0,0,n-1
S1,0,n-1
= S192(n-1) = S192(n-1)+1
S191,0,n-1
= S192n-1
Data Segment
No. 0
S0
Sn
Data Segment
No. 1
S191n
S1
Sn+1
Data Segment
No. 2
S191n+1
S2
Sn+2
Data Segment
No. n-1
S191n+2
Sn-1

(b) Inter-Segment Interleaver for Mode 2
-32-
S2n-1
S192n-1
Data Segment
No. 0
S0,0,0
= S0
Data Segment
No. 1
S383,0,0
= S383
S1,0,0
= S1
S0,0,1
= S384
S1,0,1
= S385
Data Segment
No. 2
S383,0,1
= S767
S0,0,2
= S768
S1,0,2
= S769
Data Segment
No. n-1
S383,0,2
= S1151
S0,0,n-1
S1,0,n-1
= S384(n-1) = S384(n-1)+1
S383,0,n-1
= S384n-1

Data Segment
No. 0
S0
Sn
Data Segment
No. 1
S383n
S1
Sn+1
Data Segment
No. 2
S383n+1
S2
Sn+2
Data Segment
No. n-1
S383n+2
Sn-1
S2n-1
S384n-1

(c) Inter-Segment Interleaver for Mode 3
Fig. 4-16 Inter-Segment Interleaver
4.7.2 Intra-Segment Interleaving

After carrier rotation according to Fig. 4-17, carrier randomization is performed as shown in table
4-4.
S0,0,k
S(k mod 96),0,k
S0,0,k
S(k mod 192),0,k
S0,0,k
S(k mod 384),0,k
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
---
S(k+1 mod 96),0,k

S(k+2 mod 96),0,k
--(a) Intra-Segment Carrier Rotation for Mode 1
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
---
S(k+1 mod 192),0,k

S(k+2 mod 192),0,k
--(b) Intra-Segment Carrier Rotation for Mode 2
S1,0,k
S2,0,k
---
S(k+1 mod 384),0,k

S(k+2 mod 384),0,k
--(c) Intra-Segment Carrier Rotation for Mode 3
S95,0,k
S(k+95 mod 96),0,k
S95,0,k
S(k+191 mod 192),0,k
S383,0,k
S(k+383 mod 384),0,k
where, Si,j,k denotes the complex data of the k-th segment after inter-segment interleaving
Fig. 4-17 Intra-Segment Carrier Rotation Interleaver
-33-
Table 4-4 Intra-Segment Carrier Randomization

From
To
0
80
1
93
2
63
3
92
4
94
5
55
6
17
7
81
8
6
9
51
10
9
11
85
12
89
13
65
14
52
15
15
16
73
17
66
18
46
19
71
20
12
21
70
22
18
23
13
From
To
24
95
25
34
26
1
27
38
28
78
29
59
30
91
31
64
32
0
33
28
34
11
35
4
36
45
37
35
38
16
39
7
40
48
41
22
42
23
43
77
44
56
45
19
46
8
47
36
From
To
48
39
49
61
50
21
51
3
52
26
53
69
54
67
55
20
56
74
57
86
58
72
59
25
60
31
61
5
62
49
63
42
64
54
65
87
66
43
67
60
68
29
69
2
70
76
71
84
From
To
74
83
73
40
74
14
75
79
76
27
77
57
78
44
79
37
80
30
81
68
82
47
83
88
84
75
85
41
86
90
87
10
88
33
89
32
90
62
91
50
92
58
93
82
94
53
95
24
where, numerical values in the table indicate carrier indexes, and complex data indicated by the
carrier index in the row From is carried by the carrier index in the row To
(a) Intra-Segment Carrier Randomization for Mode 1
From
To
0
98
1
35
2
67
3
116
4
135
5
17
6
5
7
93
8
73
9
168
10
54
11
143
12
43
13
74
14
165
15
48
16
37
17
69
18
154
19
150
20
107
21
76
22
176
23
79
From
To
24
175
25
36
26
28
27
78
28
47
29
128
30
94
31
163
32
184
33
72
34
142
35
2
36
86
37
14
38
130
39
151
40
114
41
68
42
46
43
183
44
122
45
112
46
180
47
42
From
To
48
105
49
97
50
33
51
134
52
177
53
84
54
170
55
45
56
187
57
38
58
167
59
10
60
189
61
51
62
117
63
156
64
161
65
25
66
89
67
125
68
139
69
24
70
19
71
57
From
To
72
71
73
39
74
77
75
191
76
88
77
85
78
0
79
162
80
181
81
113
82
140
83
61
84
75
85
82
86
101
87
174
88
118
89
20
90
136
91
3
92
121
93
190
94
120
95
92
From
To
96
160
97
52
98
153
99
127
100
65
101
60
102
133
103
147
104
131
105
87
106
22
107
58
108
100
109
111
110
141
111
83
112
49
113
132
114
12
115
155
116
146
117
102
118
164
119
66
From
To
120
1
121
62
122
178
123
15
124
182
125
96
126
80
127
119
128
23
129
6
130
166
131
56
132
99
133
123
134
138
135
137
136
21
137
145
138
185
139
18
140
70
141
129
142
95
143
90
From
To
144
149
145
109
146
124
147
50
148
11
149
152
150
4
151
31
152
172
153
40
154
13
155
32
156
55
157
159
158
41
159
8
160
7
161
144
162
16
163
26
164
173
165
81
166
44
167
103
From
To
168
64
169
9
170
30
171
157
172
126
173
179
174
148
175
63
176
188
177
171
178
106
179
104
180
158
181
115
182
34
183
186
184
29
185
108
186
53
187
91
188
169
189
110
190
27
191
59
(b) Intra-Segment Carrier Randomization for Mode 2
-34-
From
To
0
62
1
13
2
371
3
11
4
285
5
336
6
365
7
220
8
226
9
92
10
56
11
46
12
120
13
175
14
298
15
352
16
172
17
235
18
53
19
164
20
368
21
187
22
125
23
82
From
To
24
5
25
45
26
173
27
258
28
135
29
182
30
141
31
273
32
126
33
264
34
286
35
88
36
233
37
61
38
249
39
367
40
310
41
179
42
155
43
57
44
123
45
208
46
14
47
227
From
To
48
100
49
311
50
205
51
79
52
184
53
185
54
328
55
77
56
115
57
277
58
112
59
20
60
199
61
178
62
143
63
152
64
215
65
204
66
139
67
234
68
358
69
192
70
309
71
183
From
To
72
81
73
129
74
256
75
314
76
101
77
43
78
97
79
324
80
142
81
157
82
90
83
214
84
102
85
29
86
303
87
363
88
261
89
31
90
22
91
52
92
305
93
301
94
293
95
177
From
To
96
116
97
296
98
85
99
196
100
191
101
114
102
58
103
198
104
16
105
167
106
145
107
119
108
245
109
113
110
295
111
193
112
232
113
17
114
108
115
283
116
246
117
64
118
237
119
189
From
To
120
128
121
373
122
302
123
320
124
239
125
335
126
356
127
39
128
347
129
351
130
73
131
158
132
276
133
243
134
99
135
38
136
287
137
3
138
330
139
153
140
315
141
117
142
289
143
213
From
To
144
210
145
149
146
383
147
337
148
339
149
151
150
241
151
321
152
217
153
30
154
334
155
161
156
322
157
49
158
176
159
359
160
12
161
346
162
60
163
28
164
229
165
265
166
288
167
225
From
To
168
382
169
59
170
181
171
170
172
319
173
341
174
86
175
251
176
133
177
344
178
361
179
109
180
44
181
369
182
268
183
257
184
323
185
55
186
317
187
381
188
121
189
360
190
260
191
275
From
To
192
190
193
19
194
63
195
18
196
248
197
9
198
240
199
211
200
150
201
230
202
332
203
231
204
71
205
255
206
350
207
355
208
83
209
87
210
154
211
218
212
138
213
269
214
348
215
130
From
To
216
160
217
278
218
377
219
216
220
236
221
308
222
223
223
254
224
25
225
98
226
300
227
201
228
137
229
219
230
36
231
325
232
124
233
66
234
353
235
169
236
21
237
35
238
107
239
50
From
To
240
106
241
333
242
326
243
262
244
252
245
271
246
263
247
372
248
136
249
0
250
366
251
206
252
159
253
122
254
188
255
6
256
284
257
96
258
26
259
200
260
197
261
186
262
345
263
340
From
To
264
349
265
103
266
84
267
228
268
212
269
2
270
67
271
318
272
1
273
74
274
342
275
166
276
194
277
33
278
68
279
267
280
111
281
118
282
140
283
195
284
105
285
202
286
291
287
259
From
To
288
23
289
171
290
65
291
281
292
24
293
165
294
8
295
94
296
222
297
331
298
34
299
238
300
364
301
376
302
266
303
89
304
80
305
253
306
163
307
280
308
247
309
4
310
362
311
379
From
To
312
290
313
279
314
54
315
78
316
180
317
72
318
316
319
282
320
131
321
207
322
343
323
370
324
306
325
221
326
132
327
7
328
148
329
299
330
168
331
224
332
48
333
47
334
357
335
313
From
To
336
75
337
104
338
70
339
147
340
40
341
110
342
374
343
69
344
146
345
37
346
375
347
354
348
174
349
41
350
32
351
304
352
307
353
312
354
15
355
272
356
134
357
242
358
203
359
209
From
To
360
380
361
162
362
297
363
327
364
10
365
93
366
42
367
250
368
156
369
338
370
292
371
144
372
378
373
294
374
329
375
127
376
270
377
76
378
95
379
91
380
244
381
274
382
27
383
51
(c) Intra-Segment Carrier Randomization for Mode 3
-35-
4.8
OFDM Segment-Frame Structure
By adding pilots, data segments are arranged into OFDM segment-frame every 204 symbols.
4.8.1 OFDM Segment-Frame for Differential Modulation
203
SNc-1,0
S0,1
S1,1
S Nc-1,1
S0,2
S1,2
S Nc-1,2
S0,3
S1,3
S Nc-1,3
S0,4
S1,4
S Nc-1,4
S0,5
S1,5
S Nc-1,5
S0,6
S1,6
S Nc-1,6
S0,7
S1,7
S Nc-1,7
S0,203
S1,203
AC (AC1, AC2)
S1,0
TMCC
S0,0
CP
OFDM-Symbol number
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
As an example, OFDM segment-frame for differential modulation (DQPSK) is shown about Mode 1
in Fig. 4-18 .
Carrier Number
0
1
2
Nc-1
S Nc-1,203
where, Si,j denotes the complex data in a data segment after time and frequency interleaving.
The modulation phase of CP (Continual Pilot) is constant at all time (See Sec. 4-8-3).
TMCC (Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control) carrier carries the control data (See
Sec. 5).
AC (Auxiliary Channel) carrier carries the ancillary information (See Sec. 6).
Allocation of these pilot carriers is shown in Table 4-5.
Nc = 108 for Mode 1, Nc = 216 for Mode 2, and Nc = 432 for Mode 3.
Fig. 4-18 Structure of OFDM Segment for Differential Modulation
-36-
Table 4-5 Carrier Allocation of CP, AC, and TMCC for Differential Modulation
Segment Number
CP
AC1_1
AC1_2
AC2_1
AC2_2
AC2_3
AC2_4
TMCC 1
TMCC 2
TMCC 3
TMCC 4
TMCC 5
11
0
10
28
3
45
59
77
13
50
70
83
87
9
0
53
83
3
15
40
58
25
63
73
80
93
7
0
61
100
29
41
84
93
4
7
17
51
71
5
0
11
101
28
45
81
91
36
48
55
59
86
3
0
20
40
23
63
85
105
10
28
44
47
54
1
0
74
100
30
81
92
103
7
25
47
60
87
0
0
35
79
3
72
85
89
49
61
96
99
104
2
0
76
97
5
18
57
92
31
39
47
65
72
4
0
4
89
13
93
98
102
16
30
37
74
83
6
0
40
89
72
95
100
105
5
10
21
44
61
8
0
8
64
36
48
52
74
78
82
85
98
102
10
0
7
89
25
30
42
104
34
48
54
70
101
12
0
98
101
10
30
55
81
23
37
51
68
105
8
0
76
97
112
197
5
18
57
92
108
121
201
206
210
31
39
47
65
72
124
138
145
182
191
10
0
40
89
116
172
72
95
100
105
108
144
156
160
182
5
10
21
44
61
186
190
193
206
210
12
0
7
89
206
209
25
30
42
104
108
118
138
163
189
34
48
54
70
101
131
145
159
176
213
(a) Carrier Allocation of CP, AC, and TMCC for Mode 1

Segment Number
CP
AC1_1
AC1_2
AC1_3
AC1_4
AC2_1
AC2_2
AC2_3
AC2_4
AC2_5
AC2_6
AC2_7
AC2_8
AC2_9
TMCC 1
TMCC 2
TMCC 3
TMCC 4
TMCC 5
TMCC 6
TMCC 7
TMCC 8
TMCC 9
TMCC 10
11
0
10
28
161
191
3
45
59
77
108
111
123
148
166
13
50
70
83
87
133
171
181
188
201
9
0
61
100
119
209
29
41
84
93
108
136
153
189
199
4
7
17
51
71
144
156
163
167
194
7
0
20
40
182
208
23
63
85
105
108
138
189
200
211
10
28
44
47
54
115
133
155
168
195
5
0
35
79
184
205
3
72
85
89
108
113
126
165
200
49
61
96
99
104
139
147
155
173
180
3
0
4
89
148
197
13
93
98
102
108
180
203
208
213
16
30
37
74
83
113
118
129
152
169
1
0
8
64
115
197
36
48
52
74
108
133
138
150
212
78
82
85
98
102
142
156
162
178
209
0
0
98
101
118
136
10
30
55
81
108
111
153
167
185
23
37
51
68
105
121
158
178
191
195
2
0
53
83
169
208
3
15
40
58
108
137
149
192
201
25
63
73
80
93
112
115
125
159
179
4
0
11
101
128
148
28
45
81
91
108
131
171
193
213
36
48
55
59
86
118
136
152
155
162
6
0
74
100
143
187
30
81
92
103
108
111
180
193
197
7
25
47
60
87
157
169
204
207
212
(b) Carrier Allocation of CP, AC, and TMCC for Mode 2
-37-
Segment Number
CP
AC1_1
AC1_2
AC1_3
AC1_4
AC1_5
AC1_6
AC1_7
AC1_8
AC2_1
AC2_2
AC2_3
AC2_4
AC2_5
AC2_6
AC2_7
AC2_8
AC2_9
AC2_10
AC2_11
AC2_12
AC2_13
AC2_14
AC2_15
AC2_16
AC2_17
AC2_18
AC2_19
TMCC 1
TMCC 2
TMCC 3
TMCC 4
TMCC 5
TMCC 6
TMCC 7
TMCC 8
TMCC 9
TMCC 10
TMCC 11
TMCC 12
TMCC 13
TMCC 14
TMCC 15
TMCC 16
TMCC 17
TMCC 18
TMCC 19
TMCC 20
11
0
10
28
161
191
277
316
335
425
3
45
59
77
108
111
123
148
166
216
245
257
300
309
324
352
369
405
415
13
50
70
83
87
133
171
181
188
201
220
223
233
267
287
360
372
379
383
410
9
0
20
40
182
208
251
295
400
421
23
63
85
105
108
138
189
200
211
216
219
288
301
305
324
329
342
381
416
10
28
44
47
54
115
133
155
168
195
265
277
312
315
320
355
363
371
389
396
7
0
4
89
148
197
224
280
331
413
13
93
98
102
108
180
203
208
213
216
252
264
268
290
324
349
354
366
428
16
30
37
74
83
113
118
129
152
169
294
298
301
314
318
358
372
378
394
425
5
0
98
101
118
136
269
299
385
424
10
30
55
81
108
111
153
167
185
216
219
231
256
274
324
353
365
408
417
23
37
51
68
105
121
158
178
191
195
241
279
289
296
309
328
331
341
375
395
3
0
11
101
128
148
290
316
359
403
28
45
81
91
108
131
171
193
213
216
246
297
308
319
324
327
396
409
413
36
48
55
59
86
118
136
152
155
162
223
241
263
276
303
373
385
420
423
428
1
0
76
97
112
197
256
305
332
388
5
18
57
92
108
121
201
206
210
216
288
311
316
321
324
360
372
376
398
31
39
47
65
72
124
138
145
182
191
221
226
237
260
277
402
406
409
422
426
0
0
7
89
206
209
226
244
377
407
25
30
42
104
108
118
138
163
189
216
219
261
275
293
324
327
339
364
382
34
48
54
70
101
131
145
159
176
213
229
266
286
299
303
349
387
397
404
417
2
0
61
100
119
209
236
256
398
424
29
41
84
93
108
136
153
189
199
216
239
279
301
321
324
354
405
416
427
4
7
17
51
71
144
156
163
167
194
226
244
260
263
270
331
349
371
384
411
4
0
35
79
184
205
220
305
364
413
3
72
85
89
108
113
126
165
200
216
229
309
314
318
324
396
419
424
429
49
61
96
99
104
139
147
155
173
180
232
246
253
290
299
329
334
345
368
385
6
0
8
64
115
197
314
317
334
352
36
48
52
74
108
133
138
150
212
216
226
246
271
297
324
327
369
383
401
78
82
85
98
102
142
156
162
178
209
239
253
267
284
321
337
374
394
407
411
(c) Carrier Allocation of CP, AC, and TMCC for Mode 3
-38-
8
0
53
83
169
208
227
317
344
364
3
15
40
58
108
137
149
192
201
216
244
261
297
307
324
347
387
409
429
25
63
73
80
93
112
115
125
159
179
252
264
271
275
302
334
352
368
371
378
10
0
74
100
143
187
292
313
328
413
30
81
92
103
108
111
180
193
197
216
221
234
273
308
324
337
417
422
426
7
25
47
60
87
157
169
204
207
212
247
255
263
281
288
340
354
361
398
407
12
0
40
89
116
172
223
305
422
425
72
95
100
105
108
144
156
160
182
216
241
246
258
320
324
334
354
379
405
5
10
21
44
61
186
190
193
206
210
250
264
270
286
317
347
361
375
392
429
4.8.2 OFDM Segment-Frame for Coherent Modulation

As an example, OFDM segment-frame for coherent modulation (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM) is shown
about Mode 1 in Fig. 4-18 .
0
1
2
3
4
Carrier Number
7
8
9 10 11 12
Nc-1
SP
S0,0
S1,0
S2,0
S3,0
S4,0
S5,0
S6,0
S7,0
S8,0
S9,0
S10,0
SP
SNc-1,0
S0,1
S1,1
S2,1
SP
S3,1
S4,1
S5,1
S6,1
S7,1
S8,1
S9,1
S10,1
S11,1
S Nc-1,1
S0,2
S1,2
S2,2
S3,2
S4,2
S5,2
SP
S6,2
S7,2
S8,2
S9,2
S10,2
S11,2
S Nc-1,2
S0,3
S1,3
S2,3
S3,3
S4,3
S5,3
S6,3
S7,3
S8,3
SP
S9,3
S10,3
S11,3
S Nc-1,3
SP
S0,4
S1,4
S2,4
S3,4
S4,4
S5,4
S6,4
S7,4
S8,4
S9,4
S10,4
SP
S Nc-1,4
SP
S Nc-1,5
S Nc-1,6
200
201
202
203
AC (AC1)
TMCC
OFDM-Symbol number
S Nc-1,7
SP
S0,201
S1,201
S2,201
SP
S3,201
S4,201
S5,201
S6,201
S7,201
S8,201
S Nc-1,201
S0,202
S1,202
S2,202
S3,202
S4,202
S5,202
SP
S6,202
S7,202
S8,202
S Nc-1,202
S0,203
S1,203
S2,203
S3,203
S4,203
S5,203
S6,203
S7,203
S8,203
SP
S Nc-1,203
where, Si,j denotes the complex data in the data segment after time and frequency interleaving.
SP (Scattered Pilot) is inserted in every 12 carriers and in every 4 OFDM symbols.
Allocation of AC and TMCC is shown in Table 4-6.
Nc = 108 for Mode 1, Nc = 216 for Mode 2, and Nc = 432 for Mode 3.
Fig. 4-19 Structure of OFDM Segment for Coherent Modulation
-39-
Table 4-6 Carrier Allocation of AC and TMCC for Coherent Modulation

Segment
Number
AC1_1
AC1_2
TMCC 1
11
10
12
10
28
70
53
83
25
61
100
17
11
101
86
20
40
44
74
100
47
35
79
49
76
97
31
4
89
83
40
89
61
8
64
85
7
89
101
98
101
23
(a) Carrier Allocation of AC and TMCC for Mode 1
Segment
Number
AC1_1
AC1_2
AC1_3
AC1_4
TMCC 1
TMCC 2
11
10
12
10
28
161
191
70
133
61
100
119
209
17
194
20
40
182
208
44
155
35
79
184
205
49
139
4
89
148
197
83
169
8
64
115
197
85
209
98
101
118
136
23
178
53
83
169
208
25
125
11
101
128
148
86
152
74
100
143
187
47
157
76
97
112
197
31
191
40
89
116
172
61
193
7
89
206
209
101
131
(b) Carrier Allocation of AC and TMCC for Mode 2
Segment
Number
AC1_1
AC1_2
AC1_3
AC1_4
AC1_5
AC1_6
AC1_7
AC1_8
TMCC 1
TMCC 2
TMCC 3
TMCC 4
11
10
12
10
28
161
191
277
316
335
425
70
133
233
410
20
40
182
208
251
295
400
421
44
155
265
355
4
89
148
197
224
280
331
413
83
169
301
425
98
101
118
136
269
299
385
424
23
178
241
341
11
101
128
148
290
316
359
403
86
152
263
373
76
97
112
197
256
305
332
388
31
191
277
409
7
89
206
209
226
244
377
407
101
131
286
349
61
100
119
209
236
256
398
424
17
194
260
371
35
79
184
205
220
305
364
413
49
139
299
385
8
64
115
197
314
317
334
352
85
209
239
394
53
83
169
208
227
317
344
364
25
125
302
368
74
100
143
187
292
313
328
413
47
157
247
407
40
89
116
172
223
305
422
425
61
193
317
347
(c) Carrier Allocation of AC and TMCC for Mode 3
-40-
4.8.3 Modulation Schemes for Pilots

Every carrier of four kinds of pilots is DBPSK-modulated and conveys the information dedicated for
each pilot.
(a) Scattered Pilot (SP)
The scattered pilots are modulated according to a PBRS sequence, Wi, corresponding to their carrier
index i. Amplitude of Wi is boosted as shown in table 4-8. The PBRS sequence is generated
according to Fig. 4-20. Initial values of the register are defined for every segment as shown in table
4-7.
Degree: 0
10
Output = Wi
g(x) = x11 + x9 + 1
Fig. 4-20 Generation of PRBS Sequence
Table 4-7 Initial Sets of PRBS Register

Segment
Initial Sets for Mode 1
Number (Degree from 0 to 10 in Fig. 4-20) (Degree from 0 to 10 in Fig. 4-20) (Degree from 0 to 10 in Fig. 4-20)
11
11111111111
11111111111
11111111111
9
11011001111
01101011110
11011100101
7
01101011110
11011100101
10010100000
5
01000101110
11001000010
01110001001
3
11011100101
10010100000
00100011001
1
00101111010
00001011000
11100110110
0
11001000010
01110001001
00100001011
2
00010000100
00000100100
11100111101
4
10010100000
00100011001
01101010011
6
11110110000
01100111001
10111010010
8
00001011000
11100110110
01100010010
10
10100100111
00101010001
11110100101
12
01110001001
00100001011
00010011100
Table 4-8 Boosted Power Level of Pilots

Wi
1
0
Complex Value of Pilot Signal (I, Q)

(-4/3, 0)
(+4/3, 0)
-41-
(b) Continual pilot

The continual pilots are modulated in the same way as scattered pilots. The modulation phase of the
continual pilots is constant in all symbols.
(c) TMCC
The reference bit for differential modulation is the first bit of TMCC data, and its value is also
governed by Wi. Information bits of B1 to B203 are differential-coded to B0 to B203 by the next
algorithm.
B0 = Wi
Initialization bit for the DBPSK modulation
Bk = Bk-1 Bk :
k=1, 203, indicates exclusive OR
Coded bit B=0,1 are converted to (+4/3,0),(-4/3,0).
(d) AC
The modulation scheme for AC is the same as that of TMCC. In the case of no ancillary information,
1 is applied for Bk as a stuffing bit.
4.8.4 Transmission Spectrum
All thirteen segments are numbered in accordance with Fig. 4-21. The differential modulation
segments and coherent modulation segments shall be positioned from inner segment to outer segment
in order of segment number. An example is also shown in Fig. 4-21 for three-layer hierarchical
transmission.
Table 6-9 Complex Value of Continual Pilot for Higher Edge of Whole Bandwidth
Mode
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Segment
No. 11
Segment
No. 9
Segment
No. 7
Segment
No. 5
Segment
No. 3
Complex Value of Pilot Signal (I, Q)

(-4/3, 0)
(-4/3, 0)
(+4/3, 0)
Segment
No. 1
Segment
No. 0
Segment
No. 2
Segment
No. 4
Segment
No. 6
Segment
No. 8
Segment
No. 10
Segment
No. 12
Coherent
Coherent
Coherent Differential Differential Differential
Partial
Differential Differential Differential Coherent
Coherent
Coherent
Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation Reception Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Segment
Fig. 4-21 Segment Number and Example of Segment Allocation in Transmission Spectrum
-42-
4.9
RF signal Format
The emitted signal is described by the following expression:
s (t ) = Re e j 2 f c t
n =0
K 1
c(n, k ) (n, k , t )
k =0
where,
j 2 k TuKc (t Tg nTs )
e
(n, k , t ) =
0
nTs t < (n + 1)Ts

t < nTs,
(n + 1 )Ts t
where:
k
denotes the carrier index numbered from 0th carrier of the 11th;
denotes the OFDM symbol number;
is the number of transmitted carriers (Mode 1: 1405, Mode 2: 2809, Mode 2: 5617);
Ts
is the symbol duration (= Tg + Tu);
Tg
is the duration of the guard interval;
Tu
is the duration of effective symbol;
fc
is the center frequency of RF signal;
Kc
is the carrier index of the center frequency of RF signal

(Mode 1: Kc = 702, Mode 2: Kc = 1404, Mode 3: Kc = 2808);
c(n,k) is complex data of n-th OFDM-symbol carried by k-th carrier number;

s(t)
4.10
is an RF signal.
Insertion of Guard Interval
A guard interval is inserted as shown in Fig. 4-22 where a replica of back-end data from IFFT is
placed in front of effective symbol data. The length of the replica corresponds to the duration of the
guard interval.
Output Data of IFFT
Guard
Interval
Output Data of IFFT

Guard
Interval
Fig. 4-22 Guard Interval
-43-
4.11
Relationship between Data-Flow and Clock
A relationship between data-flow and clock is shown in Fig. 4-22. The number n represents the
number of bits used in quantization of I-axis and Q-axis data.
Transmission condition: Two-layer hierarchical transmission of A and B, 1/8 symbol guard interval
Mode
Layer
A
B
Modulation
DQPSK
64-QAM
Inner coding rate

1/2
7/8
Number of segments
5
8
3264 clocks = 50.2 s

Inner Coder
Rate 1/2
Inner Coder
Rate 7/8
Layer A (DQPSK 1/2)

8 Fs
Layer B (64QAM 7/8)

1866
clocks
S/P
1865
clocks
1865
clocks
S/P
1632 clocks = 50.2 s
2 Fs
(16QAM)
4/3 Fs
(64QAM)
DQPSK
Layer A (4 Fs)
4 Fs
(DQPSK,
QPSK)
Layer B (4/3 Fs)

311
clocks
310
clocks
311
clocks
1632 clocks = 50.2 s
64QAM
Layer A (4 Fs)
Layer B (4/3 Fs)
n2
n2
311
clocks
310
clocks
311
clocks
Synthesis, Rate Conversion

n2
Time and Frequency Interleaver
1 OFDM Symbol = 2048 clocks

Fs
Layer A and B (Fs)

480 clocks
768 clocks
800 clocks

n2
OFDM Frame Structure
Layer A and B (Fs)

480 clocks
768 clocks
800 clocks

n2
IFFT
Layer A and B (Fs)

540 clocks
864 clocks
643 clocks
1 clock
Fig. 4-22 Example of Transmission Signal Flow
-44-
5.
Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control (TMCC)
The TMCC signal conveys the information on layer-configuration of hierarchical transmission, such
as layer-properties and change of them. TMCC carrier allocation is shown in tables 4-5and 4-6.
5.1
TMCC Transmission Format
The 204 bits of B0 to B203 per carrier are assigned as shown in table 5-1.
Table 5-1 Bit Assignment for TMCC
B0
B1 - B16
B17 - B19
B20 - B121
B122 - B203
5.2
Initialization bit for the DBPSK modulation

Synchronization word (w0 = 0011010111101110, w1 = 1100101000010001)
Segment Descriptor (Deferential Modulation: 111, Coherent Modulation: 000)
TMCC Information (102 bits, See Table 5-2)
Parity Bits
Reference to Differential Demodulation
The references of phase and amplitude for demodulation are given also with Wi according to Table
6-8.
5.3
Synchronization of TMCC
A 16-bit synchronization sequence takes w0 and w1 (the inverse of w0) in turn in every frame.
Where:
5.4
w0
is [ 0011010111101110 ];
w1
is [ 1100101000010001 ].
Segment Type Identification
Differential modulation segment is identified with the ID of 111 and coherent modulation segment
is identified with the ID of 000.
-45-
5.5
TMCC Information
The TMCC information composed of system descriptor, count-down index, switch-on flag for alert
broadcasting, current configuration and next configuration.
Table 5-2 shows bit assignment for TMCC information. Table 5-3 shows contents of transmission
parameters. The 87 bits of 102 whole bits are used as shown at present. The remaining 15 bits are
reserved for future use, and should be set to 1.
Table 5-2 Bit Assignment for TMCC Information

Bits B20 - B121
B20 - B21
B22 - B25
B26
B27
B28 - B40
B41 - B53
B54 - B66
B67
B68 - B80
B81 - B93
B94 - B106
B107 - B121
Number
of Bits
2
4
1
1
13
13
13
1
13
13
13
15
Purpose/Content
Reference
System Descriptor
Count Down Index
Switch-on Control Flag used for Alert Broadcasting
Partial-Reception Flag
Current
Transmission Parameters for Layer A
Configuration
Transmission Parameters for Layer B
Information
Transmission Parameters for Layer C
Partial-Reception Flag
Next
Transmission Parameters for Layer A
Configuration
Transmission Parameters for Layer B
Information
Transmission Parameters for Layer C
Reserved for Future Use
Table 5-4
Table 5-5
Table 5-6
Table 5-7
Table 5-3 Transmission Parameters

Modulation
Code Rate
Time Interleaving
Number of Segments
Number of Bits
3
3
3
4
-46-
Reference
Table 5-8
Table 5-9
Table 5-10
Table 5-11
Table 5-3
Table 5-7
Table 5-3
All set to 1
5.5.1 System Identification

System is identified with 2 bits. The ID of 00 is assigned for the system described by this
specification. Remaining IDs are reserved.
Table 5-4 System Descriptor

B20 - B21
00
01, 10, 11
System
ISDB-T using 13 Segments
Reserved
5.5.2 Index for Transmission Parameter Change

By counting down the index for transmission parameter change, the change timing is informed to the
receiver. The count down starts from 15 OFDM frames before a change. It should be noted that the
next of index 0000 is 1111. The change shall be carried out at the time when the framesynchronization word is transmitted following the index of 0000. In other words, new transmission
parameters shall be applied to receivers from the frame at which the index returns to 1111.
Table 5-5 Count-Down Index

B22 - B25
1111
1110
1101
1100
:
0010
0001
0000
Meaning
Ordinary
15 Frames before Changing Transmission Parameters
:
1 Frame before Changing Transmission Parameters
5.5.3 Activation Flag for Alert Broadcasting

As shown table 5-6, while alert broadcasting continues the flag takes 1, but otherwise the flag takes
0.
Table 5-6 Switch-on Control Flag used for Alert Broadcasting

B26
0
1
Meaning
Ordinary
Switch-on
-47-
5.5.4 Partial Reception Flag

In the case that the central segment is dedicated for partial reception the flag takes 1, but otherwise
the flag takes 0. The layer for partial reception is designated the Layer A as described in sub-clause
4.7. It should be noted that when next configuration-information is not valid the flag takes also 1.
Table 5-7 Partial Reception Flag

B27, B67
0
1
Partial Reception Layer

Un-used
Used
5.5.5 Modulation Scheme

For the identification of modulation schemes, three-bit-words are used as shown table 5-8. In a layer
being not transmitted, the word takes 111. When next configuration-information is not valid, the
word also takes 111.
Table 5-8 Modulation Scheme of OFDM Carrier

000
001
010
011
100 - 110
111
Modulation
DQPSK
QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Reserved
Un-used Layer
-48-
5.5.6 Coding Rate of Inner Code

For the identification of the coding rate of convolutional codes, three-bit-words are used as shown in
Table 5-9. In a layer being not transmitted, the word takes 111. When next configurationinformation is not valid, the word also takes 111.
Table 5-9 Code Rate of Inner Code

000
001
010
011
100
101 - 110
111
Code Rate
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8
Reserved
Un-used Layer
5.5.7 Length of Time Interleaving

For the identification of the length of time interleaving, three-bit-words are used as shown table 5-10.
In a layer being not transmitted, the word takes 111. When next configuration-information is not
valid, the word also takes 111.
Table 5-10 Time Interleaving

Time Interleaving Parameter I *1
000
0 (Mode 1), 0 (Mode 2), 0 (Mode 3)
001
4 (Mode 1), 2 (Mode 2), 1 (Mode 3)
010
8 (Mode 1), 4 (Mode 2), 2 (Mode 3)
011
16 (Mode 1), 8 (Mode 2), 4 (Mode 3)
100
32 (Mode 1), 16 (Mode 2), 8 (Mode 3)
101 - 110
Reserved
111
Un-used Layer
*1: See Table 4-3
-49-
5.5.8 Number of Segments

To indicate the number used for each hierarchy, three-bit-words are used as shown table 5-11. In a
layer being not transmitted, the word takes 111. When next configuration-information is not valid,
the word also takes 111.
Table 5-11 Number of Segments

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
5.6
Number of Segments used in the Layer

Reserved
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Reserved
Un-used Layer
Channel Coding for TMCC Information
Except for the synchronization bits, information bits B20 to B121 are coded by (184,102) shortened
code, derived from the original CDSC (273,191) code.
Code generator polynomial:
g ( x ) = x 82 + x 77 + x 76 + x 71 + x 67 + x 66 + x 56 + x 52 + x 48
+ x 40 + x 36 + x 34 + x 24 + x 22 + x 18 + x10 + x 4 + 1
5.7
Modulation of TMCC Carriers
TMCC carriers are modulated in the DBPSK scheme (refer to sec. 4-8-3(c)).
-50-
6.
Auxiliary Channel (AC )
The auxiliary channel (AC) is provided for ancillary data besides the broadcasting channel that is
transmitting video, audio and data by MPEG-2 TS. It has two sub-channels: AC1 and AC2, whose
allocations are shown tables 4-5 and 4-6.
It should be noted that the channel coding schemes for the AC will be specified after the application
of the AC channel has been determined.
6.1
Transmission Capacity
The modulation scheme for AC is DBPSK as described in section 6. Except for the first symbol used
for the phase reference, each AC carrier can convey 203 bits per frame. The transmission capacities of
AC1 and AC2 are shown in tables 6-1 and 6-2.
It should be noted that the capacity of AC2 depends on the number of differential modulation
segments.
Table 6-1 Transmission Rates of AC1

Number of
Segments
1
13
Number of
AC1 Carriers
(Mode 1/ 2/ 3)
(2 / 4 / 8)
(26 / 52 / 104)
Transmission Rates (kbps)

Guard Interval Guard Interval
Rate 1/4
Rate 1/8
6.31
7.02
82.13
91.26
Guard Interval
Rate 1/16
7.43
96.62
Guard Interval
Rate 1/32
7.65
99.55
Table 6-2 Transmission Rates of AC2 per Segment

Number of
Mode
Segments
1
1
2
3
Transmission Rates (kbps)

Number of
AC2 Carriers Guard Interval Guard Interval Guard Interval Guard Interval
Rate 1/4
Rate 1/8
Rate 1/16
Rate 1/32
4
12.63
14.04
14.86
15.31
9
14.21
15.79
16.72
17.23
19
15.00
16.67
17.65
18.18
-51-
Receiving System
This section describes the block diagrams of the receiver and the model receiver that prescribe the
algorithm used for making the multiplex frame.
7.1
Functional Block Diagram
Examples of the block diagrams of an ISDB-T receiver are shown in Fig. 7-1.
FFT
OFDM
Frame
Decoder
Differential
Demodulator
QPSK
Demapping
Frequency
DeInterleaver
Time
DeInterleaver
Splitter
Coherent
Demodulator
TMCC
Decoder
De-Punctured
Synthesis
64QAM
Demapping
Splitter
Bit DeInterleaver
Bit DeInterleaver
Control Signal
De-Punctured
De-Punctured
16QAM
Demapping
Bit DeInterleaver
Synthesis
and
TransmissionTSP
Regenerator
Viterbi
Decoder
Splitter
Byte DeInterleaver
Energy
Dispersal
Byte DeInterleaver
Energy
Dispersal
Byte DeInterleaver
Energy
Dispersal
Synthesis
RS (204,188)
Decoder
TS
Fig. 7-1 Functional Block Diagrams of Receiver

After FFT processing, data are read out in turn from the 0th segment to the 13th segment at the OFDM
frame decoder. The data led to two demodulators by TMCC are demodulated in a differential
demodulator or coherent demodulator. Then the frequency and time de-interleaving processes are
carried out.
-52-
A functional block diagram of the partial reception receiver is shown in Fig. 7-2. It can receive the
central segment independently of other segments.
FFT
OFDM
Frame
Decoder
Differential
Demodulator
QPSK
Demapping
Frequency
DeInterleaver
Time
DeInterleaver
Coherent
Demodulator
TMCC
Decoder
16QAM
Demapping
Bit DeInterleaver
64QAM
Demapping
Control Signal
De-Punctured
TransmissionTSP
Regenerator
Viterbi
Decoder
Byte DeInterleaver
Energy
Dispersal
RS (204,188)
Decoder
Fig. 7-2 Functional Block Diagram of One-Segment Receiver
-53-
TS
7.2
Model Receiver for Composition of Multiplex Frame
The allocation of TSPs in the multiplex frame should be determined in accordance with the operation
of a model receiver to reproduce TS. The concept of the receiver is shown in figure 7-3.
FFT
Differential Demodulator
Coherent Demodulator
Time and Frequency

De-interleaver
Layer A
Layer-Buffer
De-Punctured
TS-Buffer
Layer B
Splitter
De-Punctured
Layer-Buffer
De-Punctured
Layer-Buffer
S1
Synthesis
S3
S2
Null-TSP
TS-Buffer
S2
Null-TSP
Layer C
TS
Regenerato
r
TS
Regenerato
r
S4
Viterbi
Decode
r
Fig. 7-3 Model Receiver for Multiplex Frame Pattern
7.2.1 Input Stream to Splitter

After the demodulation and de-interleaving processes, the signal is input to the splitter in order of
segment number and carrier number (from low to high frequency, except for pilots) within a segment.
It should be noted that delay compensation between the processing time of differential demodulation
and that of coherent demodulation is necessary in the demodulation block.
An example of the order of segment data that flow to the splitter is shown in figure 7-4, where clock
denotes the FFT sampling clock. In this case, the transmission parameters are as follows.
Mode
Guard Interval Ratio
Hierarchy
Layer A
Layer B
1
1/8
2
DQPSK, Coding Rate = 1/2, 5 Segments
64QAM, Coding Rate = 7/8, 8 Segments
1 OFDM Symbol Duration = 2304 Clocks

96 Clocks
Segment #0
Carrier #0
Segment #4
Carrier #1
Layer A (5 Segments)
Segment #5
Segment #12
Carrier #95
Layer B (8 Segments)
Fig. 7-4 Input Stream to Splitter
-54-
No-Signal Period
In an OFDM-symbol duration, the data of 480 (=96useful 5segment) carriers are input to layer A,
then the data of 768 (=96 8) carriers are input to the B layers position, and finally the no-signal
period equivalent to 1056 carriers follows. Here, the no-signal period corresponds to the sum of the
guard interval and processing time for pilot carriers and remaining samples of 2k-FFT. This multiplex
frame pattern repeats 204 times in an OFDM frame.
7.2.2 Operation of Splitter to Viterbi Decoder

Data split into each layer are de-punctured and stored in each layers buffer. It is assumed that the
processing times are the same for each layer and zero in the model receiver.
When the k-th symbol data in one multiplex frame are input to the de-punctured block of layer X, the
number of bits Bx,k being stored in the buffer of layer X is as follows.
BX,k =2 ([k SX RX] - [(k-1) SX RX])
where [ ] denotes the calculation of rounded-down decimals, Rx denotes the coding the rate of the X
layers convolutional code, and Sx depends on the modulation scheme as shown in table 7-1.
Table 7-1 Values of Sx
Modulation
DQPSK/QPSK
16QAM
64QAM
Sx
2
4
6
When one packets data of 408 bytes are stored in a hierarchy buffer, switch S1 is active and the data
are transferred to a TS buffer. This transfer is assumed to be instantaneous.
The TS regeneration block looks up a TS buffer every TS packet period of 408 clocks, whether or not
more than one packets are stored. When more than one packets data are stored, switch S2 is
connected to the buffer and one packets data are read out. And when no data are stored in the TS
buffer, S2 is connected to null RS-TSP, and a null packet is read out.
Switch S3 switches the TS regeneration block to which the data are transferred from the layer
synthesis block at the head of the OFDM frame(in the case of Mode 1). Following switch S3, switch
S4 switches the TS regeneration block that delivers the data to the Viterbi decoder at three packetperiods (408 3 clocks) later to the change of S3.
For Mode 2, the switching period of switches S3 and S4 is half an OFDM frame (102 OFDM
symbols), and for Mode 3, it is a quarter of an OFDM frame (51 OFDM symbols).
-55-

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SPECIFICATION OF CHANNEL CODING,

Channel Coding ..................................................................................................................... 15

Functional Block Diagram of Channel Coding ............................................................................ 15

Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control (TMCC) ............................................ 45

Auxiliary Channel (AC )........................................................................................................ 51

Receiving System .................................................................................................................. 52

(a) Diagram of Transmitter

(b) Diagram of Receiver

1.2.1 Transmission Bandwidths of ISDB-T

1.2.2 Hierarchical Transmission

1.2.3 Partial Reception

1.2.4 Multiplex for Hierarchical Transmission

OFDM Frame Structure

Wide band ISDB-T Receiver

Narrow band ISDB-T Receiver

Fig. 1-2 Example Diagram of Hierarchical Transmission and Partial Reception

1.3.1 ISDB-T for 6 MHz

Table 1-1 Segment Parameters for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

63 s (1/4), 31.5 s (1/8),

126 s (1/4), 63 s (1/8),

252 s (1/4), 126 s (1/8),

64.26 ms (1/4), 57.834 ms (1/8),

128.52 ms (1/4), 115.668 ms (1/8),

257.04 ms (1/4), 231.336 ms (1/8),

FFT sample clock

Table 1-2 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

Table 1-3 Information Rates for ISDB-T (6 MHz)

Information Rates (kbps)

(b) Information Rates for 13 Segments*1

1.3.2 ISDB-T for 7 MHz

108 s (1/4), 54 s (1/8),

Table 1-5 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (7 MHz)

Number of Segments for

500/216 = 2.3614 kHz

Table 1-6 Information Rates

Information Rates (kbps)

(b) Information Rates for 13 Segments*1

1.3.3 ISDB-T for 8 MHz

94.5 s (1/4), 47.25 s (1/8),

189 s (1/4), 94.5 s (1/8),

96.39 ms (1/4), 86.751 ms (1/8),

Table 1-8 Transmission Parameters for ISDB-T (8MHz)

Number of Segments for

500/189 = 2.645 kHz

Table 1-9 Information Rates

Information Rates (kbps)

(b) Information Rates for 13 Segments*1

Information Rates (Mbps)

Auxiliary transmission channel for ancillary information in the OFDM

Coherent Modulation A group of Data Segments to be transmitted by QPSK, 16QAM, Modulation

Pilot contained in OFDM segments of Differential Modulation scheme

An information data group corresponding to an OFDM segment: a unit in

A group of Data Segments to be transmitted by DQPSK modulation

Transmission of groups of OFDM segments, which have different parameter

Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting (DTB) System defined in this Specification

A TSP having a PID=0x1FFF prescribed in MPEG-2 systems

Transmission frame of 204 OFDM symbols

Data Segment accompanied with Pilots, which is transmitted in the

Reception of only a central segment transmitted in ISDB-T transmission

Pilot contained in OFDM Segments of coherent modulation scheme

Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control-Pilot contained in all