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Abstract
In contrast to the few existing theoretical models (Highsmith and Reifsnider, ASTM STP 1986;907:233251; Hashin, Trans ASME J Appl
Mech 1987;54:872879; Daniel and Tsai, Comp Eng 1991;1(6):355362; Tsai and Daniel, Int J Solid Structures 1992;29(24)32513267;
Henaff-Gardin et al., Comp Structures 1996;36:113130; 1996;36:131140), based on the consideration of a repeated laminate element
defined by the intersecting pairs of transverse cracks and splits, the new approach for evaluating the stiffness degradation in [0m/90n]s
laminates due to matrix cracking both in the 908 (transverse cracking) and 08 (splitting) plies employs the Equivalent Constraint Model
(Fan and Zhang, Composites Science and Technology 1993;47:291298). It also uses an improved 2-D shear lag analysis (Zhang et al.,
Composites 1992;23(5):291298; 1992;23(5):299304) for determination of stress field in the cracked or split lamina and In-situ Damage
Effective Functions for description of stiffness degradation. Reduced stiffness properties of the damaged lamina are found to depend
explicitly upon the crack density of that lamina and implicitly upon the crack density of the neighbouring lamina. Theoretical predictions
for carbon and glass fibre reinforced plastic cross-ply laminates with matrix cracking in the 908 ply revealed significant reduction in the
Poissons ratio and shear modulus due to additional damage (splitting) in the 08 ply. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cross-ply composite laminates
1. Introduction
Matrix cracking has long been recognised as the first
damage mode observed in composite laminates under static
and fatigue tensile loading. It does not necessarily result in
the immediate catastrophic failure of the laminate and therefore can be tolerated. However, its presence causes stiffness
reduction and can be detrimental to the strength of the
laminate. It also triggers the development of other harmful
resin-dominated damage modes, such as edge and local
delaminations, which can cause fibre-breakage in the
primary load-bearing plies.
Since the early 1970s transverse cracking in composite
laminates has been the subject of extensive research, both
theoretical and experimental. A number of theories have
appeared in an attempt to predict initiation of transverse
cracking and describe its effect on the stiffness properties
of the laminate, among them theories based on the selfconsistent method [1], variational principles [2,3],
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 144-0171-594-5070; fax: 144-0171-5848120.
E-mail address: c.soutis@ic.ac.uk (C. Soutis).
1359-835X/00/$ - see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S1359-835 X( 99)00 077-9
336
2. Theoretical modelling
In the current model, transverse cracks and splits in a
[0m/90n]s laminate are assumed to be spaced uniformly and
to span the full thickness and width of the 90 and 08 plies.
The assumption of the uniform spacing, crucial for theoretical modelling as it allows to solve the problem via analysis
of a representative element, was shown by many researches
to be justified from an engineering point of view. A
schematic of the cross-ply laminate containing bi-directional cracks is shown in Fig. 1. Spacings between splits
337
Fig. 2. Equivalent constraint model (ECM) of a damaged lamina: (a) initial laminate; (b) ECMk.
338
i 1; 2; 3; k 1; 2; m 1; 2
k; m 1; 2 k m
{sm;k } C^ k {em;k };
tj
d m;k
s~ jm 1 21k
0;
hk
dxm
m 1; 2; j 1; 2; k 1; 2
i; j 1; 2; x h1 =h2 5
;
6
7
~
s
~
0
e
Q
Q
2
22
2
4 12
5>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
m : m ; m ;
: s~ m;m ;
e~ 6
0
0
Q^ 66
6
8
8
9 2
3 m;k 9
m; k >
^ k Q^ k
>
>
6
s
~
0
Q
>
> e~ 1 >
>
>
1
12
>
>
>
<
<
= 6 11
=
7>
6 ^ k ^ k
7 m;k
0 7
Q12 Q22
s~ 2m;k > 6
e~ 2 >;
4
5>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
: s~ m;k ;
0
0
Q^ k : e~ m;k ;
66
m; k 1; 2; k m
where the components of the in-plane stiffness matrix are
related to the elastic moduli of the orthotropic material as
Q^ ijm C^ ijm 2
m ^ m
C^ i3
Cj3
;
C^ m
33
Qijk Cijk 2
k k
Ci3
Cj3
k
C33
km
In doing so, it is assumed that s~ 3m;k 0; k; m 1; 2: The inplane constitutive equations can also be written in the inverse
form as
8
9 2
38 m;m 9
m ; m >
^ m S^ m
>
>
~
e
0
S
>
> s~ 1 >
>
>
1
11
12
>
>
>
<
<
= 6
=
7>
6
7
m ; m
m
m
m;m
^
^
6 S12 S22
;
7 s~ 2
~2
e
0
5>
>
> 4
>
>
>
> m ; m >
> m;m >
>
>
:
:
;
;
e~ 6
s~ 6
0
0 S^ 66
8
8
9 2
9
3
m ; k >
m ; k >
k
k
>
>
8
~
e
s
~
S
0
S
>
>
>
>
1
1
11
12
>
>
> 6
>
<
=
=
7<
6 k
7
k
0 7
e~ 2m;k > 6
s~ 2m;k >;
4 S12 S22
5>
>
>
>
>
>
>
k >
: e~ m;k >
: s~ m;k >
;
;
0
0
S
66
6
6
k; m 1; 2; k m
The boundary conditions on the stress-free crack/split
surfaces are
s~ ijm;m 0;
i; j 1; 2
To determine the in-plane microstresses from the equilibrium equations, Eq. (4), the interface shear stresses tjm
have to be expressed in terms of the in-plane displacements
ujm;k ; j 1; 2: This can be done by averaging the out-ofplane constitutive equations across the lamina thickness and
making an assumption about the variation of either the outof-plane shear stresses or the in-plane displacements. Here,
m;2
s~ j3
tjm
hs
h2 1 hs 2 x3 h2 # ux3 u # h2 1 hs
After some mathematical calculations and equation rearrangements (see Appendix A.1), the interface shear stresses are
obtained as
tj m
Kjm u~ jm;1
u~jm;2
11
^ 2
3G^ 1
j3 Gj3
^ 2
h2 G^ 1
j3 1 1 1 1 2 h=2hh1 Gj3
(^)), therefore, they are the same for ECM1 and ECM2.
When the thickness of the shear layer is equal to the outer
layer thickness, i.e. when hs h1 ; or h 1; Eq. (12) is
reduced to the expression derived in Ref. [12].
The equilibrium equations, Eq. (4), along with expressions for the interface shear stresses, Eq. (10), the laminate
equilibrium equations, Eq. (6), and constitutive equations,
Eq. (8), provide a full set of equations, which are required
for determining the in-plane microstresses s~ jmm;m j; m 1; 2
in the representative segment of the EMCm . For instance,
s~ 1;1
11 can be found from the following set of eight equations
with respect to eight variables
ds~ 1;1
t1
11
2 1 0
dx1
h1
13a
~11;1 2 u~1;2
t1
1 K1 u
1
13b
x1 s~ 1;1
~ 1;2
~ 11
11 1 x2 s
11 s
13c
x1 s~ 1;1
~ 1;2
~ 22
22 1 x2 s
22 s
13d
8
1;1
>
>
< du~1
dx1
>
>
: e 1;1
9
>
>
=
8
1;2
>
>
< du~1
dx1
>
>
: e 1;2
9
>
>
=
10
tjm
x ux u # h2 ; j 1; 2
h2 3 3
12
h hs =h1 ; hs ms t; j 1; 2
Here, G^ k
j3 ; k 1; 2 are the out-of-plane shear moduli of the
kth layer, hs is the thickness of the shear layer, ms is the
number of plies in the shear layer ms hs =t; and t is the
ply thickness, Fig. 4. The presence of aligned microcracks
does not affect the value of the out-of-plane shear moduli
(this fact is emphasised by marking them with a circumflex
339
>
>
;
>
>
;
2
4
S^1
11
S^1
12
2
4
S2
11
S2
12
9
38
1;1 =
<
~
s
S^ 1
12
11
5
;
^S1 : s~ 1;1 ;
13e; f
9
38
< s~ 1;2
=
S2
12
11
5
S2 : s~ 1;2 ;
13g; h
22
22
22
22
14a
m 1; 2
d2 s~ 12m;m
m ; m
2 L2m s~ 12
1 V12m s 12 0
dxm
14b
m
m
m
; V22
and V12
are the laminate
where L1m ; L1m ; V11
constants depending on the layer compliances S^ ijm ;
Sijk ; k m; shear lag parameters Kj and the layer thickness ratio x h1 =h2 : In detail, they are presented in
Appendix A.2. Given the boundary conditions, Eq. (9),
at the crack/split surfaces, solutions to Eq. (14) are
0
1
q
m
x
cosh
L
1 B
m C
1
m
m
m ; m
q AV11
s~ mm
m @1 2
s 11 1 V22
s 22
L1
cosh L1 sm
15a
340
m;m
s~ 12
1
q
m
cosh
L
x
1 B
m C
2
q AV12m s 12
m @ 1 2
L2
cosh L2 sm
15b
Once the in-plane microstresses, Eq. (15), in the explicitly damaged m th layer of the ECMm are known, the
laminate macrostresses can be found as
1 Zsu
s jmm;m
s~ m;m dxm
16
2sm 2 sm jm
2.3. Reduced stiffness properties of a cracked/split layer
The reduced stiffness properties of the layer m , damaged
by transverse cracking or splitting, can be determined by
applying the laminate plate theory to the ECMm after replacing the explicitly damaged layer with an equivalent homogeneous one. The constitutive equations for the
homogeneous layer equivalent to the explicitly damaged
m th layer are
{s m;m } Qm {e m;m }
where the macrostrains are assumed to be
1 Zsu
e j m;m e jm;k e j
e m;k dxm ;
2sm 2 sm j
17
m ^ m
Qmm
Wmm
;
m ^ m
1 1 Wmm Qmm
The in-plane reduced stiffness matrix [Q (m )] of the homogeneous layer equivalent to the m th layer of the ECMm is
related to the in-plane stiffness matrix Q^ m of the undamaged layer via the In-situ Damage Effective Functions
m
as
(IDEFs) L22m ; L66
2 m m
3
m
R^ 11 L22 Q^ 12m L22
0
6
7
6
7
m
m m
^ 22
Qm Q^ m 2 6 Q^ 12m L22
7 19a
R
L
0
22
4
5
m m
^
0
0
Q66 L66
^ 1 2
^ 2 2
^ 1 ; R^ 1 Q12 ; R^ 2 Q12 ; R^ 2 Q^ 2
Q
R^ 1
11
11
22
11
22
22
Q^ 1
Q^ 2
11
22
19b
m
; L66m was introduced in Ref.
The concept of the IDEFs L22
[37] on the basis of results acquired by the general theory of
inhomogeneous media [1,38]. It was proved [38], by means
of the self-consistent method, that the tensor of elastic
compliance {S} of a linearly elastic brittle anisotropic
solid containing microcracks can be represented as a sum
^ of
of two tensors: the tensor of elastic compliance tensor {S}
an undamaged solid and the tensor of additional
compliances {W}, dependent on the configuration and
distribution of microcracks. For a unidirectional fibrous
composite regarded as an effective homogenous orthotropic
medium and aligned microcracks regarded as elliptic
cylindrical cavities, the tensor of additional compliances
m ^ m
W66
Q66
;
m ^ m
11W Q
66
66
20
m 1; 2
From Eq. (19) and the constitutive equations for the m th
m
m
layer of the ECMm , Eq. (17), the IDEFs L22
; L66
can be
expressed as
L1
22 1 2
s 1;1
1
;
1;1
1;1
e
1
Q^ 1
Q^ 1
11 1
12 e 2
L2
22 1 2
s 2;2
2
;
Q^ 2 e 2;2 1 Q^ 2 e 2;2
18
k m; j 1; 2; 6
m
L66
12
m
L66
12
22
21
s 6m;m
m m ; m
Q^ 66
e 6
22
In detail, the closed form expressions for the IDEFs for the
m th layer of the ECMm are
" m #
Dmc
l
m
1 2 m tanh 1mc
D
l1
m
m
" m # ;
L22
12
mc
D
l
m
1 1 a1m m tanh 1mc
Dm
l1
23
" m #
Dmc
l2
m
1 2 m tanh
Dmc
l2
m
m
"
#;
L66
12
m 1; 2
mc
D
l2m
m m
1 1 a2 m tanh
Dmc
l2
m
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.33
0.5
1.0
2.0
Damage
parameter Dmc
2
Dmc
1 0
0.990
0.976
0.953
0.910
0.859
0.813
0.775
0.770
0.992
0.981
0.963
0.928
0.889
0.851
0.801
0.780
0.999
0.993
0.980
0.957
0.928
0.894
0.832
0.795
0.980
0.951
0.907
0.830
0.745
0.661
0.548
0.524
Ref. [2]
Ref. [2]
Refs.
[35,39]
GFRP [0/903]s
GFRP [0/90]s
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
Table 1
Youngs modulus reduction ratio for transversally cracked laminates
0.985
0.963
0.929
0.867
0.799
0.727
0.613
0.553
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
0.999
0.981
0.952
0.899
0.837
0.770
0.637
0.571
Refs.
[35,39]
0.999
0.997
0.994
0.989
0.982
0.975
0.971
0.970
Ref.
[2]
CFRP [0/90]s
0.999
0.998
0.995
0.991
0.986
0.980
0.974
0.971
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.995
0.991
0.986
0.978
0.973
Refs.
[35,39]
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.33
0.5
1.0
2.0
Damage
parameter
Dmc
2
Dmc
1 0
0.990
0.975
0.951
0.907
0.853
0.804
0.762
0.757
0.992
0.980
0.961
0.925
0.882
0.841
0.787
0.765
0.999
0.993
0.980
0.957
0.928
0.894
0.832
0.795
0.980
0.951
0.906
0.829
0.743
0.658
0.542
0.516
Ref. [2]
Refs.
[35,39]
Ref. [2]
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
GFRP [0/903]s
GFRP [0/90]s
Table 2
Youngs modulus reduction ratio for transversally cracked and split laminates
0.985
0.962
0.927
0.863
0.792
0.718
0.602
0.541
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
0.999
0.981
0.952
0.897
0.835
0.766
0.639
0.559
Refs.
[35,39]
0.999
0.997
0.994
0.988
0.982
0.981
0.974
0.968
Ref. [2]
CFRP [0/90]s
0.999
0.997
0.995
0.990
0.984
0.979
0.972
0.969
ECM/2-D
shear lag
approach
0.999
0.999
0.997
0.994
0.990
0.986
0.977
0.971
Refs.
[35,39]
342
M. Kashtalyan, C. Soutis / Composites: Part A 31 (2000) 335351
24
q 2; 6
This system is solved computationally by a direct iterative
procedure, carried out in such a way that the newly calculated IDEFs Lqqm are used to evaluate the reduced stiffness
of the equivalently constrained k th layer repeatedly until
the difference between two iterative steps meets the
prescribed accuracy. As a result, all four IDEFs Lk
qq ; q
2; 6; k 1; 2 are determined as functions of damage paramc
meters Dmc
1 ; D2 : If interaction between damage modes in
different laminae are neglected, IDEFs associated with the
m th layer will depend only on damaged parameters for that
layer.
343
the lower bound than the results [39] based on the model by
Henaff-Gardin et al. [35]. Predictions for CFRP system are
the closest ones, while for GFRP results for the [0/90]s,
laminate are closer than those for the lay-up with a thicker
908 layer, i.e. for [0/903]s.
However, the situation is quite different for the Poissons
ratio. For transverse cracking without splitting (Fig. 5(a)),
the ECM/2-D shear lag approach predicts much greater
reduction in Poissons ratio than Hashins calculations.
This prediction is similar to that in Ref. [39] based on the
model in Ref. [35], though for small values of damage
parameter the results of model [35] are close to those in
Ref. [2]. For transverse cracking and splitting (Fig.
5(b)), Hashin predicts an increase of Poissons ratio
for a [0/90]s lay-up and asymptotic decrease to some
non-zero value for a [0/903]s lay-up, while, according to
ECM/2-D shear lag approach predictions, the Poissons
ratio should decrease almost to zero. The model [35]
predicts decrease in the Poissons ratio, yet the asymptotic value appears to be dependent upon the lay-up: non-zero
for the [0/90]s laminate and zero for the [0/90]s laminate
[39].
The Poissons ratio reduction due to transverse cracking
predicted by the present model has been also compared with
some other, recently developed, theories [40,41]. The properties of unidirectional material (E-glass/epoxy [2]) used for
comparison were taken from Table 3, and the ply thickness
was 0.203 mm. The theory of Pagano and Schoeppner [41]
employs the variational theorem by Reissner [42] to predict
the stress fields in flat laminates. McCartneys theory [40] is
based on the generalised plane strain model of stress transfer, which has been shown to lead to the stationary values of
the Reissner energy functional. It also uses an assumption
that the direct stresses in the 0 and 908 piles are independent
of the through-thickness co-ordinate [40]. The comparison
of results for [0/90]s GFRP laminate [41,43], which was
considered earlier in Refs. [2,32], reveals an excellent
agreement between all three models (Fig. 6). Together
with Fig. 5(a), it indicates that the source of discrepancy
between the present ECM/2-D shear lag approach and
Hashins model is presumably in the latter rather than in
the former one. Indeed, let us consider Eq. (60) in Ref. [2]
for the case of transverse cracking only. Then function c is
equal to zero and the rest of the equation yields that the
reduction of the Poissons ratio is proportional to the
reduction in the Youngs modulus, which is obviously
incorrect.
As far as reduction of shear modulus is concerned, the
present model can be compared to those of Tsai and Daniel
[34], who especially developed it for the description of the
cracked cross-ply laminates under shear loading, and
Henaff-Gardin et al. [35]. It is worth noting that the model
of Tsai and Daniel [34] and the present ECM/2-D shear lag
approach yield exactly the same analytical expression for
the shear modulus reduction ratio due to transverse cracking, if the thickness of the shear layer in the ECM/2-D shear
344
Table 3
Properties of unidirectional materials
Material
Source
EA (GPa)
ET (GPa)
EA (GPa)
ET (GPa)
nA
nT
t (mm)
GFRP (E-glass/epoxy)
CFRP
CFRP (AS4/3501-6)
GFRP (E-glass/epoxy)
CFRP (XAS/914)
Ref. [2]
Ref. [2]
Ref. [34]
Ref. [44]
Ref. [44]
41.7
208.3
145.
40.
145.
13.0
6.5
10.6
10.
9.5
3.40
1.65
6.9
5.
5.6
4.58
2.30
3.7
3.52
3.35
0.300
0.255
0.27
0.3
0.3
0.420
0.413
0.155
0.125
mc
mc
mc
Fig. 5. Poissons ratio as a function of damage parameter Dmc
2 : (a) D1 0 (transverse cracking without splitting); (b) D2 D1 (transverse cracking and
splitting).
345
Fig. 6. Poissons ratio reduction ratio as a function of transverse cracking density C2 2s2 21 for transversally cracked [0/903]s GFRP laminate.
25
rG 1 1 x
Dmc
l1;1
1
tanh 2mc
1;1
D1
l2
"
Dmc
l1;1
1 Dmc
l2;2
1
2
2
2
tanh
1
tanh
mc
mc
2;2
D
x
D
l1;1
l
1
2
2
2
#
21
Dmc
l1;1
l2;2
2
2
2
tanh
tanh
Dmc
Dmc
l2;2
1
2
2
11x
#21
1 Dmc
l2;2
2
1
tanh 2mc
x l2;2
D2
2
26
Dmc
1
l1;1
2
27
It may be seen from Eqs. (26) and (27) that the two
expressions differ by the underlined terms and rpG # rG :
In absence of splitting Dmc
1 0 they are both reduced
to Eq. (25).
Predictions, based on the semi-empirical expression,
Eq. (26), the ECM/2-D shear lag approach (with the shear
layer having the thickness of one ply and neglecting the
interaction between transverse cracks and splits), Eq. (27),
and Henaff-Gardin et al. [35,39] are presented in Fig. 7 for a
AS4/3506-1 [03/903]s laminate. Elastic properties of the
unidirectional material are given in Table 3. When Dmc
1 0
(splitting without transverse cracking), the results differ due
to the fact that in the ECM/2-D shear lag model the shear
layer (Fig. 4) is assumed to be of one ply thickness. In most
cases, predictions by Tsai and Daniel are within 10% of
those by the ECM/2-D shear lag approach. However, in
some cases the error of the semi-empirical expression [34]
can be as big as 20%. Predictions based on Henaff-Gardin et
al. [35] model appear to be in better agreement with those of
the ECM/2-D shear lag approach. The same slope of the
corresponding curves is particularly noticeable. Limited
experimental data acquired by Tsai and Daniel [34] are in
346
mc
Fig. 7. Shear modulus reduction ratio as a function of damage parameter Dmc
2 D1 for transversally cracked and split [03/903]s CFRP laminate.
5. Conclusions
While stiffness loss due to matrix cracking in the 908 plies
of cross-ply [0m/90n]s laminates has been the subject of
numerous studies in the literature, matrix cracking occurring
347
Fig. 8. Elastic moduli reduction ratios as functions of transverse crack density C2 2s2 21 (cm 21) for transversally cracked CFRP laminates with (solid lines)
and without (hatched lines) splitting: (a) [0/90]s; (b) [0/903]s. Splitting density 10 cm 21.
improved 2-D shear lag analysis is then performed to determine the in-plane microstresses in the explicitly damaged
layers of the two ECMs, which are considered instead of the
original one. Closed form expressions are obtained for the
IDEFs, which characterise reduced stiffness properties of
the damaged layers. IDEFs for a given layer are represented
as explicit functions of the damage parameters (relative
crack/split density) associated with that layer and implicit
functions of the damage parameters associated with the
neighbouring plies. Thus, interaction between all damage
modes is taken into account in the new approach.
The new ECM/2-D shear lag based approach is in an
excellent agreement with the models [2,35] as far as axial
stiffness reduction of the transversally cracked and split
348
Fig. 9. Elastic moduli reduction ratios as functions of transverse crack density C2 2s2 21 (cm 21) for transversally cracked GFRP laminates with (solid lines)
and without (hatched lines) splitting: (a) [0/90]s; (b) [0/903]s. Splitting density 10 cm 21.
Acknowledgements
Financial support of this research by the Royal Society,
UK, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
349
mc
mc
Fig. 10. Elastic moduli reduction ratios as functions of damage parameter Dmc
2 for transversally cracked [0/90]s laminates with (solid lines, D1 D2 ) and
mc
without (hatched lines, D1 0) splitting: (a) CFRP; (b) GFRP.
Appendix A
A.1. Derivation of shear lag parameters
Assuming that 2u3m;k =2x1 2u3m;k =2x2 0; k 1; 2;
the out-of-plane constitutive equations are
gj3m;k <
2ujm;k
1 m;k
k sj3
;
^
2x3
Gj3
k 1; 2
A1
350
where G^ k
j3 are the out-of-plane shear moduli of the kth
layers. As was already noted, these elastic constants are
not undergoing reduction due to matrix cracking. For the
inner layer, substitution of Eq. (10) into Eq. (A1) and
repeated integration with respect to x3 across the layer
thickness yields
u~jm;2
ujm;2 ux3 h2
tjm h2
2
3G^ 2
A2
V1
11
K1
2
1 1 xS2
11 1 b1 S12
h1
V1
22
K1
2
1 1 xS2
12 1 b1 S22
h1
V1
12
K2
1 1 xS2
66
h1
L2
1
K2 1
^2
^2
S 1 a1 S1
12 1 xS22 1 a1 S12
h1 22
L2
2
K1 1
S 1 xS^ 2
66
h1 66
V2
11
K2
1
1 1 xS1
12 1 a1 S11
h1
V2
22
K2
1
1 1 xS1
22 1 a1 S12
h1
V1
12
K1
1 1 xS1
66
h1
j3
For the outer layer, substitution of Eq. (10) into Eq. (A1) and
integrating with respect to x3 across the thickness of the
shear layer (Fig. 4) leads to
ujm;l 2 ujm;l ux3 h2 2
tjm
hs G^ 2
j3
h2 1 hs x3 2 h2
h2 # x 3 # h2 1 hs
A3
tjm hs
3Gl
j3
j 1; 2
A4
ujm;l
uj
2 ujm;l ux3 h2
tjm hs
2Gl
j3
A5
1
m;l
h u m;l 1 h1 2 hs uj
hl s j
A6
L1
1
K1 ^ 1
2
2
S 1 b1 S^ 1
12 1 xS11 1 b1 S12
h1 11
L1
2
K2 ^ 1
S 1 xS2
66
h1 66
^ 2
S1
12 1 xS12
;
1
S11 1 xS^ 2
11
b1
2
S^ 1
12 1 xS12
;
1
S^ 22 1 xS2
22
h1
h2
h
k L1 ; k 1; 2
1
q
k
lk
h
k L2 ; k 1; 2
2
2
2
^ 1 2
^ 1 2
a1
1 xQ11 S11 1 b1 S12 1 Q12 S12 1 b1 S22
a2
1
1 ^ 2 1
1
^ 2 1
Q S 1 a1 S1
12 1 Q12 S12 1 a1 S11
x 22 22
^ 1 2
a1
2 xQ66 S66 ;
a2
2
1 ^ 2 1
Q S
x 66 66
A7
a1
References
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