Balantidium coli

Chilomastix mesnili
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba histolytica
Endolimax nana
Giardia lamblia
Iodamoeba butschlii
Leishmania donovani

Balantadiasis
Non pathogenic
Non pathogenic
Amoebiasis
Non pathogenic
Giardiasis
Non pathogenic
Visceral Leshmaniasis

Cyst
Cyst
Mature cyst
Cyst
Cyst
Cyst
Cyst
Promastigote

ATRIAL FLAGELLATES
- Lower forms of parasite
- Completely unicellular
- Asexual reproduction Binary fission
- Non pathogenic
o Chilomastix mesnili
- Pathogenic
o Giardia lamblia

Metronidazole
INGESTION
Metronidazole
Stibogluconate Na

PARASITE: Balantidium coli, trophozoite

Only member of the ciliate group that is pathogenic to humans
Considered as the largest protozoan
ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION: CILIA
DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC is NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM
o Micronucleus
o Macronucleus
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE
DISEASE: Balantidiasis
MOT: INGESTION
HABITAT: COLON
LABORATORY: microscopic examination of stool and tissue
sample
POPULATION AFFECTED:
TREATMENT: METRONIDAZOLE

PARASITE: Leishmania donovani

Kala-Azar
Dum dum fever
Old world leishmaniasis
AMASTIGOTE infective to the vector
PROMASTIGOTE infective to humans
INFECTIVE STAGE: PROMASTIGOTE
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: AMASTIGOTE
DISEASE: VISCERAL LESHMANIASIS
VECTOR: Phlebotomous sandfly
DEFINITIVE HOST: Man and Mammals
RESERVOIR: DOG
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Common in Africa, India and Asia (Particularly in the
middle east)
LABORATORY:
Cultivated in NNN or liquid cultures as promastigote of splenic
and hepatic material
Blood smear or culture
Sternal, splenic, hepatic, or LN puncture
TREATMENT: Stibogluconate sodium

PARASITE: Chilomastix mesnili

TROPHOZITE
Asymmetrically pear
With constricted middle part
Granular cytoplasm
With food vacuoles
CYST

Pear or lemon shaped

With knob like protuberance

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION
MOVEMENT:CORK SCREW LIKE MOVEMENT
NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.

TROPHOZOITE
- DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
- Seen in WATERY STOOL
- Has 8 FLAGELLA
- With a pair of nuclei
- FALLING LEAF OTILITY
- PEAR SHAPED
- BINARY FISSION

CYST
- INFECTIVE STAGE
- With CONDENSED FLAGELLA
(cannot be seen, folded, thick,
exhibit no movement at all)
- OVOID in shape
- Young: 2 nuclei
- Mature: 4 nuclei

PARASITE: Giardia lamblia

DISEASE: GIARDIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITES
MOT: INGESTION
DIAGNOSIS:
DIRECT FECAL SMEAR identifying ova/adult
STOOL EXAM complete examination of stool
DRUG OF CHOICE: METRONIDAZOLE

PARASITE: Endolimax nana

NON-PATHOGENIC
Flagellate
CYST
o 7-10m
o Spherical, ovoid or ellipsoid
o Mature cyst 4 nuclei
o Large blotlike karyosome and presence of peripheral
chromatic (similar with trophozoite)
o No chromatoid bar
o GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITE IN THE STOOL
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION
NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.

TROPHOZOITE
- INVASIVE FORM (PATHOGENIC STAGE)
- In LIQUID STOOL
- 1 NUCLEUS
- Pseudopod:active. progressive and
directional movement
- Centrally located karyosome: Bulls-eye
appearance
- With ingested RBC
- With Charcot-Leyden crystals

CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE

- In FORMED STOOL
- 4 nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)
- Resistant to gastric secretion
-Cigar-shaped chromatoidal body
- With glycogen mass

PARASITE: Entamoeba histolytica

DISEASE: AMEOBIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: 4 NUCLEI CYSTS OR TROPHOZOITES
ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM
MOT: INGESTION
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION

TROPHOZOITE
- Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive
through blunt pseudopod
- Single nucleus with large irregularly
shaped karyosome that is
ECCENTRICALLY LOCATED
- Vacuoles often contain bacteria
- In contrast to E. histolytica, RED
BLOOD CELL INCLUSIONS ARE
NOT PRESENT IN THE
TROPHOZOITES OF E. COLI.

CYST
- Spherical with thick cell wall
- 1-8 NUCLEUS (E.histolytica 1 to 4
nuclei only)
- Cytoplasm contains glycogen mass
- Thin chromatoid bars, often with
pointed to splintered ends

PARASITE: Entamoeba coli

DISEASE: NON PATHOGENIC
INFECTIVE STAGE: MATURE CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND
PARASITE EXAM
MOT: INGESTION
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
TRADITIONAL WET PREPARATION
ANTIGEN TEST

PARASITE: Iodamoeba buetschlii

Sluggishly and progressive
Pseudopodia blunt and hyaline
Inclusions: Bacteria but NO RBC
1 large nucleus
WITH GLYCOGEN MASS
Thick membrane
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND
PARASITE EXAM

PARASITE
Necator americanus
MORPHOLOGY: LARVA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN FECES
RHABDITIFORM
- Feeding Larva (L1)
Molting 2x (L2)
FILARIFORM
Infective stage (L3)
Adult form of Larva
Requires the pulmonary circulation to survive
Stays in the alveolar capillaries
SMALL INTESTINE
o maturation, differentiation and reproduction
PATHOLOGY:
Skin penetration
Vascular/lymphatic penetration
Pulmonary circulation (alveolar capillaries and rupture)
GIT then eggs in stool
DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
SUCKING BLOOD:
Necator (0.15 to 0.25 ml/day/parasite)
Duodenale (0.30 - 0.50 ml/day/parasite)
TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel Palmoate

PARASITE
Ancylostoma braziliense
o CAT HOOKWORM
o Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM)
o Creeping eruption
o Never leave the skin

BUCCAL CAVITY 2 UNEVEN PAIRS of teeth

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3)
DISEASE : Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Erythematous and Itchy
Pinpoint lesion
Map-like lesion
LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only
DEFINITIVE HOST: CAT
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin Biopsy
TREATMENT:
Mebendazole

PARASITE
Ancylostoma caninum
o DOG HOOKWORM
o Creeping eruption
o Never leave the skin
BUCCAL CAVITY 3 PAIRS of teeth
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3)
DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG
PATHOLOGY: Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
Erythematous and Itchy
Pinpoint lesion
Map-like lesion
INFECTIVE STAGE: Filariform Larva (L3)
LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin biopsy
TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

PARASITE
Trichuris trichiura (Egg)
Whipwhorm
Barrel/Lemon/Football-shape
With bacillary band
INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FERTILIZED EGG
DISEASE: Intestinal obstruction / Allergy
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Direct fecal smear
TREATMENT: Mebendazole

PARASITE
Trichinella spiralis(Encysted larva)
o Hook worm
o In the muscle
o Encyst or developed only in Striated muscle
o No egg stage
o Trichina worm - Dead end alley infection
(Cannot be transmitted from human to human)
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN
HABITAT: Striated muscles (Skeletal muscles)
ENCYSTATION: Upper Small Intestine
REPRODUCTION: after mating, males die afterwards and
females dies after passing the larva
INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA
DIAGNOSTIC: Muscle biopsy
MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva
TREATMENT:
Mebendazole: Kills the larva
Thiabendazole: Expels the adult worm

PARASITE
Trichinella spiralis(Adult female)
Trichina worm
No egg
dead-end alley infection
Male (mates once, dies); female(pass larva, dies)
PERMANENT HABITAT: Skeletal muscle (Striated muscle)
DISEASE: Trichiniasis
INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Muscle biopsy
MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva
DEFINITIVE HOSTS: Carnivorous or Omnivorous animals
(Cats, Dogs, Hogs, Rats, etc.)
ACCIDENTAL HOST: Humans (cannot be transmitted from
human to human)
PATHOGNOMONIC: With STICHOSOME (Stichocytes nerve
cells)
TREATMENT: Thiabendazole - Expels the adult worm

PARASITE
Capillaria philippinensis (Pudoc worm)
EGGS: - Typical - yellow, moderately thick shell with
striations, with flattened bipolar plug, peanut shaped Atypical thin shelled, without bipolar plugs, with
segmentation, embryonated
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Freshwater fish
INFECTIVE STAGE: Larva
MOT: eating of infected fish with larva stage
HABITAT: Jejunum
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: typical and atypical eggs in the feces
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR
SYMPTOMS:
Intestinal malabsorption (outstanding sign), worst
symptom among aphasmids
Fat malabsorption
Fluid and electrolyte losses
Free passage of plasma protein
Abdominal pain and distention
Cachexia and emancipation
TREATMENT: Mebendazole

PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis(Filariform larva)
o THREADWORM
o POINTED
o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates
o DOESNT REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) Molts 4 times
DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea
LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting
Pulmonary circulation
Auto reinfection
Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration
HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer
but not the serosal layer
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM
LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination
POPULATION AFFECTED: Adults Institutionalized people
TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

PARASITE
Strongyloides stercoralis (Rhabditiform larva)
o THREADWORM
o STOUTER
o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates
o DOESNT REQUIRED HUMID SOIL
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3)
DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea
LIFE CYCLE:
4x molting
Pulmonary circulation
Auto reinfection
Manifest HYPERINFECTION
MOT: Skin Penetration
HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer
but not the serosal layer
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM
LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination
POPULATION: Adult, institutionalized patient
TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

PARASITE
Enterobius vermicularis (Adult female)
PINWORM & SEAT WORM
Presence of with CEPHALIC ALAE & ESOPHAGEAL BULB
Gravid female worms migrate down the intestinal tract and exist
through the anus to deposit eggs on the perianal skin
After deposition, FEMALE DIES
DISEASE: Oxyuriasis/Enterobiasis
COMPLICATION:
Appendicitis
Vaginitis
Endometritis
Salpingitis
Peritonitis
INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG
PATHOLOGIC STAGE: ADULT
PATHOLOGY: Bleeding diarrhea and prolapsed rectum
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab demonstrate embyonated
ova
MOT: Self-infection, Person to person, Airborne
TREATMENT: Pyrantel Pamoate and Mebendazole (alternative)

PARASITE
Enterobius vermicularis (Eggs)
Most common helminthic infection
One side flattened, other is convex
Oxyuris Vermiculris, Pinworm, Seatworm
INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG
One side flattened and the other side convex (D-shaped)
Shell has 2 layers
Shape is planoconvex
Contains embryo
RHABDITIFORM LARVA : 140-150 m by 10 m
Esophageal bulb but has no cuticular expansion on the anterior
end.
MOT: Self infection, Person to person, Airborne
DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab demonstrate
embyonated ova
TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel pamoat

PARASITE
Toxocara canis
Toxocara canis cervical alae is longer than broader compared to
Toxocara cati
Subglobose, moderately thick, coarsely pitted eggshell
DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG
INFECTIVE STAGE: EGG
PATHOLOGIC STAGE: LARVA
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMANS
TWO MAIN CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS:
Visceral larva migrans common in Preschool children
Ocular larva migrans
DIAGNOSIS: TISSUE BIOPSY /ELISA
MOT:
By ingesting infective stage eggs from soil
By ingesting larvae in tissues of paratenic hosts that were
infected from soil or by cannibalism or predation
TREATMENT: Albendazole and Mebendazole

PARASITE
Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized egg)
Giant Intestinal Roundworm parasitizing human
Golden brown in color
Brodly ovoid with thick and transparent shell
WITH VITELLINE LAYER (Innermost layer) AND
MAMMILATIONS
DISEASE: ASCARIASIS, LOEFFLER SYNDROME
DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN
INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG
PATHOGENIC STAGE: Adult, Larva
ADULTS: 3 prominent lips , Each with dentigenous ridge and no
interlabia or alae
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS:
Direct fecal smear
Demonstration of eggs in feces
TREATMENT: Mebendazole Drug of choice

PARASITE
Ascaris lumbricoides (UNFertilized egg)
Most common human helminthic infection
MORPHOLOGY:
Egg-thick shelled
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
ADULT WORMS usually causes NO SYMPTOMS
Loefflers syndrome (Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and
eosinophilic pneumonitis)
DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN
INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG
DIAGNOSIS:
Direct Fecal Smear
Demonstration of eggs in feces
TREATMENT: Mebendazole/Albendazole

PARASITE: Brugia malayi

NOTE: two terminal nuclei (posterior end diagnostic)
PERIODICITY: Nocturnal (10pm-2am)
DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Mansonia
DIAGNOSIS:
Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night,
10 pm 2am)
STAGE: Microfilaria
] DIAGNOSTIC
INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3)

LIFE CYCLE: Circulate from 10pm - 2am (nocturnal), mosquito ingest

the microfilaria (3rd stage juvenile larva), larva then matures to adult
in the lymphatics
TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole and Ivermectin
(alternative)

PARASITE: Wuchercheria bancrofti

DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: MICROFILARIA
INFECTIVE STAGE: L3 LARVA
VECTOR: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes
DIAGNOSIS:
Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night,
10 pm 2am)
TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine

DISEASE
INTERMEDIATE HOST
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
INFECTIVE STAGE
PERIODICITY
BODY CURVES
PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF
TRANSPARENT SHEATH
ARRANGEMENT OF BODY
NUCLEI
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
DRUG OF CHOICE

Lymphatic Filariasis
Anopheles, Culex, Aedes
Microfilariae
L3
Nocturnal
Graceful curves, bluntly rounded
anterior and pointed posterior
(+)

Lymphatic Filariasis
Mansonia
Microfilariae
L3
Nocturnal
Stiff, kinky body

Central column are more or less

equidistant with each other
Devoid terminal nuclei

Large with irregular distribution

appear clumped
Long cephalic space
Devoid of nuclei
Giemsa stained thick blood smear
Diethylcarbamazine

Giemsa stained thick blood smear

Diethylcarbamazine

(+)

PARASITE: Echinococcus granulosus

SMALLEST TAPEWORM of medical importance
SCOLEX with prominent rostellum
DOUBLE CROWN of hooks
NO adult form in humans
Short with 3 proglottids with
o 1 IMMATURE
o 1 MATURE
o 1 GRAVID
INFECTIVE STAGE: HYDATID CYST
HABITAT: Small intestine of dogs and wolves
DEFINITIVE HOST: Dogs and Wolves
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Sheep and Cattle
DISEASE: HYDATID DISEASE
MOT: INGESTION
MOST COMMON ORGAN AFFECTED: LIVER
TREATMENT: Surgery
Epinephrine and Anti histamine
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:
Finding proctoscolices, brood capsules or daughter cyst
ELISA

PARASITE: Hymenolepsis nana

DWARF TAPEWORM
SCOLEX: SHORT retractile rostellum with SINGLE ring of
small hook
MATURE PROGLOTTID: Single genital pore on LEFT SIDE
EGG: Oval encloses HEXACANTH embryo, inner
membrane has 2 POLAR THICKENINGS

NO INTERMEDIATE HOST!!
INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYTIS
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS WITH 6 HOOKLETS IN THE FECES
HABITAT: ILEUM
DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN, MICE AND RATS
MOT: INGESTION
TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTE

PARASITE: Hymenolepsis diminuta

SCOLEX: UNARMED ROSTELLUM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Contains SACCULAR
UTERUS with EGG MASSES
EGG: NO POLAR FILAMENTS OR THICKENINGS

INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYSTIS

DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG
DISEASE:
HABITAT: ILEUM
DEFINITIVE HOST: RATS AND MICE
INTERMEDIATE HOST: Larval Fleas and Adult beetles
ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human
MOT: Ingestion
TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium caninum

DOG TAPEWORM
AKA DOUBLE-PORED TAPEWORM
GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Packed with
MEMBRANOUS EGG CAPSULES containing 15-25
eggs
EGGS: Oncosphere with 6 hooklets
GENITAL PORE located BILATERALLY
Proglottid is watermelon shape
DISEASE: DIPYLIDIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCOID LARVA
DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN MOTHER POCKETS
HABITAT: SMALL INTESTINE
DEFINITIVE HOST: DOGS
INTERMEDIATE HOST: LARVAL FLEAS of dogs ands cats
MOT: Ingestion
TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium latum

FISH TAPEWORM
JEWISH HOUSEWIVES DISEASE
SCOLEX: 2 BOTHRIUM OR SUCKING ORGAN
MALE ORGAN: DORSAL PART OF PROGLOTTID
FEMALE ORGAN: VENTRAL PART
ASSOCIATED WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
DISEASE: DIPHYLLOBOTRIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: PLEROCERCOID LARVAE (SPARGANUM)
DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG
NOURISHMENT:DIFFUSION from undigested food of the host
HABITAT: ILEUM
DEFINITIVE HOST:
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST: COPEPODS
2ND: FISH
ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN
MOT: INGESTION
TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE

PARASITE: Taenia solium

PORK TAPEWORM
DISEASE: CYSTERCOSIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: ADULT WORM
DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS OR PROGLOTTIDS IN FECES
HABITAT: UPPER PART OF JEJUNUM
DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN
LIFE SPAN: 25 YEARS
INTERMEDIATE HOST: HOGS AND WILD BOARS
1ST: COPEPODS
2ND: FISH
MOT: INGESTION OF RAW PORK
DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
Stool examination (Identification of ovum ang
segments in feces
TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE

PARASITE: Fasciola hepatica

SHEEP LIVER FLUKE
LARGE LEAF SHAPE
Live as long as 11 years
DISEASE: FASCIOLIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA
SEX: MONOECIOUS
DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG
HABITAT: LIVER
DEFINITIVE HOST: SHEEP
ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST SNAIL
2ND WATER CHESTNUTS & KANGKONG
MOT: INGESTION

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS)

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS

PARASITE: Clonorchis sinensis

CHINESE LIVER FLUKE / ORIENTAL LIVER FLUKE
LANCET SHAPE
Excyst in the LIVER
Adult worms can LIVE UP TO 25 YEARS
With TWO LARGE AND DEEPLY LOBED TESTES
situated one behind the other.
DISEASE: CHLONORCHIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Unembryonated egg
SEX: MONOECIOUS
HABITAT: LIVER
DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST: OPERCULATED SNAIL
2ND: FRESHWATER FISH

PARASITE: Paragonimus westermani

ORIENTAL LUNG FLUKE
EGG: Flat operculum, thickening at base
chocolate or color brown in color
TESTES DEEPLY LOBED SIDE BY SIDE
DISEASE: PARAGONIMIASIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
PLEURITIC PAIN
INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG
SEX: MONOECIOUS
HABITAT: LUNG
DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST: SNAIL
2ND: CRAB/CRAYFISH
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM:
Chest xray
Identification of egg: STOOL AND SPUTUM EXAM
TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

PARASITE: Echinostoma ilocanum

GARRISONS FLUKE
TESTES: Deeply lobed, in tandem
GERM YOLK big mass of yolk
Small and slightly triangular operculum One end is
ovoid, attenuated and the other is more rounded
and straw-colored
DISEASE: ECHINOSTOMIASIS
INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: LARGE OPERCULATED EGG
HABITAT: INTESTINE
INTERMEDIATE HOST:
1ST: SNAIL
2ND: FRESHWATER MOLLUSC

PARASITE: FORK TAILED CERCARIA

DIOCEIOUS
NO REDIA STAGE
EGGS: MATURE, NON OPERCULATED
Final free-swimming larval stage of a
TREMATODE/FLUKE
Consisting of a body and tail
Infective stage of BLOOD FLUKES/Schistosomes

PARASITE: Schistosoma mansoni -EGG

DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN
INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG
SEX: DIOECIOUS
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE

PARASITE: Schistosoma japonicum in copula

DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN
INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG
SEX: DIOECIOUS
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE

PARASITE: Ctenocephalides canis DOG FLEA

DISEASE:
IH of MINOR CESTODES:
Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana

PARASITE: Taenia solium

STAGE: Cysticercus cellulosae
INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS

INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIAE

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG
Moderately fleshy
Relatively flat, leaf-like
Highly dendritic intestinal ceca, vitellaria and testis
ANT. PART: CEPHALIC CONE
POST. PART: BROADLY POINTED

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS)

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS