04-Jan-16

Course Objectives
we pass a part of our daily life by using electronic
communications
Telecommunication technologies are changing very rapidly
In EEE 309, we have studied the fundamental theories and
systems of analog and digital communications
In this course, we will focus on the analog and digital
telecommunication systems
To provide the knowledge of analog and digital
telecommunication systems including the advanced
telecommunication technologies, e.g. IP telephony, ISDN, ATM
and cellular telephony

EEE 441
Telecommunication Engineering
Dr. Md. Forkan Uddin
Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET,
Dhaka 1000

Course Outline

Course Objectives
To provide knowledge on telephone systems, switching and
tele-traffic engineering, and performance analysis of various
telephony systems
The knowledge of this course will help the students (i) to work
in communication industries and (ii) to pursue research in

Lecture
1-2

Topic
Background: Principle and evaluation of telecommunication networks,
Exchange and international regulatory bodies

3-5

Telephone apparatus: Microphone, speakers, ringer, Pulse and tone dialing

mechanism, side-tone mechanism, Local and central batteries and
advanced features

6-8

Telecommunication Systems: Analog system and digital system

9-15

Switching Engineering: Digital switching systems, Space division switching,

Blocking probability, Multistage switching, Time division switching, and
Two dimensional switching.

Class
01

Test:

16-23

Traffic Engineering: Traffic characterization, Grades of service, Network

blocking probabilities, delay system and queuing

Class
02

Test:

24-28

Modern telephone services and network: Internet telephony, Facsimile,

integrated services digital network (ISDN), asynchronous transfer mode
(ATM), intelligent networks (IN)

Class
03

Test:

29-32

Introduction to Cellular Telephony

Class
04

Test:

33-36

Introduction to Satellite Communication

telecommunication systems

Comment

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Books

Marks Distribution

Text Books:
Digital Telephony, John C. Bellamy
Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering,
2nd Edition, Tarmo Anttalainen
Reference Books:
Telecommunication Switching and Networks, 2nd Edition, P.
Gnanasivam
Fundamentals of Telecommunications, Roger L. Freeman
Telecommunication System Engineering, Roger L. Freeman
Wireless Communications and Networking, J. Mark and W.
Zhuang
Satellite Communications, 3rd Edition, D. Roddy

Attendance: 10%
Class Test and Assignments: 20% (Best 3 out of 4)
Final: 70%
Proxy in a class is a serious offence
30% (CT& Attendance) marks of a student will be
considered as zero if proxy is given for his/her

What is Telecommunication?

History of Electrical Telecommunication

Technology concerned
with communicating
from a distance
Includes mechanical
communication and
electrical
communication
We are interested in
electrical
communication
Unidirectional vs
bidirectional

18381866 Telegraphy
Morse perfects his system;
commercial service is initiated (1844);
Multiplexing techniques are devised
William Thomson calculates the pulse response of a telegraph line
(1855)
1864 Maxwells equations predict electromagnetic radiation
18761899 Telephony
Alexander Graham Bell perfects acoustic transducer;
First telephony exchange with eight lines;
Edisons carbon-button transducer;
Cable circuits are introduced;
Strowger devises automatic step-by-step switching (1887)
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History

History

Microphone

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History

History

18871907 Wireless telegraphy

Heinrich Hertz verifies Maxwells theory;
Demonstrations by Marconi and Popov;
Marconi patents complete wireless telegraph system (1897)
Commercial service begins
19041920 Communication electronics
Experiments with AM radio broadcasting
Bell System completes the transcontinental telephone line with
electronic repeaters (1915)
Multiplexed carrier telephony is introduced
H. C. Armstrong perfects the superheterodyne radio receiver (1918)
First commercial broadcasting station
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19231938 Television:
Image-formation system demonstrated
Theoretical analysis of bandwidth requirements
DuMont and others perfect vacuum cathode-ray tubes
Field tests and experimental broadcasting begin
1936 Armstrongs paper states the case of frequency
modulation (FM) radio
1937 Alec Reeves conceives pulse code modulation (PCM)
19381945 Radar and microwave systems developed during
World War II
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History

History

19481951 Transistor devices are invented

1950 Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is applied to telephony
1953 Color TV standards are established in the United States.
1955 J. R. Pierce proposes satellite communication systems
1958 Long-distance data transmission system is developed
for military purposes
1960 Maiman demonstrates the first laser
1962 Satellite communication begins with Telstar I

19621966 Data transmission service offered commercially;

PCM proves feasible for voice and TV transmission; theory for
digital transmission is developed
1964 Fully electronic telephone switching system is put into
service
19681969 Digitalization of telephone network begins
19751985 High-capacity optical systems developed; the
breakthrough of optical technology and fully integrated
switching systems

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History

History

19801983 Start of global Internet based on TCP/IP protocol

19801985 Modern cellular mobile networks put into service
19851990 LAN breakthrough
1989 Initial proposal for a Web-linked document on the World
Wide Web (WWW)
19901997 The first digital cellular system, Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM), is put into commercial use
and its breakthrough is felt worldwide

19972001 Performance of LANs improves with

advance of gigabit-per-second Ethernet technologies
20012005 Digital TV starts to replace analog
broadcast TV; second generation cellular systems are
upgraded to provide higher rate packet-switched data
service
2005third generation cellular systems and WLAN
technologies will provide enhanced data services for
mobile users ; Global telecommunications network will
evolve toward a common packet-switched network
platform for all types of services

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History

Telecommunication Standards
Telecommunication Industry around the world is regulated by
government, international organization and national
organizations
The government, international organization and national
organizations built up different standards to regulate the
industries

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Why Standards?

18

Advantages of Standards

Communication networks are designed to serve a wide variety

of users who are using equipment from many different
vendors
Standards are necessary
To design and build networks effectively
To achieve interoperability, interconnectivity and compatibility
of the products
To design better products with reduced cost through research
under the same products

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Multiple vendors enter this new market and make products

more cost-effective, therefore providing low-cost services to
telecommunications users
Assure the interoperability of products and services to the
users, manufactures of the telecommunication equipment
and the service providers
Assure the quality of the products
Help the user to have stability and confidence in a particular
technology or application

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Advantages of Standards

STANDARDS-MAKING REQUIREMENTS
Technical competence

Pave the suppliers and service providers for designing,

implementing and servicing their own telecommunication
functions
Suppliers can work to a predefined specification
Make international services available

Should be technically superior and easy to implement

Should be at the level of acceptance by any
telecommunication serving agency to implement and
maintain

A good ocassion
The early occurrence of the standardization results in the
restriction of research in the similar areas and results in waste
of time and money
The late introduction in technological obsolation
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Standards-Making Requirements

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Types of Standards
De jure standard

Consensus
The standards set by the standard organizations should be
agreed by the telecommunication service providing agencies,
manufactures, government, policy makers, political forces and
public

Less options and less complex

The standards are to be easy to implement
This implementation should be cost less and technologically
feasible

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The standards developed by the national or international standards

making organizations
The standards developed are open to the public for scrutinizing, debate,
modification, alteration or revision

De facto standards
Protocols and procedures developed or defined by the individual
organization or service providers
Developed for the companies welfare to prefect its products, improve the
market and service facility and provide high competent to the related
companies
These protocols are not open to the publics and companies to revise or
modify in any way
The organization, which developed the protocols, only have full right to
make any amendment or total changes due to the expiry of technologies
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National Organizations

Types of Standards
User or house standards
These types of standards are developed by the request of
major suppliers or major users
Generally the major user will be the government
organizations, and the major suppliers are referred to the
equipment suppliers to military and other government
agencies
House standards are produced only when de facto standards
are not available

Many international standards include alternatives and options

from which a national authority selects those suitable for
their own national standards
Sometimes some aspects are left open and they require a
national standard
National authorities determine the details of their national
telephone numbering plan, for which international standards
give only guidelines
International standards define usage of frequency bands (e.g.,
which frequency ranges are used for satellite and which for
cellular networks), whereas the national authority defines
detailed usage of frequencies side the country

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Organizations and Regulation

Authority in BD

National Organizations
Frequency allocation among the different operators are
provided by national authority
British Standards Institute BSI
Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN; Germany)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI; United States),
Finnish Standards Institute (SFS; Finland).

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Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI)

The only National Standards body of Bangladesh
Playing an important role in developing and Promoting
industrial Standardization
Focused on food and chemicals
Recently, standardization is going on for communication equipments
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)
Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) had the sole
monopoly until mobile phone technology flourished and foreign
companies (trans-national corporations) started operating in
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Telecommunication Act (Act 18 of 2001) paved the way
for the establishment of Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory
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Commission (BTRC) in 2002

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Functions of the BTRC

International Organizations

To regulate establishment, operation and maintenance of telecom services

in Bangladesh
To control and abolish discriminatory practice and ensure level playing
field for the operators for healthy competition
To grant license for establishing, operating telecommunication system,
providing telecom services, using radio apparatus
To issue technical acceptance certificates
To allocate frequency, monitor and manage spectrum
To renew, suspend or cancel license, permits and certificates
To approve tariff and call charges among the operators
To inspect telecom installation and terminal apparatus etc.
To stop interference caused by one operator to the another's service
systems
To seize illegal equipments and apparatus, arrest the offenders, investigate
into the commission of offence by its own officer and submit charge sheet

International telecommunication union (ITU)

Formed by the agreement of 20 countries of standardize

telegraph networks
Involved with telephony regulation, wireless radio
telecommunication and sound broadcasting
In 1927, the union was involved in allocating frequency bands
for radio services
In 1934, the union was named as ITU
ITU activities include co-ordation, development, regulation,
and standardization of internal telecommunications, as well as
the co-ordination of national policies
In 1993, the ITU went through reorganization into ITU-T
Telecommunication standard sector), ITU-R (Ratio
Communication sector) and ITU-D (Telecommunication
development center).

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International Organizations

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European Organizations

International organization for standardization (ISO)

A worldwide federation of national standards bodies with
representatives from over 100 countries
It is a non-governmental organization established in 1947
Its mission is to promote the development of worldwide
the international exchange of goods and services and to
develop co-operation in the spheres of intellectual,
scientific, technological and economic activity
OSI is a set of communication standards and protocols
that aims to establish an open environment for the
movement of data between devices
The open system interconnection (OSI) reference model
is a seven layer decomposition of network function
published by the ISO
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European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

Formed in 1988
Independent body for making standards for the European
Community
Telecommunications network operators and
manufacturers participate in standardization work
Example: digital cellular mobile system GSM standards
are made by ETSI

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American Organizations

American Organizations

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

One of the largest professional societies in the world
Produced many important standards for telecommunications
Some of these standards, such as the standards for LANs,
have been accepted by the ISO as international standards
IEEE 802 defines physical network interfaces such as interface
cards, bridges, routers, connections, cables and all the
signalling and access methods associated with physical
network connections
IEEE 802.11 Wifi, IEEE 802.16 WiMax etc

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Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

American organization of electronic equipment

manufacturers
Many of its standards, such as those for connectors for
personal computers, have achieved global acceptance
Example, the data interface standard EIA RS-232 is compatible
with the V.24/28 recommendations of ITU-T
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Not actually a standards body but a regulatory body

It is a government organization that regulates wire and radio
communications
Played an important role in the development of worldwide
specifications for radiation and susceptibility of
electromagnetic disturbances of telecommunications
equipment

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American Organizations
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Its task is to adapt the global standard to the American
environment
Developed global third generation cellular systems together
with ETSI

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