UNIVERSIDAD DEL CARIBE

(UNICARIBE)

SUSTAINABLES:
JOSTTIN MARTINEZ

TUITION:
2014-2320

SUBJECTS:
Subjects performed
MATTER:
Ingles Tcnico I

TEACHER:
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Ing.Cristiam Ambiorix Lopez Guzman

DELIVERY DATE:
Day: 16 Month: December Year: 2014

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Introduction

This work aims to understand Basic English words for technical

informatics and have a broad concept sombre the English in the field
of computing.

We disclosed from basic words to the definitions of each term

informatics having to do with the English.

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The computer is a device used to work with informations. It has two

parts
Hardware y software
The hardware is the physical part of the computer it has four parts:
monitor, mouse, keyboard and CPU.
Any component added to the computer is called periphenal
component. Example: fax, printer, scanner.
The monitor is the standard device use to display informations from
the computer. The types of de monitor are: monochrome, polychrome,
CRT, RGB, EGA, VGA, SVGA, LCD, touch.
The mouse is a device used to move and enter informations to the
computer.
The keyboard is the standard device used to enter informations to the
computer. The parts of the keyboard are: function keys, arrows keys,
special keys, number keys and alphanumeric keys.
The CPU its the brain of the computer. Its a group of components
connected together to fong the control processing unit.
The parts of the CPU are: the case, the power supply, the bios, the
modem, the usb port, the fan cooler, the motherboard, the sound
card, the video card, the processor, the memory, the battery, the
expantion slot, the tramsmition cables, the hard disk, the burner and
soon. The software is the logical part of the computer. There are two
types of software: operating system and applications. The operating
system controls and manager all the resources of hardware and
applications of the computer.
There are two types: based on commands and based on windows.
Monitor Monochromatic

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A monochrome monitor is a type of computer monitor that was

common in the early days of computing, from the 60s to the 80s,
before the color monitors were popular. Even still used in some
computerized cash register systems, among other applications.
Unlike color monitors that display text and graphics in multiple colors
through the use of alternative intensities of red, green and blue
phosphors, monochrome monitors only have one color phosphor
(mono = one chrome = color). For this reason they were known also
as "monitor" or "phosphor screen". All text and graphics are displayed
in that color. Some monitors have the ability to vary the brightness of
individual pixels, thereby creating the illusion of depth and color, just
like a TV in black and white.
The monochrome monitors are available in three colors: if P1
phosphorus is used, the screen is green monochrome. If the match P3
is used, the screen is monochrome amber. If phosphorus P4 is used,
the screen is white monochrome, this is the same phosphor used in
the first televisions. It has been said that the amber screens are better
ergonomically specifically reducing eyestrain, but these claims seem
to have little basis cientfico.1
Monitor policromaticos
Polychromatic: Displays information in various colors; within
Polychromatic monitors are monitors GGA (4 colors), EGA (16 colors),
VGA (256 colors), SUGA (69,000 colors), UVGA (16.7 million colors and
more).

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CRT MONITORS:
CRT monitor
It is based on a cathode ray tube in English "Cathode Ray Tube". He is
best known, was developed in 1987 by Karl Ferdinand Braun.
Mainly used in televisions, computers and more. To achieve quality
feature which today, these underwent several modifications and
currently also performed.
operation:
Draw a sweeping an electrical signal image horizontally across the
screen, one line at a time. The amplitude of the signal in time
represents the instantaneous brightness at that point on the screen.
A zero amplitude, indicating that the point of the screen at that
moment no brand will represent a black pixel. A maximum amplitude
determines that point will have full brightness.
Benefits:
Excellent image quality (sharpness, contrast, brightness).
Economic.
Robust technology.
High quality resolution.
Disadvantages:
Flicker presents the refreshed image.
Energy consumption.
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Heat generation.
Generation of electrical and magnetic radiation.
High weight and size.
Monitors RGB
The RGB monitor is calibrated color monitor:
R - Red
G - Green
B - Blue
The calibration of the colors you use your monitor relates
to present things on screen
It is the only calibration, but for a home monitor
It is pretty good, depending on the brand, type and model
there may be different calibration
Monitors EGA
It is a standard developed by IBM for displaying graphics, created in
1984. This new monitor incorporating a wider range of colors and
resolution.
Features
640_350 resolution pixels.
Support for 16 colors.
The standard EGA graphics card brought 64 KB of video memory.
Monitors VGA

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VGA Monitor:
VGA Monitor VGALos for its acronym in English "Video Graphics Array",
was released in 1987 by IBM. Since the launch of the VGA monitors,
the previous monitors began to become obsolete. The VGA mode 256
incorporated with high resolutions.
For the development achieved to date, including graphics cards,
previous monitors do not support the VGA, these incorporate analog
signals.
Features:
Support of 720 400 pixels in text mode.
Support of 640 480 pixels in graphic mode with 16 colors.
Support 320 200 pixels in graphic mode with 256 colors.
Standard VGA graphics cards incorporating 256 KB of video
memory.
Monitor SVGA

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SVGA Monitor:
Monitor SVGASVGA called by its acronym in English "Super Video
Graphics Array", also known as "Super VGA". These types of monitors
and standards were developed to eliminate incompatibilities and
create new enhancements to its predecessor VGA.
SVGA was launched in 1989, designed to provide higher resolutions
than VGA. This standard has several versions, which support different
resolutions.
Features:
Resolution of 800 600 pixels and above 1024_768.
For this new monitor different models of graphics cards were
developed: ATI, GeForce, NVIDIA and others.

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LCD screens:
Screens LCDA this technology is known by the screen name or LCD
display, its acronym in English means "Liquid Crystal Display" or
"Liquid Crystal Display" in Spanish. This device was invented by Jack
Janning.
These screens are included in laptops, cameras, among others.
Operation:
The operation of these screens is based on substances that share the
properties of solids and liquids at a time.
When a ray of light passes through a particle of these substances
must necessarily follow the empty space between its molecules as
you would through a solid crystal but each of these particles can be
applied an electric current to change its polarization letting light or
not.
An LCD screen is made up of two polarized filters placed
perpendicularly so that by applying an electric current does not pass
or light. To achieve the color is necessary to apply three filters for
each of the red, green and blue primary colors.
For playback of various shades of color must apply different levels of
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intermediate brightness between light and no light which is achieved

with variations in the voltage applied to the filters.
Benefits:
Low weight and size.
Good quality colors.
Contains no flicker.
Shortly energy consumption.
Low heat generation.
No generates electrical and magnetic radiation.
Disadvantages:
High cost.
Limited visibility angle.
Limited brightness.
Low pixel response time.
Contains mercury.

Monitor Touch

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A touch screen (touch screen in English) is a screen through a direct

touch on its surface allows data entry 1 and commands to the device,
and in turn displays the results previously introduced; acting as a
peripheral input and output data as well as interim emulator
erroneous data when not actually touching. This contact can also be
done by a stylus or similar tools. There are currently touch screens
that can be installed on a normal screen, of any type (LCD, CRT
monitors and televisions, plasma, etc.).
Touch screens became popular for use in devices industry, public
computers (such as museum exhibits, information screens, bank
ATMs, etc.) where keyboards and mice do not allow a satisfactory,
intuitive, rapid interaction or exact user.
Since the late twentieth century and especially in the early twentyfirst reach a common use in most display devices: computer monitors,
mobile phones, tablets, etc.
Function Key
A key role in computing is a key in the front of a computer keyboard
that can be programmed so that the operating system or a program
performs certain actions. On many computers, some function keys
have default at startup applications.
The function keys can generate a short sequence of characters, often
starting with "Escape" (ASCII 27), or send a sequence of characters
that is interpreted by the operating system or some programs to start
routines or default tasks.
On a standard computer keyboard, the keys are usually marked with
an F followed by a number, and some models can be added in some
small descriptive text or icon for your default effect.

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Arrow keys
The arrow keys, navigation keys, cursor movement keys or arrow keys
are the keys on a computer keyboard are used to move the cursor in a
direction especfica.1 also used to move the cursor anywhere the
computer screen. The term "key cursor movement" is different from
"direction arrow" in which the movement keys can refer to any set of
keys on a computer keyboard designed to move the cursor, while the
arrow usually refers one of the four specific keys marked with
flechas.2
Directional arrows are normal at the bottom of the keyboard next to
the keypad.
Normally positioned in inverted T-distribution but may also be placed
forming a diamond find. The arrow keys are usually used to move
documents and to play many games. Before using the computer
mouse extended, the arrow keys were the main way to move the
cursor on the screen. MouseKeys is a functionality that have some
programs that can control a mouse cursor with the arrow keys. Using
the arrow keys in the games is outdated since the late 80s and early
90s when joysticks were a necessity and were used instead.

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Special keys

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Some keys on the keyboard have specific functions that may not
know. Here are some of them.
Tab: Lets you move from one object to another or move 5
characters, depending on the task you're performing.
Shift, Shift or Shift button: To type a capital letter, press the Shift
key whiles the letter key. Pressing Shift while any key corresponds to a
letter the character at the top of the key in question'll appear.
Alt Gr: On international keyboards, <Alt Gr> gives you access to
certain characters on the keys that contain more than two characters.
To enter the letter or special character that is on the bottom right of
the key, just press <Alt Gr> while the key in question.
Ctrl (control): This key is used in many shortcuts; also if you hold
you can select multiple objects simultaneously.
Scroll Lock (lock displacement) before pressing this key while the
arrow key up or down moved the cursor from one page to another,
instead of passing from one line to another. However, over time the
scroll bar on the screen replaced the <Scroll Lock> key, so that the
latter are no longer regularly used and even the latest applications do
not recognize.
Insert (insert): Pressing this key you have two possibilities when
typing. With the first one, what you write before the cursor right and
push the text found below. The second option causes the text you
type will replace the text found to the right of the cursor.
Num Lock (block numbers): Press this button activates the
numeric keypad; If Num Lock is on, arrows and special keys on the
keypad which are. The numeric keypad is a set of numbers in reverse
order of the keys on a phone. On the keyboard of desktop computers,
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the numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard. However,

laptops, insert appears in the standard keys, and the numbers
corresponding to it are usually found at the bottom of certain keys
(usually, the keys are on the right side of the keyboard).
Shift Lock (block letters): Press this button once lets you type in
capital letters continuously without holding down the Shift key while.
To return to lowercase just press Shift Lock again. This special key
must be used to write consecutively over a capital letter; Shift Lock
has no effect on the number keys or special keys.
Print Screen (print screen): This key allows you to take pictures
of the entire screen. For more information see the sections "Print
Screen" and "Other convenient features" of this guide.
A computer network
A computer network, also called computer network, data
communication network or computer network is a set of computer
hardware and software connected together by means of physical
devices that send and receive electrical impulses, electromagnetic
waves or other means to data transport, in order to share information,
resources and provide services.
As in any process of communication requires a sender, a message, a
medium and a receiver. The main purpose for the creation of a
computer network is to share resources and information in the
distance, ensure reliability and availability of information, increase the
speed of data transmission and reduce the overall cost of these
actions.2 an example is the Internet, which is a network of millions of
computers located in different parts of the planet interconnected
basically to share information and resources.
A node

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In computing and telecommunications, in very general terms, a node

is an intersection point, connection or union of several elements that
come together in the same place. However, in computing the word
node can mean different things depending on the context in which we
move:

Computer network each machine is a node, and if the network is the

Internet, each server is also a node. The network concept can be
defined as:
Set of interconnected nodes. A node is the point at which a curve
intersects itself. What a node is specifically dependent networks we
refer

In dynamic data structures a node is a record containing information

of interest and at least a pointer to reference (target) to another node.
If the structure is just a pointer, the only structure that can be built
with it is a list, if the node has more than one pointer and can build
more complex structures such as trees or graphs.
A server
In computing, a server is a node, forming part of a network, provides
services to other nodes called clients.

Also referred to with the word server:

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A computer application or program that performs some tasks for the

benefit of other applications called clients. Some common services are
the services files, which allow users to store and access files from a
computer and application services, which perform tasks directly
benefit the end user. This is the original meaning of the term. It is
possible for a computer to perform the functions of client and server
simultaneously.
A computer on which a program that performs some task to benefit
other applications called clients, whether it is a host (mainframe), a
minicomputer, a personal computer, a PDA or an embedded system is
running; however, computers are only intended to provide the
services of these programs: these are the quintessential servers.

Example of a rack server type.

A server is not necessarily a machine last generation of large
proportions, is not necessarily a supercomputer; a server from a
computer may be low income, to a very powerful machine (eg. Web
servers, large databases, etc. Special Processors and up to several
terabytes of memory). All this depends on what is given to the server.
If you wish, you can turn the computer from which you are reading
this on a server by installing a program that works for the network and
users enter their network through a program such as Apache web
server.
Network Client
In the context of computer networks, called Network customer or client software
to all that software entity that somehow makes service requests to suppliers
thereof. Thus, a client software release requests as messages to a server that
will process software. After this processing, the server transmits the response to
the client
PAN Network
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According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE for his
stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), a personal area
network (PAN stands for Personal Area Network) is a network supporting
segments 33 feet (10 meters) or more in length. A PAN is typically used to
connect to other devices autonomous and larger networks personal devices
such as mobile phones, headsets and PDAs each other without cables.

LAN network

LANs can be connected to each other via telephone lines and radio waves. A
system of LANs connected in this way is called a WAN, English acronym widearea network, wide area network.

Workstations and personal computers in offices are normally connected in a

LAN, allowing users to send or receive files and share access to files and data.
Every computer connected to a LAN is called a node.

Each node (individual computer) in a LAN has its own CPU with which it
executes programs, but can also access data and devices anywhere on the
LAN. This means that many users can share expensive devices such as laser
printers and data. Users can also use the LAN to communicate with each other,
sending E-mail or chat.
WAN network
It is possible to classify a network of different ways according to their scope, the
functional relationship of its components and their method of connection. The
notion of WAN is part of a network classification according to their scope.

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WAN stands for Wide Area Network, a word in English which translates Wide
Area Network. This means that the WAN is a type of network covering distances
of between about 100 and about 1,000 kilometers, allowing it to provide
connectivity to multiple cities or even an entire country.
WANs can be developed by a company or organization for private use, or even
an Internet provider (ISP, Internet Service Provider) to provide connectivity to all
its customers.
Usually WAN works point to point, so it can be defined as a packet switched
network. These networks, on the other hand, can use radio communication
systems or satellite.

MAN network
Red, therefore, is used in computing to name the set of equipment (such as
computers) connected together so that they can share resources, services and
information.
There are several ways to classify a network: according to their scope, their
functional relationship or connection method, for example. In the first category
(networks according to their scope), we find the notion of MAN network.
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network, which translates Metropolitan Area
Network. A MAN network is one that, through a high-speed connection, provides
coverage over a large geographic area (such as a city or municipality).
With a MAN network can share and exchange all types of data (text, video,
audio, etc.) via fiber optic or twisted pair cable. This type of network is an
evolution of the LAN (Local Area Network and Local Area Network), as it
encourages interconnection in a wider region, covering a larger area. On the
other side is the WAN (Wide Area Network or Wide Area Network) network,
which allows the interconnection of countries and continents.

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The MAN networks can be public or private. These networks are developed with
two unidirectional buses, which means that each acts independently of the other
regarding the transfer of data. When optical fiber is used, the error rate is less
than if copper wire is used, provided that two networks of the same dimensions
compared. It is noteworthy that both options are safe because they do not allow
reading or alteration of your signal without the physical link fails.
Be mentioned interconnection between applications dispersed offices of MAN
networks in a city but within the same corporation, the development of a
municipal CCTV and deployment of VoIP services.
GAN network
The Red GAN (Global Area Network, for its acronym in English) is a fully
satellite communication solution that INMOSAT makes available to its
customers; offering a complete and sophisticated system for effective
transmission of large amounts of data.
It is the only service that combines the highest quality transfer of data at a rate
of 64 Kbits / s Mobile ISDN service and first Mobile Packet Data.
Network Topology
The network topology is defined as a family of communication used by the
computers that form a network to exchange data. In other words, the way it is
designed the network, either physical or logical plane. The network concept can
be defined as "a set of interconnected nodes". A node is the point at which a
curve intersects itself. What a node is specifically dependent networks we
refiramos.1

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A clear example of this is the tree topology, which is named for its aesthetic
appearance, which can start with the insertion of the internet service from the
supplier, through the router, then by a switch and this drift another switch or
another router or simply to hosts (workstations), the result is a network-like tree
for from the first router that has the distribution of internet it branches leading to
the creation of new networks or both internal and external subnets. Besides the
aesthetic topology, you can give a logical network topology and that will depend
on what is needed at the time.
In some cases you can use the word architecture in a relaxed sense to speak at
a time of physical cabling layout and how the protocol considers such wiring.
Thus, in a ring with a MAU we can say we have a ring topology, or that is a ring
with star topology.
The network topology is determined solely by the configuration of connections
between nodes. The distance between nodes, physical interconnections,
transmission rates and the types of signals outside the network topology, but
may be affected by the same fam
Ring Topology
A ring network is a network topology in which each station has a single inlet and
one outlet. Each station has a receiver and a transmitter which acts as a
translator, passing the signal to the next station.
In this type of network communication is given by the passage of a token or
token, which can be conceptualized as a postman passing by collecting and
delivering packages of information, so any data loss due to collisions are
avoided.
In a double ring (Token Ring), two rings allow data to be sent in both directions
(Token passing). This configuration creates redundancy (fault tolerance). Avoid
collisions

Bus Topology
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A bus network topology is one characterized by a single communications

channel (called bus, backbone or backbone) to which the various devices are
connected. Thus all devices share the same channel to communicate.
Star Topology
A star network is a network in which stations are connected directly to a central
point and all communications necessarily have to be done through this. The
devices are not directly connected to each other, plus much data traffic is not
allowed. Given its transmission, a network of active star has an active central
node that usually has the means to prevent problems related to the echo.
It is used mainly for local networks. Most local area networks having a router
(router), a switch (switch) or a hub (hub) follow this topology. The central node in
these would be the router, switch or hub, through which pass all packets of
users.
Currently it is used by the famous Google platform.

Network Operating System

A network operating system, also called NOS (English, Network Operating

System) is software that allows the interconnection of computers to access
services and resources, hardware and software, creating computer networks.
Like a computer cannot work without an operating system, a computer network
cannot function without an operating system network. Is a software that enables
communication of a computer system with other equipment in the field of
networking
Network protocol

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The concept of network protocol is used in the context of information technology

to appoint regulations and criteria set how to communicate the various
components of a networking system. This means that, through this protocol,
devices that are networked to exchange data.
Also known as the communication protocol, network protocol provides the
semantics and syntax of information exchange, which is a standard. Networked
computers, thus, must act according to the parameters and criteria established
by the protocol in question to achieve communicate and to retrieve data for
some reason, have not reached their destination.
In the network protocol various information which are essential for the
connection are included. The protocol shows how the physical connection is
specified, sets the way it should begin and end communication, determines how
to deal with corrupted data, protects information from attack by intruders, said
the eventual closure of the transmission, etc.
TCP/IP protocol

The TCP / IP networks are a topic that has received increasing attention over
recent years. As the Internet has grown, people have realized the importance of
TCP / IP, even inadvertently. Web browsers, e-mail and chat rooms are used by
millions of people daily.

TCP / IP maintains all quietly operating.

The TCP / IP name comes from two of the most important protocols of the family
of Internet protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet
Protocol (IP).

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The main virtue of TCP / IP is that it is designed to link computers of different

types, including PCs, minis and mainframes running different operating systems
on local area networks and wide area networks and, therefore, allows the
connection of equipment geographically distant.

Internet is closely linked to a communication protocol system called TCP / IP

(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), used to transfer data on the
Internet in addition in many LANs

OSI Model

The model of Open Systems Interconnection (ISO / IEC 7498-1), also called
OSI (in English, Open System Interconnection 'OSI') is the descriptive network
model, which was created by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in the year 1980.1 It is a framework for defining architectures for
interconnecting communications systems.
ISO S`Company
The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards groups from over 100 countries, one
from each country.

The ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The

mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and
related to the purpose of facilitating the international exchange of
goods and services activities, and to develop cooperation in the field
of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity.

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The results of the work of the ISO international agreements are

published as International Standards.

History of ISO

The principles of international standardization was in the electro

technical field: The IEC (International

Electro technical Commission) was created in 1906. The pioneer work

in other fields was carried out by the ISA (International Federation of
the National Standardizing Associations) the emphasis of the work of
the ISA, which was created in 1926. It was the engineering mechanics.

ISA's activities ceased in 1942 due to World War II. After a meeting in
London in 1946, delegates from 25 countries decided to create a new
organization "object which could facilitate the international
coordination and unification of industrial standards". The new
organization, ISO, officially began operating the February 23, 1947.

The first ISO standard was published in 1951 under the title, "Standard
reference temperature for the industrial length measurement".
(Reference standard industrial temperature for length measurements).
The coax cable

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The coaxial cable, coax cable or coax, 1 created in 1930, is a cable used to
carry electrical high frequency signals having two concentric conductors, a
center, called active, responsible for keeping the information, and one outside,
tubular appearance, called mesh shield or braid, which serves as the ground
reference and current return. Between them is an insulating layer called
dielectric, whose characteristics depend primarily cable quality. The entire
assembly is usually protected by an insulating cover (also called outer jacket).
The center conductor may consist of a solid wire or multiple twisted copper
wires; while the outer may be a braid, a rolled sheet or a corrugated tube of
copper or aluminum. In the latter case will be a semi-rigid cable.
Due to the need to handle increasingly higher frequencies and digitalization of
broadcasting, in recent years use has gradually replaced by coaxial cable fiber
optic, particularly over several kilometers, because the bandwidth the latter is
much higher.

STP Cable
The twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wires that are intertwined
helical shape as a DNA molecule. Thus, the twisted pair is a circuit that can
transmit data. This is done because two parallel wires constitute a simple
antenna. When the wires are twisted, the waves cancel, so that the radiation is
less efectiva.1 wire braided form so reduces both external electrical interference
as close pairs.
A twisted pair cable consists of a group of twisted pairs, usually four, covered by
an insulating material. Each of these pairs is identified by a color.
The interlaced signal carrying wires in differential mode (ie that is the reverse of
the other), has two main reasons:
If we have the waveform is A (t) in one wire and the other is -A (t) and n (t) is
noise added equally in both wires during the way to the receiver, we have: A (t) +
n (t) in a cable and the other -A (t) + n (t) to make a difference in the receiver, left
with 2A (t) and we have eliminated the noise.
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If we think of the magnetic field will produce this current in the wire and you
consider that you are side by side and on the other the current going in the
opposite direction, then the directions of the magnetic fields are opposite and
the module will be almost the same, which eliminate the fields outside of the
cable, thus preventing any current is induced in adjacent wires
UTP cable

UTP cables are what we use to build a network of computers that are connected
to a modem and a computer to another computer.
We found some difficulties when using this method of connection as this evil
struck, either struck standards or because some of its internal cables are not
making proper connection between themselves.

Microwaves
A microwave network is a type of wireless network that uses
microwave as a transmission medium. The most common protocol is
the IEEE 802.11b transmits at 2.4 GHz, reaching speeds of 11 Mbps
(Megabits per second). Other networks use the range of 5.4 to 5.7
GHz IEEE 802.11a protocol
Optic fiber

Optical fiber is a filament of glass or flexible plastic and thinner than a human
hair used to transmit light from one end to another regardless of geometry
during its travel there. Optical fiber technology is resulting from the joining
knowledge of the properties of light and glass in order to send and transmit
pulses of light over long distances with speeds approaching 200,000 miles per
second, being widely used in the sector telecommunications.

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Optical fiber bases its operation on the refraction and reflection properties
having the light passing through a medium, in this sense the optical fiber is
constructed that the light pulse is sent reflected fully throughout the filament in
order to get pass without losses caused by refraction, it's like a bullet
disparsemos steel from the end of a pipe and it was able to bounce along all
the way to reach the other end.

The optical fiber's can resemble a copper wire in which instead of electricity light
is transmitted, ie it is a light cable, unlike traditional power lines light does not
interact in the presence of disturbances electromagnetic origin such as storms,
solar flares or intentional presence of some means entering interference, this
makes the light emitter of high quality information on the other hand the high
capacity and speed of transmission close to the speed of light make to the
optical fiber suitable means for sending large amounts of high-quality
information in a few milliseconds.

The light pulses sent over the optical fiber can be used as illumination means or
transmission medium or binary digital information, the presence of a pulse
represents a 1 and the absence 0, then an optical receiver collects the signals
light and transforms information in the format chosen as images, audio, video or
data.

Networks repeater

A repeater is an electronic device which receives a weak or low level signal and
retransmits it to a power level or higher, so that they can cover longer distances
without degradation or with a tolerable degradation.
In telecommunications the term repeater has the following standardized
meanings:
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An analog device that amplifies an input signal, regardless of (analog or digital)

in nature.
A digital device that amplifies, shapes, re-times or performs a combination of
any of these functions on a digital input signal for retransmission.
In the OSI reference model repeater operates at the physical level.
For digital signals the repeater is often referred to as regenerator, in fact, the
output signal is a regenerated from the input signal.
Repeaters are often used in transcontinental and transoceanic cables since the
attenuation (loss of signal) in such distances without them would be completely
unacceptable. Repeaters are used in copper wires carrying electrical signals
and fiber optic cables carry light.
Repeaters are also used in radio communication services. A subset of these
repeaters is used by radio amateurs.
Likewise, the repeaters are used in point to point links telecommunication via
radio operating in the microwave range, such as those used for distributing
television signals between production sites and different transmitters or those
used in telecommunication networks for telephony transmission.
In optical communications the term repeater is used to describe a piece of
equipment that receives an optical signal, converts it into electricity, regenerates
and retransmits again as optical signal. Since these devices convert the optical
signal back into electrical and optical, these devices are often referred to as an
electro repeater.
The repeater consists of a telephone receiver (handset) mechanically coupled to
a carbon microphone, were used before the invention of the electronic amplifiers
equipped with vacuum tubes.
Host of network

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The term host ("host" in Spanish) is used in computer science to refer

to computers connected to a network, providing services and use it.
Users must use hosts to access the network. In general, the hosts are
single-user or multiuser computers that offer file transfer, remote
connection, database servers, web servers, etc. Users who use hosts
can in turn ask the same services to other machines connected to the
network. Generally a host computer is all that has an IP address that is
interconnected with one or more computers. A host or host is a
computer that functions as the start and end of data transfers.
Commonly described as the place where a website resides. An
Internet host has a unique Internet address (IP address) and a unique
domain name or host name.
Bridge of network
A network bridge or bridge is a device interconnection of computer networks
operating at Layer 2 (data link layer) of the OSI model. This interconnected
network segments (or divides a network into segments) by transferring data
from one network to another based on the physical destination address of each
packet. The term bridge formally responds to a device that behaves according to
the IEEE 802.1D. In short, a bridge connects network segments to form a single
subnet (allows connection between computers without routers). It works through
a table of MAC addresses detected in each segment to which it is connected.
When a node detects that one of the segments is trying to transmit data to a
node in the other, the bridge copies the frame to the other subnet, having the
ability to discard the frame (filter) should not have that subnet as the target. To
know where to send each frame it receives (routing) includes a mechanism for
automatic learning (self-learning) so you do not need manual configuration.
Switer of network
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to network bridge
multi-port processes and transmits data to the data link layer of the OSI model.
Switches also process data in the network layer and above are often called
layer-3 switch or multilayer switches.
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Switches exist several types of networks, including Fiber Channel,

Asynchronous Transfer Mode, InfiniBand, Ethernet and other. The first Ethernet
switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990.
Function

A switch is a telecommunications device that receives a message from any

device connected to it, and then transmits the message only to the device for
which the message was intended. This makes the switch to a more intelligent
than a hub device. The network switch plays an integral role in most modern
Ethernet networks local area. Medium and large enterprises LAN contains a
series of managed switches linked. Small office applications / home office often
use a single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as a residential
gateway to access broadband services office / small home, such as DSL or
cable Internet. In most of these cases, the end user device contains a router
interface components and technology to particular physical bandwidth. User
devices may also include a telephone interface for VoIP.
An Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model to create a
separate domain for each switch port collision. With 4 teams of 4 switch ports,
any couple can transfer data from one place to another, while another couple or
even at the same time, and the two conversations will not interfere with others.
In full duplex mode, these couples can also overlap. In the case of a repeater
hub, all bandwidth is shared and executed in half duplex, resulting in collisions,
which then require retransmission
Router of network

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A -Anglicism router; also known as packet ROUTER1 or encaminador2 and

Hispanicize as router-3 is a device that provides connectivity to network layer or
level three in the OSI model. Its main function is to send or route data packets
from one network to another, ie interconnect sub networks, meaning subnet an
IP machines can communicate without the intervention of a router (via bridges),
and therefore having different network prefixes.
Gateway of network
A gateway, gateway or gateway is a device that allows to interconnect
networks with different protocols and architectures at all levels of
communication. Its purpose is to translate the information from the
protocol used in an initial protocol used in the network destination
network.

The gateway or "gateway" is typically a computer configured to equip

machines on a local area network (LAN) connected to it an access to
an external network, usually performing operations for that IP address
translation (NAT: Network Address Translation). This ability to address
translation allows applying a technique called IP Masquerading (IP
masquerading), often used to provide Internet access to computers on
a local area network sharing a single Internet connection, and
therefore a single external IP address.

The IP address of a gateway (or gateway) often looks like 192.168.1.1

or 192.168.0.1 and uses some predefined ranges, 127.xxx, 10.xxx,
172.xxx, 192.xxx, encompassing or reserved for local networks (see
local Area Network). In addition it should be noted that equipment
that necessarily gateway on a network, you must have 2 network
cards.

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The gateway, or better known by its English name as "Default

Gateway" is the default route is assigned to a team and functions to
send any package that does not know that sending interface and is
not defined team routes, sending the package by the default route.

In a domestic environment ADSL routers and gateways are used to

connect the Home network with the network that is the Internet,
although this gateway does not connect two networks with different
protocols, yes that makes it possible to connect two separate
networks using the aforementioned NAT.

The Internet
Internet is a decentralized set of interconnected communications networks that
use the family of TCP / IP protocols, ensuring that the heterogeneous physical
networks that comprise function as a single logical network, worldwide. Its
origins date back to 1969, when the first connection of computers, known as
ARPANET, between three universities in California and one in Utah, United
States was established.
One of the services most successful Internet has been the World Wide Web
(WWW or Web), to the point that is common confusion between the two. The
WWW is a set of protocols that allows, in a simple, remote query hypertext files.
This was a later development (1990) and uses the Internet as a transmisin.3
There are, therefore, many other Internet protocols and services, apart from the
Web: sending email (SMTP), file transfer (FTP and P2P), online conversations
(IRC), instant messaging and presence the transmission of multimedia content
and voice telephony (VoIP), television (IPTV) communication - electronic
newsletters (NNTP), remote access to other devices (SSH and Telnet) or games
lnea.3 May 4
The Internets father
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Vinton 'Vint' Cerf Gray is an American computer scientist, considered

one of the 'fathers of the Internet. Born in Connecticut (USA) in 1943,
graduated in mathematics and computer science at Stanford
University (1965). While staying later at the University of California
(UCLA) obtained the MSc and PhD.

In the early 70s he began working with Robert Kahn to develop a set
of communication protocols for the military network, funded by the
government agency DARPA. The aim was to create a "network of
networks" that would interconnect the various networks of United
States Department of Defense, all different types and working with
different operating systems, regardless of connection type: radio links,
satellite and lines phone.

The research, led by Vinton Cerf, first from the University of California
(1967-1972) and later from Stanford University (1972-1976), led the
design of the set of protocols that are now known as TCP / IP
(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), which was
introduced by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn in 1972.

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Between 1976 and 1982, I worked at DARPA, pioneered the

development of radio and satellite transmission packet, head of
project and program Internet research network security. Always
concerned with the problems of networking, Cerf established in 1979
Internet Configuration Control Board (later renamed Internet Activities
Board), and was its first president.

Between 1982 and 1986, MCI MAIL Cerf designed the first commercial
email service that would connect to the Internet.

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In 1992 he was one of the founders of the Internet Society and its first
president.

Currently Vinton Cerf is the world's Vice President and Chief Internet
Evangelist for Google, occupation that combines with the chairman of
ICANN. He is a member of the International Advisory Board of the
Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre of Aviles, Asturias.
Reading:
The network is the connection of two on more computers to shore
resources and informations.
Any point where the informations goes in and goes out is called
network node.
The network servers are computers that provide resources and
informations to the others computers in the network. The computer
that used those resources are called network clients.
The types of networks are: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN and GAN network.
The network topology is the physical setting of the network. There are
three basic types of topology these are: ring, bus and star topology.
The network protocols are the rules and procedures fon the computers
to communicate in a network.
The means of transportation of informations in a network are:
Microwaves, optic fiber, coax cable, and UTP and STP cables.
In a network there are network communications devices like: Bridge,
switch repeater, host, routers and gateway.

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A soft-terminal is formed by a keyboard and a monitor, so that means

that all the informations are in a central server.

Names of companions address and phone.

-Nombre

- Telfono

-Direccin

Anel Selmo

829-990-3488 Villa mella

Junior Driyer

809-407-5790 c/Juan de moya

Waska Mndez

829-718-9874

c/Costa rica

Deivy Jimnez

829-727-0886

SPM

Yordany Dominguez

829-587-5492

c/Hermana mirabal

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Dedicatory

This work is dedicated to my mother.

As a person who gives me constant support in every way in the world.

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Closure

In this study we investigated the basic words of English and well

known and inferred informatics words.
In my personal opinion it is very good job to work with these issues in
English because in the future we will use that knowledge.

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40

Bibliography

www.wikipedia.org
www.monografias.com
www.alesga.com

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41

UNIVERSIDAD DEL CARIBE

(UNICARIBE)

SUSTENTANTES:
JOSTTIN MARTINEZ

MATRICULAS:
2014-2320

TEMA:

Temas realizados en la clase

MATERIA:
Ingles Tcnico I

PROFESOR:
Cristiam Ambiorix Lpez Guzmn
Fecha de Entrega:
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42

Da: 16 Mes: diciembre Ao: 2014

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43

Introduccin
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer palabras bsicas del ingles
tcnico para informticos y tener un concepto amplio sombre el ingles
en el mbito de informtica.
Nos da a conocer desde las palabras bsicas hasta las definiciones de
cada trmino informtico que tengan que ver con el ingles.

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La computadora es un dispositivo que se utiliza para trabajar con las

informaciones. Consta de dos partes
Hardware y software
El hardware es la parte fsica de la computadora que tiene cuatro
partes: monitor, ratn, teclado y CPU.
Cualquier componente aadido a la computadora se llama perifrico.
Ejemplo: fax, impresora, escner.
El monitor es el uso estndar del dispositivo para visualizar las
informaciones de la computadora. Los tipos de de pantalla son:
monocromo, policromada, CRT, RGB, EGA, VGA, SVGA, LCD, toque.
El ratn es un dispositivo que se utiliza para mover e introduzca la
informacin de la computadora.
El teclado es el dispositivo estndar utilizado para introducir la
informacin de la computadora. Las partes del teclado son: teclas de
funcin, teclas de flechas, teclas especiales, teclas numricas y teclas
alfanumricas.
La CPU local se inunda el cerebro de la computadora. Es un grupo de
componentes conectados entre s en Fon la unidad de procesamiento
de control.
Las partes de la CPU son: el caso, la fuente de alimentacin, el BIOS,
el mdem, el puerto USB, el ms fresco del ventilador, la placa base,
la tarjeta de sonido, la tarjeta de video, el procesador, la memoria, la
batera, la expansin ranura, los cables transmisin, el disco duro, el
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45

quemador y pronto. El software es la parte lgica de la computadora.

Hay dos tipos de software: sistema operativo y las aplicaciones. Los
controles del sistema operativo y del gestor de todos los recursos de
hardware y aplicaciones de la computadora.
Hay dos tipos: a base de comandos y basados en ventanas.
Monitor monocromtico
Un monitor monocromo es un tipo de monitor de la computadora que
era comn en los primeros das de la computacin, desde los aos 60
a los aos 80, antes de que los monitores en color fueran populares.
Incluso todava se utiliza en algunos sistemas de cajas registradoras
computarizadas, entre otras aplicaciones.
A diferencia de los monitores de color que muestran texto y grficos
en colores mltiples a travs del uso de intensidades de alternativas
de fsforos de color rojo, verde y azul, monitores monocromticos slo
tienen un fsforo de color (mono = uno cromo = color). Por esta razn
se les conoca tambin como "Monitor" o "pantalla de fsforo". Todos
los textos y grficos se muestran en ese color. Algunos monitores
tienen la capacidad de variar el brillo de los pxeles individuales,
creando as la ilusin de profundidad y color, al igual que un televisor
en blanco y negro.
Los monitores monocromticos estn disponibles en tres colores: si se
usa el fsforo P1, la pantalla es monocromo verde. Si se utiliza el P3
partido, la pantalla se ilumina en mbar blanco y negro. Si se utiliza
P4 fsforo, la pantalla es monocromo blanco, este es el mismo fsforo
usado en los primeros televisores. Se ha dicho que las pantallas de
mbar son mejores ergonmicamente reducir especficamente la
fatiga visual, pero estas afirmaciones parecen tener poco cientfico.
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Base
policromaticos monitor
Policromtico: Muestra informacin en varios colores; dentro
monitores policromticos son monitores GGA (4 colores), EGA (16
colores), VGA (256 colores), SUGA (69.000 colores), UVGA (16,7
millones de colores y ms).
MONITORES CRT:
Se basa en un tubo de rayos catdicos en ingls "Cathode Ray Tube".
l es el ms conocido, fue desarrollado en 1987 por Karl Ferdinand
Braun.
Se utiliza principalmente en televisores, computadoras y ms. Para
lograr caracterstica de calidad que hoy en da, estos fueron
sometidos a varias modificaciones y actualmente tambin realizan.
Operacin:
Dibuje un barrido de una imagen de la seal elctrica horizontalmente
a travs de la pantalla, una lnea a la vez. La amplitud de la seal en
el tiempo representa el brillo instantneo en ese punto en la pantalla.
Una amplitud cero, lo que indica que el punto de la pantalla en ese
momento ninguna marca representar un pxel negro. Una amplitud
mxima determina qu punto tendr el brillo completo.
Beneficios:
Excelente calidad de imagen (nitidez, contraste, brillo).
Econmico.
Tecnologa robusta.
Resolucin de alta calidad.
Desventajas:
Flicker presenta la imagen renovada.
El consumo de energa.
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La generacin de calor.
Generacin de radiaciones elctricas y magnticas.
Alto peso y tamao.
Monitores RGB
El monitor RGB se calibra monitor en color:
R - Rojo
G - Verde
B - Azul
La calibracin de los colores que usted utilice su monitor se refiere
para presentar las cosas en la pantalla
Es la nica calibracin, pero para un monitor de casa
Es bastante bueno, dependiendo de la marca, tipo y modelo
que puede ser diferente de calibracin
Monitores EGA
Es un estndar desarrollado por IBM para la visualizacin de grficos,
creado en 1984. Este nuevo monitor incorpora una gama ms amplia
de colores y resolucin.
Caractersticas
640_350 pxeles de resolucin.
Apoyo a 16 colores.
La tarjeta estndar grficos EGA trajo 64 KB de memoria de vdeo.
VGA Monitor:
Monitor VGA VGALos por sus siglas en ingls "Video Graphics Array",
fue lanzado en 1987 por IBM. Desde el lanzamiento de los monitores
VGA, los monitores anteriores comenzaron a ser obsoleto. El modo
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VGA 256 incorpora con altas resoluciones.

Para el desarrollo alcanzado hasta la fecha, incluidas las tarjetas
grficas, monitores anteriores no son compatibles con la VGA, estos
incorporan seales analgicas.
Caractersticas:
Soporte de 720 400 pxeles en modo texto.
Soporte de 640 480 pxeles en modo grfico con 16 colores.
Apoyo 320 200 pxeles en modo grfico con 256 colores.
Tarjetas grficas VGA estndar que incorporan 256 KB de memoria
de vdeo.
Monitor SVGA
Monitor SVGA llamado por sus siglas en ingls "Sper Video Graphics
Array", tambin conocido como "Sper VGA". Se desarrollaron Estos
tipos de monitores y normas para eliminar incompatibilidades y crear
nuevas mejoras a su antecesor VGA.
SVGA fue lanzado en 1989, diseado para proporcionar mayor
resolucin que los VGA. Esta norma tiene varias versiones, que
soportan diferentes resoluciones.
Caractersticas:
Resolucin de 800 600 pxeles y, sobre 1024_768.
Para este nuevo monitor se desarrollaron diferentes modelos de
tarjetas grficas: ATI, GeForce, NVIDIA y otros.
Pantallas de LCD:
Pantallas LCDA esta tecnologa se conoce con el nombre de pantalla o
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la pantalla LCD, por sus siglas en Ingls significa "Pantalla de Cristal

Lquido" o "Pantalla de Cristal Lquido" en espaol. Este dispositivo fue
inventado por Jack Janning.
Estas pantallas estn incluidos en los ordenadores porttiles, cmaras
fotogrficas, entre otros.
Operacin:
El funcionamiento de estas pantallas se basa en sustancias que
comparten las propiedades de slidos y lquidos a la vez.
Cuando un rayo de luz pasa a travs de una partcula de estas
sustancias debe seguir necesariamente el espacio vaco entre sus
molculas como lo hara a travs de un cristal slido pero cada una de
estas partculas se puede aplicar una corriente elctrica para cambiar
su luz dejando polarizacin o no.
Una pantalla de LCD se compone de dos filtros polarizados colocados
perpendicularmente de manera que mediante la aplicacin de una
corriente elctrica no pasa o la luz. Para lograr el color es necesario
aplicar tres filtros para cada uno de los colores primarios rojo, verde y
azul.
Para la reproduccin de varios tonos de color debe aplicar diferentes
niveles de brillo intermedio entre la luz y sin luz que se consigue con
las variaciones en la tensin aplicada a los filtros.
Beneficios:
El bajo peso y tamao.
Colores de buena calidad.
No contiene parpadeo.
Poco consumo de energa.
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Baja generacin de calor.

No genera radiaciones elctricas y magnticas.
Desventajas:
Alto costo.
ngulo de visibilidad limitada.
Brillo Limitado
Corto tiempo de respuesta de los pxeles.
Contiene mercurio.
Monitor tctil
Una pantalla tctil (pantalla tctil en Ingls) es una pantalla a travs
de un contacto directo sobre su superficie permite la entrada de datos
1 y comandos al dispositivo, y a su vez muestra los resultados
introducidos previamente; actuando como un perifrico de entrada y
salida de datos, as como los datos del emulador interino errneas
cuando no realmente conmovedor. Este contacto tambin se puede
hacer por un lpiz ptico o herramientas similares. Actualmente hay
pantallas tctiles que se pueden instalar en una pantalla normal, de
cualquier tipo (LCD, monitores CRT y televisores, plasma, etc.).
Las pantallas tctiles se hizo popular para el uso en la industria de
dispositivos, ordenadores pblicos (tales como piezas de museo,
pantallas de informacin, cajeros automticos bancarios, etc.) donde
los teclados y ratones no permiten una, intuitiva, rpida interaccin
satisfactoria o usuario exacta.
Desde finales del siglo XX y sobre todo a principios del XXI alcanzar un
uso comn en la mayora de los dispositivos de visualizacin: los
monitores de ordenador, telfonos mviles, tabletas, etc.

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Tecla de funcin
Un papel clave en la informtica es una llave en la parte frontal de un
teclado de ordenador que puede ser programado para que el sistema
operativo o un programa realicen ciertas acciones. En muchos
equipos, algunas teclas de funcin tienen por defecto en las
aplicaciones de inicio.
Las teclas de funcin pueden generar una secuencia corta de
caracteres, comenzando a menudo con "Escape" (ASCII 27), o enviar
una secuencia de caracteres que se interpreta por el sistema
operativo o algunos programas para comenzar a rutinas o tareas
predeterminadas.
En un teclado de computadora estndar, las claves suelen ser
marcados con una F seguida de un nmero, y algunos modelos
pueden aadirse en algn pequeo texto descriptivo o icono para su
efecto predeterminado.
Teclas de flecha
Las teclas de flecha, tecla de navegacin, teclas de movimiento del
cursor o las teclas de flecha son las teclas de un teclado de
computadora se utilizan para mover el cursor en una especfica.1
direccin tambin se utiliza para mover el cursor en cualquier lugar de
la pantalla de la computadora. El trmino "movimiento del cursor
clave" es diferente de "flecha de direccin" en la que las teclas de
movimiento pueden referirse a cualquier conjunto de teclas en un
teclado de computadora diseado para mover el cursor, mientras que
la flecha lo general se refiere a uno de los cuatro teclas especficas
marcadas con Flechas 0.2
Las flechas direccionales son normales en la parte inferior del teclado
al lado del teclado.
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52

Normalmente posicionado en T invertida distribucin, pero tambin

puede ser colocado formando un diamante encontrar. Las teclas de
flecha se utilizan generalmente para mover documentos y jugar
muchos juegos. Antes de usar el ratn del ordenador extendido, las
teclas de flecha eran la principal forma de mover el cursor en la
pantalla. MouseKeys es una funcionalidad que tiene algunos
programas que pueden controlar un cursor de ratn con las teclas de
flecha. Usando las flechas en los juegos es obsoleta desde finales de
los aos 80 y principios de los 90, cuando las palancas de mando eran
una necesidad y se utilizaron en su lugar.

Teclas especiales
Algunas teclas del teclado tienen funciones especficas que pueden no
saber. stos son algunos de ellos.
Tab: Permite pasar de un objeto a otro o se mueve 5 caracteres,
dependiendo de la tarea que est realizando.
Shift, Shift o el botn de desplazamiento: Para escribir una letra
mayscula, pulse la tecla Mayus ratos la tecla de la letra. Presionando
Shift mientras cualquier tecla corresponde a una carta el carcter en
la parte superior de la llave en question'll aparece.
Alt Gr: En los teclados internacionales, <Alt Gr> le da acceso a
ciertos caracteres de las teclas que contienen ms de dos caracteres.
Para introducir la letra o el carcter especial que se encuentra en la
parte inferior derecha de la tecla, pulse <Alt Gr> mientras que la tecla
en cuestin.
Ctrl (control): Esta tecla se utiliza en muchos atajos; Tambin si
se mantiene, puede seleccionar varios objetos a la vez.
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Scroll Lock (bloqueo de desplazamiento) antes de pulsar esta

tecla con la flecha hacia arriba o hacia abajo mueve el cursor de una
pgina a otra, en lugar de pasar de una lnea a otra. Sin embargo, con
el tiempo la barra de desplazamiento en la pantalla sustituye la tecla
<Scroll Lock>, por lo que este ltimo ya no se utilizan regularmente y
hasta las ltimas aplicaciones no reconocen.
Inserte (insertar): Al pulsar esta tecla tiene dos posibilidades a
la hora de escribir. Con la primera, lo que escribes antes el cursor
derecho y pulse el texto que se encuentra a continuacin. La segunda
opcin hace que el texto que escriba reemplazar el texto que se
encuentra a la derecha del cursor.
Nm. Lock (nmeros de bloque): Pulse este botn se activa el
teclado numrico; Si Bloq Nm. est activado, las flechas y las teclas
especiales del teclado que son. El teclado numrico es un conjunto de
nmeros en orden inverso a las teclas de un telfono. En el teclado de
las computadoras de escritorio, el teclado numrico en el lado
derecho del teclado. Sin embargo, los ordenadores porttiles, de
insercin aparece en las llaves normales, y los nmeros
correspondientes a que se encuentran generalmente en la parte
inferior de algunas teclas (por lo general, las claves estn en el lado
derecho del teclado).
Shift Lock (maysculas): Pulse este botn una vez te permite
escribir en maysculas continuamente sin mantener pulsada la tecla
Mayus mientras. Para volver a minsculas slo tiene que pulsar Shift
Lock nuevo. Esta llave especial debe ser utilizada para escribir
consecutivamente sobre una letra mayscula; Shift Lock no tiene
efecto sobre las teclas numricas o teclas especiales.
Print Screen (imprimir pantalla): Esta tecla le permite tomar
imgenes de toda la pantalla. Para obtener ms informacin, consulte
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las secciones "Print Screen" y "Otras caractersticas convenientes" de

esta gua.
Una red de ordenadores
Una red de ordenadores, tambin llamada red de ordenadores, red de
comunicacin de datos o red de ordenadores es un conjunto de
hardware y software conectados entre s por medio de dispositivos
fsicos que envan y reciben impulsos elctricos, ondas
electromagnticas u otros medios para el transporte de datos de
ordenador, con el fin de compartir informacin, recursos y prestacin
de servicios.
Como en cualquier proceso de comunicacin requiere un emisor, un
mensaje, un medio y un receptor. El propsito principal de la creacin
de una red de computadoras es compartir recursos e informacin en
la distancia, asegurar la confiabilidad y disponibilidad de la
informacin, aumentar la velocidad de transmisin de datos y reducir
el costo total de estos acciones.2 un ejemplo es Internet, que es una
red de millones de computadoras ubicadas en diferentes partes del
planeta interconectado bsicamente para compartir informacin y
recursos.
Un nodo
En informtica y telecomunicaciones, en trminos muy generales, un
nodo es un punto de interseccin, conexin o unin de varios
elementos que confluyen en el mismo lugar. Sin embargo, en el
clculo del nodo palabra puede tener diferentes significados segn el
contexto en que nos movemos:
Red de ordenadores cada mquina es un nodo, y si la red es Internet,
cada servidor es tambin un nodo. El concepto de red se puede definir
como:
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Conjunto de nodos interconectados. Un nodo es el punto en el que

una curva corta a s mismo. Lo que un nodo es concretamente redes
dependientes nos referimos
En las estructuras de datos dinmicos un nodo es un registro que
contiene informacin de inters y al menos un puntero de referencia
(objetivo) a otro nodo. Si la estructura es slo un puntero, la nica
estructura que se puede construir con l es una lista, si el nodo tiene
ms de un puntero y puede construir estructuras ms complejas, tales
como rboles o grafos.
Un servidor
En informtica, un servidor es un nodo, formando parte de una red,
ofrece servicios a otros nodos denominados clientes.
Tambin se conoce con el servidor de la palabra:
Una aplicacin informtica o programa que realiza algunas tareas en
beneficio de otras aplicaciones llamadas clientes. Algunos servicios
comunes son los archivos de los servicios, que permiten a los usuarios
almacenar y acceder a archivos desde un ordenador y las aplicaciones
de servicios, que realizan tareas de beneficiar directamente al usuario
final. Este es el significado original del trmino. Es posible que una
computadora realice las funciones de cliente y servidor
simultneamente.
Un equipo en el que un programa que realiza alguna tarea en
beneficio de otras aplicaciones llamadas clientes, tanto si se trata de
un host (servidor), un miniordenador, un ordenador personal, una PDA
o un sistema embebido est en ejecucin; Sin embargo, los
ordenadores slo tienen por objeto proporcionar los servicios de estos
programas: estos son los servidores por excelencia.
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Ejemplo de un tipo de servidor rack.

Un servidor no es necesariamente una mquina de ltima generacin
de grandes proporciones, es necesariamente un superordenador; un
servidor de un equipo puede ser de bajos ingresos, a una mquina
muy potente (ej. servidores web, bases de datos grandes, etc.
Procesadores especiales y hasta varios terabytes de memoria). Todo
esto depende de lo que se da en el servidor. Si lo desea, puede activar
el equipo desde el que usted est leyendo esto en un servidor
mediante la instalacin de un programa que trabaja para la red y los
usuarios entran en su red a travs de un programa como el servidor
web Apache.
Network Client
En el contexto de las redes informticas, denominada cliente o cliente
de software de red a todo lo que entidad de software que de alguna
manera hace que las solicitudes de servicio a los proveedores de los
mismos. Por lo tanto, una versin de software cliente solicita en forma
de mensajes a un servidor que procesar software. Despus de este
procesamiento, el servidor transmite la respuesta al cliente
Red PAN
Segn el Instituto de Ingenieros Elctricos y Electrnicos (IEEE por sus
stands para Instituto de Ingenieros Elctricos y Electrnicos), una red
de rea personal (PAN siglas de Red de rea Personal) es una red de
apoyo a los segmentos de 33 pies (10 metros) de largo o ms . Un
PAN se suele utilizar para conectarse a otros dispositivos autnomos y
las redes ms grandes de dispositivos personales, como telfonos
mviles, auriculares y PDAs entre s sin cables.
Red LAN
LANs se pueden conectar entre s a travs de lneas telefnicas y
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ondas de radio. Un sistema de LANs conectadas de esta manera se

llama una red de rea amplia acrnimo Ingls, red de rea amplia
WAN.
Las estaciones de trabajo y ordenadores personales en oficinas
normalmente estn conectadas en una red local, lo que permite a los
usuarios enviar o recibir archivos y compartir el acceso a los archivos
y datos. Cada ordenador conectado a una LAN se llama un nodo.
Cada nodo (equipo individual) en una LAN tiene su propia CPU con la
que se ejecuta programas, pero tambin puede acceder a los datos y
dispositivos en cualquier parte de la LAN. Esto significa que muchos
usuarios pueden compartir dispositivos costosos tales como
impresoras lser y de datos. Los usuarios tambin pueden utilizar la
LAN para comunicarse entre s, el envo de e-mail o chat.
Red WAN
Es posible clasificar a una red de diferentes maneras en funcin de su
alcance, la relacin funcional de sus componentes y su mtodo de
conexin. La nocin de WAN es parte de una clasificacin de la red de
acuerdo con su mbito de aplicacin.
WAN significa red de rea amplia, una palabra en ingls que se
traduce red de rea amplia. Esto significa que la WAN es un tipo de
red que cubre distancias de entre aproximadamente 100 y unos 1.000
kilmetros, lo que le permite proporcionar conectividad a mltiples
ciudades o incluso todo un pas.
WAN puede ser desarrollado por una empresa u organizacin para uso
privado, o incluso un proveedor de Internet (ISP, Internet Service
Provider) para proporcionar conectividad a todos sus clientes.
Por lo general, WAN obras apuntan a punto, por lo que puede definirse
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como una red de paquetes conmutados. Estas redes, por otro lado,
pueden utilizar sistemas de comunicacin de radio o por satlite.

Red MAN
Rojo, por lo tanto, se utiliza en el clculo de nombrar el conjunto de
equipos (como computadoras) conectados entre s de manera que
puedan compartir recursos, servicios e informacin.
Hay varias maneras de clasificar una red: segn su alcance, su
mtodo de relacin o conexin funcional, por ejemplo. En la primera
categora (redes en funcin de su mbito de aplicacin), nos
encontramos con la nocin de red
MAN significa red de rea metropolitana, lo que se traduce Red de
rea Metropolitana. Una red MAN es uno que, a travs de una
conexin de alta velocidad, ofrece cobertura en una amplia zona
geogrfica (tal como una ciudad o municipio).
Con una red MAN puede compartir e intercambiar todo tipo de datos
(texto, video, audio, etc.) a travs de fibra ptica o cable de par
trenzado. Este tipo de red es una evolucin de la LAN (red de rea
local y la red de rea local), ya que favorece la interconexin en una
regin ms amplia, que cubre un rea ms grande. Por otro lado est
la WAN (Wide rea Network o Red de rea amplia) de la red, lo que
permite la interconexin de pases y continentes.
Las redes MAN pueden ser pblicas o privadas. Estas redes se
desarrollan con dos buses unidireccionales, lo que significa que cada
uno acta independientemente de los otros con respecto a la
transferencia de datos. Cuando se utiliza la fibra ptica, la tasa de
error es menor que si se utiliza alambre de cobre, siempre que dos
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redes de las mismas dimensiones comparados. Es de destacar que las

dos opciones son seguros porque no permiten la lectura o la alteracin
de su seal sin el enlace fsico falla.
Est interconexin mencionada entre aplicaciones dispersas oficinas
de redes MAN en una ciudad, pero dentro de la misma corporacin, el
desarrollo de un circuito cerrado de televisin municipal y el
despliegue de servicios de VoIP.
Red GAN
El GAN (Red de rea Global, por sus siglas en Ingls) Red es una
solucin de comunicacin completamente satlite que INMOSAT pone
a disposicin de sus clientes; ofreciendo un sistema completo y
sofisticado para la transmisin eficaz de grandes cantidades de datos.
Es el nico servicio que combina la transferencia ms alta calidad de
los datos a una velocidad de 64 Kbits / s de servicio mvil RDSI y
primer paquete de datos mvil.
Topologa de red
La topologa de red se define como una familia de comunicacin
utilizado por los equipos que forman una red de intercambio de datos.
En otras palabras, la forma en que est diseada la red, ya sea fsica o
plano lgico. El concepto de red puede definirse como "un conjunto de
nodos interconectados". Un nodo es el punto en el que una curva
corta a s mismo. Lo que un nodo es concretamente redes
dependientes que refiramos.
Un claro ejemplo de esto es la topologa de rbol, que se llama as por
su apariencia esttica, que puede comenzar con la insercin del
servicio de internet desde el proveedor, a travs del router, luego por
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un switch y este deriva otro switch u otro router o sencillamente a los

hosts (estaciones de trabajo), el resultado es un rbol de la red, como
porque desde el primer router que tiene la distribucin de las ramas
comprendidas internet que conducen a la creacin de nuevas redes o
subredes tanto internas como externas. Adems de la topologa
esttica, se puede dar una topologa de red lgica y que depender de
lo que se necesita en el momento.
En algunos casos se puede usar la palabra arquitectura en un sentido
relajado para hablar a la vez de la disposicin de cableado fsico y
cmo el protocolo considera dicho cableado. As, en un anillo con una
MAU podemos decir que tenemos una topologa en anillo, o que es un
anillo con topologa en estrella.
La topologa de red est determinada nicamente por la configuracin
de las conexiones entre nodos. La distancia entre los nodos, las
interconexiones fsicas, las tasas de transmisin y los tipos de seales
fuera de la topologa de la red, pero puede verse afectada por la
misma fan
Topologa de anillo
Una red en anillo es una topologa de red en la que cada estacin
tiene una sola entrada y una salida. Cada estacin tiene un receptor y
un transmisor que acta como un traductor, pasando la seal a la
siguiente estacin.
En este tipo de comunicacin de la red se da por el paso de un token o
ficha, que se puede conceptualizar como un cartero que pasa
recogiendo y entregando paquetes de informacin, por lo que
cualquier prdida de datos debido a las colisiones se evita.
En un estudio doble anillo (Token Ring), dos anillos permiten que los
datos sean enviados en ambas direcciones (paso del testigo). Esta
configuracin crea redundancia (tolerancia a fallos). Evite las
colisiones
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Topologa de Bus
Una topologa de red de autobuses es uno caracterizado por un canal
de comunicaciones nico (llamado bus, columna vertebral o espina
dorsal) a la que estn conectados los diversos dispositivos. As, todos
los dispositivos comparten el mismo canal para comunicarse.
Topologa en estrella
Una red en estrella es una red en la que las estaciones estn
conectadas directamente a un punto central y todas las
comunicaciones tienen necesariamente que ser hecho a travs de
este. Los dispositivos no estn conectados directamente entre s,
adems de trfico de la cantidad de datos no est permitido. Dado su
transmisin, una red de estrella activa tiene un nodo central activo
que normalmente tiene los medios para prevenir problemas
relacionados con el eco.
Se utiliza principalmente para las redes locales. La mayora de las
redes de rea local que tienen un enrutador (router), un conmutador
(switch) o un concentrador (hub) siguen esta topologa. El nodo
central en estas sera el router, switch o hub, por donde pasan todos
los paquetes de los usuarios.
Actualmente es utilizado por la famosa plataforma de Google.
Sistema operativo de red
Un sistema operativo de red, tambin llamados NOS (Ingls, Red
Operating System) es un software que permite la interconexin de
ordenadores para acceder a servicios y recursos, hardware y software,
la creacin de redes de ordenadores. Al igual que un equipo no puede
funcionar sin un sistema operativo, una red informtica no puede
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funcionar sin un sistema operativo de red. Es un software que permite

la comunicacin de un sistema informtico con otros equipos en el
campo de las redes
Protocolo de red
El concepto de protocolo de red se utiliza en el contexto de la
informtica para designar las regulaciones y criterios establece cmo
comunicar los diversos componentes de un sistema de redes. Esto
significa que, a travs de este protocolo, los dispositivos que estn
conectados en red para el intercambio de datos.
Tambin conocido como protocolo de comunicacin, protocolo de red
proporciona la semntica y la sintaxis de intercambio de informacin,
que es un estndar. Ordenadores en red, por lo tanto, deben actuar
de acuerdo con los parmetros y criterios establecidos por el
protocolo de que se trate de lograr comunicarse y para recuperar
datos por alguna razn, no han llegado su destino.
En la diversa informacin de protocolo de red que son esenciales para
la conexin estn incluidos. El protocolo muestra cmo se especifica
la conexin fsica, establece la forma en que debe comenzar y
finalizar la comunicacin, determina cmo tratar con datos corruptos,
protege la informacin de los ataques de intrusos, dijo que el eventual
cierre de la transmisin, etc.
Protocolo TCP / IP
Las redes TCP / IP son un tema que ha recibido una atencin creciente
en los ltimos aos. A medida que Internet ha crecido, la gente ha
comprendido la importancia de TCP / IP, incluso sin darse cuenta.
Navegadores Web, correo electrnico y salas de chat son utilizados
por millones de personas diariamente.
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TCP / IP mantiene todos los que operan en silencio.

El / nombre TCP IP proviene de dos de los protocolos ms importantes
de la familia de protocolos de Internet, el Protocolo de Control de
Transmisin (TCP) y el Protocolo de Internet (IP).
La principal virtud de TCP / IP es que est diseado para enlazar
ordenadores de diferentes tipos, incluyendo PCs, minis y mainframes
que ejecutan diferentes sistemas operativos en redes de rea local y
redes de rea amplia y, por lo tanto, permite la conexin de equipos
geogrficamente distantes.
Internet est estrechamente vinculada a un sistema de protocolo de
comunicacin llamado / IP (/ Protocolo de Internet Transmisin Control
Protocol) TCP, que se utiliza para transferir datos a travs de Internet,
adems de muchas redes de rea local.
Modelo OSI
El modelo de interconexin de sistemas abiertos (ISO / IEC 7498-1),
tambin llamado OSI (en Ingls, Open System Interconnection "OSI")
es el modelo de red descriptivo, que fue creado por la Organizacin
Internacional de Normalizacin (ISO) en el ao 1980.1 es un marco
para la definicin de arquitecturas para la interconexin de sistemas
de comunicaciones.
ISO S`Company
La ISO (Organizacin Internacional de Normalizacin) es una
federacin mundial de grupos nacionales de normalizacin de ms de
100 pases, uno de cada pas.
La ISO es una organizacin no gubernamental establecida en 1947. La
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misin de la ISO es promover el desarrollo de la normalizacin y la

relacionada con el propsito de facilitar el intercambio internacional
de bienes y servicios de las actividades, y para desarrollar la
cooperacin en el campo de la propiedad intelectual, cientfica, la
actividad tecnolgica y econmica.
Los resultados de la labor de los acuerdos internacionales ISO son
publicados como Normas Internacionales.
Historia de la ISO
Los principios de la normalizacin internacional fue en el campo de la
tcnica de electro: La IEC (International
Comisin Electrotcnica) fue creada en el ao 1906. El trabajo pionero
en otros campos se llev a cabo por la ISA (Federacin Internacional
de las Asociaciones Nacionales de Normalizacin) el nfasis del
trabajo de la ISA, que fue creado en 1926. Fue la mecnica de
ingeniera.
Las actividades de ISA cesaron en 1942 debido a la Segunda Guerra
Mundial. Despus de una reunin en Londres en 1946, los delegados
de 25 pases decidieron crear un nuevo "objeto que podra facilitar la
coordinacin y unificacin de normas industriales internacionales"
organizacin. La nueva organizacin, ISO, oficialmente comenz a
operar el 23 de febrero 1947.
La primera norma ISO se public en 1951 bajo el ttulo de
"temperatura de referencia estndar para la medicin de la longitud
industrial". (Referencia de temperatura industrial estndar para las
mediciones de longitud).
El cable coaxial
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El cable coaxial, cable coaxial o coaxial, 1 creado en 1930, es un cable

utilizado para transportar seales elctricas de alta frecuencia que
tienen dos conductores concntricos, un centro, llamado activo,
responsable de mantener la informacin, y uno exterior, de aspecto
tubular, llamado malla escudo o trenza, que sirve como la referencia
de tierra y de retorno de corriente. Entre ellos est una capa aislante
llamada dielctrico, cuyas caractersticas dependen principalmente la
calidad del cable. Todo el conjunto est generalmente protegido por
una cubierta aislante (tambin llamada camisa exterior).
El conductor central puede consistir en un alambre slido o mltiples
hilos de cobre trenzados; mientras que el exterior puede ser una
trenza, una lmina enrollada o un tubo corrugado de cobre o aluminio.
En este ltimo caso ser un cable semi-rgido.
Debido a la necesidad de manejar cada vez ms altas frecuencias y la
digitalizacin de la radiodifusin, en los ltimos aos su uso ha
reemplazado gradualmente por coaxial cable de fibra ptica, en
particular sobre varios kilmetros, debido a que el ancho de banda de
este ltimo es mucho mayor.
STP cable
El cable de par trenzado consta de dos hilos de cobre aislados que se
entrelazan forma helicoidal como una molcula de ADN. As, el par
trenzado es un circuito que puede transmitir datos. Esto se hace
porque dos alambres paralelos constituyen una antena simple.
Cuando se retuercen los hilos, las ondas se anulan, de modo que la
radiacin es menor forma trenzada de alambre efectiva.1 lo tanto
reduce la interferencia elctrica lo ms cerca pares externos.
Un cable de par trenzado consta de un grupo de pares trenzados,
normalmente cuatro, cubiertos por un material aislante. Cada uno de
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estos pares se identifica mediante un color.

La seal de entrelazado llevar cables en modo diferencial (es decir,
que es la inversa de la otra), tiene dos razones principales:
Si tenemos la forma de onda es A (t) en un alambre y el otro es -A (t)
y n (t) es el ruido aadido por igual en ambos cables durante el
camino hacia el receptor, tenemos: A (t) + n (t) en un cable y el otro
-A (t) + n (t) para hacer una diferencia en el receptor, a la izquierda
con 2A (t) y hemos eliminado el ruido.
Si pensamos en el campo magntico producir esta corriente en el
alambre y que consideramos que son de lado a lado y por el otro la
corriente que va en la direccin opuesta, entonces las direcciones de
los campos magnticos son opuestas y el mdulo ser casi la misma,
que eliminan los campos exterior del cable, evitando as cualquier
corriente se induce en conductores adyacentes
Cable UTP
Cables UTP son lo que usamos para construir una red de ordenadores
que estn conectados a un mdem y un ordenador a otro ordenador.
Encontramos algunas dificultades al usar este mtodo de conexin, ya
que el mal golpe, ya sea golpeado normas o porque algunos de sus
cables internos no estn realizando una conexin adecuada entre
ellos.
Las microondas
Una red de microondas es un tipo de red inalmbrica que utiliza
microondas como medio de transmisin. El protocolo ms comn es el
IEEE 802.11b transmite a 2,4 GHz, alcanzando velocidades de 11
Mbps (megabits por segundo). Otras redes utilizan el rango de 5.4 a
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5.7 GHz protocolo IEEE 802.11a

Fibra ptica
La fibra ptica es un filamento de vidrio o plstico flexible y delgado
que un cabello humano utilizado para transmitir la luz desde un
extremo a otro, independientemente de la geometra durante su
recorrido all.

La Internet
Uno de los servicios de Internet ms exitoso ha sido el (WWW o Web)
World Wide Web, hasta el punto que es comn la confusin entre los
dos.

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Lectura:
La red es la conexin de dos en ms equipos para apuntalar los
recursos e informaciones.
Cualquier punto en el que las informaciones de entra y se apaga se
llama nodo de red.
El equipo que utiliza esos recursos se denomina clientes de la red.
Los tipos de redes son: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN y la red GAN.
La topologa de red es la configuracin fsica de la red.
Los medios de transporte de informaciones en una red son:
microondas, fibra ptica, cables coaxiales cable, UTP y STP.
En una red existen dispositivos de comunicaciones de red como:
puente, interruptor de repetidor, anfitrin, routers y Gateway.

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Nombres de compaeras, direccin y telfonos.

-Nombre

- Telfono

-Direccin

Anel Selmo

829-990-3488 Villa mella

Junior Driyer

809-407-5790 c/Juan de moya

Waska Mndez

829-718-9874

c/Costa rica

Deivy Jimnez

829-727-0886

SPM

Yordany Dominguez

829-587-5492

c/Hermana mirabal

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Dedicatorio

Este trabajo est dedicado a mi madre.

Como una persona que me da un apoyo constante en todos los
sentidos en el mundo.

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Conclusin
En este trabajo hemos investigado las palabras bsicas del ingles y as
conocer y deducir palabras informticas.

En mi opinin personal es muy buen trabajo para trabajar con esos

temas en ingles porque en el futuro haremos uso de ese
conocimiento.

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Bibliografa

www.wikipedia.org
www.monografias.com
www.alesga.com

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