Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 28 Apr 2014
Accepted: 1st May 2014
Research Article
Puranik
510
Puranik
RESULTS
Table 1: Observed Anthropometric values of male subjects according to age.
Age
years
N
o.
7
9
10
11
12
13
7
3
8
15
8
9
Male subjects
Height
Wt/Ht
(cm)
ratio
( kg/cm)
20.921.64 10412 0.20115
23.501.80 10315 0.22815
23.922.62 11910 0.20100
25.733.90 12807 0.20101
26.182.50 12902 0.20294
30.724.94 13606 0.22588
Weight
(kg)
BMI
N
o
Weight (kg)
19.934.40
22.927.17
16.932.78
15.471.22
15.621.70
16.316.36
13
3
17
8
5
4
20.072.68
17.660.57
20.875.16
26.314.14
33.505.78
37.377.47
Female subjects
Height
Wt/Ht
(cm)
ratio
( kg/cm)
10711 0.1875
10910 0.1620
10614 0.1968
1295
0.2039
1428
0.2359
144 3
0.2595
BMI
17.884.36
15.194.30
19.206.03
15.531.78
16.381.59
17.773.14
Weight
(Kg)
7
9
10
11
12
13
22.9
28.1
31.4
32.2
37
40.9
Height
(cm)
Weight
(Kg)
(kg/cm)
Diff. between
std and observed
Wt/Ht ratios
(p values)
0.18816
-0.0129
0.21255
-0.0155
0.22836
0.02736
0.23
0.02899
0.25170
0.04876
0.26732
0.04144
21.8
28.5
32.5
33.7
38.7
44
Wt/Ht
ratio
121.7
132.2
137.5
140
147
153
Height
(cm)
Wt/Ht
ratio
(kg/cm)
120.6
132.2
138.3
142
148
150
0.1807
-0.0068
0.2155
0.054
0.2349
0.0381
0.2373
0.0334
0.2614
0.0255
0.2933
0.0338
No. of females
No. of males
17.1 18.5
18.6 20
12
17
20.1 25
Normal.
18
23
25.1 30
Above 30
16 17
511
Puranik
512
Puranik
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to thePrincipal, Modern
College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Shvajinagar,
Pune (India) for providing facilities for research. The
author acknowledges the financial support from the
University Grant Commission (UGC), Pune.
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
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anthropometric variables. A contribution to
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2. Samai Mohamed, Samai Hajah H, Bash-Taqi
Donald A, Gage George N and Taqi Ahmed M
The Relationship between Nutritional Status and
Anthropometric Measurements of Preschool
Children in a Sierra Leonean Clay Factory
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1970:23:7.
4. Delarue J, Constans T, Malvy D, Iradignac A,
Couet C, Lamisse F. Anthropometric values in an
elderly French population. Br. J. Nutri. 1994:71 :
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5. Durnin JVGA, De Bruin H, Feunekes GIJ. Skin
folds thickness; Is there a need to be very precise
in their location? Br J Nutri. 1997: 77: 3-7
6. Marilyn D, Johnson, MS, William K, Yamanaka,
Candelaria S, Formacion MS. A comparison of
Anthropometric
methods
for
Assessing
Nutritional Status of Preschool Children. The
Phillippines study. J Trop Pediatr. 1984:30:96104
7. Sharma B, Mitra M, Chakrabarty S and Bharati P.
Nutritional status of Preschool Children of Raj
Gond a Tribal Population in Madha Pradesh,
India. Malaysian J. Nutri. 2006:12: 147-55
8. Deaton, Angus and Jean Dreze. Food and
nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations
Economic and political Weekly, 2007: 44(7): 4265
9. Angus
Deaton
Height,
health,
and
development. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 2007, 104(33): 13232-37
513
Puranik
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00388.9
514
Agrawal
515
Agrawal
RESULTS
Table 1: Mean & standard deviation for RPP
Male
Female
Exercise
10 Repetition 15 Repetition 20 Repetition
10 Repetition
15 Repetition
20 Repetition
FIL
116.946.90 123.956.10 131.348.45
105.166.48
112.076.22
112.076.22
EIL
109.865.04 116.157.23 123.277.71
98.011.20
102.925.32
102.925.32
FIS
104.535.69 111.556.9
117.147.79
93.327.52
97.466.89
97.466.89
EIS
100.265.50 104.436.43 110.358.25
86.146.24
88.897.57
88.897.57
Flexion in standing (FIS), extension in standing (EIS), flexion in lying (FIL)& extension in lying (EIL).
Table 2: Comparing for the effects of different exercises in males, after applying One-Way ANOVA
516
Agrawal
Table 4: Comparison between the effects of exercises in females using paired t-test
10 Repetition
15 Repetition
20 Repetition
Exercise
t value
p value
t value
p value
t value
EIS vs EIL
9.49
0.000
9.58
0.000
11.45
EIS vs FIS
5.57
0.000
7.06
0.000
7.74
EIS vs FIL
3.31
0.001
3.97
0.00015
5.44
EIL vs FIS
13.36
0.000
14.95
0.000
17.39
EIL vs FIL
8.90
0.000
9.29
0.000
11.92
FIS vs FIL
7.54
0.000
9.95
0.000
11.66
p value
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Flexion in standing (FIS), extension in standing (EIS), flexion in lying (FIL) & extension in lying (EIL).
Table 5: Comparison between the effects of exercises in males using paired t-test
10 Repetition
15 Repetition
20 Repetition
Exercise
t value
p value
t value
p value
t value
p value
EIS vs EIL
8.77
0.000
7.63
0.000
7.23
0.000
EIS vs FIS
6.06
0.000
5.24
0.000
4.46
0.000
EIS vs FIL
11.94
0.000
2.87
0.005
3.54
0.0007
EIL vs FIS
4.44
0.000
13.93
0.000
11.24
0.000
EIL vs FIL
FIS vs FIL
5.23
8.13
0.000
0.000
7.22
8.50
0.000
0.000
6.92
7.82
0.000
0.000
Flexion in standing (FIS), extension in standing (EIS), flexion in lying (FIL) & extension in lying (EIL).
Exercise Repetitions
10
Agrawal
t-value
0.0669
p value
0.47
517
FIS
15
1.3468
0.09
20
1.9517
0.02*
10
1.4104
0.08
15
1.9002
0.03*
EIS
20
2.3787
0.009*
10
0.3629
0.35
15
0.4224
0.33
FIL
20
0.8806
0.19
10
0.4028
0.34
15
0.6745
0.25
EIL
20
0.8833
0.19
The Table shows that p values are significant i.e.
p<0.05 only in 3 cases. Therefore it can be concluded
that mean values of RPP does not differ significantly
between males and females except when EIS is
repeated 15 or 20 times and when FIS is repeated 20
times.
FIL
Increased Mean
Female
EIL
FIS
EIS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
15
Repetition
20
Fig
2:Mean
RPP
increases
such
that
FIL>EIL>FIS>EIS in females after any number of
repetitions.
FIL
Increased Mean
Male
EIL
FIS
EIS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
15
Repetition
20
518
Agrawal
519
Agrawal
520
Agrawal
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00389.0
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 28 Apr 2014
Accepted: 1st May 2014
Research Article
Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, India
Assistant Professor, 3Professor, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, RGKar Medical College,
Kolkata, India
2
Indira et al.,
521
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):521-525
Indira et al.,
522
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):521-525
Indira et al.,
523
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):521-525
Indira et al.,
524
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):521-525
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Indira et al.,
525
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):521-525
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00390.7
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 6th Apr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 26thMay 2014
Research Article
Professor and HOD, 2Post Graduate student, Dr B R Ambedkar Medical College,Bangalore, Karnataka, India
SarojGoliaet al.,
Sr.
no.
1
2
3
4
5
Specimen(n=100)
E. faecalis(%)
E.faecium(%)
Urine
Pus
Sputum
Blood
Total
38
10
06
05
59
22
08
05
03
38
E.dispar
(%)
01
01
02
E.durans
(%)
01
01
Sr.
no.
1
2
3
4
5
Specimen(n=38)
Urine
Pus
Sputum
Blood
Total
Penicillin
(%)
34
09
05
04
52
Ampicillin
(%)
40
08
05
05
58
Ciprofloxacin
(%)
65
10
04
03
82
Vancomycin
(%)
03
02
05
Linezolid Tetracycline
(%)
(%)
01
48
01
08
03
01
03
03
62
527
SarojGoliaet al.,
Sr.
no.
1
2
3
4
5
Specimen(n=59)
Urine
Pus
Sputum
Blood
Total
Penicillin
(%)
32
08
04
04
48
Ampicillin
(%)
33
04
02
01
40
Ciprofloxacin
(%)
54
11
02
03
70
Vancomycin
(%)
01
01
02
E.faecium(%)
45
08
02
03
58
Linezolid Tetracycline
(%)
(%)
01
44
01
05
03
03
02
55
E.fecalis(%)
38
06
02
02
48
DISCUSSION
Enterococci are the second most common cause of
nosocomial urinary tract and wound infections and
third most common cause of nosocomial bacteremias.
Because of their resistance to penicillin and
cephalosporins of several generations, the acquisition
of high level aminoglycoside resistance and now the
emergency of vancomycin resistance, these
organisms are involved in serious super infections in
patients receiving broad spectrum antimicrobial
therapy.1So it is essential to know the susceptibility
pattern of these organisms.
We isolated E. faecalis more than that of E. faecium.
The same results were obtained by Mendiratta DK et
al.7,Bhat KG et al8and Gupta et al.9High level
aminoglycoside resistance Enterococci were first
reported in France in 1979 and then have been
isolated from all the continents.10Our study showedE.
faecium isolates were more drug resistant compared
to E. faecalis. This is comparable to the results
reported by AnjanaTelkaretal.11
In our study majority of the Enterococcal isolates
were resistant to tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin,
which is comparable to the study conducted by
AnjanaTelkar et al.11
Overall, resistance to penicillin, ampicillin
andciprofloxacin among strains of E. faecium is high.
Linezolid showed a good sensitivity towards
Enterococci species, and this can be used as an
alternative for the vancomycin resistant Enterococci.
SarojGoliaet al.,
529
SarojGoliaet al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00391.9
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 26th Apr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 17th May 2014
Research Article
MYCOBACTERIUM
*Radha Annamalai1, Jyotirmay Biswas2, S Sudharshan 3, R Gayathri 4,K Lily Therese5, Viswanathan S6, Namitha
Bhuvaneswari7
1
Radha et al.,
Radha et al.,
RT- PCR.
All
were
tuberculosis(Figure 5).
negative
for
M.
Radha et al.,
Radha et al.,
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
534
Radha et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00392.0
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 28 Apr 2014
Accepted: 16thMay 2014
Research Article
Department of General Surgery, 2Departments of Surgical Oncology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, UP, India
535
Punam et al.,
536
Punam et al.,
Table 1:Scoring 100 patients and their review: Scoring is done according to FACT-Hep guidelines15
Mean score
Mean score after Mean
score Score range P Value
Subscale
On the
beginning(100
cases)
PhysicalWellBeing
16.7score
SocialWellBeing
19.6
EmotionalWellBeing
14.19
Functional WellBeing 12.88
HepatoCellularScore
41.96
FACTHep
103.76
1month85(cases)
3month
(46 Cases)
16.88
17.87
13.54
13.92
46.74
104
17.84
19.62
14.92
14
48
105
Above 60
24
75
Total
Male
Female
100
23
77
%
98.4
.8
.8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N= 100
9
13
45
33
%
8.8
12
44.8
33.6
N=100
37
56
4
46
%
29.6%
84.67%
3-2%
36.8
Good
QOL1
Moderate
QOL1
Poor
3
3
Lower medium
3
3
Medium
3
27
Upper medium
2
17
High
0
0
2
Chi square -9.537, df-6, p--0.146
Illiterate
10
32
Primary
4
25
High school
4
4
Inter
1
4
Graduate
0
4
Post graduate
0
0
2
Chi square -23.01,df-6,
p-.003
Poor
QOL1
Total
1
1
4
3
0
7
7
34
22
0
3
0
5
2
2
0
45
29
13
7
6
0
N=100
98
1
1
0-28
0-28
0-24
0-28
0-72
0-180
Surgery
Good
QOL3
3
4
Radiotherapy 0
Adjacent
4
Total
14
2
Chi square -.581a
Chemotherapy
Moderate
QOL3
Poor
QOL3
20
11
34
31
13
48
2
1
3
6
5
15
59
30
100
rd
df.-4 p0.04 (3 month)
537
Punam et al.,
Good
QOL0
Moderate
QOL0
Poor
QOL0
1
2
4
8
8
17
24
19
0
10
5
2
9
29
33
29
Good
QOL1
Moderate
Poor
QOL1
QOL1
0
1
2
4
7
15
19
12
2
10
5
8
9
26
26
24
Chisquare26.85,p-0.033
Good
QOL3
Moderate
QOL3
0
1
0
3
1
9
3
6
2 -11.84 df-6
Poor
QOL3
3
10
4
5
p0.077
4
13
14
14
538
Punam et al.,
www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf
6. Gianluca Catania1, Massimo Costantini, Monica
Beccaro, Annamaria Bagnasco. Does quality of
life assessment in palliative care look like a
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program?.Health and
Quality of Life Outcomes2013, 11:7
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incidence of gallbladder cancer. Indian scenario.
2011;1:1-9
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Macmillan, New York.1969: 50-58
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chronic liver disease, and the general population.
Qual Life Res. 2007;16(2):203-15
10. FACIT manual: Manual of the functional
assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT)
measurement system version 4, Cella,D. CORE,
Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston,
IL,2000, FACIT USA; 199 www.facit.org
11. Steel JL, Chopra K, Olek MC, Carr BI. Healthrelated quality of life: Hepatocellular carcinoma,
chronic liver disease, and the general population.
Qual Life Res. 2007;16(2):203-15.
12. Shukla VK, Khandelwal C, Roy SK, Vaidya MP.:
Primary carcinoma of the gall bladder: a review
of a 16-year period at the University Hospital. J
Surg Oncol. 1985; 28(1):32-5.
13. Shankar Reddy Dudala, Arlappa N. An Updated
Prasads Socio Economic Status Classification
for 2013. Int J Res Dev Health. 2013;1(2)26-28.
14. Agarwal AK. Social classification: The need to
update in the present scenario.J Indian Med
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15. Prasad BG. Changes proposed in Social
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Assoc 1970;55:198-99
16. Heffernan N, Cella D, Webster K, Odom L,
Martone M, Passik S etal., Measuring healthrelated quality of life in patients with
hepatobiliary cancers: the functional assessment
of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary questionnaire. J
Clin Oncol. 2002 ; 20(9) : 2229-3
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DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00393.2
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 6 May 2014
Accepted: 21st May 2014
Research Article
Asst. Professor, 3Professor &HOD, 4Professor, Dept. of Pediatrics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences (DCMS)
- Princess EsraHospital, Hyderabad
2
PharmD,Clinical Pharmacist, Dept. of Pediatrics, Princess Esra Hospital, Hyderabad
*Corresponding author email: muhammed_nasser7788@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Introduction:Medical prescriptions are bound to be misinterpreted by patients and pharmacists if not properly
conveyed. Pediatric prescriptions differ from adult prescriptions having wide variation in doses and
formulations.There is a need to evaluate the lacunae in the parental understanding of pediatric prescriptions.Aims
and objective: To evaluate the parental understanding ofpediatric prescription and to evaluate the adequacy of
communication with the physician and pharmacist regarding the same.Material and methods: 550 parents were
enrolled and their literacy level was noted.They were subjected to modify MUSE questionnaire.Physicians
prescription was analyzed in terms of ease of understanding by parents. These parents were followed up till the
pharmaciesand the pharmacist understanding of prescription was analyzed and their communication with parents
regarding drug usage was noted. Finally, ease of usage of drugs by parents was noted. Results:MUSE scale was
modified to suit pediatric prescription understanding by parents and also additional questions were asked to
include complete parental understanding of doctors prescription. Majority of parents failed to completely
understand the written prescription. Though around 80% of pharmacist could understand the prescription, their
communication with parents was poor resulting in difficulty for parents to even enquire about medicines from
them. Parental overall understanding of prescription increased with their literacy levels. Conclusion:Not all
prescriptions are completely understood by parents as well as a pharmacist. This can lead to misuse of drugs.
Efforts to explain the drug usage are not adequate enough from the doctor or the pharmacist. While
communicating literacy levels of parents is not being considered which may further worsen the understanding
ability.
Keywords: Pediatric medical prescription,pediatric physicians, pharmacists, parents, communication.
INTRODUCTION
Medical prescription is meant to offer respite to
human suffering due to ill health.Central to this is to
understand that which is written in the prescription
which If not properly conveyed will remain as
medical jargon not only for the patient, but also the
pharmacist which can result in usage of incorrect
drug, inadequate dose and may be associated with
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
543
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
YES %
RESULTS
When the overall response to modifiedMUSE scale
As the modified MUSE scale was analyzed in
was analyzed, the following results were obtained. Of
accordance to the literacy level of parent/guardian, it
the 4 questions added to assess the parents
revealed that as the education level increases from
understanding of the doctors prescription,it
illiteracy to graduation there was a gradual increase in
wasrevealed that most difficult area to understand
understanding the doctors prescription and also a
from the prescription was the strength of
gradual increment in attempting to learn about their
medication(only16.36% could understand) and the
medication as well as increased ease in taking the
easiest was to understand the duration of medication
medications properly (fig 2). This increase was
from prescription(80% could understand)
statistically significant leading to increased ability to
When the two questions posed to the pharmacist were
complete the medication schedule as per the
assessed, it was revealed that, for 83% of times the
recommended format as shown in table 2 .There was
overall prescription was lucid to pharmacist and in
no statistical significance in the increase in the
76.6% of the total prescriptions it was easy for the
understanding of strength of medication or ease with
pharmacist to clearly interpret the individual drug
which they give their childs medicines on time and
details.
each day.
Analysis of the eight questions of original muse scale,
120
pertaining to learningabout the parents knowledge of
100
medication revealed thatgetting all the information
needed about the medication was the most difficult
80
task with just 39.63% participants giving positive
60
response. Whereas, the participants reported that the
easiest parthas been to give the medicine to their
40
child regularly (97.27%) and on time (97.07%).
Around 86% of participants believed that it is easy
20
for them to set a schedule to give their child the
0
medicines prescribed and to remember giving all the
Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5
Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14
medicines required. About 68% of the participants
Yes % 1 7 6 8 9 4 4 6 4 8 8 9 8 7
reported that understanding the instructions on the
container was easy for them.However, only 48.72%
positive replies to the questions asked to
found understanding pharmacists instructions for
parents and pharmacist.
their medicines easy and only 42.27% found asking
Fig 1: Percentage of positive replies obtained to
questions to a pharmacist about medications easy.
questions 1 to 14
(Table 1, Fig 1)
Table 1: Questions 1to 12 versus the literacy levels of parents {No of yes responses (%)}
Question
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Illiterate
Total : 52
7(13.4)
23(44.2)
24(46.1)
33(63.1)
50(96.1)
11(21.1)
15(28.8)
17(32.6)
4(07.6)
45(86.5)
41(78.8)
50(96.1)
1 to 6th
Total : 54
6(11.1)
33(61.1)
29(53.7)
36(66.6)
52(96.2)
19(35.1)
26(48.1)
26(48.1)
9(16.6)
45(83.3)
43(79.6)
47(87.1)
7-10th
Total : 267
39(14.6)
188(70.4)
177(66.3)
213(79.7)
257(96.2)
130(48.6)
119(44.5)
180(67.4)
98(36.7)
227(85.0)
233(87.2)
265(99.2)
Inter
Total : 80
15(18.7)
65(81.2)
64(80.0)
69(86.2)
78(97.5)
40(50.0)
43(53.7)
59(73.7)
37(46.2)
64(80.0)
69(86.2)
76(95.0)
Graduate
Total: 97
23(23.7)
88(90.7)
85(87.6)
89(91.7)
97(100)
60(61.8)
65(67.0)
92(94.8)
70(72.1)
90(92.7)
90(92.7)
97(100)
P value
>0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
>0.05
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
>0.05
544
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
100
80
60
40
20
0
DISCUSSION
The study reveals that the prescription written by the
physician is not completely understood in terms of
strength, dose, frequency and duration of the
medication. This may be because either it is not
properly communicated with the doctor or the
pharmacist, illegibly written prescription or parents
literacy level is not adequate enough for them to
understand the doctors instruction either written or
verbal.
Though pharmacist understand most of the
prescriptions, their interaction with the parents is not
adequate enough to make them understand the
complete prescription.
Moreover,as the education level increases, their
ability to understand the physicians prescription,
ability to enquire about the prescriptions from the
pharmacist, ability to understand the usage of
prescribed drugs increases, leading to increased
ability to complete their childs medication as
recommended.However, there was almost uniformly
decreased understanding of drug strength and the
equal ease in giving their child drugs on time and
each day for both uneducated and educated parents.
(table 2)
Inference from table 2 reveals it is relatively difficult
for parents with lower education levels to understand
the strength, dose and frequency of medication to be
used, it is difficult to interact with pharmacist and
also difficult to understand instructions on medicine
bottles.
Pediatric formulation, especially antibiotics are
unique and different from the adult formulation as
most common dosage forms are powdered
formulation which is supposed to be reconstituted
with water.14The dose of antibiotic and other
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
2.
3.
4.
5.
546
M NasirMohiuddin etal.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00394.4
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 24 Apr 2014
Accepted: 29th Apr 2014
Research Article
Division of Theoretical Nursing and Pathophysiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
Research Institute, Morinaga & Co.,Ltd.
3
Department of Pharmacy, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
2
549
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):547-553
Fig4: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor LNAME and of cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac on
the scirpusin B-induced coronary vasodilatation in
Langendorff-perfused rat hearts
Matsumoto et al.,
and
on
preventing
CONCLUSION
This study shows that scirpusin B increases rat
coronary flow via production of NO and vasodilating
prostanoids. It is implicated that scirpusin B may
have beneficial effects on preventing cardiac events
and atherosclerosis by increasing these vasodilating
substances.
9.
10.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported partly by the Grants-in-Aid
for Scientific Research (C) No.24500846 (A.I.). We
wish to thank Erin MacNamara and Robert Jones for
correcting English editing of the manuscript.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Serafini M, Maiani G, Ferro-Luzzi A. Alcoholfree red wine enhances plasma antioxidant
capacity in humans. J. Nutr. 1998; 128: 1003-07
21. Duarte J, Prez-Palencia R, Vargas F, Ocete MA,
Prez-Vizcaino F, Zarzuelo A, et al.
Antihypertensive effects of the flavonoid
quercetin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br.
J. Pharmacol. 2001; 133 (1): 117-124
22. Sanders TH, McMichael RW, Hendrix KW.
Occurrence of resveratrol in edible peanuts. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 2000; 48: 1243-46
23. Wung BS, Hsu MC, Wu CC, Hsieh CW.
Resveratrol suppresses IL-6-induced ICAM-1
gene expression in endothelial cells: effects on
the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation. Life
Sci. 2005; 78 (4): 389-97
24. Matsuda H, Kageura T, Morikawa T, Toguchida
I, Harima S, Yoshikawa M. Effects of stilbene
constituents from rhubarb on nitric oxide
production
in
lipopolysaccharide-activated
macrophages. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000;
10: 323-27
25. Su L, David M. Distinct mechanisms of STAT
phosphorylation via the interferon / receptor:
selective inhibition of STAT3 and STAT5 by
piceatannol. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 12661-66
26. Lee B, Lee E, Kim D, Park S, Kim W, Moon S.
Inhibition of proliferation and migration by
piceatannol in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Toxicology in Vitro. 2009; 23: 1284-91
27. Chen WP, Hung LM, Hsueh CH, Lai LP, Su MJ.
Piceatannol, a derivative of resveratrol,
moderately slows I (Na) inactivation and exerts
antiarrhythmic action in ischaemia-reperfused rat
hearts.Br. J. Pharmacol. 2009; 157 (3): 381-91
28. De Soruza KC, Petrovick PR, Bassani VL,
Ortega GG. The adjuvants aerosil 200 and GelitaSol-P
influence
on
the
technological
characteristics of spray-dried powders from
Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa. Drug Dev. Ind.
Pharm. 2000; 26 (3): 331-36
29. Petry RD, Reginatto F, de Paris F, Gosmann G,
Salgueiro JB, Quevodo J, et al. Comparative
pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts
of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis leaves.
Phytother. Res. 2001; 15: 162-64
30. Deng J, Zhou Y, Bai M, Li H, Li L. Anxiolytic
and sedative activities of Passiflora edulis F.
flavicarpa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 128: 148-53
Matsumoto et al.,
553
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):547-553
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00395.6
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 6thMay 2014
Research Article
*Kannan I, Jessica Yolanda Jeevitha, Sambandam Cecilia, Jayalakshmi M, Premavathy RK, Shantha S
Department of Microbiology, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
*Corresponding author email:kannan_iyan@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The occupational health and safety is an important prerequisite in dental clinic setup for well being
of both the doctor and patient. Both the patient and dentist are always at the risk of infections. Aim and
objectives: There is no proper literature on the survey of bacterial spores, especially of Clostridium species in
dental clinics. Hence an attempt has been made in the present pilot study to evaluate the surface contamination
with special reference to bacterial spores. Materials and methods: Various dental clinics from Chennai city,
India were selected for the present study. Samples were collected from two clinics each from endodontic,
prosthodontic, orthodontic, and periodontic. In each clinic important places were selected for sampling. The
samples were collected in the form of swabs. The swabs thus obtained were inoculated into Robertson Cooked
Meat Medium and was incubated in anaerobic condition at 370C for 7 days. Each day the tubes were examined for
turbidity and colour change and were noted. At the end of 7th day the smear was prepared from each tube and
gram staining was performed. The gram stained slides were examined microscopically for the presence of spore
bearing bacilli especially with special reference to terminal spore bearing bacilli. Results and conclusion: From
the present study it is clear that the dental clinics invariably posses a lot of aerobic and anaerobic spores
irrespective of stringent disinfection procedures. Hence it is mandatory for the dental clinics to undergo
periodical microbiological surveillance and to take proper steps in the control of bacterial spores.
Keywords: Surface contamination, dental clinics, anaerobic spores, Clostridium tetani
INTRODUCTION
The occupational health and safety is an important
prerequisite in dental clinic setup for well being of
both the doctor and patient. Both the patient and
dentist are always at the risk of infections. A lot of
research has been conducted to estimate the microbial
contamination of dental units. It has been proved that
infections spread through blood and saliva through
direct or indirect contact, droplets, aerosols, or
contaminated instruments and equipment.1 The
researchers are much concerned with the
microorganisms arises from the mouth of the
Kannan et al.,
555
Kannan et al.,
Clinic 2
Culture result
Turbid
Smear
Aerobic spore bearer
No turbidity
no colour
No turbidity
no colour
No turbidity
no colour
No turbidity
no colour
No turbidity
no colour
No turbidity
no colour
and
No bacteria
and
No bacteria
and
No bacteria
and
No bacteria
and
No bacteria
and
No bacteria
Clear
Clear
No bacteria
No bacteria
Clear
Turbid
No bacteria
Lot of aerobic spore
bearers
Clinic 2
Culture result
No turbidity and
no colour
Turbid
Smear
No bacteria
Turbidity and
blackening
Turbidity and
blackening
Turbidity and
blackening
No turbidity
and no colour
No turbidity
and no colour
No turbidity
and no colour
Turbid
Turbid
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Morphology resembling C.
tetani along with lot of aerobic
spore bearers
Lot of aerobic spore bearers
Bacteria morphologically
resembling C. tetani
Bacteria morphologically
resembling C. tetani
No bacteria
Turbid
Turbidity and
blackening
Turbid
Bacteria morphologically
resembling Clostridium tetani
Lot of aerobic spore bearers
No bacteria
No turbidity and
no colour
No turbidity and
no colour
Turbid
No bacteria
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid and
black
No bacteria
Few aerobic spore bearers
No bacteria
Few aerobic spore bearers
556
Kannan et al.,
Clinic 2
Culture result
Turbid
Smear
Lot of aerobic spore bearers
Turbid and
black
Turbid
Turbid
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Lot of aerobic spore bearers
Turbid
Turbid
No bacteria
No bacteria
Clear
No bacteria
Side tray
Turbid
Light handle
Turbid
Floor
Turbid
Scaler tip
No turbidity
and no colour
Turbid
Morphology resembling
C. tetani
Morphology resembling
C. tetani
No bacteria
Tap
Spit out
Triple syringe
No turbidity
and no colour
Clear
Turbid and
black
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid
Turbid and
black
Morphology resembling
C. tetani
Turbid
Clinic 2
Culture result
Turbid
Smear
Aerobic spore bearers
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Turbid and
black
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Aerobic spore bearers
Morphology resembling C.
tetani
Kannan et al.,
DISCUSSION
The results obtained from the present study clearly
shows that anaerobic spores are prevalent in various
dental clinics irrespective the disinfection procedures
adopted. Almost all the clinics showed the presence
of bacteria morphologically resembling C. tetani.
Certain clinics even showed their presence in the side
tray where the instruments are kept for invasive
dental procedures.
Eventhough vaccine is available for tetanus; still the
disease remains a threat throughout the world in
health care units.10 Tetanus still occurs sporadically
especially in developing countries and can affect even
fully immunized persons who fail to develop or
maintain adequate immunity with the booster doses
of vaccine.11, 12C. tetani predominantly present in soil
and can enter into the dental clinic through various
routes. The C. tetani spore can enter into the body of
human undergoing various dental procedures thus can
pose the danger of tetanus infection. Tetanus
management is very difficult both in terms of
materials and manpower.13, 14Overall mortality is
approximately 10-50%, however, in certain age
groups like neonates it is as high as 90-95%.15
CONCLUSION
From the present study it is clear that the dental
clinics invariably posses a lot of aerobic and
anaerobic spores irrespective of stringent disinfection
procedures. Hence it is mandatory for the dental
clinics to undergo periodical microbiological
surveillance and to take proper steps in the control of
REFERENCES
1. Merchant VA. Herpesvirus and other microorganisms of concern in dentistry. Dent Clin
North Am 1991; 35:28398
2. Grenier D. Quantitative analysis of bacterial
aerosols in two different dental clinic
environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;
61:316568
3. Osorio R, Toledano M, Liebana J, Rosales JI,
Lozano
JA.
Environmental
microbial
contamination. Pilot study in a dental surgery. Int
Dent J 1995; 45:35257
4. Piazza M, Guadagnino V, Picciotto L, Borgia G,
Nappa S. Contamination by hepatitis B surface
antigen in dental surgeries. BMJ 1987; 295:47374
5. Legnani P, Checchi L, Pelliccioni GA, D'Achille
C. Atmospheric contamination during dental
procedures. Quintessence International 1994;
25:43539
6. Atlas RM, Williams JF, Huntington MK.
Legionella contamination of dental-unit waters.
Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61: 120813
7. Pankhurst CL, Philpott-Howard JN. The
microbiological quality of water in dental chair
units. J Hosp Infect 1993; 23: 16774
8. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
Recommended infection-control practices for
dentistry. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep
1993; 42:112
9. Oladiran I, Meier DE, Ojelade AA, Olaolorun
DA, Adeniran A, Tarpley JL: Tetanus continuing
558
Kannan et al.,
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
559
Kannan et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00396.8
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 29 Apr 2014
Accepted: 16th May 2014
Research Article
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN MENTAL ILLNESS & NORMAL MARRIED
WOMEN
*Jyoti Srivastava1, Indira Sharma2, Anuradha Khanna3
1
Ph.D Scholar, College of Nursing, 2Professor, Department of Psychiatry, 3Professor, Department of Obstetrics &
Gynaecology, IMS, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, UP, India
*Corresponding author email: jyotichoithram@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Domestic violence against women is the most pervasive human rights violation in the world today.
According to UNiTE to End Violence against Women (2009) by UN Women, In the United States, one-third of
women murdered each year are killed by intimate partners. In South Africa, a woman is killed every 6 hours by an
intimate partner. The Objective: To assess the magnitude and causes of domestic violence with mental illness &
normal women. Material & Methods: The sample of study comprised of 50 women with mental illness and 50
normal women. Mental illness patients diagnosed according to with Axis one psychiatric Disorder DSM IV-TR,
who were selected from the Psychiatry OPD and ward of the S.S. Hospital, BHU and normal women were be
selected from the accompany with patients of Sir Sunder Lal Hospital. The patients were assessed on the
structured questionnaire on Domestic Violence. Results The domestic violence present in married women with
mental illness was 72% and normal women were 36%. Perceived causes of domestic violence in married women
with mental illness were more compared to those with normal women. The health care personnel should be given
an opportunity to update their knowledge regarding domestic violence and there is need education for domestic
violence and cessation, so that they can help the women to protect/prevent domestic violence.
Key words: Domestic violence, Married women, Normal women, domestic abuse, Family Violence.
INTRODUCTION
Violence against women is perhaps the most
shameful human rights violation, and it is perhaps the
most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of
geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues,
we cannot claim to be making real progress towards
equality, development, and peace.1
Domestic violence is a critical public health problem
that has devastating physical, psychological effects
on human beings across all societies and classes in
the world.2, 3
Definitions and Key Concepts: The United Nations
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against
Women (1993) defines violence against women as
Jyoti et al.,
10-29 19.73.7
21-40 31.7 5.7
12-29
19-40
Jyoti et al.,
561
Normal (N=50)
N
%
50
100
14
36
28.0
72.0
21
29
42.0
58.0
X2
Df-1
X2= 0.73
P>0.05
Df-1
X2= 1.00
P>0.05
Normal (N=50)
N
%
N
%
X2
Variable
Womens Education
Illiterate
06
12.0
06
12.0
Df-6 X2=9.35
Primary
10
20.0
02
04.0
NS
Middle
08
16.0
10
20.0
High school
05
10.0
07
14.0
Intermediate/Diploma
09
18.0
06
12.0
Graduation/Post graduation
12
24.0
17
34.0
Profession or honours
00
00.0
02
04.0
Husbands Occupation
Professional / Semi professional
05
10.0
08
16.0
Df-5 X2=2.89
Clerical/shop owner
23
46.0
19
38.0
NS
Skilled worker
05
10.0
06
12.0
Semi-Skilled Worker
10
20.0
07
14.0
Unskilled Worker
06
12.0
07
14.0
Unemployed
01
02.0
03
06.0
Husbands Education
Illiterate
01
02.0
01
02.0
Primary
01
02.0
00
00.0
Df-6 X2=4.57
Middle
05
10.0
06
12.0
NS
High school
09
18.0
09
18.0
Intermediate/Diploma
14
28.0
07
14.0
Graduation/Post graduation
19
38.0
25
50.0
Profession or honours
01
02.0
02
04.0
Table 2: Assessment of Domestic violence in women with Mental illness & Normal women
Mental Illness (N=50) Normal women (N=50)
N
%
N
%
Present
36
72.0
21
42.0
Absent
14
28.0
29
58.0
Table 3: Type of Domestic violence in women with Mental illness & Normal women
Mental Illness (N=50)
Normal women (N=50)
Present
Absent
Present
Absent
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
N (%)
Variable
Emotional /Verbal violence 36 (72%)
14 (28%)
21 (42%)
29 (58%)
Physical violence
31 (62%)
19 (18%)
17 (34%)
33 (66%)
Economical violence
20 (40%)
30 (60%)
05 (10%)
45 (90%)
Sexual violence
14 (28%)
36 (72%)
10 (20%)
40 (80%)
562
Jyoti et al.,
Table 4: Distribution of sample according to diagnostic breakup (Clinical characteristics of women with
mental illness)
Variables
N=50
N
Diagnosis
%
Schizophrenia
13
26.3
Bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic
15
30.0
MDD with psychotic features
03
06.0
Mania
02
04.0
Generalized Anxiety disorders
03
06.0
Depression without psychotic symptoms
09
18.0
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
03
06.0
Conversion disorders
02
04.0
Table 5: Correlations between Domestic violence and Total duration of marriage, Husbands income, total
family member, duration of illness, total disability and burden assessment.
(Mental illness Group N=50)
Total Score
Pearson R Value
Approximate Significant
Domestic violence and Total Duration of marriage
-.219
.126
Domestic violence and Husbands Income
.069
.632
Domestic violence and Husbands Total family member
-.077
.596
Domestic violence and duration of illness (month)
.004
.980
Domestic violence and Total disability
-.056
.701
Domestic violence and Burden Assessment
.093
.519
Table 6: Correlations between Domestic violence and duration of marriage, Total family member &
husbands income.
(Normal women Group N=50)
Total Score
Pearson R Value Approximate Significant
Domestic Violence and Total duration of marriage
.037
.800
Domestic Violence and total family member (husbands homes)
.078
.590
Domestic Violence and Husbands income
.074
.609
Table 7: Perceived Causes of domestic violence against women with mental and normal women
Mental Illness
Normal women
(N=36)
(N=21)
S.no Variable
N
%
N
%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8. 8
9. 9
10
11
30
14
Other family members complain about her behavior
14
Husband is not find time to know the truth & starts scolding
13
Remain mentally sick, so husband does not like you
13
Not good sex partner which cause for domestic violence
12
Husband has got approved by the family to do anything wrong or 12
Dowry is one of the cause which creates violence in the family
11
11
10
03
83.3
38.9
38.9
36.1
36.1
33.3
33.3
3
3
1
6
0
10
2
14.2
14.2
04.7
28.5
00.0
47.6
09.5
30.6
30.6
27.8
8.3
0
4
4
6
00.0
19.0
19.0
28.8
563
Jyoti et al.,
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
According to the result obtained from the research,
the domestic violence in women was quite high
whereas domestic violence in women with mental
illness were more than women with normal women.
Domestic Violence in the married women with
mental illness was largely due to the stigma of mental
illness.
The study findings imply that there is a need for
health education programmed to be carried out to
create awareness among the women regarding
domestic violence and their risk.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
564
Jyoti et al.,
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1. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. A challenge
to the world's scientists: Editorial for Science
magazine. 2003; March 7. http://www.itu.int/
wsis/newsroom/news/kofi_annan1.html
2. Veena A Satyanarayana, Prabha Chandra. World
report on violence. Indian journal of medical
ethics.2009; 6(1): 1518.
3. Shipway Lyn.(2004). Domestic violence: A hand
book for Health Professional. British library
cataloguing. 1st.1
4. United Nations. Declarations on the elimination of
violence against women. United nations General
Assembly New York. 1993. http://www.un.org/
documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm.
5. UNICEF. Domestic violence against women and
girl innocent digest. 2000;6:6
6. Morgan. Masculine general roles associated with
increased sexual risk and intimate partner
violence perpetrators among young adult men.
Journal of urban health: Bulletin of the New York
Academy of medicine. 2010; 123:737-46
7. Bachman R,Saltzman L. Violence against
women: Estimates from the redesigned survey.
Bureau of Justice Statistics special report.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice
Statistics. 1995; (Publication NCJ-154348).
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/FEMVIED.P
DF.
8. Counts DA, Brown J, Campbell J. Sanctions and
Sanctuary: Cultural Perspectives on the Beating
of Wives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.1992;
9. Pico-Alfonso MA, Garcia-Linares MI, CeldaNavarro N, Blasco-Ros C, Echebura E, Martinez
M. The impact of physical, psychological and
sexual intimate male partner violence on women's
mental
health:
depressive
symptoms,
posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and
suicide. J Women Health. Larchmt. 2006;15(5),
599-611.
10. Fehlberg B, Behrens J. Australian family law: the
contemporary context, Oxford University Press,
South Melbourne. 2008;(1). 177-79.
11. IRIN UN. Pakistan: Domestic violence endemic,
but awareness slowly rising. Humanitarian news
and analysis a project of the UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.2008
565
Jyoti et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00397.X
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright@2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 5 May 2014
Accepted: 3rd Jun 2014
Research Article
Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 4Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, S. Nijalingappa
Medical College, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, S. Nijalingappa Medical College, Navanagar,
Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding author email: drshailajapatil@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) has been associated with risk factors like hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (DM), obesity, body mass index (BMI) and sex, increasing the risk of glaucoma causing visual
impairment and blindness. Since familial inheritance is known with glaucoma and DM, the aim was to study the
IOP and its correlation with BMI and blood pressure (BP) in offsprings of DM and also to predict the future/early
onset of glaucoma in them. Methods: This was an observational study done in medical undergraduate students.
25 students were included in the study group (offsprings of diabetic parents-cases) and 23 students in the control
group (offsprings without diabetic history in parents). Height, weight, blood pressure and intraocular pressure
were recorded in both the groups and these were compared. Statistical analysis was done by students t test and
Pearsons correlation. Results: Cases exhibited a lower IOP, BMI, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic
blood pressure (DBP), but not SBP, as compared to controls. These differences, however, were not statistically
significant except DBP. There was a negative correlation found between IOP and BMI and also between IOP and
MAP in cases, whereas in controls, there was a positive correlation found between BMI and IOP and no
correlation between IOP and MAP. Conclusion: Offsprings of diabetic patients may be less prone for primary
open angle glaucoma. Limitations: The limitations of the present study include a smaller sample size, study of
the results in relation to paternal or maternal diabetic status and also of grandparents, so that the inheritance of
diabetes and also of IOP can be studied.
Keywords: Intraocular pressure; Diabetes mellitus; Body mass index; blood pressure; glaucoma
INTRODUCTION
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of acquired
blindness and is common in females after thirty five
years and in those with a family history of glaucoma1.
Glaucomatous optic nerve damage is more likely to
be associated with high intraocular pressure (IOP).
Although IOP is not the only risk factor for optic
Shailaja et al.,
Mean SD
cases
25
14.802.62
controls
cases
controls
cases
controls
cases
23
25
23
25
23
25
15.152.94
88.297.99
91.715.91
22.244.04
21.294.18
118.487.62
controls
23
116.349.43
cases
25
73.209.03
controls
23
79.395.67
-1.001
0.322
-1.661
0.104
1.728
0.091
0.865
0.392
-2.814
0.007*
*Significant P<0.05
Shailaja et al.,
567
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):566-569
Shailaja et al.,
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above study that
offsprings of diabetic patients may be less prone (?)
for primary open angle glaucoma in future.
Limitations of the study: The limitations of the
present study include a smaller sample size, study of
the results in relation to paternal or maternal diabetic
status and also of grandparents, so that the inheritance
of diabetes and also of IOP can be studied.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to the students for their
cooperation and involvement in the study
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
1. Riordan-Eva P, Whitcher JP. Vaughan and
Asburys General Ophthalmology. 16th edition.
United States of America: Mc Graw Hill
Companies, 2004. p. 212.
2. Mitchell P, Smith W, Chey T, Healey PR. Openangle glaucoma and diabetes: the Blue Mountains
eye study, Australia. Ophthalmology 1997;
104(4):712-18
3. Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE. Intraocular
pressure in diabetic persons. Ophthalmology
1984; 91:1356-60
4. Mori K, Ando F, Nomura H, Sato Y, Shimokata
H. Relationship between intraocular pressure and
obesity in Japan. Int J Epidemiol 2000;29:661-66
5. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Javitt JC,
Sommer A. Diabetes, intra-ocular pressure, and
primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore
eye survey. Ophthalmology 1995; 102:48-53
6. Weih LM, Mukesh BN, McCarty CA, Taylor HR.
Association of demographic, familial, medical,
and ocular factors with intraocular pressure. Arch
Ophthalmol 2001;119(6):875-80
7. Armaly MF, Baloglou JP. Diabetes mellitus and
the eye. II Intraocular pressure and aqueous
outflow facility. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:493502
8. Bouzas AG, Gragoudas ES, Balodimos MC,
Brinegar CH, Aiello LM. Intraocular pressure in
diabetes. Relationship to retinopathy and blood
glucose level. Arch Ophthalmol. 1971;85(4):423
27
Shailaja et al.,
569
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):566-569
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00398.1
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 15 Apr 2014
Accepted: 20th Apr 2014
Research Article
Assistant Professor, 2Professor & Head, Department of General Medicine, K P C Medical College, Jadavpur,
Kolkata
*Corresponding author email: asissaha2008@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of the study is to know the association of tobacco intake in the form of smoking and
chewing with gastric carcinoma in West Bengal. Materials and methods: Total 28860 patients (smokers and
tobacco chewer 17240, nonsmokers 11620) were interrogated before performing upper gastrointestinal
endoscopy. Among the smokers and tobacco chewers, isolated bidi and cigarette smokers were 5067, 9323 and
2850 respectively. Among 542 gastric cancer cases, smokers were 301 (165 cigarette and 136 bidi smokers) and
tobacco chewers 82 respectively. Then comparisons were done: 1. to know the incidence of smokers and
nonsmokers in total number of patients, the influence of bidi and cigarette smoking on gastric carcinoma, 3]
Effects of the early starters and number of cigarettes/bidi per day on gastric carcinogenesis. Again, comparisons
were done to know influence of bidi and cigarettes on the sites of gastric carcinoma. Results: Bidi smokers,
earlier starters of smoking and significantly (P<0.0001) suffered from gastric carcinoma. Heavy drinkers were
mostly affected (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Bidi smokers, young heavy smokers were mostly affected. So there
were strong associations between bidi smoking and gastric carcinoma in the residents of West Bengal.
Keywords: Tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing, gastric carcinoma, residents, West Bengal
INTRODUCTION
Stomach cancer is the second most common cause of
death due to cancer only throughout the world1
following lung cancer.2 It is the 2nd and 4th most
common cancer in males and females respectively. 3, 4
Case fatality ratio is higher than other malignancies,
like, colon, breast and prostate cancers 5. Tobacco
smoking has been identified as recognized risk factor
as observed in different epidemiological studies6, but
some studies failed to identify tobacco smoking as
risk factor 7,8 .Risk factors for gastric cancer include
high intake of alcohol, tobacco smoking and tobacco
chewing, high intake of prickled and salted food 9.
Complex interaction between genetic factors and
environmental factors are responsible for the genesis
Ashis et al.,
persons affected
% affected
17240
11620
383
159
2.221
1.368
571
Ashis et al.,
Table: 2 Relation between isolated smoking and tobacco chewing with gastric carcinoma (n=383):
Smokers+ Tobacco chewer (17240)
UGIE performed
Cases (383)
%
Smoking
14390
301
2.09
Tobacco chewer
2850
82
2.87
Table: 3 Relationship of bidi & cigar with gastric carcinoma (smokers =301):
Smoker (cigar + bidi)
(14390)
pts performed
Cases (420)
95% CI
Cigarette smoker
9323
165
1.76
Bidi smoker
5067
136
2.68
P value
95% CI
t- test
P value
10.24, 11.56
32.33
<0.001
-8.27, -6.55
-16.87
<0.0001
Table: 5 Among the affected persons (542) relation of smoking and tobacco chewing with site of gastric
carcinoma
Type of Fundus
persons
95%
CI
P
value
Body
95%
CI
Smokers
&
tobacco
chewer
(383)
59
(15.4)
-0.11,
0.03
0.42
66
(18.53)
-0.09,
0.05
Non
smokers
(159)
31
(19.4)
Antrum
P
value
95%
CI
P
value
219
(55.8)
0.04,
0.22
0.01
Incisura
95%
CI
39
(10.18)
-0.19,
-0.06
0.37
34
(21.3)
P
value
0.01
58
(36.4)
37
(22.64)
572
Ashis et al.,
DISCUSSION
The molecular genetics and the pathogenesis
responsible for the development of gastric
carcinogenesis are poorly understood. The
relationship between gastric carcinogenesis and
tobacco smoking and chewing is poorly evaluated.
Recent review by Tredaniel et al 14 containing metaanalysis of the 40 studies demoed quantitative
estimation of association between tobacco smoking
and genesis of gastric cancer. In this review, all
categories of smoking, e.g. current smoker and nonsmoker, smoker and non-smoker and smoking dose
relationship (ODDS RATIO=1.49 for smokers up to
20 cigarettes per day and ODDS RATIO=1.67 for
heavy smokers) had been properly evaluated. Lauren
system classifies gastric cancer into two types: type I
is intestinal type (expansive and epidemic type of
gastric cancer) and type II is diffuse type (infiltrative
and endemic type). This study demonstrated that rise
in gastric cancer was higher in current smokers than
ever smokers indicating decreasing trends in the
risk after quitting smoking. Similarly, increased risk
of gastric cancer in smokers and tobacco chewers
were demonstrated by Phukon et al 15 as well as
studies performed in South India 16 Gajalakshmi et al
17
Our study similarly demonstrated the higher
incidence of gastric cancer in smokers. Sung et al
demonstrated a weak association between tobacco
smoking and gastric cancer.18 Symptoms of gastric
carcinoma are anorexia, anemia, asthenia, vomiting,
pain abdomen, weight loss. Again, Laroiya I et al
demonstrated that tobacco smoking and chewing
were frequently seen in case than the controls, but
these differences were not significant.19 Moreover,
case-control study demoed reduced risk (OD=0.52,
95% CI: 0.3 0.89) in current smokers as compared
Ashis et al.,
REFERENCES
1. Peter Boyle, Bernard Levin (eds.) World Cancer
Report, IARC. Lyon .2008.
2. Pisters P, Kelson D, Powell S, Tepper J. Cancer
of the stomach. In: Devita VT, HellmanS,
Rosenberg SA, editor. Cancer: Principles and
practice of oncology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, USA:
Lipincott Williums & Wilkins;2005, p.909-944
3. Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray
CJ, Ezzati M. Causes of cancer in world:
Comparative risk assessment of nine behavioral
and environmental risk factors. Lancet
2005;366:1784-93
4. Catalano V, Labianca R, Beretta GD, Gatta G, de
Braud F, Van Cutsem E. Gastric cancer. Crit Rev
Oncol Hematol 2009;71:127-64
5. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E,
Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J
Clin 2011;61:61-90
6. IARC. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking,
IARC monographson the evaluation of
carcinogenic risksto humans. 2004;83
7. Ray G, Dey S, Pal S. Epidemiological features of
gastric cancer in a railway population in Eastern
India. J Assoc Physicians India 2007;55:247-49
8. Bagnard V, Blangiardo M, La Veechia C, Corrao
G. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and
cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2001;85(11):1700-05
9. World Cancer Research Fund. Diet, nutrition and
the prevention of cancer: a global perspective.
World Cancer Research Fund, Washington, USA.
1997;
10. Correa P, Schneider BG: Etiology of gastric
cancer: What is new? Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14: 1865-68
11. La Torre G, Boccia S, Ricciardi G: Glutathione
S-transferase M1 status and gastric cancer risk: a
meta-analysis. Cancer Lett, 2005;217:53-60
574
Ashis et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00399.3
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 28th Apr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 16thMay 2014
Research Article
A STUDY ON STUDENTS FEEDBACK ON THE FOUNDATION COURSE IN FIRST YEAR MBBS
CURRICULUM
*Srimathi T
Department Of Anatomy, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: drtsanatsrmc@yahoo.in, arima_tamil@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Aim of the Study: To study the students feedback on the short orientation course in first year MBBS curriculum,
which was introduced in the institution as per the recommendations of Medical Council of India for the
Foundation course. Methodology: 250 First year MBBS students were divided into 7 small groups of 35 to 36
each. They attended a short orientation course over a period of 8 days on a rotation basis. The skills taught include
Stress and Time Management, language, communication, use of information technology, National health policies,
Biohazard safety, Introduction to the preclinical subjects, Medical literature search, First Aid and Basic life
support, Medical ethics and professionalism. The results were analyzed on the 8th day by students feedback and
debate sessions. Results: Positive feedback of 88.5 to 98.5% was recorded regarding the objectives of the course,
contents, presentation, future value of the course in the students career by a Questionnaire issued to the students.
Remedial measures undertaken for negative Feedback. The course enabled self directed learning of the subjects.
Conclusion: The Foundation Course at the beginning of the First phase of the course enables the First year
students to acquire the basic knowledge and skills required for all the subsequent phases in MBBS course and
later on their medical practice and career.
Key words: Foundation course, orientation course, MBBS curriculum
INTRODUCTION
The short orientation course was introduced at the
entry level for 250 first year MBBS students in the
institution as per the recommendations of Medical
Council of India for the Foundation course.
Foundation course will be of 2 months duration after
admission to prepare a student to study Medicine
effectively. This aims to orient student to national
health scenarios, medical ethics, health economics,
learning skills& communication, life support,
computer learning, sociology& demographics,
biohazard safety, environmental issues and
community orientation. This also provides an
overview in the preclinical subjects.1
Srimathi .,
Bio
Anatomy
chemistry
Physiology Medical
Community National Universal
Genetics
terminology medicine
health
precautions &
Policies vaccination
1
98%
97.5% 96.5% 99%
96.5%
2
96%
96%
96.5% 99%
97.5%
3
96%
96%
95%
98.5%
96.5%
4
97.5%
97.5% 98%
98%
97.5%
5
96%
94.5% 96.5% 98.5%
97%
6
97%
97%
97.5% 98%
97%
7
96%
98.5% 98%
98%
97.5%
*The parameters 1-7 refer to those mentioned in methodology.
97.5%
96.5%
97.5%
98%
93%
98.5%
97.5%
95%
89%
86%
88%
88%
91%
92%
96%
95%
93%
95%
96%
95%
97%
88.5%
85%
84.5%
86.5%
89.5%
89%
90%
576
Srimathi .,
Table 2: Large group sessions - Percentage positive feedback from the students Introduction to Clinical
subjects
Parameter for Session (Yes)
Patient safety
Basic Life support
Medical Ethics
1.
98.5%
98.5%
97.5%
2.
97.5%
98.5%
98%
3.
98%
98%
97.5%
4.
96.5%
97.5%
98%
5.
95%
98.5%
96.5%
6.
96%
98.5%
97.5%
7.
98%
98.5%
98%
Table 3: 0ther large and Small group sessions- Percentage of positive feedback from the students
Physical
Parameter
IT/Medical Alternate Short film
BLS
Hospital Stress/
Student
fitness
for Session literature
health
And student
skill
tour
time
debate
(Yes/No)
search
systems
debate
lab
management
1
97.5%
94.5%
94%
90.5%
99%
94.5%
61%
72%
2.
98%
92%
93.5%
89.5%
96%
93%
60%
65%
3.
97.5%
93.5%
93%
88.5%
98%
89.5%
61%
68%
4
965
89.5%
93%
88%
97%
84.5%
63%
66%
5.
93.5%
95%
92%
84.5%
98%
82%
66%
63%
6.
97.5%
94%
93.5%
88%
98%
86%
74%
76%
7.
97.5%
90.5%
91%
83.5%
100%
96%
63%
70%
BLS: Basic Life support
Table 4: Small group sessions - Percentage of positive feedback from the students
Meditation
Communication skill Language training
Questionnaire serial no for Session (Yes)
1
95%
98.5%
98.5%
2
95%
96.5%
100%
3
91%
96%
99.5%
4
94%
96%
100%
5
94%
94.5%
96.5%
6
96%
96%
99%
7
96.5%
98.5%
98%
Table 5: Students comments on other parameter
Students comments
Percentage of students
Duration of sessions to be reduced
0.5 %
Hospital exposure was short
1%
Usefulness and knowledge giving
5%
Audiovisual aids were not appropriate
Planning and organisation was effective
Sessions (Alternate health system, stress management) to be made optional
Language training should be more
Helpful to adapt to new environment
Support for future use and continuation of the programme
Genetics to be made more interactive
Teachers are very interactive
0.5 %
0.5 %
0.5 %
0.5 %
2%
2%
1.5%
0.5 %
DISCUSSION
According to Medical Council of India Vision 2015,
Foundation course will be of 2 months duration after
admission to prepare a student to study Medicine
Srimathi .,
support,
computer
learning,
sociology&
demographics, biohazard safety, environmental issues
and community orientation. In addition, this would
include overview in the three core subjects of
Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry to be taught
in first MBBS. The total duration of the course will
be five and half years with 14 months for the first
year, including the 2 months of the Foundation
course. The second year will be of 12 months
duration, the final year, including the electives (for 2
months) will be of 28 months duration and the
internship will be for 1 year. 1
The admission process of medical students varies
from state to state in India but mostly based on their
merit list in their school final and in their entrance
exam. The students may be from different boards of
education with different syllabus. For getting adapted
to the new college environment from their school
environment they may need some time. They may
also belong to different regions, socioeconomic strata
and have different languages. In order to facilitate the
adaptation to the Institution and also to provide some
knowledge and essential skills required for the
medical curriculum, it was planned prior to the
student's admission to implement the foundation
course of Medical Council of India as a short
orientation course in the First year MBBS curriculum
and analyze its results and the student feedback.
Based on the results from their feedback it was
decided to take remedial measures and follow the
suitable orientation programme in the subsequent
academic years. The schedule was designed after
discussion with the faculty in Medical education Unit,
the Preclinical Departments.
Table.1 shows the feedback percentage for the
introduction to orientation, medical terminologies and
the preclinical sessions. The positive feedback was
from 94.5% to a maximum of 99%. Though the
sessions were found to be very useful, as their
preexisting knowledge was not tested in this study a
comparison could not be made as to their gain in the
knowledge. The feedback questionnaire included the
level of prior knowledge of the students as a
parameter and tested the gain in knowledge after the
sessions. The majority of the students did not have
prior knowledge except for language, internet skills
and time management.2
The basic science teaching should be conceptualized,
and provoke student curiosity. It should teach them
the skills of applying basic sciences in clinical
Srimathi .,
REFERENCES
1. Medical Council of India (homepage on the
internet). Vision 2015. Available from
http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/M
CI_booklet.pdf.
2. Singh Suman. Foundation course for MBBS at
entry level: Experience at an Indian medical
school. South East Asian journal of Medical
education. 2007;1(1):33-37
3. Ravi Shankar P. Medical Student Attitudes
Towards and Perception of the Basic Sciences in
a Medical College in Western Nepal: Journal of
the International Association of Medical Science
Educators; 2005;www.MedicalScienceEducator.
4. AlKabba. Teaching and evaluation methods of
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
The Dean of Education Dr. P. V. Vijayaraghavan, Sri
Ramachandra University, The Head of the
Department, Dept. of Anatomy, Dr. V. S.
Anandarani, Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Mr. V.
Manikanta Reddy, Dept. of Anatomy Sri
Ramachandra University, The staff of Medical
Education Unit, Sri Ramachandra University.
Conflict of interest: Nil
579
Srimathi .,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00400.7
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 15 Apr 2014
Accepted: 20th Apr 2014
Research Article
580
581
582
RESULTS
The data was collected and analyzed with unrelated and relatedt test.
Table1: Comparison of Shooting performance(mm)'before and after among study group:
Shooting
performance N
Mean
Std.
Median
IQR
(mm)
Unpaired T test
Deviation
Experiment
26
-2.65
2.727
-2.50
4
4.535
difference
Control
26
*p valuesignificant at 1.31E-09
Amte et al.,
1.00
3.072
0.50
p value
*3.62E-05
Difference is significant
583
Amte et al.,
585
REFERENCES
1. Kapoor
S, Paul M. Clinical Effect of
Combination of Pranayama and Kriya on the
Performance of Shooters. Indian Journal of
Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy
2008;2(2):34-37
2. Fundamentals of Marksmanship with a scoped
rifle.
http://shadowspear.com/vb/threads/akafundamentals-of-marksmanship-with-a-scopedrifle.2806/
3. Andy Fink , Introduction and breathing.
http://www.juniorshooters.net/2009/04/20/tipshints-of-the-week-1-introduction-breathing
4. Melbourne International Shooting Club, The
beginners guide to small-bore Rifle shooting
http://melbourneinternational.org.au/index.php/do
wnloads/cat_view/8-coaching
5. Body, Mind Mastery by Dan Millman. New
World Library, revised
edition
of The
InnerAthlete(\1994.
http://findpdf.net/documents/Body-MindMastery-by-Dan-Millman-1999-New-WorldLibrary-revised-edition-of-The-Inner-Athlete1994-pdf-download.html
6. Telles S, Nagratana R, Nagendra HR. Breathing
through a particular nostril can alter the
metabolism and autonomic activities. IndianJ
Physiol Pharmacol 1994;38:133-7.
7. Bhavanani AB, Madanmohan, Udupa K. Acute
Effect of Mukh Bhastrika (A Yogic Bellows
TypeBreathingon Reaction Time. Indian Journal
of Physiology and Pharmacology.2003; 47(3):
297-300.
8. Borker AS, Pednekar JR. Effect of pranayam on
visual and auditory reaction time.Indian J Physiol
Pharmacol 2003;47 (2) : 229230
9. Whitelaw WA, McBride B, Ford GT. Effect of
lung volume on breath holding, Journal of
Applied Physiology. 1987;62(5);1962-69
10. Razia Nagarwala, Prarthana Dhotre, Isha Gelani.
Correlation between core strength and breath
holding time in normal young adults. Journal of
Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation2011;1(1):75-78.
11. Sivananda Sri Swami. The Science of Pranayama.
A Divine Life Society Publication, Distt. TehriGarhwal, Uttar Pradesh, Web edition2000,
66.http://www.dlshq.org/download/pranayama.ht
m
Amte et al.,
586
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00401.9
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 28th Apr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 16th May 2014
Research Article
Samuel et al.,
RESULTS
The distribution of Myopia was higher in the age
group of 11-20years. The distribution of Myopia was
more in Males. The distribution of Myopia was more
in the student community. 8% of the cases had a
positive family history of Myopia. 90% showed
bilateral Myopia (180 eyes) and 10% showed
unilateral myopia (10 eyes). 53.68% (102 eyes)
showed fundus changes while 46.32% (88 eyes) were
normal. Tesselated fundus (90.2%) with Crescent
formation (87.25%) and Abnormalfoveal reflex
(82.35%) was seen in most myopic eyes. Vitreous
degeneration, lattice degeneration, White with and
without pressure and Retinal detachment was more in
the range of 4-8Dioptres. 30.77% showed
chorioretinal degeneration in the range of 812Dioptres and was more in the older age group.
588
Samuel et al.,
First number indicates the no of eyes and the second number represents
the % of diustribution of lattice degeneration
Samuel et al.,
Samuel et al.,
591
Samuel et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00402.0
Volume 3 Issue 3
th
Coden: IJMRHS
rd
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Research Article
Assistant Professor, 2Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad
592
Jagathidevi et al.,
593
Jagathidevi et al.,
RESULTS
The onset of convulsions or their inhibition, nature of
convulsions, duration of the tonic hind limb extension
(THLE), a period of post ictal depression (when
present) and recovery were observed and noted in all
groups of animals and compared with the control
group administered normal saline 0.1 ml. i.p. and
Phenytoin group administered Phenytoin sodium
0.5mg/100mg i.p).8
Data were analysed and all descriptive statistics are
expressed as Mean, Standard Deviation.. The results
obtained from the study were analysed by ANOVA
test and Student t test. P value <0.05* was considered
to be statistically significant.
Table 1: The duration of THLE is 20 seconds in the
Control group mice. It is one second in the Phenytoin
group. In the Amlodipine group it decreases to 12
seconds and with the addition of Indomethacin further
decreased to 10 seconds.
The observed difference between the 4 groups as
calculated by ANOVA is statistically significant at
95% confidence intervals P<0.001***.
The mean duration of clonic phase in the control
group is 60 seconds. It is shortened to 35 seconds in
the Phenytoin group, 40 seconds in the Amlodipine
group and to 35 seconds in the combined group. The
observed difference between the 4 groups as
calculated by ANOVA test is statistically highly
significant P<0.00001***
Table 1: Duration of THLE, Clonic Phase, and recovery period (in seconds) by MES Method
Group
Tonic hind limb extension
Clonic Phase
Recovery Period
Group
Mean SD P value$
Mean SD P value$
Mean SD
P value$
Group 1
20 1.68
600.63
401.41
Group 2
10.58
<0.0001***
350.63
<0.0001***
100.89
<0.0001***
Group 3
Group 4
121.09
100.89
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
400.89
350.63
<0.0001***
<0.0001***
300.89
401.41
<0.0001***
1 (ns)
594
Jagathidevi et al.,
DISCUSSION
A large body of evidence supports the role of L-type
calcium channels in epileptogenesis.Nifedepine was
demonstrated to inhibit picrotoxin-induced seizure
activity
in
adult
Sprague-Dawley
rats13
Intraperitoneal injection of Nifedepine at doses of
10-20 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased the
severity of seizures after i.p injection of 4mg/kg
picrotoxin in rats.13 Other CCBs have been used for
various experiments. Nifedipine 5mg/kg and
Flunarizine 4mg/kg were found to have promising
effects in both MES and audiogenic seizures9. Effect
of Cinnarazine has been evaluated as a calcium
channel blocker on antiepileptic activity of Maximal
electroshock seizures in mice. 2
In the experiment carried out by Kaminski et al,
Amlodipine (up to 10mg/kg) reduced Pentylene
tetrazole-induced clonic and tonic convulsions in
mice.14 Many other experiments have been carried out
by combining amlodipine and other CCBs with
antiepileptic drugs like carbamezepine, valproate.
Lamotrigine and Topiramate. 15
The mouse MES model has been universally accepted
as the standard for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
MES and Pentylene tetrazole are the standard
methods against GTCS and petitmal epilepsy. The
aim of this study is to assess the anticonvulsant effect
of Amlodipine alone and in combination with
Indomethacin in experimentally induced seizure
models in mice.. The above drugs are compared with
both the Control (normal saline) and the standard
(Phenytoin Sodium).
In electrically induced seizures, the 3 parameters
compared are duration of tonic hind limb extension,
THLE, (P<0.05); duration of clonic seizures
(P>0.05); duration of recovery phase (P<0.0001) and
in picrotoxin-induced seizures, the 2 parameters are
onset of seizures (P<0.05) and severity of seizures
(P<0.05).
The efficacy of CCBs to change the parameters in
MES model correlates well with the ability to prevent
partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures and thus
its capacity to prevent seizure spread..
Role of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on
chemically induced seizures have been evaluated in
albino mice.11 Based on the findings that the levels of
prostaglandins (PGs), the cyclooxygenase metabolites
of arachidonic acid are increased in the brain during
595
Jagathidevi et al.,
5.
6.
7.
8.
of Pharmacology 2004;56:29-41
Khayat
Nouri
MH.
The
Effect
of
2+
Dihydropyridine Ca . Channel Blockers on PTZ
induced clonic seizure threshold in mice. The
Journals of Qazvin University of Medical
Sciences Winter 2009;12(49):19-26
Jarogniew JL, Michal KT, Marcin PTr, Zaneta
KT, Beata Szostakiewicz, Anna Zadrozniak, et al.
Effects of three calcium channel antagonists
(amlodipine, diltiazem and verapamil) on the
protective action of lamotrigine in the mouse
maximal electro shock induced seizure model.
Pharmacological Reports Polish Journal of
Pharmacology. 2007;59: 672-82
Dhir A, Akula KK, Kulkarni SK. Rofecoxib
potentiates the anticonvulsant effect of
topiramate. Inflammo pharmacology. 2008;16;83
86
Srivastava AK, Gupta YK. Aspirin modulates the
anticonvulsant effect of Diazepam and sodium
valproate in pentylene tetrazole and maximal
electroshock induced seizures in mice. Indian
Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 45 (4): 47580
Chattopadhyay RN, Chaudhuri S, Roy RK,
Mandal S, Lahiri HL, Maitra SK. Potentiation of
antiepileptic activity of phenytoin by calcium
channel blockers against maximal electroshock
seizure in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmacology
1998; 30: 326-328
596
Jagathidevi et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00403.2
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
th
Revised: 28 Apr 2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 1st May 2014
Research Article
Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad,
India
2
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Nepal
3
Valley College of Technical Sciences, Mahrajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
*Corresponding author email: dipendrayadavph@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: More than one-fourth of under five children (about 150 million) are underweight while about onethird (182 million) are stunted. Geographically more than 70% of protein energy malnutrition children live in
Asia, 26% in Africa and 4% in Latin America and the Caribbean2. Malnutrition among children is a public health
problem in Nepal. Nepal Demography and Health Survey (NDHS, 2011) reported that 29 % children are
underweight, 41% stunted and 11% wasted. Material and Methods: A base-line data were analyzed and
prepared this article with objective was prevalence and its associated factors of stunting, underweight and wasting
among children less than 3 years old from the study that was conducted a pre-post with controlled design
conducted in Mahottari district of Nepal in 2012. Results: In this study, Prevalence of wasting, stunting and
underweight was 31.1%, 42.3% and 45% of children less than 3 years respectively. The study found that the
prevalence of severe wasted and wasted were 18.2 % and 12.9 % respectively, while the prevalence of stunting
and severe stunting status of children were 20.7% and 21.7% and the prevalence of underweight and severely
underweight children were 20.2% and 24.9%. Conclusions: Present study shows that the prevalence of
malnutrition (underweight, stunting, and wasting) is still major health problems among children less than 3 years,
particularly in the Central Terai region.
Keywords: Stunting, Wasting, Underweight, Children
INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition in all its forms, either directly or
indirectly, is responsible for approximately half of all
deaths worldwide. This applies to perinatal and
infectious diseases as well as chronic diseases.
Malnutrition accounts for 11% of the global burden
of disease, leading to long-term poor health and
disability and poor educational and developmental
outcomes1.
Yadav DK et al.,
597
Yadav DK et al.,
598
Weight For
Height
Height For
Age
Weight for
Age
Nutritional
Status
Severe Wasted
Frequency
112
18.2
Wasted
79
12.9
Normal
424
68.9
Total
615
100.0
Severe stunted
133
21.6
Stunted
127
20.7
Normal
355
57.7
Total
Severely
Underweight
Underweight
Normal
615
153
100.0
24.9
124
338
20.1
55.0
Total
615
100.0
599
Table 2: Comparison between normal (Non-Stunted) and Stunted children based on characteristics
p-value
Characteristics
Normal
Stunted
OR
95% CI
based
on 2
Children Sex
Female
158 (55.6)
126 (44.4)
Male
197 (57.7)
134 (40.5)
Family Type
Nuclear
145 (60.7)
94 (39.3)
Joint
210 (55.9)
166 (44.1)
Educational Status of mother
Illiterate
274 (57.2)
205 (42.8)
Literate
81 (59.6)
55 (40.4)
Children had Diarrhoea
Yes
246 (56.7)
188 (43.3)
No
109 (60.2)
72 (39.8)
Sources of income
Agriculture
175 (58.1)
126 (41.9)
Animal husbandry
8 (38.1)
13 (61.9)
Casual wages of labour
41 (46.6)
47 (53.4)
Foreign employee
80 (59.7)
54 (40.3)
Business
25 (65.8)
13 (34.2)
Government employee
26 (78.8)
7 (21.2)
Family Income Nepali Rupees (Monthly)
Less than 4999
26 (44.8)
32 (55.2)
5000 9999
276 (57.6)
203 (42.4)
10000 & above
53 (67.9)
25 (32.1)
Table 3: Comparison between normal (Non-Underweight)
characteristics
Characteristics
Normal
Underweight
Children Sex
Female
155 (54.6)
Male
183 (55.3)
Family Type
Nuclear
132 (55.2)
Joint
206 (54.8)
Educational Status of mother
Illiterate
259 (54.1)
Literate
79 (58.1)
Children had diarrhea
Yes
235 (54.1)
No
103 (56.9)
Family Income Nepali Rupees (Monthly)
Less than 4999
28 (48.3)
5000 9999
263 (54.9)
10000 & above
47 (60.3)
Yadav DK et al.,
0.33
0.853
0.619 - 1.176
0.23
1.219
0.877 - 1.696
0.62
0.908
0.616 - 1.337
0.41
0.864
0.607 - 1.230
0.01
0.026
and Underweight children based on
p-value
based on 2
OR
95% CI
129 (45.4)
148 (44.7)
0.86
0.972
0.707 - 1.336
107 (44.8)
170 (45.2)
0.914
1.018
0.735 - 1.410
220 (45.9)
57 (41.9)
0.406
0.849
0.578 - 1.248
199 (45.9)
78 (43.1)
0.531
0.899
0.630 - 1.268
30 (51.7)
216 (45.1)
31 (39.7)
0.381
600
Table 4: Comparison between normal (Non-Wasted) and Wasted children based on characteristics
Characteristics
Normal
Children Sex
Female
196 (69.0)
Male
228 (68.9)
Family Type
Nuclear
162 (67.8)
Joint
262(69.7)
Educational Status of mother
Illiterate
328 (68.5)
Literate
96 (70.6)
Children had diarrhea
Yes
296 (68.2)
No
128 (70.7)
Family Income Nepali Rupees (Monthly)
Less than 4999
43 (74.1)
5000 9999
328 (68.5)
10000 & above
53 (67.9)
Female children were at an increased risk of stunting
and underweight compared to male children probably
due to the feeding and caring more focused on male
children. Female and male children were at same
increased risk of wasting compared to gender. There
was no association between the level of stunting,
wasting and underweight and sex of the children all p
value of > 0.05.
DISCUSSION
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and
interlinked aspects of human development, which in
turn interact with demographic variables in important
ways. In children, the three most commonly used
anthropometric indices are weight-for-height, heightfor-age, and weight-for-age. Deficit in height-for-age
is called stunting and indicates chronic malnutrition.
Deficit in weight-for-height is called wasting and
indicates acute malnutrition. Deficit in weight-for-age
is often referred to as underweight and reflects low
weight-for-height, low height-for-age, or both (global
malnutrition). Weight-for-age is thus not a good
indication of recent nutritional stress in the
population8.
In this study, Prevalence of wasting, stunting and
underweight was 31.1%, 42.3% and 45% of children
less than 3 years respectively. According to Nepal
Yadav DK et al.,
Wasted
p-value
based
on 2
OR
95% CI
88 (31.0)
103 (31.1)
0.97
1.00
0.71 - 1.34
77 (32.2)
114 (30.3)
0.62
0.91
0.64- 1.29
151 (31.5)
40 (29.4)
0.63
0.90
0.59 - 1.37
138 (31.8)
53 (29.3)
0.53
0.88
0.60 - 1.29
15 (25.9)
151 (31.5)
25 (32.1)
0.66
601
Yadav DK et al.,
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
We wish to express our sincere thanks to the
Mahottari District Health Office for providing
permission to conduct this study, the Ethical
Committee for ethical approval and FCHVs for their
willingness to take on the extra workload involved in
the interventions. We are also indebted to all the
participants for their actively participation in this
study.
Conflict of interest: None
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization, Turning the tide of
malnutrition responding to the challenge of the
21st century. 2000, Nutrition for Health and
Development
(NHD): CH-1211 Geneva,
Switzerland.http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/106
65/66505/1/WHO_NHD_00.7.pdf
2. Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal
Demographic and Health Survey. 2011.
http://www.mohp.gov.np/english/publication/ND
HS%202011%20Full%20version.pdf
3. WHO, Global Database on Child Growth and
Malnutrition,
2011.
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/en/
4. Black RE. Maternal and child undernutrition:
global and regional exposures and health
consequences. Lancet, 2008; 371(9608):243-60
5. Codling K. Accelerating Progress in Reducing
Maternal and Child Undernutrition in Nepal.
2011,
World
Bank.
https://www.k4health.org/sites/default/files/Nepal
_Nutrition_Evidence_Review_for_peer_review_
Oct_2011.pdf
6. Bloss E, Wainaina F, Bailey RC. Prevalence and
predictors of underweight, stunting, and wasting
among children aged 5 and under in western
Kenya. J Trop Pediatr, 2004;50(5): 260-70
7. Sapkota V, Gurung C. Prevalence and predictors
of underweight, stunting and wasting in underfive Children. Nepal Health Res Counc, 2009;
7(15): 120-26
8. Thapa M. Nutritional status of children in two
districts of the mountain region of Nepal. J Nepal
Health Res Counc 2013;11(25): 235-39
9. Sukhdas G. Nutritional status of tribal children in
Andhra pradesh. Int J Med Res Health Sci.
2014.3(1):76-79
602
Yadav DK et al.,
603
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00404.4
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
rd
Revised: 23 May 2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 9thJun 2014
Research Article
MBBS student, 2Department of Physiology, 4Department of Community Medicine, 5Department of RadiationOncology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India.
3
Dietician - formerly attached to Manipal Ecron Acu-Nova KH Clinical Research Centre, Manipal, Karnataka,
India.
*Corresponding author email: pratikchatterjee68@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Aim: To find out the co-relation between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with blood group & diet in South
Indian females, between the age-group of (20-30) years. Objectives: Correlative analysis of ABO & Rh system,
dietary habits & alcohol consumption with PCOS. Materials & Methods: 100 patients between (20-30) years,
diagnosed with PCOS were selected. A standard PCOS questionnaire was given. Blood group & dietary status
data were collected. Patients were grouped according to ABO & Rh system considering their diet & alcohol
intake (p0.05 significant). Result: Our data revealed that the highest risk of PCOS was observed in females with
blood group O positive followed by B positive who were on mixed diet & used to consume alcohol. Our study
also suggests that Rh negative individuals didnt show any association with PCOS. Conclusion: The results of
our study suggest that O positive females, are more prone to PCOS. Though the relative frequency of B positive
individuals are more in India, females with blood group O positive are more susceptible to PCOS, contributing
factors being mixed diet & alcohol intake. So, early screening of O positive &B positive females of
reproductive age-group in South-India, could be used as a measure for timely diagnosis of PCOS, better
management &also prevention of complications. However, further research should be done to investigate the
multifaceted mechanisms triggering these effects.
Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Blood group, Diet, Alcohol.
INTRODUCTION
The first description of the human blood group
system was published by Karl Landsteiner in 1900,
working to understand the unpredictability of
haemolytic reaction resulting from early attempts at
transfusion.1International society of blood transfusion
(ISBT) currently recognizes 285 blood group
antigens.2In Humans, among these, ABO system is
the most important blood group system & Rh is the
second most significant. Anthropologists use ABO
Rahul et al.,
Rahul et al.,
RESULTS
Fig. 1 represents that females with blood group O
positive have the highest risk of developing PCOS
(p 0.05 ), followed by women of blood group B
positive. Also, Rh negative individuals didnt show
any association with PCOS.
606
Rahul et al.,
DISCUSSION
There is increasing evidence that blood group
substances play a major role in the causation of a
disease/in the protective mechanism against it. A
study conducted showed a significant positive
association with blood group A & negative
association with blood group O in myocardial
infarction, a significant positive association with all
the blood groups except for blood group O in
valvulo-pathic (rheumatic) diseases, a positive
association with A phenotype & negative with B in
arterial hypertension, in males only & no association
of ABO blood groups & congenital heart
diseases.1Differential diagnosis of PCOS includes,
hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia,
Cushing's syndrome, hyper-prolactinemia, androgen
secreting neoplasms, other pituitary/adrenal disorders,
etc.,29
The most commonly used blood group systems in
humans are ABO & Rh systems due to their
importance in blood transfusion & association with
various diseases.29Polycystic ovary syndrome affects
approximately (5-10) % of the female population in
India10.It is well known that the prevalence rates of
PCOS are rising in countries, where obesity & type 2
diabetes are more common.12It is known that in
PCOS individuals serum levels of insulin may be
elevated. Around 40% of females with PCOS have
some degree of glucose intolerance. So, blood
glucose level testing for diabetes is usually
recommended. Studies have shown that anti-diabetic
medications like, metformin, etc., have shown
encouraging results, particularly in obese patients
who are suffering from chronic anovulation.16India
having the highest rates of diabetes in the world with
an increasing trend towards obesity in this modern
era, is expected to have a high prevalence of PCOS in
the next few years.14Literature surveys shows that
blood group substances have significant association
with the causation of disease, e.g., blood group A
with arterial hypertension & myocardial infarction,
blood group O& peptic ulcer, etc.,1The present study
showed that females with blood group O positive
have the highest risk of developing PCOS, followed
by women of blood group B positive. Though the
relative frequency of B positive individuals are more
in India, females with blood group O positive are
more susceptible to PCOS. Standard diagnostic
Rahul et al.,
Rahul et al.,
609
Rahul et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00405.6
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 18 May 2014
Accepted: 5thJun2014
Research Article
Department of Anatomy, 3Department of Radiology, B.J. Govt Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Department of Anatomy, SKN Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Khanapurkar et al.,
610
611
Khanapurkar et al.,
level
c1
c2
c2-3
c3
C3-4
C4
C4-5
C5
C5-6
C6
C6-7
C7
Anterior
2.711
2.929
2.639
2.652
2.278
2.249
2.197
2.332
2.318
2.739
2.652
3.247
Posterior
3.744
3.353
2.584
2.208
2.406
2.42
2.376
2.493
2.338
2.387
2.273
2.681
Rt lat
4.439
4.111
3.767
3.464
3.116
3.001
2.984
3.144
2.833
3.166
3.005
3.555
Lt lat
4.448
4.102
3.762
3.461
3.114
3.002
2.981
3.147
2.833
3.164
3.006
3.556
From the Table-3 it is clear that the right & left lateral
subarachnoid spaces are almost equal, while the
anterior & posterior spaces are asymmetrical.
Dimensions of dural sac: To determine the accuracy
of the measurements of the spinal cord and
subarachnoid space, the dimensions of the dural sac
as a whole were measured. Table 4; illustrates the
transverse and sagittal diameters of the dural sac. The
bulge noted in the cervical spinal cord can be
observed also in the dural sac. But the correlation
between changes in the diameter of spinal cord with
the changes in the diameter of dural sac, is
statistically non-significant (p>0.05).
Table 4: Showing mean values for dural sac
(values in mm)
level
C1
C2
C2-3
C3
C3-4
C4
C4-5
C5
C5-6
C6
C6-7
C7
Sagittal
14.39
13.82
12.58
12
11.51
11.54
11.29
11.45
11.15
11.37
11.14
11.7
Transverse
20.8
20.19
19.7
19.25
18.97
19.31
19.01
19.64
18.97
18.95
17.95
18.06
Table 5: Transverse &sagittal diameter of dural sac, spinal cord and subarachnoid space (in mm) (MALE)
Male
Female
MEAN SD
RANGE
MEAN SD
RANGE
Dural Sac(DS)
Sag
13.671.806
10.460-18.59
12.891.474
9.080-16.68
Trans
19.451.662
15.50-24.58
19.011.833
13.52-23.13
Spinal Cord(SC)
Sag
7.0871.054
4.160-10.24
6.8710.7650
4.930-8.730
Trans
12.071.328
6.060-15.07
11.711.284
7.140-15.36
Subarachnoid
Ant
2.5550.8207
1.070-5.670
2.5520.9458
1.120-5.80
Space(SAS)
Post
2.6430.9318
1.190-6.100
2.6020.8225
1.130-5.140
Rt lat
3.3950.8123
2.270-6.060
3.3690.7801
1.470-5.820
Lt lat
3.3940.8114
2.270-6.160
3.3680.7795
1.470-5.820
When we compared the values for male & female we found out that the values for female are slightly smaller as
compared to males but the difference is statistically insignificant.
612
Khanapurkar et al.,
DISCUSSION
Endoscopic visualization of various anatomical areas
for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes is an
everyday expanding field in modern medicine. But
endoscopic visualization of the spinal canal contents
is still limited, partly because of the technical
problems associated with developing a miniature
device that fits into and which can be safely steered
inside the delicate and hazardous area of the spinal
canal and the subarachnoid space in cervical region.
Meeting these challenges requires a thorough
understanding of the spinal canal morphology for
which accurate measurement of its different
compartments is very important.
There have been several studies on the dimensions of
the dural sac, the subarachnoid space, and the spinal
cord. These studies have either been carried out on
cadavers, or have used radiological methods such as
myelography, CT-myelography, and MRI1- 7
The present study complements the current data on
the morphology of the spinal contents, and in
particular, the spinal subarachnoid space, by
analyzing MRI images taken from normal
examinations. These data are essential for designing
intradural instruments such as intradural endoscope
(thecaloscope) and intradural robotic instruments, as
well as for understanding the normal spinal anatomy.
Thijssen et al1 studied morphology of the cervical
spinal cord on computed Myelography, sample size
was 20. They evaluated the subjects for transverse &
sagittal diameter of spinal cord. Thijseen et al study is
correlating well with present study. The decreasing
diameter pattern is identical. The slightly higher side
in Thijssen study may be due to different
methodology and also because of racial differences.
Table
6:
Showing
comparison
between
H.O.M.Thijssen et al1 & present study
Level H.O.M.Thijssen
Present study
Transverse
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
10.4
10.9
11.3
11.7
11.8
10.5
9.3
Sagittal
Transverse Sagittal
7.2
6.5
6.2
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.8
11.33
11.41
11.66
12.73
13.04
11.93
10.29
7.815
7.685
7.338
7.064
6.908
6.434
5.799
C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
C7T1
Yu
Present
et al2 study
Yu present
et al2 study
Yu Present
et al2 study
7.8
7.5
7.1
6.9
6.8
7.0
12.8
13.4
13.8
13.4
12.6
10.9
0.62
0.56
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.66
7.651
7.222
7.022
6.623
6.102
-
11.77
12.48
12.93
12.9
11.24
0.68
0.59
0.54
0.52
0.53
-
613
Khanapurkar et al.,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely acknowledge my gratitude towards my
colleagues, staff and friends from department of
Anatomy and Radiology.
Conflict of interest: None
REFERENCES
1. Thijssen HOM., Keyser A, Horstink MWM,
Meijer E. Morphology of the cervical spinal cord
on computed myelography. Neuroradiology
1979;18:57-62
2. Yu YL, du Boulay GH, Stevens JM, Kendall BE.
Morphology and measurements of the cervical
spinal cord in computer-assisted myelography.
Neuroradiology. 1985;27:399-402
3. Yone K, Sakou T, Yanase M, Ijiri K.
Preoperative and postoperative magnetic
resonance image evaluation of the spinal cord in
cervical myelopathy. Spine, 1992;17:S388-92
4. Inoue H, Ohmori K, Takatsu T, Teramoto T,
Ishida Y, Suzuki K. Morphological analysis of
the cervical spinal canal, dural sac and spinal
cord in normal individuals using CT
myelography. Neuroradiology 1996;38:148-51
5. Fujiwara K, Yonenobu K., Hiroshima K., Ebara
S, Yamashita K, Ono K. Morphometry of the
cervical spinal cord and its relation to pathology
in cases with compression myelopathy. Spine
1988;13:1212-16
614
Khanapurkar et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00406.8
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN:2319-5886
th
Revised: 19 Apr 2014
Accepted: 23rd Apr 2014
Barman et al.,
615
DCM)
/
(Hypertrophic
Obstructive
Cardiomyopathy HOCM) or pacemaker
insertion/conduction system disease.
Valvular heart disease: History of Rheumatic Heart
Disease (RHD) with echocardiographic evidence of
valvular abnormalities or history of congenital and
degenerative valvular disease.
Arrhythmias: Patients who had clinical and ECG
evidence of arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation,
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular
tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
Anemia: Defined as blood hemoglobin level <12 g%
for men or 11 g% for women.
Drug related: On treatment with -blockers, calcium
channel blockers, NSAIDS, steroids, anti-arrhythmic,
tricyclic antidepressants, chemotherapeutic agents.
Obesity: Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater
was considered clinically obese.
616
Barman et al.,
RESULTS
Agesex distribution of CHF
Of the total study population of 50; 26 [52%] were
males and 24 [48%] were females. The study
population was divided into 7 age intervals ranging
from 21 to 90 years. The occurrence of CHF was
highest between 50 and 70 years in both males and
females. 64% patients were between 50 and 80 years
and nearly 22% were between 20 and 50 years. 14%
were above 80 years.
Acute/chronic distribution of heart failure with
age distribution
33 (66%) i.e. nearly 2/3 presented with acute heart
failure and 17 (34%); i.e. rest of the 1/3rd had chronic
heart failure. Of the 33 patients with acute heart
failure, acute coronary syndrome was seen in 4 (12%)
patients, CAD causing acute LVF was in 7 (21%) and
acute on chronic HF was seen in 8 (24%) patients.
Out of the 17 patients with chronic heart failure, 9
[53%) were females and 8 (47%) were males.
Majority of the males, nearly 78% with acute heart
failure were between 50 and 80 years. Majority of the
females, nearly 75% with acute heart failure were
also between 50 and 80 years. In the 7190 age
interval, the distribution of acute and chronic heart
failure were nearly equal in both males and females.
Major etiologies of CHF
Among this study population of 50, major etiology of
CHF was a combination of IHD, HTN and DM
accounting for nearly 90% of cases. There was
presence of significant overlap between HTN, CAD
and DM. The etiologies have been sub grouped into
three groups according to prevalence. Group 1 being
the most prevalent and Group 3 the least. [Figure1]
The etiology wise distribution has been given below
in Table 1.
No.
Etiology
Group 1
a
b
c
a
b
HTN
CAD
DM
ValvularHeart Disease
Conductive
disorder[LBBB/IVCD]
Dilated
Cardiomyopathy
Corpulmonale
Others, Myocarditis
Group 2
c
Group 3
a
b
No. of
patients
32
27
19
4
2
1
1
2
2
64
54
38
8
4
No. of patients
21
16
15
12
0
12
0
Percent [n=50]
42
32
30
24
0
24
0
Barman et al.,
617
Barman et al.,
Value
33
Percent [n = 50]
66
12
14
17
24
28
34
Percentage%
8
24
9
3
18
6
DISCUSSION
618
Barman et al.,
CONCLUSION
Multiple risk factors such as Hypertension, Ischemic
Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus are the leading
causes of Heart Failure in this study. The concept of
multiple risk factors, well established for coronary
artery disease should be increasingly applied to
primary and secondary heart failure prevention. HTN
causing heart failure was the major etiology
amounting to 64%. In patients where etiology is
unknown and who have multiple risk factors, the
probability of CAD is high; hence coronary
angiography needs to be done. Our study also
provides enough research databases, for a
comprehensive array of laboratory-based research
aimed at an improved understanding of disease
mechanisms, treatment initiation and implementation.
Funding- None.
Competing interests None
REFERENCES
1. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment
of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. European
Heart Journal. 2012;33, 17871847
2. Tavazzi L. Towards a more precise definition of
heart failure aetiology. Eur Heart J. 2012;22;19295
619
15. Remes J,
Reunanen A,
Aromaa A,
Pyorala K. Incidence of heart failure in Eastern
Finland; A population-based surveillance study.
Eur Heart J. 1992;13:58893
16. Cleland JGF. Heart failure: a Systematic Guide to
Clinical Practice. London: Science Press; 1997;123
17. Wilhelmsen ,
Rosengren A,
Eriksson H,
Lappas G. Heart Failure in the general population
of men; morbidity, risk factors and prognosis. J
Intern Med. 2001;249:25361
18. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D. Obesity and the
risk
of
heart
failure. N
Engl
J
Med. 2002;347;305-13
19. Limacher M,Rousseau M. Clinical characteristics
of patients in studies of ventricular dysfunction
(SOLVD). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:894900
20. Fonseca C. Diagnosis of heart failure. Heart Fail
Rev. June, 2006;11(2): 95-107.
21. Solang L,
Malmberg K,
Ryden L. Diabetes
mellitus and congestive heart failure further
knowledge needed. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:78979
22. The SEOSI Investigators. Survey on heart failure
in Italian hospital cardiology units. Eur Heart
J. 1997;18:1457-64
23. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova
R, Fagard R, Germano G. 2007 Guidelines for the
management of arterial hypertension: The Task
Force for the Management of Arterial
Hypertension of the European Society of
Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society
of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal
2007;28:1462-1536
24. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and
cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The
Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular
Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology
(ESC) and of the European Association for the
Study of Diabetes (EASD): European Heart
Journal. 2007;28:88-136
Barman et al.,
620
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00407.X
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 13 Jun 2014
Accepted: 24th Jun 2014
Research Article
Embryologist, 2Professor & Head, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai
3
Embryologist, Kanmani Fertility clinic, Chennai
*Corresponding author email: manjuladaniel2000@yahoo.co.in, manjula2000srmc@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Aim and Objective: The present study is aimed to carry out the impact of early cleavage over late cleavage in
assessing the pregnancy outcome using of Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) in assisted reproductive
technologies. Materials and Methods A total of 154 patients enrolled for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(ICSI) fulfilling the selection criteria were recruited for the study at a tertiary care assisted reproductive centre.
ICSI was performed 35 h after oocyte aspiration with the prepared sperm. All embryos were checked for early
cleavage at 27 hours post intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. They were divided into two groups. Group IEmbryos which cleaved before 27 hours after Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). Group II- Embryos
which cleaved after 27 hours. The pregnancy rates were compared between the two groups. Results: All the 154
patients were analysed. There was no difference in the mean age, duration of ovarian stimulation, number of
oocytes retrieved, fertilization, cleavage rates and embryo quality between the two groups. Early cleavage was
observed in 98 patients (63.64 %). Late cleavage was observed in 56 patients (36.36%). The clinical pregnancy
was confirmed in 59 patients (60.20%) in Group I and 20 patients (35.71%) in Group II which was statistically
significant P <0.001. Conclusion: Early cleavage is a strong predictor of embryo quality and can predict ICSI
outcome.
Keywords: Clinical pregnancy, Early cleavage, Embryo quality, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, Ovarian
stimulation.
INTRODUCTION
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a general
term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy
by artificial or partially artificial means. All
treatments or procedures that include the in vitro
handling of both human oocytes and sperms or of
embryos for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy.
It is a reproductive technology used primarily in
infertility treatments. Different methods of embryo
transfer have been followed in this treatment are fresh
embryo transfer and frozen embryo transfer.
Manjula et al.,
Manjula et al.,
Mean Age
(years)
Mean Duration of
Infertility (years)
No of oocytes
retrieved
No of MII
Oocytes retrieved
No of Grade I
Embryos
No of patients
31 4
32 5
7 4
8 5
15 8
11 8
12 7
8 7
7 5
98 (63.64 %)
4 4
56 (36.36%)
623
Manjula et al.,
Manjula et al.,
625
Manjula et al.,
626
Manjula et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00408.1
Volume 3 Issue 3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
rd
Revised: 3 Jun 2014
Accepted: 9th Jun 2014
Research Article
Jayanthi et al.,
Jayanthi et al.,
Jayanthi et al.,
MEASURES
MINI-KID32:The MINI Kid was used to screen
depression among adolescents. The tool consists of 9
questions. If five or more answers coded Yes, then
the adolescent likely to have Major Depressive
Episode.
Beck depression Inventory33: The Beck Depression
Inventory is a self-report questionnaire used in the
evaluation of the existence and severity of depression
symptoms. It consists of 21 questions related to
possible depression symptoms. Each question is
answered on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 to 3.This
inventory generally has high reliability and in the
present study reliability score was 0.85.
Rosenberg self esteemScale1:Rosenberg Self esteem
scale is a ten- item uni-dimensional scale designed to
measure an individuals level of self-esteem. The
items answered on a four point scale ranging from
strongly agree to strongly disagree. Scores range from
10 to 40, higher scores indicating a higher level of
self-esteem. The Cronbachs alphacoefficient of the
scale in the present study was 0.86.
Data analyses: Data was analyzed using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences Programme
(SPSS) version 17.0. Descriptive statistics was used
to describe the demographic variables. Students
independent t-test was used to compare the self
esteem score between case and control group. Karl
Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine
the relationship between level of depression and self
esteem. Chi square test was used to find the
association between self esteem and the demographic
variables. Odds Ratio and Multivariate logistic
regression was used to examine the strength of
association between the level of depression and selfesteem.
RESULTS
A total of 2432 school going adolescents were
screened. 640 students got the highest score in Minikid and 612 students (cases) were confirmed by the
certified Medical Practitioner. To improve the
efficacy of the study the samples were matched and a
total of 1120 school going adolescents from four
schools (three private and one government) were
finally included for analysis. Of these 50% (n=560)
were boys and 50% (n=560) were girls. The students
ranged in age from 14-17 years. Students from class
IX, X, XI and XII standard chosen equal numbers
629
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):627-633
Strongly Agree
Cases Control
7.9%
57.9%
3.6%
52.3%
6.4%
37.9%
8.6%
51.6%
8.6%
39.6%
7.5%
51.3%
7.3%
45.9%
5.7%
43.8%
4.6%
51.8%
4.1%
57.0%
Control
Chi square test
n
%
0
0.0%
2=896.0
102 18.2%
p=0.001***
458 81.8%
560 100.0%
Considering the
overall score in case group
adolescents mean score is 17.27 with SD of 3.24
where as among control group adolescents mean
score is 33.30 with SD of 2.56, so the difference is
16.13, this difference is large and it is statistically
significant at p<0.001 level.
The Pearsons correlation test results showed a
statistically
significant,
negative,
moderate
relationship betweendepression andself esteem.The r
value is - 0.43at P<0.001level, which means when the
level of depression increases their self esteem score
decreases moderately.
The odds ratio analysis revealed that adolescents who
had low self esteem found to have 3.7 times (95%
CI=1.9-6.9 and p- value 0.001) more risk of
630
Jayanthi et al.,
group. There
were
statistically
significant
associations between self-esteem and age, gender,
family monthly income and distance from home to
school in control group.
Depression among adolescents was associated with
low self-esteem. The findings implied that low selfesteem is a risk factor for depression among
adolescents. Internal emotional deficiency may
function as a personal vulnerability factor to
depression, and significantly impinge on the
wellbeing of the adolescents. Therefore, greater
importance should be given to the presence of low
self-esteem during adolescence with the aim of
increasing the possibility for adolescents to grow and
function encouragingly across their life span.
Adolescents with low self esteem have to be
identified earlier and prompt interventions will
prevent future psychiatric illnesses.As an intervention
towards the educational component pamphlets was
distributed to the adolescents, parents and
teachers.The researcher intended to generate evidence
and recommended school authorities to strengthen the
mental health component in the school health
programme and appoint a school counsellor.
A model program called Self Esteem Education &
Development SEEDprogram, is planned, for
introducing in the high school level. This is an
educational intervention programme at regular
intervals, to be developed by the authors. This is
based on building from what they have and teaching
from what they know. The concept is that,
everybody has a talent and everybody has a basic
knowledge and desire to do something for the benefit
of the society. This will be brought out, for
recognition, by the peers, teachers, parents and the
society. Self recognition and self realisation, of ones
potentials, and their usefulness to the society, will
lead to the building up of self dignity and self esteem.
The National programs like National Social Service
Scheme NSS, implemented in schools and colleges
can be made use for piloting the Self Esteem
Education & Development SEED programme.
CONCLUSION
The findings implied that low self-esteem is a risk
factor for depression among adolescents. Adolescents
with low self esteem have to be identified earlier and
prompt interventions will prevent future psychiatric
illnesses. As an intervention towards the educational
631
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):627-633
Jayanthi et al.,
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
633
Jayanthi et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00409.3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright@2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 5 May 2014
Accepted: 3rd Jun 2014
Research Article
Department of Anatomy, Krishna Institutes of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Anatomy, Padamashree Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation Medical College, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra, India
2
Rajeev et al.,
635
Rajeev et al.,
Number of Sacra
Percentage (%)
0 3 mm
4 6 mm
7 9 mm
10-12mm
27
201
25
01
10.62
79.13
9.84
0.40
Number of Sacra
Percentage (%)
00 05 mm
06 10 mm
11 15 mm
16 20 mm
39
97
92
26
15.35
38.20
36.22
10.23
Number
of Sacra
4 Segments
16
5 Segments
186
6Segments
Partial
or 10
complete sacralisation of 5th
lumbar vertebra
Coccygeal ankylosis
42
Total
254
Percentage
(%)
6.30
73.22
3.93
16.53
100
DISCUSSION
Anatomical variations of SH are one of the most
important factors for unsuccessful CEB. While
performing CEB needle passes through skin,
subcutaneous tissue and sacrococcygeal ligament and
Rajeev et al.,
Base (mm)
10-15
11.952.78
11-1
4-19.4
CONCLUSION
Variations in anatomical features of the sacral hiatus
have implications in the clinical practice because it
is used for caudal epidural block, in orthopedic
therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in the
treatment of sciatica to give corticosteroids
injections.21 Therefore, precise knowledge of these
variations is mandatory and it may help to improve
both the reliability and safety of caudal epidural
anesthesia and also prevent the iatrogenic injury of
dural sac during caudal epidural anesthesia. It is
important to have knowledge of different shapes of
hiatus and defects in dorsal wall of sacral canal
should be taken into consideration before
undertaking caudal epidural block so as to avoid its
failure and injury to dural sac. Present study data
may be helpful while performing various
procedures.
Conflict of interest: None
REFERENCES
Rajeev et al.,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
638
Rajeev et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00410.X
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 24 May 2014
Accepted: 12th Jun 2014
Research Article
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata88, College Street, Kolkata
RMO, Department of Chest Medicine, Malda Medical College, Malda, West Bengal
3
Professor and HOD, Department of Medicine, Malda Medical College, Malda, West Bengal
2
Rudrajit et al.,
Rudrajit et al.,
Parameter
<20%
3 (4.3)
Fraction
20-30%
27 (38.6)
>3040%
30 (42.9)
>4050%
10 (14.3)
>50%
Number
[percentage]
Age
in <20
years
2 [2.8]
20<40
8 [11.4]
Left
41<60
25 [35.7]
size
61
atrial 3 cm
3.1-4 cm
25 (35.7)
35 [50]
4.1-5 cm
39 (55.7)
Male
43 [61.4]
>5 cm
6 (8.6)
Female
27 [38.6]
6 cm
Alcohol
No
39 [55.7]
6.17 cm
29 (41.4)
intake
Occasional
7.18 cm
35 (50)
>8 cm
6 (8.6)
4 cm
6 (8.6)
4.15 cm
32 (45.7)
Sex
(1-2
times/week)
Frequent
times/week)
Smoking
(>2
4 [5.7]
LVIDs
17 [24.3]
None
38 [54.3]
5.16 cm
29 (41.4)
20 pack year
17 [24.3]
>6 cm
3 (4.3)
15 [21.4]
Regurgitatio
Mitral
11 (15.7)
Aortic
1 (1.4)
Combined
12 (17.1)
Ectopics
LVIDd
Atrial
Ventricular
4/5.7%
11/15.7%
20 (28.6)
17:11
26:16
0.92
32 9.2
33.1 6.2
0.54
0.12
Atrial fibrillation
3 (10.7%)
8 (19%)
0.50
Left
43.4 4.6
42.6 4.7
0.46
50 7.4
49.5 5.6
0.76
atrial
size
(mm)
LVIDs (mm)
Rudrajit et al.,
NYHA 1
NYHA 2
NYHA 3
33, 47%
NYHA 4
Rudrajit et al.,
643
Rudrajit et al.,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Principal and M.S.V.P of the institution for allowing
us to conduct the study in the institution and guiding
us throughout.
REFERENCES
1. RakarS, SinagraG, Di LenardaA, PolettiA,
BussaniR,SilvestriFet al. Epidemiology of dilated
cardiomyopathy: A prospective post-mortem
study of 5252 necropsies. European Heart Journal
1997; 18: 117-23
2. Khalil A, Chawla K, Chakravarti A. Dilated
Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Profile and Treatment.
Indian Pediatrics 2000;37: 1242-6
3. Ushasree B, Shivani V, Venkateshwari A, Jain
RK, Narsimhan C, NallariP.Epidemiology and
genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Indian
context.Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63:288-96
4. Deshmukh A, Deshmukh A, Deshmukh G, Garg
PK. A pilot study of dilated cardiomyopathy
(DCM) in western Uttar Pradesh, India: A four
year review. Medico-Legal update 2011; 11:
available
online
from
http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=i
jor:mlu&volume=11&issue=1&article=001
5. OlbrichHG.Epidemiology-etiology of dilated
cardiomyopathy. Z Kardiol. 2001;90 Suppl 1:2-9
6. CoughlinSS,
GottdienerJS,
BaughmanKL,
WassermanA, MarxES, TefftMCet al. Blackwhite differences in mortality in idiopathic
dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington, DC,
dilated cardiomyopathy study.JNatl Med Assoc.
1994; 86: 58391
7. Dancy M, Maxwell JD.Alcohol and dilated
cardiomyopathy. Alcohol Alcohol. 1986;21:18598
8. Predictive factors for atrial fibrillation appearance
in dilated cardiomyopathy. Romanian journal of
cardiology.
Available
online
from
http://www.romanianjournalcardiology.ro/en/pre
dictive-factors-for-atrial-fibrillation-appearancein-dilated-cardiomyopathy-31.html
9. Modena MG, Muia N, Sgura FA, Molinari R,
Castella A, Rossi R.Left atrial size is the major
predictor of cardiac death and overall clinical
outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy:
a long-term follow-up study.ClinCardiol.
1997;20:553-60
644
Rudrajit et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00411.1
Volume 3 Issue 3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
th
ISSN: 2319-5886
Research Article
PG Student, 2Professor, 3Asst. Professor, Department of Community Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior
(M.P.) India,
4
M.B.B.S. Student, G.M.C.Bhopal (M.P.) India.
*Corresponding author email: drranjana.tiwari50@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: About 16 billion injections are administered each year worldwide, and at least half of them are
unsafe. India contributes 25-30% of the global injection load. A majority of curative injections are unnecessary.
Estimates suggest that at least 50% of the worlds injections administered each year are unsafe particularly in
developing countries. Methods and materials: The Present study was a cross-sectional study done for 3 months
in all the Civil Dispensaries to Assess the Knowledge, Skill and Practices of Health Care Providers working at
Civil Dispensaries regarding Safe Injection Practices and also to compare the differences between the
knowledge and actual practices among Health Care providers of District Gwalior. Result: A total of 35 Health
Care Providers were taken in the study. All of them knew that the gloves should be worn during injection
procedure but only 4 (11.43%) actually worked during the process. 10 (28.57%) knew that the gloves should be
worn for both personal and patient safety. 5(14.29%) did not knew anything about blood borne viral diseases i.e.
Human Immuno Deficiency Virus, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C which could be transmitted to the Health Care
Providers. Conclusion: There was a great disparity between knowledge and practices of Health Care Providers
regarding injection practices. Efforts are to be needed to be done in this regard for the benefit of both Health Care
Providers and the patients.
Key words: Blood Borne Infections, Gloves, Injection practices, Safe injection, Waste disposal.
INTRODUCTION
Injections are among the most commonly used
medical procedure with an estimated 16 billion
administrations each year worldwide.
An
overwhelming majority (90%-95%) of these
injections are administered for curative purposes.1
Immunization accounts for around 3% of all
injections.2
According to Indian Programme
Evaluation Network Study, 03-06 billion injections
are administered annually in India.3 Estimates
suggest that at least 50% of the worlds injections
administered each year are unsafe, particularly in
developing countries. Most of the curative injections
are unnecessary, ineffective or inappropriate.4
645
Leena et al.,
646
Leena et al.,
Age
in No. of participants (n=35)
Years
No.
%
20-25
02
5.71
25-30
05
14.28
30-35
08
22.86
35-40
01
2.86
40-45
04
11.43
45-50
05
14.29
>50
10
28.57
Total
35
100.00
work experience in years
1-5
6
17.14
5-10
7
20.00
>10
22
62.86
All the Health Care Providers working in these Civil
Dispensaries were females and all of them did not
had any formal training for safe injection practices.
As shown in Fig.1, 5(14.29%) did not knew regarding
blood borne viral infections.
647
Leena et al.,
NO
%
74.29
p -Value
22.86
70.38
29.62
X2 =8.96, df=
1,
p-Value= 0.003
77.14
62.5
DISCUSSION
The present study regarding use of safe injection
practices done in all the Civil Dispensaries of
Gwalior showed that all the Health Care Providers
were females, which was dissimilar from the study of
A.A. Mahfouz et al12 in which only 35.5% were
females.
In the present study, none of the Health Care Provider
had taken training in safe injection practices which is
quite similar to the study done by Choudhary et al14
in which 73% of the providers were not trained, but
in the study of M.C. Shill et al13 only 5 (16.7%) of the
648
Leena et al.,
649
Leena et al.,
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
650
Leena et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00412.3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 13 Jun 2014
Accepted: 17th Jun 2014
Research Article
Rahul.,
652
Rahul.,
Table 1: Pre and Post intervention questions with correct response (n = 144)
Question
Correct Response
In case of an epidemic, epidemiological investigations should be False
delayed until the laboratory results are available.
First step in investigation of an epidemic is
Verification of diagnosis
What is the basic and essential criterion for confirmation of existence of Observed frequency is in excess of
an Epidemic?
the expected frequency of disease
During epidemic investigation, till how long search for new cases to be Period twice the incubation period of
done?
suspected
disease
since
the
occurrence of last case.
The document used to collect the data from cases and exposed persons Epidemiological case sheet
during epidemic investigations is
During epidemics investigation, there is no need to conduct medical False
survey for those people who are exposed to disease but do not develop
disease. It is applicable only for cases (those who develop disease).
Epidemiological case sheet can be administered by trained lay health True
workers for collecting data during epidemic
Control measures is not a part of investigation of an epidemic
False
If large numbers of people are affected at same time with similar True
manifestations and common source, it can be an epidemic
Ideally how many steps are there for investigation of an epidemic?
Ten
During epidemic situations, geographical information is best displayed Spot Map
by
What will be the ideal step after defining the population at risk during Rapid search for all cases and their
investigation of an epidemic?
characteristics
Epidemic/Outbreak is confined to only communicable diseases.
False
Data analysis should be in preference to time, place and person
True
In case of food poisoning epidemic, there is no need of comparison of True
observed frequency and expected frequency
RESULTS
In the present study, of 144 participants 78 (54.16%)
were males and 66 (45.83%) were females. All
(100%) participants were in the age bracket of 20-23
years. Simulation method like role play is a cost
effective educational intervention which can create
maximum impact on learning abilities of medical
students.
Table 2: Mean marks of participants (n = 144)
Mean Score SD t value
P value
(out of 15)
Pre test 5.16 2.06
42.87
<0.001**
Post test 12.01 1.18
**highly significant
The P value or calculated probability is the estimated
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) of a
Rahul.,
CONCLUSIONS
Present study reported significant improvement in
knowledge of undergraduate medical students
pertaining to epidemic investigation from pre to postintervention as a result of role play method. It shows
that even a simple simulation form like role play can
make significant change in knowledge of medical
students about very important topic i.e. Epidemic
Investigation in Community Medicine subject.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We heartily acknowledge the cooperation and support
of Dr. Shekhar M. Kumbhar for conduction of this
study.
Declaration of interest: The author reports no
conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible
for the content and writing of the article.
REFERENCES
1. Tejinder Singh, Piyush Gupta, Daljit Singh.
Principles of Medical Education. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2013; 4th Edn, 1-14.
2. Morgan Passiment Heather Sacks Grace Huang.
Medical Simulation in Medical Education:
Results of an AAMC Survey. Association of
American Medical Colleges 2011;5, (5):1-42.
3. Ravi Shankar P, Piryani PM, Singh KK, Bal Man
Karki. Student feedback about the use of role
plays in Sparshanam, a medical humanities
module. F 1000 research. 2012; 1: 1-10.
4. Debra Nestel, Tanya Tierney. Role-play for
medical students learning about communication:
Guidelines for maximising benefits. BMC
Medical Education 2007, 7(3): 1-9.
5. Okuda Y, Bryson EO, DeMaria S Jr, Jacobson
L, Quinones J, Shen B, Levine AI. The utility of
simulation in medical education: what is the
evidence? Mt Sinai J Med. 2009; 76(4):330-43.
6. Park. K. Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine. 21st ed. India Banarsidas Bhanot
Publishers. Park. K. 2009. 120-23.
7. Govinda Clayton, Theodora-Ismene Gizelis.
Learning through Simulation or Simulated
Learning? An Investigation into the Effectiveness
of Simulations as a Teaching Tool in Higher
Education 2005,4(5):1-25.
654
Rahul.,
655
Rahul.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00413.5
Volume 3 Issue 3
th
Coden: IJMRHS
nd
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Assistant professor, 2Head & Professor, Department of Anatomy, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College &
GH, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
*Corresponding Author email: drdeepak2025@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Liver is the largest gland in the body mainly situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
Abnormalities of liver are rare. Common abnormalities are irregularities in form, occurrence of one or more
accessory lobes, fissures or abnormal ligaments. Rare abnormalities include atrophy, or complete absence of one
of the lobes. Although the segmental anatomy of the liver has been extensively researched, very few studies have
dealt with the surface variations of the liver. Accessory lobe may be confused with tumour. Accessory fissure may
mimic internal trauma at the time of the post-mortem study. Aim: Present study was carried to find out the
morphological variations of liver lobes occurring in Mumbai population. Methods & Materials: The materials
used for present study comprised of formalin fixed 50 adult livers. Results & conclusion: In the present study we
found accessory liver lobes in 3 cadavers i.e. 6 %, atrophy of left lobe in 15 cadavers i.e. 30 %, accessory fissures
in 21 cases i.e.42%.There is also abnormal connection between left lobe and quadrate lobe in 14% cases. The
findings of study may be helpful to radiologist and surgeons respectively, to avoid possible errors in
interpretations and subsequent misdiagnosis, and for planning appropriate surgical approaches.
Keywords: liver lobes, accessory lobes, accessory fissures, atrophy of left lobe, morphology, variations.
INTRODUCTION
Liver is the largest gland in the body mainly situated
in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Here it is
protected by the thoracic cage and diaphragm. It
occupies most of the right hypochondrium and upper
epigastrium and extends into the left hypochondrium.
The liver has diaphragmatic surface (anterior,
superior and some posterior) and relatively flat or
even concave visceral surface which are separated by
the sharp inferior boarder which follows right costal
margin inferior to diaphragm. Diaphragmatic surface
is smooth, dome shaped and covered with visceral
peritoneum, except posteriorly in the bare area of the
liver. Anteriorly left lobe and right lobe are separated
by falciform ligament which extends from liver to
anterior abdominal wall lies essentially in midline
Deepak et al.,
656
RESULTS
In our study we found morphological variations of
liver lobes out of 50 livers occurring in Mumbai
population. We found Accessory liver lobes in 3 cases
i.e. 6 % (fig: 4). Atrophy of left lobe of liver in 15
Deepak et al.,
657
658
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All authors are thankful to Department of Anatomy,
LTMMC &GH, Mumbai. Authors of this study also
acknowledged to authors, editors, and publishers of
all those articles, journals and books from where
literature for this article has been reviewed and
discussed.
Conflict of interest : Nil
REFERENCES
1. Kieth LM, Arthur FD, Anne MR. Clinically
Oriented Anatomy. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams
&Wilkins.2010:268-76
2. Champetier J, Yver R, Letoublon C.A general
review of anomalies of hepatic morphology and
their clinical implications. Anat Clin.1985; 7:
285-99
3. Collan Y, Hakkiluoto A, Hastbacka J. Ectopic
Liver. Ann Chir. Gynaecol.1978; 67: 27-29
4. Sato S, Watanabe M, Nagasawa S, Niigaki M,
Sakai S, Akagi S, et al. Laproscopic observations
of congenital anomalies of the liver. Gastrointest
Endosc.1998; 47:136-140
5. Cullen TS. Accessory lobes of the liver: an
accessory hepatic lobe springing from the surface
of the gall bladder. Arch Surg.1925; 11:718-64
6. Rendina E,Venuta F, Pescarmona E. Intrathoracic
lobe of the liver: Case report and review of
Deepak et al.,
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
659
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00414.7
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 20 Jun 2014
Accepted: 28th Jun 2014
Research Article
Hospital Director, Head, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital, Sirt
University, Libya.
2
Specialist, Department of Molecular biology, Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital, Sirt University, Libya. P.O. Box 705
*Corresponding author email: amrithrgenes@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Background & Aim: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible loss of kidney function caused by various
risk factors and affected persons of lives mainly depending on the technology of renal replacement therapy (RRT)
or renal transplantation (RT) to sustain the life. Aim of this study is to overview the clinical outcomes of ESRD
and adequacy of maintenance hemodialysis among the patients. Materials & Methods: Currently, there are sixty
two end stage renal disease patients clinical datas were collected and included in the study. For all patients, pre
and post hemodialysis samples were collected and processed through biochemical and hematology auto analyzer.
The hemodialysis modalities 4008 H/S and high-flux & low flux ultra filter dialyzers had utilized to three dialysis
sessions per week, 4 hrs per session for each individuals. Blood flow rates differed from 150 to 350ml min-1
depending on conditions and standard dialysate flow was 500ml/ min-1. Results: Of total sixty two patients,
51.62% females and 48.38% males with mean age of 47.76 (18-72) years; gradually increased at the ages of 55 to
72 years then adult age. Concerning overall risk factors in ESRD, 61.30% of hypertension as a leading risk factor
followed by 21% NIDDM, 11.30% other kidney diseases and 6.40% cardiac related diseases. Although, there are
others clinical signs such as hypothyroidisms; extra-pulmonary infection, retinitis pigmentosa and infertility have
been diagnosed. In addition, nearly 33.87%% of HCV, 6.45% HBV and 3.22% of co-infection have been
prevalence in ESRD hemodialysis population. Relating to hepatitis C, B and co-infection during dialysis exposure
were 29.41%, 2.94% and 2.94% in that order. In relation to overall adequacy of maintenance hemodialysis in this
study nearly 75.80% ( 1.3 to 2.5 Kt/V) and 24.20% (1.05 to 1.3 Kt/V) were been analyzed through Kt/V formula
for wastage clearance. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that the co morbidity of ESRD, current
adequacy of adult maintenance hemodialysis, and suggesting to boost better by 90% (1.2Kt/V) of adequacy in
all dialysis patients. In addition to that, exposure of hepatitis B and C virus during dialysis and advocating to
implement current medical strategic to prevent ongoing clinical phenomenon within the patients.
Key words: Maintenance hemodialysis, End Stage Renal Disease, Co-morbidity, GFR
INTRODUCTION
The chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized to
be an end stage renal disease (ESRD) with
irreversible loss of kidney function needed of dialysis
and renal transplantation (short term) to carry over
Ismail et al.,
11.30%
21.00%
HTN
6.40%
NIDDM
61.30%
OKD
CAD
Ismail et al.,
Ismail et al.,
Ismail et al.,
666
Ismail et al.,
CONCLUSION
Present study highlighted that the risk factors of
ESRD and current study adequacy of adult
maintenance hemodialysis. In addition, an improving
over 90% of adequacy in dialysis patients is an
important goal in this local ethnicity similarly to the
population of chronic kidney diseases in developed
countries and its co-morbidity literally differing from
inhabitants and geography so this study were revealed
both function with supervision and forwarding it to
the national hemodialysis society in Libya to renew
further scenario.
7.
8.
9.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to convey our honest gratitude to Mr.
Al Seddik Husain, Dr. Mohammed and Dr. Masouda
for the contributions of the data from the department
of hemodialysis. Also, we would like to express our
cordial thanks to Mr. Khalil Mohammed for helping
in lab investigation.
Conflict of interest: None
10.
11.
REFERENCES
1. Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease.
Lancet. 2012; 379: 16580
2. Gohda T, Niewczas MA, Ficociello LH, Walker
WH, Skupien J and Krolewski AS, et al.
Circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2 predict stage 3
CKD in type 1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol.
2012; 23: 516-24
3. Niewczas MA, Gohda T, Skupien J, Smiles AM,
Walker WH and Krolewski AS, et al. Circulating
TNF receptor 1 and 2 predict ESRD in type 2
diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol.2012; 23: 507-15
4. Abboud H, Henrich WL. Clinical practice. Stage
IV chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;
362:56-65
5. Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, Van Der Velde M.
Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are
associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A
collaborative meta-analysis of general and highrisk population cohorts. Kidney Int.2011; 80:93
104
6. Van der velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J. Lower
estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher
albuminuria are associated with all cause and
cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Ismail et al.,
668
Ismail et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00415.9
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 20 Jun 2014
Accepted: 24th Jun 2014
Research Article
Department of Physiology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College & Hospital, Salem,
Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Physiology, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Kanchipuram,
Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Physiology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: drnavin@ymail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in Indian youth and obesity is associated with
complications like systemic hypertension. Often, due to the non-availability of appropriate sized cuffs, standard
cuff bladders are used to measure blood pressure in the forearms of obese young adults. Aim: To compare the
upper arm arterial blood pressure measured using an appropriate cuff with the forearm arterial blood pressure
measured using a standard cuff and conventional sphygmomanometry in obese otherwise healthy first year
medical students. Materials and Methods: Blood pressure was measured in 27 obese otherwise healthy first year
medical students after five minutes of rest using a mercury sphygmomanometer with the subjects seated and the
arm and forearm at heart level, using an appropriate sized cuff for the upper arm according to American Heart
Association standards and a standard cuff for the fore arm. Results: A statistically significant difference in both
systolic [t-test (paired) = -6.921; df = 26; sig = .000 (2- tailed)] and diastolic blood pressure [t-test (paired) = 8.508; df = 26; sig = .000 (2- tailed)] was found, with the blood pressure readings being higher in the forearm.
The correlations between upper arm and forearm systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 0.785 (p = .000) and
0.870 (p = .000). Conclusion: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were significantly higher
in the forearm. Further studies with larger sample size should be conducted to confirm that forearm blood
pressure measurements using standard cuff bladders cannot be considered equal to upper arm measurements made
using an appropriate sized cuff in all young obese individuals
Keywords: Blood pressure measurements; cuff bladders; forearm; obese; upper arm.
INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally.
Chopra et al note that the prevalence of obesity is
increasing in Indian youth, with studies from different
regions of India revealing a high prevalence of
childhood obesity; especially in urban school going
girls.1 Obesity is associated with complications like
Suganthi V et al.,
670
DISCUSSION
Our study done to compare the upper arm arterial
blood pressure measured using an appropriate cuff
with the forearm arterial blood pressure measured
using a standard cuff in 27 obese otherwise healthy
first year Indian medical students revealed that both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements
were significantly higher in the forearm. Although
Schell et al too concluded that forearm and upper arm
values were not interchangeable, the mean age of
their subjects 52% of whom were male was 36.5
years.8 Our findings do not agree with those of
Tachovsky who found lower systolic values and
higher diastolic values at the forearm in 98 female
non-obese subjects aged 18 to 25 years,9 as both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements
were found to be significantly higher in the forearm
in our study which however included both male and
female obese subjects. While the correlations
between upper arm and forearm systolic and diastolic
BPs were 0.785 (p = .000) and 0.870 (p = .000) in our
study, Singer et al found that the correlations between
forearm and upper arm systolic and diastolic BPs
were 0.75 and 0.72 respectively. 11 Only 40% of their
subjects were female, whereas in our study, 67%
were female. Latman et al however found that
systolic blood pressure and heart rate correlated more
closely than diastolic blood pressure with the
standard. 10 While Emerick proved that blood
pressure measured at the wrist consistently
overestimated mean arterial, systolic and diastolic
pressure by approximately 10 mmHg,12 the difference
in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in our study
was 9.9 and 7.8 mmHg respectively. Obese
Suganthi V et al.,
672
Suganthi V et al.,
673
15. Fonseca-Reyes S, de Alba-Garca JG, ParraCarrillo JZ, Paczka-Zapata JA. Effect of standard
cuff on blood pressure readings in patients with
obese arms. How frequent are arms of a 'large
circumference'? Blood Press Monit. 2003;
8(3):101-06
16. Watson S, Aguas M, Bienapfl T. Postanesthesia
patients with large upper arm circumference: is
use of an extra-long adult cuff or forearm cuff
placement accurate? J Perianesth Nurs. 2011;
26:13542
17. Schell KA, Richards JG, Farquhar WB. The
effects of anatomical structures on adult forearm
and upper arm noninvasive blood pressures.
Blood Press Monit. 2007; 12(1):17-22
18. Palatini P, Longo D, Toffanin G, Bertolo O,
Zaetta V, Pessina A. Wrist blood pressure
overestimates blood pressure measured at the
upper Arm. Blood Pressure Monitoring 2004;
9(2):77-81.
19. Schell K, Waterhouse J. Comparison of Forearm
and Upper Arm: Automatic, Noninvasive Blood
Pressures in College Students. The Internet
Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice. 2006; 9(1)
pressure measurements in a sample of healthy
young adults. J Undergrad Nurs Scholarsh.2009;
11:1-9
20. Fortune M, Jeselnik K, Johnson S. A
comparison of forearm and upper arm blood
pressure measurements in a sample of healthy
young adults. J Undergrad Nurs Scholarsh.
2009; 11:1-9
Suganthi V et al.,
674
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00416.0
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 20 Jun 2014
Accepted: 28th Jun 2014
Research Article
Manjeet et al.,
RESULTS
677
Manjeet et al.,
Severe
01(14.3)
00(0)
00(0)
02(6.1)
01(8.3)
00(0)
01(2)
03(6)
3(3.3)
1(12.5)
0(0)
3(4.6)
1(3.7)
2(4.3)
2(3.8)
1(3.0)
3(4.5)
0(0)
4(9.5)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(2.8)
3(6.4)
0(0)
X2
X2=16.42
p-0.35
X2=9.40
P=0.024
X2=5.75
P=0.24
X2=7.94
P=0.24
X2=3.089
P=9.37
X2=0.525
P=0.91
X2=15.89
P=0.19
X2=15.52
P=0.214
HADS(D)Score
Moderate
Mild
02(28.6) 00(0)
03(17.6) 03(17.6)
04(15.4) 04(15.4)
07(21.2) 11(33.3)
01(8.3)
03(25)
02(40)
00(0)
10(20)
9(18)
9(18)
12(24)
17(18.5) 21(22.8)
2(25)
0(0)
3(37.5)
2(25)
9(13.8)
13(20)
7(25.9)
6(22.2)
11(23.4) 9(19.1)
8(15.7)
12(22.6)
8(24.2)
5(15.2)
11(16.4) 16(23.9)
1(14.3)
0(0)
10(23.8) 7(16.7)
3(12)
7(28)
1(9.1)
2(18.2)
4(26.7)
5(33.3)
2(50)
0(0)
7(19.4)
8(22.2)
7(14.9)
12(25.5)
3(23.1)
1(7.7)
Severe
01(14.3)
02(11.8)
02(7.2)
05(15.2)
03(25)
00(0)
3(6)
10(20)
12(13)
1(12.5)
1(12.5)
11(16.9)
1(3.7)
7(14.9)
6(11.3)
5(15.2)
8(11.9)
1(14.3)
10(23.8)
1(4)
1(9.1)
0(0)
0(0)
2(5.6)
9(19.1)
2(15.4)
X2
X2=14.32
p-0.501
X2=5.97
P=0.11
X2=2.43
P=0.48
X2=6.60
P=0.35
X2=1.66
P=0.64
X2=1.71
P=0.63
X2=16.51
P=0.16
X2=11.74
P=0.46
Diagnosis
Duration
Staging
Treatment
X2
HADS
Cancer
Variables
Breast
Genitourinary
Gastrointestinal
Lung Cancer
Head,Neck &
Face
Leukemia
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
< 6Months
>6Months
I
II
III
IV
Chemotherapy
Mild
Moderate
Severe
0(0)
11(42.3)
3(13.6)
4(40)
1(6.7)
6(23.1)
8(36.4)
3(30)
0(0)
0(0)
2(9.1)
0(0)
1(11.3)
3(33.3)
0(0)
1(14.3)
0(0)
1(16.7)
8(32)
13(17.3)
11(22.4)
8(22.9)
2(13.3)
0(0)
2(28.6)
3(60)
2(33.3)
6(24)
22(29.3)
11(22.4)
9(25.7)
8(53.3)
0(0)
0(0)
1(20)
1(16.7)
3(12)
1(1.3)
0(0)
3(8.6)
1(6.7)
0(0)
9(18.4)
13(26.5)
02(4.1)
X2=37.44
P=0.015
X2=9.040
P=0.029
X2=11.88
P=0.220
X2=14.29
P=0.282
X2=8.911
P=0.446
HADS
Mild
2(13.3)
5(19.2)
2(9.1)
3(30)
X2
1(6.7)
9(34.6)
5(22.7)
1(10)
Severe
0(0)
0(0)
6(27.3)
1(10)
2(22.2)
1(11.1)
2(22.2)
1(14.3)
2(40)
2(33.3)
3(12)
16(21.3)
10(20.4)
8(22.9)
0(0)
1(100)
2(28.6)
1(20)
1(16.7)
5(20)
16(21.3)
4(8.2)
11(31.4)
6(40)
0(0)
1(14.3)
2(40)
1(16.7)
5(20)
8(10.7)
3(6.1)
5(14.3)
5(33.3)
0(0)
7(14.3)
Moderate
11(22.4)
5(10.2)
X2=27.61
P=0.151
X2=2.13
P=0.544
X2=28.89
P=0.001
X2=17.81
P=0.037
X2=17.81
P=0.037
X2
Severe
00(0)
01(4.2)
00(0)
00(0)
02(66.7)
01(5)
x2=42.90
p-0.000
X2
Severe
1(3.4)
4(16.7)
4(30.8)
1(9.1)
1(33.3)
2(10)
X2=17.8
P=0.270
Manjeet et al.,
Manjeet et al.,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
682
Manjeet et al.,
683
Manjeet et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00417.2
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 5 May 2014
Accepted: 16th May 2014
Short communication
PREVALENCE OF PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME IN WESTERN INDIA
*Pankaj K. Gadhia, Salil N. Vaniawala
Molecular Cytogenetic Unit, S N. Gene Laboratory and Research Centre, President Plaza A, Near RTO circle,
Surat, India
* Corresponding author email: pankajkgadhia@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) was studied using both classic cytogenetic and FISH techniques
in referred cases of microdeletion 15q11-13 to our laboratory from Western India. A total of 53 cases were
registered, of which 08(15%) were found positive for Prader-Willi Syndrome i.e. 15q11-13 microdeletion
syndrome. FISH technique found to be suitable and sensitive to confirm clinically diagnosed PWS.
Keywords: Prader-Willi syndrome, Western India, FISH, 15q11-13
INTRODUCTION
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex
multisystem disorder due to the absent expression of
the paternally active genes in PWS region on
chromosome 15.1 In 75 to 80% of affected individuals
there is a microdeletion of paternal chromosome
15q11-13.2 PWS is a complex genetic disorder
attributed to genomic imprinting. It is relatively
common prevalence of 1/15,000 30,000. Despite
genetic cause it appears to be sporadic, sex-ratio
equals and occurs in all races.3,4 The differential
diagnosis includes obesity, cryptorchidism, short
stature, mental retardation, sleep apnoea and squint
myopia.
The microdeletion syndrome is characterised by
hemizygous microdeletion less than 5 mb of
chromosome in which one or group of genes are lost.5
G-banded karyotyping is approach to detect genomic
resolution more than 5 mb. This resolution has been
overcome by FISH. It is possible to detect cryptic
chromosomal rearrangement such as microdeletion by
conventional FISH technique.
Pankaj et al.,
Table: 1 shows age and sex distribution among confirmed Prader-Willi syndrome
Patients no.
Age
Sex
FISH result
1
4 Years M
20 metaphases and 20 interphase cells with microdeletion
2
1 year
M
25 metaphases and 25 interphase cells with microdeletion
3
8 years
M
50 metaphases with microdeletion
4
7 years
M
25 metaphases and 25 interphase cells with microdeletion
5
6 years M
25 metaphases and 25 interphase cells with microdeletion
6
2 years M
50 metaphases with microdeletion
7
3 years M
50 metaphases with microdeletion
8
2 years F
25 metaphases and 25 interphase cells with microdeletion
Deletion
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
15q11-13
Pankaj et al.,
8.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we propose that routine use of FISH
for diagnosis of microdeletion of 15q11-13 is
considered to be a gold standard technique which
confirm accurately done diagnosis of microdeletion in
general and Prader-Willi syndrome in particular.
9.
10.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Mr. Jori and Mr. Urvish
Dalal for their help and Ms. Parita, Tanvi, Nitisha and
Rachna for their technical assistance.
11.
686
Pankaj et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00418.4
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 28 Apr 2014
Accepted: 19th May 2014
Review article
688
Aslanidis T.,
Fig 2: Area huge peaks (a), area small peaks (b) and
example of other EDA measurements (c).9
Aslanidis T.,
Aslanidis T.,
Table 1: Studies for application of electrodermal activity monitoring in the perioperative setting: OR-operating room,
ED emergency department, PACU- postanesthesia care unit, ICU- intensive care unit, PICU paediatric intensive
care unit.*trachea suction and patient turnover.**mechanical ventilation, aspiration, blood sampling.
Population
Reference
N
Setting
Stimulus
Response
Compared with
Storm, 2002
11
OR (propofol and
Perioperative stress
NFSC
remifentanil)
Storm, 2005
14
OR
Surgical stimulation NFSC,SCL CSS, BIS
Ledowski,2006
25
OR (propofol and
Arousal
NFSC
BIS
remifentanil)
Ledowski,2006
25
OR (sevoflurane and
Arousal
NFSC
BIS
remifentanil)
Ledowski,2006
25
PACU
Postoperative pain
NFSC
NRS
Ledowski,2007
75
PACU
Postoperative pain
NFSC
NRS
Storm, 2007
50
OR (propofol and
Intraoperative pain
NFSC,
remifentanil)
AUC
Adults
Ledowski,2007
25
OR (propofol and
Arousal, Extubation AUC
NFSC,BIS,
remifentanil)
Hemodynamics
Gjerstad , 2007
25
OR (propofol and
White sounds
NFSC,
SE, RE
remifentanil)
(98dB)
SCL
Mobascher, 2009
12
Healthy
Pain
SCR
fMRI, EEG
Ledowksi, 2009
100
PACU
Postoperative pain
SCR
SSI
Ledowski, 2010
20
OR (bolus analgesia
Intra-operative pain
NFSC
SSI, Stress
fentanyl)
hormone
plasma levels
Czaplik, 2012
44
PACU
Various*
NFSC
NRS
Gnther, 2013
40
ICU
Various*
NFSC
MAAS
Eriksson,2008
32
Neonates Healthy
Pain
SCL,SCR
Tactile stimulus
Gjerstad , 2008
20
PICU
Trachea suction
NFSC
COMFORT
Children
Hullett, 2009
165
Postoperative pain
NFSC
VAS
Choo, 2010
90
Postoperative pain
NFSC
NRS
PACU
Valkenburg, 2012
11
Temperature
SCR
Infants
Dalal, 2013
31
Postoperative pain
EDR/sec,
BPS
SCL
Sabourdin, 2013
12
OR (desflurane and
Intra-operative pain
SCR
ANI
remifentanil)
Hemodynamics
Children
Strehle , 2013
67
ED
Minor injury
NFSC
Wong-Baker
FACES
Scaramuzzo, 2013
158
Neonates Ward
Minor procedure
SCR
ABC
Macko, 2013
57
Infants
Ward
Pain
SCR
Prechtl's Scale
Karpe, 2013
32
NICU
Various**
SCR
Neonates
Jesus, 2013
41
Ward
Pain
EDR/sec,
NIPS, NFCS,
AUC
COMFORT
691
Aslanidis T.,
Aslanidis T.,
Aslanidis T.,
695
Aslanidis T.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00419.6
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 22nd Jun 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 26th Jun 2014
Review article
Lecturer, 2Associate Professor, 4Resident, 5HOD and Professor, Department of Pathology, MGM Medical
College and Hospital, N-6 Cidco, Aurangabad, Maharashtra
*Corresponding Author email ID: meeramahajan12@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Hashimotos thyroiditis is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland. It has an autoimmune etiology. A higher
incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma with Hashimotos thyroiditis was reported in several studies. 51 year old
female patient presented with a swelling in front of the neck region since 5 years. Clinical examination revealed a
swelling about 4x4x3 cm, smooth, tender, non-pulsatile and moved with deglutition. Ultrasonography revealed
multinodular goiter without evidence of lymphadenpathy. Thyroid profile was done. Patient was euthyroid.
FNAC reported as benign lesion. Hemithyroidectomy was done. Grossly thyroidectomy specimen i.e.
hemithyroid 6x3x3 cm was received which was externally capsulated and nodular. Cut section showed a greyish
white area and cystic areas each of size 1x1 cm filled with haemorrhagic and mucoid material respectively.
Microscopy showed thyroid follicles with lymphoid infiltrate in the stroma forming follicles with germinal
centres. Hurthle cell change was also noted. Section from both cystic areas showed plenty of complex branching
papillae with fibrovascular core lined by cuboidal cells showing ground glass nuclei. The case was diagnosed as
papillary carcinoma in Hashimotos thyroiditis. The frequency of the association of Hashimotos thyroiditis and
differentiated thyroid carcinoma is approximately 30%. However, the presence of Hashimotos thyroiditis has no
effect on the diagnostic evaluation and management of papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Yet, one has to keep an
eye for the features of papillary carcinoma in case of Hashimotos thyroiditis. So a thorough grossing of thyroid
specimen is recommended especially in patients who have Hashimotos thyroiditis.
Key words: Hashimotos thyroididtis, papillary carcinoma thyroid, coexistence.
INTRODUCTION
Hashimotos thyroiditis , characterized by the
presence of diffuse lymphocytic and plasma cell
infiltration of the thyroid parenchyma and reactive
germinal centres, is most typically seen in the adult
population with a female predominance.1 Papillary
carcinoma is defined as a malignant epithelial tumour
showing evidence of follicular cell differentiation and
characterized by nuclear distinctive feature.2
Several studies report a higher rate of papillary
thyroid carcinoma in patients with Hashimotos
696
Mahajan Meera et al.,
CASE REPORT
51 years old female patient presented with swelling in
front of the neck region since 5 years. Patient had
difficulty in swallowing and change in voice since 2
months. Clinical examination revealed a swelling
about 4x4x3 cm, smooth, tender, non-pulsatile and
moved with deglutition. On ultrasonography thyroid
gland appeared diffusely bulky with well defined
nodules. It was reported as features suggestive of
multinodular
goiter
without
evidence
of
lymphadenopathy. Thyroid profile was done. Patient
was Euthyroid.FT4 1.06[N.R.- 0.8-1.9 ng/dl] FT3
3.05 [N.R.- 1.5-4.1 pg/dl] TSH 0.973[N.R.- 0.44Uiu/ml] FNAC reported as benign lesion.
hemithyroidectomy was done. Grossly thyroidectomy
specimen i.e. hemithyroid of size 6x3x3 cm was
received which was externally capsulated and
nodular. Cut section showed a greyish white area and
cystic areas each of size 1x1 cm filled with
haemorrhagic and mucoid material respectively. (Fig1) Microscopy showed thyroid follicles with
lymphoid infiltrate in the stroma forming follicles
with germinal centers.(Fig-2,3)
DISCUSSION
Fig 2: Thyroid having lymphoid follicles & papillary
carcinoma (H& E 10x)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
REFERENCES
1. Emma M Snyder, BS, Kathleen K Nocol,
Andrew Buchan, Brian DC. Synchronous
presentation of Hashimoto Thyroiditis and
papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 7-year-old-Girl.
J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 1007-10
2. John K, Chan C. Tumours of Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands, Part A, chapter-, Christopher
DM Fletcher, Diagnostic Histopathology of
tumours. Churchill Livingstone 3rd ed(2): 1000.
3. Cipolla C , Sandonato L, Graceffa G, Fricano S,
Torcivia A, Vieni S et al., Hashimoto thyroiditis
coexistent with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am
Surg 2005;11(10): 874-78
4. Liu H, Bakhos R, Wojiek EM. Concomitant
papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimotos
throiditis. Semin- biagn Pathol 2001;18(2): 99103
5. Luiz Alexandre Albuquerque Freixo Campos,
Silvia Miguis Picado, Andre Vicante Guimaraes,
Daniel Araki Ribeiro, Rogerio Aparencido
Dedivitis.
Thyroid
papillary
caecinoma
11.
12.
13.
14.
699
Mahajan Meera et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00420.2
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
nd
Revised: 22 Jun 2014
Accepted: 26th Jun 2014
Review article
HOW BEST CAN WE PLAN & IMPLEMENT HIV PREVENTION? A REVIEW OF SUCCESSFUL
EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES & RESEARCH
*Vijay Kumar Chattu
Researcher, Africa Center for HIV/AIDS Management, Department of Economic & Management Sciences,
Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
*Corresponding author email:drvkumar.ch@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Context: Around 2.5 million people become infected with HIV each year and its impact on human life and public
health can only be tackled and reversed only by sound prevention strategies. Aim: This paper aims to provide the
reader about different types of prevention strategies that are effective and practiced in various countries with
special emphasis on evidence for success. It also highlights the importance of to the evidence based medicine&
strategies. It describes about the importance of combination prevention, which encompasses complementary
behavioral, biomedical and structural prevention strategies. Methods & Materials: Searches for peer reviewed
journal articles was conducted using the search engines to gather the information from databases of medicine,
health sciences and social sciences. Information for each strategy is organized & presented systematically with
detailed discussion. Results: For a successful reduction in HIV transmission, there is a great need for combined
effects of radical & sustainable behavioral changes among individuals who are potentially at risk. Second,
combination prevention is essential for HIV prevention is neither simple nor simplistic. Reductions in HIV
transmission need widespread and sustained efforts. A mix of communication channels are essential to
disseminate messages to motivate people to engage in various methods of risk reduction. Conclusions: The effect
of behavioral strategies could be increased by aiming for many goals that are achieved by use of multilevel
approaches with populations both uninfected and infected with HIV. Combination prevention programs operate
on different levels to address the specific, but diverse needs of the populations at risk of HIV infection.
Keywords: Biomedical interventions, Behavioral strategies, Combination prevention, HIV/AIDS, STIs,
Structural interventions
INTRODUCTION
Around 2.5 million people become infected with HIV
each year. This extraordinary toll on human life and
public health worldwide will only be reversed with
effective prevention. There is a need for combination
prevention as there is for combination treatment,
including biomedical, behavioral, and structural
interventions. Combination prevention should be
based on scientifically derived evidence, with input
700
Vijay Kumar.,
They
include
sexual
behavior
change
communications (SBCC) that employ a variety of
channels to communicate a range of messages.
Studies have been undertaken to assess both channels
of communication and the content of the messages.
Channels of communication
1. Mass media: Much of the research on mass media
has focused on changes in intermediary indicators
such as knowledge, risk perception, and selfefficacy. Reviews of this research have generally
found small but positive effects on each of these
indicators1. Studies have also linked mass media
to reported positive behavioral outcomes such as
delay of sexual debut2, decreases in number of
sexual partners3-5, increases in condom use6-8 and
utilization of HTC and PMTCT services9,10.
Current research suggests that mass media is
most effective when used to: facilitate advocacy
efforts11and complement other community-level
and interpersonal activities. Mass media
programming has been shown to produce a doseresponse effect, in which higher exposure to
messaging resulted in increased self-reported
positive behavioral change12.
2. Community-level interventions: Community
mobilization campaigns have been shown to
increase uptake of HTC in discordant couples13
and youth14. Specific activities such as
community-based dramas have been shown to
increase HTC utilization and condom use15.
Locally-based media programs have been shown
to impact social norms, including perceptions of
HIV-positive
individuals16.
While
their
geographic reach is often limited, effective
community-based activities generally provide
good results at a low cost per beneficiary,
although the duration of these effects is
unknown17. Community level activities are most
effective when they: focus explicitly on
community norms; develop key opinion leaders
with the abilities and desire to diffuse messages
widely; and facilitate support systems and
networks18.
3. Interpersonal communication: Interpersonal
communication and counseling are defined as a
person-to-person or small group interaction and
exchange19, 20. A recent meta-analysis of research
examining interpersonal communication found
701
Vijay Kumar.,
702
Vijay Kumar.,
statistically significant, 40% reduction in seroconversions of women whose male partners were
circumcised61. A recent study suggests that
VMMC, with the lifelong protection it provides,
is a cost-effective strategy to prevent HIV in
high-prevalence areas62.
4. HIV testing and counseling (HTC): The evidence
for the direct impact of HIV testing and
counseling on HIV incidence is mixed. However,
HTC, knowledge of HIV sero-status, and
successful linkages to other services are critical
for access to effective prevention interventions
for those who test negative, and to treatment and
other HIV-specific services for PLWH. In
particular, HTC process allows for identification
of PLWH, which in turn supports programs like
treatment that can protect their HIV negative
partners from infection63. Recent Demographic
and Health Surveys from 13 sub-Saharan African
and five non-African countries show a median of
12% of women and 7% of men having been
tested in the 12 months preceding the survey, and
a median of 34% of women and 17% of men
reporting having ever been tested.
5. Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted
infections (STIs): Studies have shown that STIs,
including those that are asymptomatic, increases
susceptibility to HIV infection two- to fivefold
for several reasons, including direct damage to
the mucosa through ulceration that facilitates
infection, and through inflammatory processes
that increase the proliferation of immune cells
that are also targets for HIV64, 65. STIs also leads
to higher HIV loads in the genital secretions of
HIV-positive individuals, thereby increasing the
chance of infecting their sexual partners66. STIs
are biological markers for risky sexual behaviors,
increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition through
genital ulcers, and increase onward transmission
of HIV associated with HIV viral spikes67-69.
6. Antiretroviral drug (ARV) -based prevention:
There are four opportunities for HIV prevention:
before exposure, at the moment of exposure,
immediately after exposure, and as prevention
focused on infected persons. Until recently, most
prevention resources have been directed toward
strategies aimed at preventing exposure. There is
growing evidence that ART of infected
703
Vijay Kumar.,
704
Vijay Kumar.,
705
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12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
706
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31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
(http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/sp
ecial/abc.pdf)
FHI. Abstinence, fewer partners, &condom use
are complementary messages. Arlington, FHI.
2003
https://www.iywg.org/sites/iywg/files/yl8e.pdf
Kalichman, SC, Leickness CS, Vermaak R.
HIV/AIDS risk reduction counseling for alcohol
using sexually transmitted infections clinic
patients in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 2007;
44 (5):594600.
Li Q, Li X, Stanton B. Alcohol use among female
sex workers and male clients: an integrative
review of global literature. Alcohol and
Alcoholism. 2010;45(2), 188-99
Marum E, G. Morgan. Using mass media
campaigns to promote voluntary counseling and
HIV-testing services in Kenya. AIDS 2008;
22(15): 2019-2024.
Kincaid L. AIDS communication programs, HIV
prevention, and living with HIV/AIDS in South
Africa.
Pretoria,
JHHESA.
(jhhesa.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/23_National_H
IV_and_AIDS.pdf)
Gay J, Hardee K, Croce-Galis M. What works for
women and girls: evidence for HIV/AIDS
interventions. New York, Open Society Institute.
2010:
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Johnson S. Second National HIV Communication
Survey. Pretoria, JHHESA.
(jhhesa.org/sites/default/files/.../03_National_Co
mmunication_Survey.pdf)
Lester R. Effects of a mobile phone short
message service on antiretroviral treatment
adherence in Kenya: a randomized control trial.
Lancet. 2010;376:1838-45.
Foss AM, Hossain M. A systematic review of
published evidence on intervention impact on
condom use in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2007;83(7),
510-16
Weller SC, Davis K. Condom effectiveness in
reducing heterosexual HIV transmission.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
CD003255. Cochrane Database of Systematic
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(http://apps.who.int/rhl/hiv_aids/cd003255/en/)
Saphonn V, Heng S. Current HIV/AIDS/STI
epidemic: intervention programs in Cambodia,
1993-2003. AIDS Education and Prevention.
2004;16(Suppl A), 64-77
Mehendale SM, Gupte N.
Declining HIV
incidence among patients attending sexually
transmitted infection clinics in Pune, India.
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndromes. 2007; 45(5):564-69
Weller S, Davis, K. Condom effectiveness in
reducing heterosexual HIV transmission.
Cochrane Review. In: The Cochrane Library.
Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2003
Issue 4
Drew WL, Blair M. Evaluation of the virus
permeability of a new condom for women.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases.2009;17(2), 11012
Shane B, Herdman C. The female condom:
significant potential for STI and pregnancy
prevention. Outlook. 2006; 22(2): 40-42
Vijayakumar G, Mabude Z, Smith J. A review of
female-condom effectiveness: patterns of use and
impact on protected sex acts and STI incidence.
International Journal of STD and AIDS.
2006;17(10):652-59
Hatzell T, Feldblum PJ. The female condom: is
just as good good enough? Sexually
Transmitted Diseases.2003;30 (5), 440-42.
French PP, Latka M, Gollub EL. Useeffectiveness of the female versus male condom
in preventing sexually transmitted disease in
women.
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Diseases.
2003;30(5):43339
Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E. Randomized,
controlled intervention trial of male circumcision
for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS
1265 trial. PloS Medicine,2005;2(11): e298
Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB. Male
circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in
Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial.
The Lancet. 2007;369(9562), 643-656.
Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D. Male
circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai,
Uganda: a randomised trial. The Lancet.
2007;369(9562): 657-66
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709
Vijay Kumar.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00421.4
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Revised: 15thApr 2014
Accepted: 20th Apr 2014
Case report
710
CASE PRESENTATION
Mr. A, 34 Year old athlete an active runner and
weightlifter was seen by cardiologist on referral
request from Internal Medicine for evaluation of
cardiac murmur in emergency section of our hospital.
Relevant History: Mr. A. visited ER with complaints
of cough with expectoration [blood tinged], low grade
fever with gradual onset shortness of breath and
orthopinea since 2 days. Generalized fatigue and
body aches. Right upper abdominal pain, No chest
pain. No syncope/No palpitations. He gave history of
daily exercises in the gym, bodybuilding, takes
protein supplements and anabolic steroids.
Past History: None significant except recently seen
two days ago In ER with pain abdomen which was
diagnosed as renal colic.
Risk
Profile:
No
hypertension,
diabetes,
dyslipidemia or cardiovascular disease. Anabolic
steroids for body building. Non smoker and no
alcohol consumption
Physical Examination: BP: 120/65 mmHg [R],
114/65 mmHg [L], PR: 95/min regular, Peripheral
pulses palpable normal bilaterally symmetrical. No
radio-femoral delay. No edema. CVS- mid-late
relatively loud diastolic murmur. Chest- bilateral
scattered R>L coarse repitation with wheeze and
tubular breath sounds at Right infra scapular region.
Investigations: ECG: NSR 95/minute. No acute STT changes.
711
Barman et al.,
713
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00422.6
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 15 Apr 2014
Accepted: 20th Apr 2014
Case report
714
Suparna et al.,
Suparna et al.,
716
Suparna et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00423.8
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 29thApr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 2ndMay 2014
Case report
Sushma et al.,
CASE REPORT
A 35 year old male patient presented to the
Orthopedic outpatient department with swelling and
pain in the left knee joint since 3 years and acute
exacerbation of pain since 3 days. Swelling was
insidious in onset and gradually progressive. Pain was
intermittent in nature, aggravating on walking and
relieved on rest. There was no history of trauma or
any chronic diseases.
On examination, a diffuse swelling was present over
the left suprapatellar and infrapatellar regions with
tenderness in the medial and lateral aspects of the left
knee joint with local rise of temperature and
restriction of movements.
717
DISCUSSION
Sushma et al.,
718
719
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sushma et al.,
720
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00424.X
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 14 May 2014
Accepted: 23rd May 2014
Case report
2,3
721
GMM
IGA
AB
SN
PM
DISCUSSION
The present case showed on the left side of the
gluteal region, a separate branch from the sciatic
nerve, which supplied the gluteus
maximus
muscle in the absence of inferior gluteal nerve.
But the nerve supply on the right side was normal. In
general variations of the gluteus maximus muscle
is very rare. As per the previous literature the most
medial fibers may be separate to get inserted on
the lateral lip of the linea aspera. The muscle
may have an independent additional origin from
the lumbar aponeurosis of the ischial tuberosity.
A distinct slip at the lower border, arising from
the coccyx and attached to the femur may also
be found
representing the caudal head. The
fibres arising from the sacrotuberous ligament
and the
margins of the sacrum normally
separated from the superficial part by a layer of
areolar tissue, a very rare variation is the fusion
of gluteus maximus and fascia lata.3 Paval et al.,
noticed inferior gluteal nerve consisting of two
branches, these branches were one above and one
below the lower slip of the piriformis muscle. The
two branches united in front of the piriformis muscle
and formed a common trunk and then supplied the
gluteus maximus muscle.4 Yan et al5, noticed an exit
of inferior gluteal nerve from the upper edge of the
piriformis (suprapiriformis fora-men) in 4.26%
Japanese cases (4/94 sides ). The inferior gluteal
nerve frequently provides
a communicating
branch that joins the posterior femoral cutaneous
nerve, or may also join with the nerve to the short
head of Biceps.3 Kirici et al., reported bilateral
Vanitha et al.,
722
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00425.1
Volume 3 Issue 3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Case report
Professor, 2Senior Resident, 4Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute Of Medical
Sciences, Karimnagar, AP, India
3
MD, DM Neurology, Jayasree Neuro Clinic, Karimnagar, AP, India
*Corresponding author email: madoorisrinivas@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Stroke is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in monoparesis,
hemi paresis and dysphasia. Nutritional anemia is a common problem all over the world. Especially Iron
deficiency anemia is common cause for nutritional anemia in developing countries. It has been a common cause
stroke in the literature. We report a case of 6 year old girl presented with severe iron deficiency anemia and
developed stroke. She was successfully treated with blood transfusion, oral iron supplementation and
anticoagulation. There are number of confirmed case reports regarding anemia as a risk factor for stroke in
children.
Keywords: Children, Iron Deficiency Anemia, Stroke.
INTRODUCTION
Acute infarct presenting as stroke is a rare cause in
children. They will present with nonspecific clinical
features. Diagnosis may be delayed because of the
nonspecific presentation. Cerebrovascular diseases
are having higher mortality and morbidity in children,
current incidence ranging between 2- 5/10000
children per year for childhood stroke.1 Children may
present with raised intracranial pressure symptoms
and signs like headache, vomiting, seizures and
encephalopathy. Risk factors for stroke are
dehydration, cyanotic congenital heart disease
(untreated), iron deficiency anemia, infections and
prothrombotic factors.2 Almost 25% of children all
over the world are affected with Iron deficiency
anemia (IDA).3 NFH survey (NFHS-3) data shows
that 7 out of every 10 children in India are suffering
with anemia. Iron deficiency as a one of the causative
factor leading to stroke. We report a child who
presented with severe anemia and developed
stroke. We also reviewed the literature.
Srinivas et al.,
CASE REPORT
A 6 year female child born to non consanguineous
parents brought to casualty with chief complaints
of weakness of left upper and lower limb. There is no
history of fever, convulsions, head injury, ear
discharge, worm infestation and repeated blood
transfusions. No history of similar illness in the past.
No history of genetic or neurological disorders in the
family and child belongs to class IV Kuppuswamy's
socioeconomic scale. On examination, severe pallor
present, no icterus, cyanosis, clubbing and
lymphadenopathy. On Central Nervous System
examination child is conscious, coherent, speech
normal. On motor system examination her muscle
tone was normal, but reduced muscle power and
reflexes were brisk on left side. The rest of her
systemic
examination
was
normal.
Laboratory analysis of childs haematological profile
showed haemoglobin-5.4gm/dL, hematocrit-22.9 %,
723
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):723-725
724
Srinivas et al.,
CONCLUSION
Stroke is a life threatening serious medical emergency.
Early diagnosis can prevent permanent neurological
damage and death. Iron deficiency anemia in one of
the common preventable cause of stroke. With proper
counseling and management, we can overcome the
stroke, behavioral abnormalities & febrile
convulsions (under 6years) in iron deficiency anemia.
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
1. Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macteod M, Davis SM.
Stroke. Lancet 2008:371:1612-23
2. Ajay Gaur. Stroke, Recent advances in pediatrics.
2011;20:445-459.
3. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term
developmental outcome of infants with iron
deficiency. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:687-94
4. Yager
JY,
Hartfield
DS.
Neurologic
manifestations of iron deficiency in childhood.
Pediatr Neurol. 2002;27: 85-92
5. Belman AL, Roque CT, Ancona R, Anand AK,
Davis RP. Cerebral venous thrombosis in a child
with iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis.
Stroke 1990; 21:488-93
6. Benedict SL, Bonkowsky JL, Thompson JA, Van
Orman CB, Boyer RS, Bale JF Jr, et al. Cerebral
sinovenous thrombosis in children: Another
reason to treat iron deficiency anemia. J Child
Neurol 2004;19:526-31
7. Hartfield DS, Lowry NJ, Keene DL, Yager JY.
Iron deficiency: A cause of stroke in infants and
children. Pediatr Neurol 1997; 16:50-3
8. Maguire JL, deVeber G, Parkin PC. Association
between iron-deficiency anemia and stroke in
young children. Pediatrics 2007; 120; 1053-57
9. Bruggers CS, Ware R, Altman AJ, Rourk MH,
Vedanarayanan V, Chaffee S. Reversible focal
neurologic deficits in severe iron deficiency
anemia. J Pediatr 1990;117:430-32
10. Gold DW, Gulati SC. Myeloproliferative
Diseases. In: Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E,
Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, Kasper DL,
editors. Harrisons Internal Medicine. 13th ed.
New York: McGraw Hill; 1994:1757-64
11. Keane S, Gallagher A, Ackroyd S, McShane MA,
Edge JA. Cerebral venous thrombosis during
725
Srinivas et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00426.3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 8 May 2014
Accepted: 19th May 2014
Case report
Hegde Vinuta1, Naikmasur Venkatesh G2, Burde Krishna N3, Sirur Dhirendra G4, Hallikeri Kaveri5
Post Graduate student, 2Professor, 3Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SDM
College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
4
Assistant Professor, 5Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and
Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding author email: drvinu07@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Oral Malignant Melanoma (OMM) is a rare, aggressive neoplasm of melanocytic origin, which is known to have
the worst prognosis than that of cutaneous melanomas. The five-year survival reported in the literature for OMM
varies from 0 - 45 % whereas the overall survival for head and neck melanomas ranges between 20 and 48%.
Maxillary gingiva and palate are commonly affected. Very few cases have been reported in the mandibular
gingiva. It can occur at any age with the range of 20 to 80 years, but less common below 30 years. OMM may
appear in various forms including pigmented macule, pigmented nodule, or a large pigmented exophytic lesion or
an amelanotic variant of any of these three forms. Here we are reporting a rare case of large exophytic,
multilobulated OMM involving whole of left mandibular gingiva in a 40 year old male patient.
Keywords: Melanocytes, Malignant Melanoma, Oral, Mandibular gingiva
INTRODUCTION
Malignant melanoma is the neoplasm which arises
from melanocytes present in the basal layer of the
epidermis of the skin and the mucous membrane of
squamous epithelium. Hence melanoma is seen in
oral cavity, eyes, meninges and skin.1,2 Melanomas of
mucosal surfaces have more aggressive growth phase
with early invasion of submucosa.1 Weber first
described Oral Malignant Melanoma (OMM) in the
year 1859.3 The relative incidence of OMM was
0.07% according to Hormia and Vuori (1969) and
0.2% to 8% of all malignant melanomas according to
Pliskin (1979) and these account for 0.5% of all oral
malignancies.4,5 In a study of 1546 melanomas, 26
were found arising in the upper respiratory tract and
oral cavity; of these only 12 were primary oral
melanomas. 6 Palate and the maxillary gingiva are
most commonly affected intra-oral sites.2,5-7 A very
726
Vinuta et al.,
CASE REPORT
A 40 year old male patient reported to the
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, S D M
College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad,
Karnataka, India, with a chief complaint of painless
growth in the left lower jaw since two months, which
was gradually increasing in size. Patient had no major
systemic illness or any history of trauma to the head,
neck or face region. Patient had the habit of betel
quid chewing 5-6 times per day since 15 years. Exrtaorally there was a diffuse swelling on the left side of
the face extending from corner of the mouth to about
4cm posteriorly and from ala-tragus line to lower
border of mandible. Skin over the swelling was
stretched. The swelling was pointing outwards, but
there was no discharge (Fig 1).
Vinuta et al.,
Vinuta et al.,
could
be
combined
with
radiotherapy
and/chemotherapy.5
OMM often go unnoticed since they are clinically
asymptomatic in the early stages and they usually
merely present as a hyperpigmented patch on the
gingival surface. However biopsy becomes necessary
when there is a change in colour or asymmetric
growth present within the pigmented lesion. Delayed
diagnosis and its biological aggressiveness make the
prognosis extremely poor. Hence a high index of
suspicion, early detection and diagnosis for any
pigmented
gingival
lesions
cannot
be
overemphasized.
In a follow up study of 15 oral malignant melanoma
patients a mean survival time was 16.9 months, and
5-year survival rate was 6.6% after the treatment.16
Because of the aggressive growth, metastasis and
local recurrence even after treatment it has poor
prognosis. Hence meticulous clinical examination of
the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa should be
performed in all patients.
CONCLUSION
A high level of suspicion, a careful history and a
thorough examination, including the oral cavity and
neck, from health providers regarding these
malignancies are essential. Any change in the signs
and symptoms must be seriously considered so that
early diagnosis and prompt treatment will be possible
with better prognosis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the management and Dr.
Srinath Thakur, Principal, S D M College of Dental
Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad for the financial
support extended to investigate the patient and to
send for the publication.
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
1. Shwetha V K, Niharika S. Oral Malignant
Melanoma: A Case Report. Int j of oral and maxil
path 2011;2(3):50-54
2. Goel A, Srinivasan V, Patil P, Juneja N. Oral
malignant melanoma A review. Int Dent J of
Stu Rresearch Oct 2012-Jan 2013;1(3):74-77
3. Liversedge MB. Oral malignant melanoma. Br J
Oral Surg 1975;13(1):40-55
Vinuta et al.,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
730
Vinuta et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00427.5
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 16 May 2014
Accepted: 26th May 2014
Case report
A PRODIGIOUS LICHEN PLANUS PIGMENTOSUS: THE WOLFS ISOTOPIC RESPONSE
*Yugandar I1, Shiva Kumar2, Sai Prasad3, Srilakshmi P1, Akshaya N1, Abhiram R1, Sujalalitha K1, Meghana GB1
1
Postgraduate Students, 2Professor, Department of DVL, P.E.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research,
Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, S V Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author email:dryugandar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Lichen planus is a pruritic, benign, papulosquamous, inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology that affects
either or all of the skin, mucous membrane, hair and nail. In its classic form, it presents with violaceous, scaly,
flat-topped, polygonal papules. A female patient aged 43 years with a history of pruritic eruptions for a period of
one month over the right armpit and back of the right chest (C8, T1, T2, T3 Dermatomes). She had a history of
herpes zoster in the same localization, which had been treated with topical and oral acyclovir two months prior to
this visit. This variant may represent as an example of the Wolfs isotopic response. We presented our case
because of its rarity as a Dermatomal distribution of lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) and its appearance in the
area of healed herpes zoster as an isotopic response. The case well highlights this unusual condition and
represents the first case reported in Indian dermatology literature to our best of knowledge. The clinical and
histological features of this case are described here.
Keywords: Herpes, Koebner phenomenon, Lichen planus pigmentosus, Unilateral, Wolfs isotope response,
Zosteriform
INTRODUCTION
The term lichenoid is used by clinicians to describe
a flat-topped, shiny, papular eruption resembling
lichen planus or by histopathologists to describe a
type of tissue reaction consisting principally of basal
cell liquefaction and a band-like inflammatory cell
infiltrate in the papillary dermis.1
The term lichen is derived from the Greek verb to
lick2. However, the use of the term is adapted to a
noun in both Greek and Latin for a symbiotic form of
plant life. The dermatosis, lichen planus was first
described by Erasmus Wilson in 1869.3
Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) variant of Lichen
Planus, it is a chronic pigmentary disorder that shows
diffuse or reticulated hyper pigmented, dark brown
Yugandar et al.,
732
Yugandar et al.,
DISCUSSION
Lichen planus is an idiopathic inflammatory disease
of the skin and mucous membrane. It is characterized
by 6 Ps": planar (flat-topped), purple, polygonal,
pruritic, papules, and plaques. In addition to the
classical appearance, about 20 different variants are
described.
LPP is characterized by mottled or reticulated hyper
pigmented, dark brown macules on the sun exposure
skin areas, varies from slate grey to brownish black, it
is mostly diffuse. The macular hyper pigmentation
involves chiefly the face, neck and upper limbs.
Striking predominance of pigmentary lesions at
intertriginous sites, especially the axillae.1 The
mucous membranes, palms and soles are usually not
involved. The duration at presentation ranged from 2
months to 21 years in one series.8
The cause of LPP is unknown, but an immunologic
mechanism mediates its development, as well as that
of lichen planus. Based on the distinctive
lymphocytic inflammatory response of the lichenoid
reactions, cell mediated immunity seems to play a
pivotal role in triggering the clinical expression of the
disease.9 In our case it was induced Koebner
phenomenon by Preceding Herpes infection.
Histopathology of LPP shows atrophic epidermis,
basal hydropic degeneration, hypergranulosis,
Perivascular Lymphohistiocytic infiltration, pigment
incontinence, irregular elongation of rete ridges
appeared saw tooth pattern and multiple apoptotic
cells i.e. Civatte bodies present in dermoepidermal
junction. Few melanophages are also seen.
Our case showed lamellar keratinisation, local basal
cell vacuolization. Superficial dermis shows Pigment
Yugandar et al.,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
734
Yugandar et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00428.7
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 8 May 2014
Accepted: 19th May 2014
Case report
Assistant Professor, 2Resident, 3Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College Kolkata88, College Street,
Kolkata, West Bengal
*Corresponding author email: docr89@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) is a rare clinical entity affecting anterior basal ganglia. This is one of the
osmotic demyelination syndromes. It occurs due to rapid correction of hyponatremia and also rarely occurs in
alcoholics. It generally presents with extrapyramidal symptoms. We here report a case of EPM in a 13 year old
boy presenting with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. The patient also had generalised weakness,
but no psychiatric symptoms. The patient slowly recovered over six months. EPM can affect any age group,
although the elderly are more likely to be affected due to frequent electrolyte abnormalities. Ocular movement
disorders or brainstem signs are rarely reported in EPM. When present, it can create diagnostic confusion with
multiple sclerosis. We believe this is the first report of this entity from India. The relevant literature regarding
brainstem manifestations in myelinolysis syndromes is also discussed, along with the radiological findings.
Keywords: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, Extrapontine myelinolysis, Ptosis, CIDP, Basal ganglia
INTRODUCTION
Extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) is a rare clinical
entity occurring mainly after rapid correction of
hyponatremia. It is usually associated with its
counterpart: central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). 1
However, very rarely, EPM can occur in absence of
CPM and this makes the diagnosis challenging. The
clinical manifestations of EPM vary and may range
from extrapyramidal features to neuropsychiatric
manifestations.1, 2 Such atypical features, along with
the rarity of the entity often delay the diagnosis. We
here report a case of EPM presenting with bilateral
internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO). To our
knowledge, this is probably the first report of EPM
presenting with INO from India. Other reported cases
from India have shown parkinsonian features and
bulbar symptoms.3 Another case was reported with
flaccid quadruparesis.4
Tushar et al.,
CASE REPORT
A13 year old boy presented with acute onset
generalised weakness without loss of consciousness
for two days. He had been admitted elsewhere with
increasing abdominal pain and vomiting for twenty
days. He was there documented to be dehydrated and
resuscitated with intravenous fluids. He apparently
improved with the conservative management but
deteriorated again with severe generalized weakness
and blurring of vision. With this complaint, he was
referred to our tertiary care center.
At our centre, on admission, the boy was found to be
severely weak with power 2-/5 in all four limbs. He
could not turn in bed or lift his head from pillows. His
abdomen was found to be distended and his parents
complained of severe constipation for the last ten
Int J Med Res Health Sci. 2014;3(3):735-738
735
736
737
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CONCLUSION
Central nervous system osmotic demyelination is a
rare complication of electrolyte correction. It may
present with atypical features like ocular movement
disorders. Thus, clinicians should have a low
threshold for brain imaging if atypical neurological
signs appear in a patient of hyponatremia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: the Principal of our
College for his guidance
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
11.
12.
738
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00429.9
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Revised: 20th May 2014
Accepted: 26thMay 2014
Case report
Satish et al .,
Six minute walk test5 was done for this patient total
distance covered is 290meters, baseline spo2 is 92%
post test is 88%, MRC baseline is 1 and post test is
2.ECHO findings are normal Lv function, normal
PAP.
PFT shows restriction with severe small airway
obstruction and DLCO showed 50% reduction.
Bronchoscopy with Transbronchial lung biopsy
revealed interstitial fibrosis, in bronchial wash for
AFB and culture were negative however
Candidaalbicans was grown. Biopsy specimen could
not be sent for electron microscopic examination to
detect talc crystals due to unavailability of the electron
microscope in our hospital.
DISCUSSION
The occurrence of occupational lung diseases is
decreasing due to improvements and awareness in
occupational health in recent years. Talc
pneumoconiosis is a rarer form of occupational lung
disease. Talc is a heterogenous group of hydrated
magnesium silicate that are commonly found in
mineral deposits containing other minerals like
carbonates, quartz, amphiboles and serpentines6with
multiple uses as a lubricant and filter in cosmetics,
paper, rubber manufacturing, paints, building
materials, leather finishing, fertilizer industry, ferrous
and non ferrous castings, textile industry, and also
used as an agent for pleurodesis. Cosmetic talc should
be free of asbestos, but industrial grades may contain it
as well as other minerals such as quartz etc., hence
should be carefully handled.
The first case of talcpneumoconiosis was reported by
Thorel in 1896 and the first fatal case due to massive
aspiration of baby powder in 1954 by Cless and
Anger.2 There are only a few reports of pulmonary
talcosis associated with talcum powder use.
Four different forms of pulmonary disease by talc have
been described: 1.Talc associated with silica particles
in mine workers (talco silicosis), 2. Talc associated
with asbestos fibers (talco-asbestosis), 3.inhalation of
cosmetic talc (talcosis) is uncommon, 4. Intravenous
administration of talc which is commonly seen.7
Clinical manifestations of talcosis consist of dry
cough, dyspnea and can progress to pulmonary
fibrosis, pulmonary artery hypertension, corpulmonale
and death. When fine particles of talc dust are
deposited in the lungs, macrophages that ingest the
dust particles will set off an inflammation response by
Satish et al .,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Fig 5: Lung biopsy specimen and electron microscopic
view of bifringent talc crystals.8
CONCLUSION
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00431.7
Volume 3 Issue 3
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 15thApr 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 22ndApr 2014
Case report
748
Barman et al.,
749
Barman et al.,
751
Barman et al.,
752
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00432.9
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
th
Revised: 20 May 2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 30thMay 2014
Case report
Professor & Head, 2Assistant Professor, 3 Lecturer, 4Lecturer, Dept of Medicine, UP Rural Institute of Medical
Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India
*Corresponding Author email: premshanker0354@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Postmenopausal vegetarian female presented with short febrile illness associated with generalized weakness
Clinical and investigative findings evidenced megaloblastic anemia Since none of investigations could pinpoint
the cause for pyrexia and patient did not respond to empirical antibiotic and conservative antimalarial therapy,
megaloblastic anemia itself was suspected to be cause for febrile episode Patient was treated with parenteral B12
and oral folic acid for megaloblastic anemia and she responded to it and became afebrile within 72 hours.
Subsequently megaloblastic anemia was correlated to be cause of febrile illness.
Keywords: Megaloblastic anemia, Pyrexia of unknown origin, B12 and folic acid deficiency
INRTODUCTION
Megaloblastic anemias are a group of disorders which
are most commonly caused by nutritional deficiencies
of either vitamin B12 or folate or both, inherited
disorders of DNA synthesis or following certain drug
therapy. Megaloblastic anemia rarely may be a cause
of pyrexia which may be difficult to differentiate
from pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) even after
exhaustive laboratory investigations.1 The aim of the
present article is to highlight megaloblastic anemia as
a rare cause of fever and create awareness amongst
practicing physicians about a treatable condition.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 55 year old postmenopausal vegetarian female
presented with complaints of fever, nausea, vomiting
and dry cough of 7 days duration. The fever was
intermittent, mild to moderate grade and associated
with generalized weakness, easy fatigability and loss
of appetite. There was no history of burning
micturation, arthralgia or skin rash. There was no
Singh et al.,
Singh et al.,
CONCLUSION
All patients presenting with pyrexia, megaloblastic
anemia and cytopenia should be carefully evaluated
for possible vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in order
to prevent delay in diagnosis, initiate appropriate
curative treatment and unnecessary use of antibiotics
and other empirical medication
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We extend our sincere thanks to Mrs Aala Singh for
her support and encouragement to enable us to
complete this article well in time
Source of funding: None
Conflict of Interest: None declared
REFERENCES
1. Kucukardali Y, Oncul O, Cavuslu S, Danaci M,
Calangu S, Erdem H, et al. The spectrum of
diseases causing fever of unknown origin in
Turkey: a multicenter study. Int J Infect
Dis. 2008;12:7179
2. Tahlan A, Bansal C, Palta A, Chauhan S.
Spectrum and analysis of bone marrow findings
in anemic cases. Indian J Med Sci. 2008;62:336
39
3. Khanduri U, Sharma A. Megaloblastic anaemia:
prevalence and causative factors. Natl Med J
India. 2007;20:17275
755
Singh et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00433.0
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 20 May 2014
Accepted: 6thJun 2014
Case report
Professor, 2Post Graduate Student, Department of Ophthalmology, Rural Medical College, Loni, Maharashtra
Shubhangi et al.,
Fig
2:
Surgical
excision
of
dermoid
in-toto.
757
Shubhangi et al.,
REFERENCES
Goldenhar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to HOD (Professor) Dr. Dongre and
Professor
Dr.
Karle
for
providing
the
histopathological report and slide.
Conflict of interest: No
758
Shubhangi et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00434.2
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 28 May 2014
Accepted: 5th Jun 2014
Case report
Professor, 2Post Graduate Student, Department of Ophthalmology, Rural Medical College, Loni, Maharashtra,
India
*Corresponding author email: shubhangi2501@yahoo.in
ABSTRACT
The most common complication of pterygium surgery is postoperative recurrence. These recurrences are reduced
with conjunctival autograft technique. However, with this graft surgery, post surgical wound-healing response
may be more intense and may lead to Tenons granuloma or pyogenic granuloma or stitch granuloma. These
granulomas are treated either with frequent topical instillation of steroid eye drops or surgical excision. A 27
years old lady presented with painless, progressive nodular mass after her left eye pterygium excision with
conjunctival autograft surgery on her follow up of 15th post operative day. The clinical diagnosis was postoperative granuloma and patient underwent excisional biopsy. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of
pyogenic granuloma. The patient was treated with postoperative tapering topical steroid drops and there was no
recurrence even after 1 year.
Keywords: Pyogenic granuloma, Pterygium exicision with conjunctival autograft.
INTRODUCTION
CASE REPORT
Shubhangi et al.,
Fig 4: Postoperative
DISCUSSION
Pterygium is a degenerative condition of the
subconjunctival tissue. It proliferates as vascularized
granulation tissue, invade the cornea, destroy the
superficial layer of the stroma and Bowmens
membrane and it is covered by conjunctival
epithelim. These patients present with complaints of
redness, lacrimination, foreign body sensation,
growing mass in the eye and a rarely visual
disturbance in the form of blurring and diplopia. 3
There are two types of pterygium. Progressive
pterygium and atrophic pterygium.
Progressive
pterygium presents as thick, fleshy, reddish mass with
prominent blood vessels and atrophic pterygium
presents as thin, pale, flat whitish mass devoid of
fresh blood vessels and leads to ocular surface
disorder.4
If the pterygium is small atrophic and without any
symptoms, it is best left alone with lubricant drops
and periodic follow up. In case of progressive
pterygium surgeries like pterygium excision with bare
sclera, excision with conjunctival autograft, excision
with Mitomycin-C (MMC) application and excision
with Amniotic Membrane Transplant (AMT) are
considered as treatment modalities. 5
Pterygium excision with only bare sclera leads to
recurrence up to 80-90 %. Conjunctival autograft or
AMT
or MMC application
prevent these
6
recurrences. However post operative complications
like pyogenic granuloma can occur with these
surgeries due to excess intra-operative tissue
handling.
Hirst LW showed the incidence of pyogenic
granuloma up to 40%, 7.9%, and 9.2% when bare
scleral excision is accompanied by an intraoperative
application of MMC, conjunctival autograft, and
AMT, respectively.7
The formation of granuloma occurs within 1 week
after pterygium surgery as a proliferative,
inflammatory lesion. Localized suture irritation and
excessive tissue handling intra-operatively are some
of the causes for the granuloma formation.8,9
Small granulomas may spontaneously resolve with
the frequent application of topical steroids, but larger
granulomas require the simple surgical excision.
Histologically, they have a lining of stratified
squamous epithelium which is ulcerated at one focus.
The subepithelial area shows granulation tissue
760
Shubhangi et al.,
CONCLUSION
Pyogenic granuloma may present after pterygium
excision with conjuntival autograft technique.
Surgical excision of large pyogenic granuloma with
post-operative topical steroids gives good result
without recurrence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank Professor and HOD Dr. Dongre and
Professor Dr. Karle from Department of pathology,
RMC, Loni for providing the histopathological report.
Conflict of interest: Nil
REFERENCES
1. Janey L. Wiggs, David Miller, Yanoff & Duker
Ophthalmology; Cornea and ocular surface
disorders, Mosby Elsevier;2009:3rded:248-49
2. John E Sutphin , JR, AAO. External disease and
cornea section 8,LEO;2007-2008;429-32
3. Ramanjit Shhota, Radhika Tandon. Parsons
diseases of the eye; disease of conjunctiva,
Elsevier; 2007:20th edition: 175-177.
4. Jack
J
Kanski,
Brad
Bowling.clinical
ophthalmology a systemic approach; conjunctiva,
Elsevier;2011:7th edition;163-66
5. Frau E, Labetoulle M, Lautier-Frau M,
Hutchinson S, Offret H. Corneo-conjunctival
autograft transplantation for pterygium surgery.
Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004; 82:59-63
761
Shubhangi et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00435.4
Volume 3 Issue 3
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
th
ISSN: 2319-5886
Case report
Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor and Head, 4Assistant Lecturer, Department of Pathology,
JMFs ACPM Medical College, Dhule, Maharashtra
*Corresponding author email: ompathologylab@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Papillary carcinoma of the breast is a rare malignant tumor, constituting 1-2 % of breast neoplasms mostly
affecting elderly postmenopausal women. Intracystic (Encysted) papillary carcinoma (IPC) is a rare distinct entity
with slow growth rate and overall favourable prognosis regardless of whether it is in situ alone or associated with
invasive component. Treatment modalities vary from conservative surgery to radical surgery with or without
adjuvant therapy depending upon the associated component (DCIS or invasive) of the tumor.
Herein, we report a case of 55-year-old female presented with a painless lump in the right breast. FNAC yielded
haemorrhagic fluid with scanty cellularity of atypical ductal epithelial cells. Patient underwent wide local
excision. The final histopathological diagnosis revealed intracystic papillary carcinoma associated with invasive
ductal carcinoma, NOS type.
Keywords: Intracystic, Invasive, Papillary carcinoma, Wide local excision.
INTRODUCTION
Intracystic (encysted) papillary carcinoma (IPC) is a
rare distinct entity of breast cancer, accounting for 12 % of all breast tumors.1 IPC usually occur in an
elderly postmenopausal woman with the subtle
clinical presentation of painless breast lump and
bloody nipple discharge. Papillary lesions of breast
are categorised into invasive and noninvasive
papillary carcinoma by Carter et al.2 Noninvasive
papillary carcinoma is further subdivided into a
diffuse form of papillary variant of DCIS and a
localised form of solitary intracystic (encysted)
papillary carcinoma. IPC are further classified into
pure IPC or associated with DCIS or with invasive
component. 3 We report a case of IPC with invasion in
an elderly woman along with the brief review of
literature.
CASE REPORT
A 55-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with
a lump in the right breast since 6 months. Initially the
lump was small in size, gradually enlarged to present
size. There was no history of nipple discharge or
family history of breast carcinoma. Local
examination revealed a lump measuring 4cmsx3cms
in the right upper and outer quadrant. Overlying skin
was not involved. There was no evidence of axillary
lymphadenopathy.
Contralateral
breast
was
unremarkable. FNA cytology was repeatedly
haemorrhagic and smears revealed few clusters of
atypical ductal epithelial cells admixed with cyst
macrophages and biopsy was advised. Laboratory
investigations, including the haematological and
biochemical parameters were within normal limits
762
Kishor et al.,
763
Kishor et al.,
DISCUSSION
The papillary carcinoma of the breast is characterized
by a papillary growth pattern with thin fibrovascular
stalk lined by neoplastic epithelial cells. Malignant
papillary neoplasms of the breast consist of a wide
spectrum of lesions that include ductal carcinoma in
situ arising in intraductal papilloma, papillary DCIS,
encapsulated papillary carcinoma, solid papillary
carcinoma and invasive papillary carcinoma. Lack of
myoepithelial cell layer within papillae differentiates
benign papillary neoplasm from malignant papillary
neoplasm.4 Intracystic papillary carcinoma is a
solitary, centrally located malignant papillary
proliferation within an encysted or cystically dilated
duct. Traditionally, IPC was considered to be a
variant subtype of DCIS but a recent review of
literature shows its association with DCIS or invasive
breast cancer in about 40% cases.5 In IPC (pure)
form, solid papillary tumor is confined within a cystic
dilated duct without DCIS or invasion into the
surrounding tissue. A minority of IPC may be
associated with invasive component without features
of papillary tumor but rather show morphological
features of invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise
specified type.4 Similar morphological features were
noted in our case. Detection of associated pathology
(DCIS or invasive form) is the mainstay as prognosis
and treatment modalities depend upon these
associated lesions.6 Usually intracystic papillary
breast cancers reveal low or intermediate nuclear
grade without necrosis. They show strong
immunopositivity for estrogen and progesterone
receptor and negativity for Her2 neu.7 IPC associated
with invasive carcinoma are of high nuclear grade
and necrosis. In our case IHC study showed ER, PR,
SMA, Her2 neu negativity with high proliferation
index. Histopathological findings revealed high
nuclear grade and necrosis.
Papillary carcinoma of breast generally occurs in
elderly postmenopausal women aged 63- 67 years.
Clinically, patient presents with palpable mass or
bloody nipple discharge. It may also manifest as
asymptomatic lesion identified at screening
mammography.
Radiological findings may show on mammography as
an oval or lobulated, circumscribed lesion and on
USG as a complex cystic mass with solid component
but differentiation between invasive and papillary
764
Kishor et al.,
REFERENCES
1. Rosen PP. Papillary carcinoma. In: Rosens
Breast Pathology. Philadelphia,Pa: Lippincott
Raven 1997;335-354.
2. Carter D, Orr SL and Merino MJ. Intracystic
papillary carcinoma of the breast. After
mastectomy, radiotherapy or excisional biopsy
alone. Cancer.1983; 52(1) 14-19
3. Baykara M, Coskun U, Demirci U, Yildiz R,
Benekli M, Cakir A, et al. Intracystic papillary
carcinoma of the breast: one of the youngest
patient
in
the
literature.
Med
Oncol.2010;27(4):142728.
4. Pal SK, Lau SK, Kruper L, Nwoye U,
Garberoglio
C, Gupta RK,et al. Papillary
Carcinoma of the Breast: An Overview. Breast
Cancer Res Treat. 2010; 122(3): 63745
5. Calderaro J, Espie M, Duclos J, Giachetti S,
Wehrer D, Sandid W, et al. Breast intracystic
papillary carcinoma: an update. Breast J.
2009;15(6) 63944
6. Fayanju OM, Ritter J, Gillanders WE, Eberlein
TJ, Dietz JR, Aft R, et al. Therapeutic
management of intracystic papillary carcinoma of
the breast: the roles of radiation and endocrine
therapy. Am J Surg . 2007;194(4):497500
7. Leal C, Costa I, Fonseca D, Lopes P, Bento MJ,
Lopes C. Intracystic (encysted) papillary
carcinoma of the breast: a clinical, pathological,
and
immunohistochemical
study.
Hum
Pathol.1998; 29(10):1097104
8. Liberman L, Feng TL and Susnik B. Case 35:
Intracystic papillary carcinoma with invasion.
Radiology. 2001;219(3) 78184
9. Benkaddour YA, Hasnaoui SE, Fichtali K, Fakhir
B, Jalal H, Kouchani M, et al . Intracystic
Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast: Report of
Three Cases and Literature Review. Case
Reports. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2012,
Article ID 979563:1-4
10. Tomonori K, Takayuki S, Tadahiko T, Hojo S,
Akashi-Tanaka S, Murata Y. Clinical and
pathological features of intracystic papillary
765
Kishor et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00436.6
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 5 Jun 2014
Accepted: 16thJun 2014
Case report
Menon et al.,
Menon et al.,
769
Menon et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00437.8
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 7 Jun 2014
Accepted: 17th Jun 2014
Case report
Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sreenarayana Institute of Medical Sciences,
Chalakka, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
2
Professor and H.O.D, 3Senior resident, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mysore Medical College and
Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
*
ABSTRACT
We report a rare case of a 35 yr Indian woman presenting with a mass per vagina since 2yrs and acute urinary
retention since one day secondary to prolapsed cervical fibroid (15x8cm) which was mimicking chronic inversion
and was making the anatomy unclear. It was managed by clear delineation of structures on the operating table.
We believe that it is the first case of its own kind as the diagnosis could only be confirmed intraoperatively.
Cervical fibroids present with varied manifestations posing difficulties in diagnosis and management. Thorough
preoperative evaluation and anticipating operative challenges and judicious treatment help in relieving the misery
for the patient.
Keywords: Mass per vagina, Prolapsed cervical fibroid, Acute urinary retention, Uterovaginal prolapse,
INTRODUCTION
Leiomyoma is the commonest of all pelvic tumors,
being present in 20% of women in reproductive age
group 30-35yrs.1 The paucity of smooth muscle in the
cervical Stroma makes leiomyomas in the cervix
uncommon.2 Though a rare entity 1-2% of them are
located in cervix and usually in the supravaginal
portion.3 Fibroids may be anterior, posterior, lateral
or central in location involving either the vaginal or
supravaginal portion of the cervix. Central cervical
fibroid expands the uterus equally in all directions
and the cavity of the pelvis is more or less filled by a
tumour, elevated on top of which is the uterus like
'Lantern on the dome of St. Paul.
Uterine fibroids are benign clonal tumours arising
from the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and
contain an increased amount of extracellular matrix
for which they are also referred as leiomyoma. Their
Chaithra et al.,
771
Chaithra et al.,
DISCUSSION
Differential presentations and sizes of cervical
leiomyomas have been reported in literature. The
most common presentation of fibroid is menstrual
disturbances and Dysmenorrhoea. But broad ligament
and cervical fibroids generally present with pressure
symptom like bladder and bowel dysfunction. 6-8. We
report an unusual case of huge cervical fibroid
causing uterovaginal prolapse mimicking chronic
inversion of uterus and presenting with acute urinary
retention.
Fibroids arising from supravaginal portion becoming
pedunculated and prolapsing into vagina are reported9
as against our case of fibroid arising from ectocervix
expanding the cervix, flushing with vagina and
causing uterovaginal prolapse, the hypertrophied
vaginal walls enclosing the prolapsed uterus made the
anatomy even more unclear. Utero-vaginal prolapse
can be caused by traction on to the cervix by heavy
Chaithra et al.,
773
Chaithra et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00438.X
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
nd
Revised: 15 Jun 2014
Accepted: 20th Jun 2014
Case report
Associate prof, 2Professor, 3Professor & HOD, Dept. of Medicine, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, India
Tripathy et al.,
DISCUSSION
Fahrs disease otherwise known as bilateral
striopallido dentate calcinosis (BSPDC) or idiopathic
basal ganglia calcification is a rare neurodegenerative
disorder of unknown prevalence. This is among the
few inherited neurological conditions that lead to
progressive
dystonia,
Parkinsonism
and
neuropsychiatric manifestations. As Fahrs disease is
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown
Tripathy et al.,
777
Tripathy et al.,
778
Tripathy et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00439.1
Coden: IJMRHS
Revised: 22nd Jun 2014
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
Accepted: 26th Jun 2014
Case report
CASE REPORT
A 55 year female came to MGM medical college and
hospital OPD with a history of insidious onset of
gradually progressive papular, erythematous lesions
over the arms, back and legs over a period of 2 years.
3 months later, she developed cough and fever and
gave history of weight loss. Blood investigations
showed normal levels of liver function tests, kidney
function tests and serum calcium. Serum angiotensin
converting enzyme (ACE) levels were raised (62
micrograms/L). Multiple enlarged lymph nodes were
also seen in the preaortic and para-aortic, subcarinal
and aorto-pulmonary window. A skin punch biopsy
was taken. Histopathological examination of the skin
lesion revealed non- caseating granulomas consisting
of lymphocytes and epitheloid cells and ill formed
Langhans giant cells. (Fig 1). The granulomas were
seen upto deep dermis, along with a mild
lymphocytic infiltrate around blood vessels and skin
adnexa. ( Fig 2). Biopsy stains for acid fast bacilli and
periodic acid stain for fungal granulomas were
negative. HRCT scan of the chest showed patchy
areas of consolidation in the medial segment of the
medial lobe and small calcific granuloma in the left
lower lobe. (Fig 3). Thereafter, a transbronchial
biopsy from the right lower and middle lobes showed
small aggregates of epitheloid cells. After exclusion
of infectious causes, a diagnosis of cutaneous
sarcoidosis was made.
DISCUSSION
Granuloma is a small, well-circumscribed lesion, 2-3
mm in diameter consisting of collection of modified
macrophages (epitheloid cells) and a rim of
lymphocytes. Granulomatous skin lesions present as a
diagnostic challenge to dermatopathologists due to a
myriad of presentations and almost identical
histological pictures. A large group of skin diseases
enters the differential diagnosis with cutaneous
sarcoidosis. The whole word means a condition that
resembles crude flesh. Several lines of evidence
suggest that this disease is due to disordered immune
regulation in genetically predisposed individuals.
Since the clinical consequences and the prognosis of
these groups of diseases is different, it is important to
correctly plan the diagnostic work up. Cutaneous
involvement occurs in 20% to 35% of the patients
with systemic sarcoidosis. Cutaneous sarcoidosis is
divided into specific and non-specific types. The most
common non-specific manifestation is erythema
nodosum, the biopsy of which shows panniculitis
with septal inflammation. Non caseating granulomas
are rarely present in erythema nodosum. The specific
780
Bindu et al.,
781
Bindu et al.,
DOI: 10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00440.8
Coden: IJMRHS
Copyright @2014
ISSN: 2319-5886
th
Revised: 17 Jun 2014
Accepted: 3rd Jul 2014
Case report
Consultant Pulmonologist, City Life Hospital & Dumdum Medical Centre, Kolkata
Medical Services, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Mumbai
Ghosh CK et al.,
CONCLUSION
Garenoxacin is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone
with potent antimicrobial activity against common
respiratory pathogens, including resistant strains.
Garenoxacin appears to be a suitable option for the
treatment of resistant or difficult to treat infections.
Garenoxacin possesses potent activity against
multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially quinoloneresistant S. pneumoniaeand other major community
pathogens
including
M.
pneumoniaeandC.
pneumoniae.
Conflict of interest: Nil
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6. Mansharamani N, Balachandran D, Delaney D,
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