w2 Battery Ups and Earthing

EETP/BSNL
SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
TELECOM SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
BATTERY UPS AND EARTHING
Version 2 June 2014
Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)
Battery, UPS & Earthing
BATTERY UPS & EARTHING
INDEX
2.1
Introduction ..................................................................... 2
2.2
Objective........................................................................... 2
2.3
Different methods of working of a battery .................... 3
2.4
Secondary cells (conventional) ....................................... 8
2.5
Maintenance free battery (VRLA) ................................. 9
2.6
Working and maintenance of UPS............................... 17
2.7
Earthing system in telecom ........................................... 22
2.8
Summary ........................................................................ 33
2.9
Self Assessment questions ............................................. 34
2.10
References and suggested further readings ................ 34
EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

For Restricted Circulation
Page 1 of 36
2 BATTERY UPS & EARTHING

STRUCTURE
2.1
INTRODUCTION
2.2
OBJECTIVE
2.3
DIFFERENT METHODS OF WORKING OF A BATTERY
2.4
SECONDARY CELLS (CONVENTIONAL)
2.5
MAINTENANCE FREE BATTERY (VRLA)
2.6
WORKING AND MAINTENANCE OF UPS
2.7
EARTHING SYSTEM IN TELECOM
2.8
SUMMARY
2.9
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
2.10
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
2.1
INTRODUCTION
The secondary cell batteries can be utilized in many ways. However presently
float working is adopted. The two type of batteries used are Conventional batteries and
Maintenance Free VRLA batteries. Maintenance free, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA)
batteries ensure a reliable, effective and user friendly source of power. It is spill proof,
leak proof and explosion resistant and there is no need to add water or to clean terminals.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) is required to provide stable AC in the event
of failure of Mains. It comprises of Battery banks coupled with inverter. An inverter is an
electrical device that converts direct current (DC) obtained from battery to alternating
current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use
of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Earthing is an essential part of any electric /electronic system to prevent damage
and for proper operation of telecom equipment. Utmost care is required to be taken for
provision of proper and effective earthing for various telecom installations.
2.2
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is:
To know the different methods of battery working

To understand operating procedure of of float scheme
To explain initial charging and discharging
To enumerate different meters used
To explain the VRLA battery construction
To enumerate the chemical reactions

Page 2 of 36
2.3
To explain the method used for charging

The principle of working of UPS system
The alarms in the UPS System
To list the objective of Earthing
To explain the requirement of Effective Earthing
To know the Earthing System for Electrical Installation
To know the Earthing System for Telecom Installations
DIFFERENT METHODS OF WORKING OF A BATTERY

The secondary batteries can be utilized in any of the following ways:
The charge discharge system:
In this system the electrical energy derived from the supply mains is first
converted into chemical energy and stored in the battery Subsequently the chemical
energy is reconverted into electrical energy when the battery discharges into the exchange
load. In the charge discharge system the entire DC supply for the equipment is taken from
the battery.
Fig1. Charge discharge system
ii)
Standby battery system:
In this system, the DC electrical energy for the operation of the equipment is
drawn directly from the public AC power supply system through mains conversion
equipment and the standby battery is kept fully charged and idle, i.e. not connected to the
load. Whenever there is mains failure the equipment load is immediately transferred from
the mains conversion equipment to the standby battery.

Page 3 of 36
Fig2. Standby battery system

(iii)
Float System:
It is a variation of the standby battery scheme as in this system also, the battery
supplies only the emergency reserve requirements of the equipment during mains failure.
Unlike the standby battery scheme, the battery is always kept connected across the load in
the float system in a fully charged state. But the operating conditions are so maintained
that the floated battery does not discharge into the load as long as the mains power supply
is available. The main distinction between the floating battery scheme and the standby
battery scheme is that in the float scheme, there is absolutely no break in the DC power
supply when the mains supply fails as the emergency battery takes over the load
instantaneously. It is not the case for the standby scheme.
Fig3. Float Working

In this system the battery is always kept connected across the load in the float
system in a fully charged state. But the operating conditions are so maintained that the
floated battery does not discharge into the load as long as the mains power supply is
available. There is absolutely no break in the DC power supply when the mains supply
fails as the emergency battery takes over the load instantaneously.
The charge/discharge system was the standard system for manual exchange and
telegraph power plant operation for a number of years but has been superseded by float
systems for all the installations from late 60s onwards.
The float system can be worked on a fully automatic basis or on a semiautomatic
basis with a minimum of maintenance attention. Float systems are economical since
Page 4 of 36
practically all the DC power requirements are taken directly from the public AC mains
supply through converters. With the battery connected in parallel almost full battery
capacity is available to carry the equipment load under mains failure conditions. It is
usually to provide a battery capacity equivalent to six times the busy hour load in float
systems.
2.3.1
Operating procedure
The operating procedure for floating batteries depends to a great extent on the
floating voltage. The floating voltage cannot be higher than 2.35 volts per cell since
beyond this limit, overcharging and vigorous gassing of the battery occurs. The lower
limit for the floating voltage of a lead acid cell is 2 volts, since below this voltage, the
battery will discharge. Within the permissible range of floating voltage from 2.0 to 2.35
volts per cell, three distinct types of full float schemes have been evolved. They are as
follows:Batteries floated between 2.02 to 2.07 volt per cell or divided battery float system.
Batteries floated between 2.15 to 2.20 volt per cell or parallel battery float system.
Batteries floated between 2.24 to 2.30 volt per cell or end cell switching system.
2.3.2
Requirements of float scheme
2.3.3
Voltage should be maintained between prescribed limits.

The capacity of the battery should be adequate to meet emergency.
It should last longer.
The energy losses should be minimum.
Details of float schemes
In automatic telephone exchanges the permissible range of voltage is from 46 to

52 V. Instead of referring these float schemes by the floating voltage per cell, they are
often named after the total number of cells in each set of the floated battery. From this
standpoint these float scheme are usually referred as the 25 cell, 24 cell and 23 cell
schemes.
The 24 cell float scheme or parallel battery float scheme has now been prescribed
as the standard method of supplying power to telephone exchanges. It is also adopted for
60V plus and minus supply in telegraph offices and telex exchanges.
In this scheme the battery voltage is maintained within very close limits (51.5
0.5). The required battery capacity, (ordinarily for 6 to 8 busy hours ) is provided equally
in two sets of batteries to facilitate maintenance attention to any one battery set. Both the
battery sets are floated in parallel simultaneously. Ref. Fig.3. as the floating voltage of
2.15 V per cell is within the trickle charging range, a steady trickle charge current flows
and recoups all capacity losses due to local action, partial discharge on peak loads etc.,
incurred during the floating periods. Thus the floated battery is maintained at its full
capacity, which is available as reserve for mains failure conditions. Refresher charges at
three monthly intervals and yearly reconditioning cycle are given to the battery to ensure
that the battery is kept in a healthy condition. Under mains failure conditions the battery
voltage drops down to 48 volts for 24 cells and the lower operating voltage of exchanges
is limited to 46 volts thus the end point for the discharge of the cells has to be limited to
1.92 volt per cell. Thus only about 52% of the rated capacity of the cell is available for
use. Therefore higher capacity batteries are required.
Page 5 of 36

2.3.4
Initial Charging
Initial charging is the charge received by any battery for the first time after
installation. The following procedure is a general guideline for the first or initial charge.
The instructions given by the manufacturer is to be followed strictly.
General:
Make sure that the battery room is well ventilated. Install batteries so that they are
not exposed to direct rays from the sun and are away from steam pipes, radiators and
other heat generating equipment, as a warm battery tends to have a self discharge at an
accelerated rate, increasing the load on the power supply and shortening life of the
battery. Align the cells and make sure all connections are tight.
Initial Charge
Before placing the battery on charge, check and record the open circuit voltage of
every cell. After this connect the battery for charging continuously at the rate specified
for 80 hours or as specified by the manufacturer by using direct current. The voltage
output from the charger should be minimum 2.7 volts per cell. Another method of
charging prescribed is start the charging @ 14% of AH capacity and as the cells start
gassing reduce the rate of charge to 7% till the end of the charge.
As soon as the battery is put on charge, take another set of voltage readings and
enter these readings opposite to open circuit voltage readings. This is to check if there are
any reversed cells and to avoid reverse connection of the entire battery. If the battery is
connected properly and there are no reversed cells, proceed with charging. During first
charge take individual cell voltage, S. G. and temperature readings for every eight hours
and record
The cells are considered to be fully charged when values of cell voltage and S.G.
of electrolyte corrected to 27o C remain constant for three consecutive hours at the end of
approximately 80 hours of charging. However in spite of achieving constancy of S.G. and
voltage readings, initial charge has to be continued for 80 hours (in the case of 80 hrs of
charge method). The voltage at the end of initial charge will be 2.65 to 2.7 volts per cell
The temperature of electrolyte in the cells at any period of charge should not be
allowed to rise beyond 50o C
At the end of charging the S.G. of electrolyte is to be adjusted to 1.200 0.005 at
27 o C. If the S.G. at the end of charging is above 1.200, add distilled water and if it is
below 1.200 add 1.400 S.G. acid. If any of the cells show abnormally low S.G. / voltage
at the end of 80 hours initial charging inform the supplier.After ensuring that the cell is
fully charged, give a rest of 12 to 24hrs and conduct test discharge to ensure the
following.
The capacity of the battery.

The efficiency of the battery.
The specific gravity range of the battery.
Normally the capacity does not reach 100% until 4 or 5 cycles of charge
discharges.
2.3.5
Test Discharge
Test discharge is conducted at 10 hr rate.

Page 6 of 36
Instruments and accessories required

(i) Artificial resistance load
An artificial resistance load made up of lamp resistance or coils of wires is used in
case of low capacity batteries. For large cells electrodes immersed in water with little acid
or wire coils (300 lbs GI) are used. Care is taken to avoid contact between the electrodes.
(ii) Voltmeter
Two voltmeters with suitable ranges are required to measure the terminal voltages
across the individual cells and the battery. The voltmeter should have a resistance of not
less than 1000 ohms per volt and an accuracy of 1% of the full scale reading. AVO meter
/ Digital Multi meter can be used in place of voltmeter.
(iii) Ammeter
Each division of the ammeter scale should denote not more than 1% of the full
scale reading. It should be accurate to 1% of the full scale reading. The scale of the meter
should be so chosen that the value of the currents to be measured comes to 2/3rd of the
full scale of the meter.
(iv)Hydrometer
The hydrometer should be capable of indicating S.G. reading in the steps of 0.002
(2 points) . In any event the steps should not be at intervals longer than 0.005 (5 points)
(v)Thermometer
A thermometer capable of reading correct to 0.5c or 1F should be used.
2.3.6
Discharging procedure
Connect cable lugs to the cable for connecting artificial load to the battery.
Prepare artificial load.
Connect the connecting cable to the artificial load.
Disconnect the battery from the float /charger.
Connect the connecting cable to the ammeter in the circuit.
Take the open circuit voltage of the battery and of each individual cell.
Connect the connecting cable to the battery fuse output by nut and bolts in
battery room.
Adjust the artificial load to get 10hour discharge rate. Adjust the artificial
load frequently to maintain constant current.
The total voltage of the battery, the voltage, specific gravity and
temperature of each cell should be read at the beginning of the discharge
and at hourly intervals up to the 8th hour and these readings are taken
every 15 minutes after 8-1/2 hours of discharge. These readings should be
recorded in the form given.
Stop discharge if the electrolyte temperature exceeds 37.8 c (100F) and
start discharge when the temperature falls sufficiently below 35 c.
The test discharge shall be stopped as soon as the overall battery voltage
reaches a value equivalent to 1.85 V x no. Of cells in series (44.4 V for 24
cell Battery) or when the voltage across any cell falls to 1.70V whichever
is earlier.
Cells have to be recharged soon after discharge

Page 7 of 36

2.3.7
Recharging
Recharging is done at two rates. The staring rate being maintained till the cells
reach 2.4 Volts per cell, after which at the finishing rate till end of charge. The high rate
of charge is normally 14 % and finishing rate is 7 % of battery capacity. Charging should
be completed at 7% of the capacity till full charge. Alternatively, the cells can be charged
at 10 hour rate till constancy. The battery is considered fully charged when all the cells
gas freely for 2 hours and the cell voltage and S.G. remain constant for 3 consecutive
hours thereafter.
It is recommended to conduct cycles of discharge and charge as above before
connecting to the associated equipment. Find out the efficiency of the battery. If 100%
capacity is attained in the 1st discharge itself then there is no need to discharge it for a
second time. Strict adherence to the instructions and maintenance manual supplied by
manufacturer is a must for making any complaint to the supplier. All records as per the
suppliers is instructions must be maintained.
2.4
SECONDARY CELLS (CONVENTIONAL)
One of the primary requirements of any telephone system is that service shall be
available to the subscribers at all times. The electrical energy required for signaling,
switching, speech transmission etc. in telephone exchanges is derived either directly or
indirectly from the public electricity system. In order to provide uninterrupted service, the
exchange power supply system is designed to give continuous energy to the system. So
provision is also made for alternate source of supply in the event of mains failure. This
emergency energy is derived from Batteries of secondary cells or a combination of
battery and prime mover generator sets.
The secondary cells in general use in our dept. are of lead acid type. Secondary
cells are electrolytic cells for generation of electric energy. These cells can be restored to
its original condition after they are discharged. This restoration is done by passing a
current in a direction opposite to the flow of current in the cell during the discharge.
2.4.1
Type of secondary cells
There are three types of storage (secondary) cells in use. They are (1) lead-leadacid type (2) Nickel-iron-alkaline and (3) Nickel-Cadmium alkaline type. In telecom only
lead-lead-acid type is used. They are commonly known as lead acid type cell. These cells
have electrodes of lead immersed in an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid in a suitable
container
There are two lead-acid designs in use today: the flooded and the valve regulated
(VRLA). Of the two designs, the flooded battery is the more reliable and should be the
battery of choice for mission critical applications. VRLA batteries have the advantage of
lower cost and lower space requirements

Page 8 of 36
Fig4. Secondary Cell (Conventional)
2.5
MAINTENANCE FREE BATTERY (VRLA)
Maintenance free, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries ensure a reliable,

effective and user friendly source of power. It is spill proof, leak proof and explosion
resistant and there is no need to add water or to clean terminals. It has low self-discharge
rate which eliminates the need for equalizing charges.
2.5.1
VRLA Technology
The container of VRLA Battery is made of polypropylene. Each plate is

individually wrapped by a highly absorbent, micro porous glass separate developed
specially for VRLA batteries. The chemically inert glass ensures lifelong service. The
absorbed electrolyte ensures that there is no spillage even in the unlikely event of
puncture of the cell. Gas evolution under float conditions is negligible. The water loss
throughout life due to gassing is roughly 0.1% of the total electrolyte present in the cell.
This will in no way affect performance and also eliminate the need for specially
ventilated battery room and acid resisting flooring. As the batteries can be installed in
stacks, there will be considerable space saving also.
Various capacities of Batteries are 120 AH, 200 AH, 400 AH, 600 AH, 1000 AH,
1500 AH, 2000 AH, 2500 AH, 3000 AH, 4000 AH and 5000 AH.
2.5.2
A brief review of Chemical Reaction
The electrode reaction in all lead acid batteries including VRLA battery is
basically identical. As the battery is discharged, the lead dioxide positive active material
and the spongy lead negative active material react with the sulphuric acid electrolyte to
form lead sulphate and water. During charge, this process is reversed. The Columbic
efficiency of the charging process is less than 100% on reaching final stage of charging or
under over charge conditions, the charging energy is consumed for electrolytic
decomposition of water and the positive plates generate oxygen gas and the negative
plates generate hydrogen gas.
Page 9 of 36
Under typical charging conditions, oxygen at the positive plate occurs before
hydrogen evolution at the negative. This feature is utilized in the design of VRLA
batteries. In flooded cells, the oxygen gas evolved at the positive plate bubbles upwards
through the electrolyte and is released through the vents. In MF-VRLA batteries the
oxygen gas evolved, at the positive plate, instead of bubbling upwards is transported in
the gas phase through the separator medium to the negative plate. The separator is a
highly absorbent glass matrix type with very high porosity, designed to have pore volume
in excess of the electrolyte volume (starved electrolyte design), due to which the oxygen
gas finds an unimpeded path to the negative plate.
The oxygen gas gets reduced by reaction with the spongy lead at the negative
plate, turning a part of it into a partially discharged condition, there by effectively
suppressing the hydrogen gas evolution at the negative plate. This is what is known as the
oxygen recombination principle. The part of negative plate which was partially
discharged is then reverted to the original spongy lead by subsequent charging.
Thus, a negative plate keeps equilibrium between the amount which turns into
spongy lead by charging and the amount of spongy lead which turns into lead sulphate by
absorbing the oxygen gas generated at the positive plate. The oxygen recombination
principle can be shown by the following reaction:
Reaction at positive plate:
(1)
H2O = O2 + 2e
Reaction at negative plate :
Pb + 1/2O2
PbO+H2SO4 =
PbSO4 + H2O
(2)
PbO
(3)
To reaction (1)
PbSO4 + 2H+ + 2e =
(4)
Pb + H2SO4
To reaction (3)
To reaction (2)
The total reaction at negative plate

O2 +2H+
H2O
Thus, the oxygen recombination technology makes the battery virtually

maintenance Free.

36
Page 10 of
Fig5. Power Stack Cell Cut Section

2.5.3
Freshening Charge
Batteries lose some charge during transportation as well as during the period prior
to installation. A battery should be installed and given a freshening charge after receipt as
soon as possible. Battery positive (+) terminal should be connected to charge positive (+)
terminal and battery negative (-) terminal to charger negative (-) terminal.
The charge intervals for storage are given below.
Temp in centigrade
Charging interval in months
32
6.0
37
4.5
42
3.0
47
2.25
52
1.5
Storage beyond this period without freshening charge can result in excessive
sulphation of the plates.

36
Page 11 of

2.5.4
Constant Voltage Method
Constant voltage is the only charging method recommended. Most modern

chargers are of the constant voltage type.
Determine the maximum voltage that may be applied to the system equipment.
This voltage, divided by the number of cells connected in series, will establish the
maximum volts per cell (VPC) that may be used.
Table B lists recommended voltages and charge times for the freshening charge.
Select the highest voltage the system allows but not exceeding 2.37 volts per cell to
perform the freshening charge in the shortest time period. The charging current should be
limited to a maximum of 20% of the rated capacity in Amps.
Table 1
Cell Volts
Time
2.25
30 hrs
2.30
12 hrs
Note: Time periods listed in Table 1 are for temperatures from 15oC to 40C. For
temperatures below 15C double the number of hours. Charging
The charging current should be limited to a maximum of 0.2 times of AH
Capacity. Widely accepted charging methods use a current of 0.1xC10 (C10 = AH
Capacity when discharged at 10 hr rate) Example:
A 2000 AH VRLA battery is to be charged as under
0.2 x 2000
0.2 x 2000 = 400 Amps or
0.1 x 2000 = 200 Amps ( as per TEC recommendation)
Raise the voltage to the maximum value not exceeding 2.37 volts per cell
permitted by the system equipment. When charging current has tapered and stabilized (no
further reduction for three hours), charge for the hours shown in the above table or until
the lowest cell voltage ceases to rise. Correct charge time for the temperature at the time
of stabilization. To determine lowest cell, monitoring should be performed during the
final 10% of the charge time. All POWER STACK batteries are rated to an end cell
voltage of 1.75 VPC at all rates of discharge.
2.5.5
Floating Charge Method
In this type of operation, the battery is connected in parallel with a constant

voltage charger and the critical load circuits. The charger should be capable of
maintaining the required constant voltage at battery terminals and also supply normal
connected load where applicable. This sustains the battery in a fully charged condition
and also makes it available to resume the emergency power requirements in the event of
an AC power interruption or charger failure.

36
Page 12 of

2.5.6
Float and Boost Voltages
Given below are the float and boost voltage recommended for the POWER
STACK battery system. The average Volts per cell (VPC) value of the series string
should be set to the recommended voltage under Float and Boost conditions.
RECOMMENDED FLOAT VOLTAGE 2.25 VPC AT 27C
RECOMMENDED BOOST VOLTAGE 2.30 VPC AT 27C
Modern constant voltage output charging equipment is recommended for the
floating charger method of operation of batteries. This type of charger, properly adjusted
to the recommended float voltage and following recommended surveillance procedures,
will assist in obtaining consistent serviceability and optimum life. The charging current
for the battery should be limited to 20% of its nominal AH capacity.
After the battery has been given its freshening charge (refer to section 4), the
charger should be adjusted to provide the recommended float voltage at the battery
terminals. Do not use float voltages lower or higher than those recommended. This will
result in reduced capacity and/or reduced battery life.
2.5.7
Pilot Cell- A pilot cell is selected in the series string to reflect the general
condition of all cells in the battery. The cell selected should be the lowest cell
voltage in the series string following the initial charge.. Reading and recording
pilot cell voltage monthly serves as an indicator of battery condition between
scheduled overall individual cell readings.
Temporary Non-use- An installed battery that is expected to stand idle for over
6 months should be treated as follows. Give the battery an equalizing charge
as per section 6. Following the equalizing charge, open connections at the
battery terminals to remove charge and load from the battery. Every six
months, temporarily connect battery to charger and give it an equalizing
charge. To return the battery to normal service, re-connect the battery to the
charger and load, give an equalizing charge and return the battery to float
operation.
Determination of State of Charge of VRLA Batteries
Sealed Maintenance Free Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries represent the state
of the art in Lead Acid technology.
The maintenance-free feature of these batteries often raises a practical problem in
the field. How can the battery bank be monitored? In conventional flooded batteries, the
specific gravity of the electrolyte gives a fairly good indication of the state of charge of
the battery. However, in a VRLA battery, it is not possible to measure the specific gravity
of the electrolyte since it is completely absorbed in the spun glass microporous separator.
The terminal voltage of the battery is directly related to the concentration of the
electrolyte. Therefore, if one were to measure the open circuit voltage of the battery, the
state of charge can be determined. The Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) readings should be
taken 24 hrs after charging is discontinued. The OCV value is co-related to the state of
charge of VRLA batteries as per the table enclosed.
Sometimes, it may not possible to disconnect the batteries from service for 24 hrs.
and then check the OCVs. Then the pattern of charging current delivered by a
36
Page 13 of
temperature compensated voltage regulated charger after a discharge provides the

alternate method for determining the full state of charge. The temperature compensation
factor is 3 mV per cell C rise from ambient temperature of 27C.
Under normal conditions the batteries are floated at around 2.25 volts per cell, i.e.
in a DOT System 24 cells are floated at 53.5 volts. During charging as the cells approach
full charge, the battery voltage rises to approach the charger output voltage, i.e. 53.5 volts
and the charging current decreases to the float current value of around 50 mA/100 AH for
VRLA batteries. So, when the charging current has stabilized at the float current for three
consecutive hours or the voltage across the battery bank terminals is constant for six
consecutive hours, then the battery bank can be considered as having reached full state of
charge.
If the charging voltage has been set at a value higher (but equal to or less than
2.30 VPC) than normal float voltage (so as to reduce charging time), it is normal practice
to reduce the charging voltage to the float value of 2.25V after 12 hrs. Then the float
current will soon stabilize and the above methods can be adopted for determining the state
of charge.
C10
0.43
C5
0.58
C3
0.68
CAUTION:
It was noticed in some of the exchanges during the normal course of day to day
working, the exchange failing due to low voltage condition even though the batteries
appear to be in healthy condition while they are on float as indicated by the daily readings
recorded. To avoid this it is recommended that the batteries be discharged periodically;
say once in a month by switching off the FR and the exchange load may be allowed to be
taken by the battery for half an hour. The individual cell readings are to be taken and no
cell voltage should fall below 2.10 V. Some cells which are faulty, may show negative
values with reference to the other cells. If the voltage of any individual cell differs from
others in this manner it is recommended that the cell be replaced.
Table 3
% State of Charge
Open Circuit Voltage
100
2.15
90
2.13
80
2.11
70
2.09
60
2.07

36
Page 14 of
50
2.05
40
2.03
30
2.01
20
1.97
1.95
Float charging is at 2.23 VPC and the recommended boost charge voltage is 2.30
VPC. If the charger does not have a float cum boost mode, it is important to switch over
to float after boost not later than 24 hours under steady current conditions.
2.5.8
Safety precautions
In normal use, VRLA batteries will not release hydrogen and oxygen gasses, will
not release acid mist and will not leak acid. Thus they are safer than conventional lead
acid batteries. However, under abnormal conditions, or as a result of damage, misuse or
abuse, these potentially hazardous conditions can occur. Hence the instructions given by
the supplier is to be strictly followed.
2.5.9
Stacking limitation- The recommended

configurations are as follows.
limits
Module arrangements
Max Modules
Horizontal single stack
8 High
Horizontal multiple stack
8 High
on
stacked
battery
Module assembly- This design is arranged to provide the shortest connections

between modules using rigid lead coated copper strip connectors to maximise
system performance Modules are identified with a label located at the end of
the module. Each module is provided with a protective cover to prevent
accidental contact with module live electrical connections.
Monitoring Of VRLA Batteries
The points to be taken care to observe the health of the battery and expected
residual capacity
Periodic physical inspection of each cell of the battery for cracks and leaking etc.
Discharge of battery for a short duration and recording the voltages of each cell
in the string.
Measurement of a mark deviation (>30%) in the impedance or conductance of
the cell as compared to the one recorded at the time of commissioning.
Measurement & recording of cell temp periodically.
Float Voltage of cells & its comparison with the midpoint voltage.
Float current in fully charged battery.

36
Page 15 of
2.5.10
Periodic Physical Inspection

Check for any crack or leakage every month. If not every month, at least once in
two months.
Battery Partial Discharge Test- Put battery to a test discharge for 30 minutes
by shutting power plant so that 20% of the battery is discharged. This can be
decided by the table supplied by the manufacturer. Record the Voltage of each
cell. Any cell showing more than 5% variation compared to voltage of other cell
can be potential weak cell.
Impedance Measurement- Take impedance measurement when the charger is
on and the battery is on float. Any change in impedance/conductance of the cell
more than 40% shows imminent failure of the battery/cell. A change of <30%
shows a healthy battery/ cell.
Temperature- Every 10 degree rise in battery temperature doubles the chemical
reaction in the battery. The SMPS power plant takes care of the temperature by
reducing the charging voltage but still it is important to measure individual cell
temp periodically and keep record for study and analysis.
Float Voltage-Float voltage is another important parameter on which life and
performance of the battery depends. The float voltage should be set to 2.25 V per
cell and charge voltage to 2.3 V per cell taking the adjustment factor of 3 Mv per
cell per degree centigrade.
Mid-point Voltage Measurement-Some battery monitors measure the midpoint
voltage of each battery string. In this method the monitor will raise an alarm if
there is a sufficient imbalance in the two half string voltages.
In Individual Cell monitoring the voltage of each is measured and deviation in
any of cell can be detected quickly.
Dos and Donts for the maintenance of VRLA Batteries
(i) Dos
Clean the batteries as and when dust accumulates.

Keep the batteries away from heat source, sparks, fire etc.,
Keep the battery room neat and clean
Charge the batteries once in every six months @ 2.30 vpc for 24hrs, if stored for
longer periods
Wherever cables are used ensure using proper cable size and crimping of the lug
to the cable.
Tighten all terminal bolts to 11 Nm (100 Lb.-inch)
Re- torque all the terminal bolts once in every six months.
After any discharge, recharge the batteries when power restores.
Always use calibrated instruments for measurements.
Keep the batteries in Air-conditioned environment, wherever possible.
(ii) Donts
Do not add water or acid.

Do not tamper the safety valves.
Do not over tighten the terminal bolts.
Do not allow any metal objects to rest on the battery or fall across the battery
terminals.

36
Page 16 of
2.6
Do not mix the batteries of different capacities or makes.

Do not combine ordinary conventional batteries with VRLA batteries.
Do not install physically damaged cells.
Do not dump any waste materials in the battery room.
WORKING AND MAINTENANCE OF UPS
UPS stands for Uninterrupted Power Supply. It is required for providing

uninterrupted and stable power supply, even during the failure of Mains.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use
of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no
moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power
supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that
transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources
such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
There can be different types of inverters. Modified sine wave Pure sine wave & Grid tie
etc.
2.6.1
DC power source utilization

An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar
panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required
voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation,
or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.
1. Micro-inverters convert direct current from individual solar panels into
alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by default.
2. Uninterruptible power supplies
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply
AC power when main power is not available. When main power is restored, a
rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.
3. Induction heating
Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in
induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power.
The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.
4. HVDC power transmission
With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC
power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a
static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.
5. Variable-frequency drives
A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by
controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An
inverter provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive
includes a rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main

36
Page 17 of
AC power. Since an inverter is the key component, variable-frequency drives are

sometimes called inverter drives or just inverters.
2.6.2
Principle of UPS system

Rectifier
/ charger
Inverter
X
100 %
AC mains
DC
DC
AC Output
Battery
Fig6. Block diagram of UPS System

The Block diagram of UPS is given above single phase A.C. supply is first
rectified to 120V D.C. supply. Across these 2 sets of 40 AH, 120 volts battery sets
are floated. The combined D.C is then fed to the inverter, which converts into A.C
of 220 volts. During the available period of input AC mains, the battery sets will
be trickle charged and the load will be taken by rectifier only. During the absence
of input A.C. mains, the battery set will be taking the load. Another type of UPS
system used is designed to work on -48 V D.C supply fed from the exchange
power plant.
2.6.3
Circuit Description
Basic designs
In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the
centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to
allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through
one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction
of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current
(AC) in the secondary circuit..
The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary
contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable
contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the
movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the
electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch
continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical
inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube
automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and

36
Page 18 of
tattoo guns. As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and
various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into
inverter circuit designs.
Fig7. Basic design of UPS

UPS units are divided into categories based on which of the above problems they
address and some manufacturers categorize their products in accordance with the
number of power-related problems they address.
Specifications Of UPS Systems

a) Input
230V, 1 , A.C. supply
b) Input BTY
120V, 40 AH, two sets of

Batteries.
c) Output
220 volts, A.C
d) Output current
For 5 KVA it is 21.5 Amps.
Alarms In UPS System

1) Low Battery
- If the battery voltage falls below a specific voltage.
2) Over load
- If the load on UPS is more than its capacity UPS will be tripped
and overload alarm comes

36
Page 19 of
2.6.4
3) Output High
- When output voltage becomes high UPS will be tripped and this
alarm comes.
4) Output low
When output voltage becomes low UPS will be tripped and this
alarm comes.
5) Trip
This LED glows once if the inverter trips.
UPS Maintenance
Maintenance of the UPS consists of preventive and corrective maintenance.
Preventive maintenance consists of a scheduled list of activities. Performing these
activities keeps the UPS in good working order and helps to prevent failures.
Corrective maintenance is performed as a result of a failure. Corrective
maintenance fixes the problem and gets the unit working again.
A general guide for the maintenance requirements of the UPS systems modules,
static switches, and controls is provided. Although electronic components are not
subject to wear in the same degree as electromagnetic (EM) components, they do
require systematic maintenance.
Preventive maintenance
Periodic maintenance is required to maintain the integrity and lifetime of the
battery. Power electronic equipment also requires scheduled maintenance even
though solid-state devices are used. Preventive maintenance may require that the
UPS system be shut down. A transfer of the critical load which may not provide
the power enhancement capabilities of an UPS system is something that the user
must tolerate in order to obtain maximum reliability and minimize downtime and
repair costs.
Equipment record
This record should list the basic information on the equipment itself, e.g.,
manufacturers identification, style, serial, size, location, etc., and incorporate
inventory-control data for spare parts. Warranty requirements covering
uninterruptible operating conditions should be abstracted from the users manual.
Repair cost record

This record should provide a history of repair and associated costs of maintenance
for the UPS system. It is an essential diagnostic record for avoiding future
difficulties, especially for systems determined to be of poor quality, misapplied, or
marginal for the application.
Inspection check list

This list should provide necessary and pertinent information on points to be
checked and establish the recommended recurring dates when these checks should
be made. Since shutdown may require a sliding window period, the amount of
time for which this request must precede the shutdown window should also be
stated.

36
Page 20 of
Periodic maintenance schedule

This schedule provides a complete listing of the day-to-day, weekly, monthly, and
annual duties which should be reviewed on the same periodic time basis so that
potential trouble situations can be investigated and corrected as soon as possible.
Maintenance inspection and repair records

These necessary and vital documents should be completed in detail by the
inspector or an assigned individual in the maintenance department. Maintenance
personnel usually report their findings and corrective action on assignment sheets
or job cards. Permanent records are a useful guide to each UPS systems general
condition and reliability. It is important to know the frequency and type of repair
and how often there is a need for a complete overhaul.
Use of records
These records provide for a workable preventive maintenance program. The
information obtained from the necessary periodic inspections can be quickly lost.
This is particularly true when test results are required. Unless records and data on
the test and performance of equipment are retained, the maintenance program will
be defeated. Unless records are updated at each succeeding test period, valuable
information is lost. Comparative test data materially assists an UPS specialist in
defining problems, especially when test results differ from manufacturers
recommended settings or actual factory test data. Significant changes in
comparative test data can, in general, be related to the equipments condition.
Scheduling
Scheduling of UPS and battery maintenance is normally based on the
manufacturers recommendations. Since an UPS system is vital to the operation of
critical loads, it may be considered advisable to provide more inspections than
those the manufacturer recommends. Certain items on the UPS should be
inspected daily or weekly. This inspection can be done by operating personnel, but
data should be recorded and sent to the appropriate maintenance point not more
than 5 days after being recorded. Battery maintenance should be done by
maintenance personnel. Visual monitoring data should be recorded daily for the
UPS, and if recorded for the battery, the recorded data should be handled and sent
on to the maintenance department on a weekly basis.
Periodic system status checks

The continued monitoring of the operating status of any electronic equipment
greatly enhances the probability that failure of that equipment will be prevented.
Daily observation is advised but do not provide less than weekly checks.
Personnel involved in status monitoring should be those most concerned with the
equipments proper functioning.
2.6.5
UPS Maintenance Checklist

Regular equipment testing should be part of a facilitys UPS maintenance
schedule. Such a schedule might include the following elements:
Quarterly:

36
Page 21 of
Visually inspect equipment for loose connections, burned insulation or any other
signs of wear.
Semiannually:
Visually check for liquid contamination from batteries and capacitors.
Clean and vacuum UPS equipment enclosures.
Check HVAC equipment and performance related to temperature and humidity.
Annually:
Conduct thermal scans on electrical connections to ensure all are tight and not
generating heat, which is the first and sometimes only indication of a problem. A
non-evasive diagnostic tool helps technicians identify hot spots invisible to the
human eye. Technicians should retorque if thermal scan provides evidence of a
loose connection. Provide a complete operational test of the system, including a
monitored battery-rundown test to determine if any battery strings or cells are near
the end of their useful lives.
Biannually:
Test UPS transfer switches, circuit breakers and maintenance bypasses. If a
generator is part of the buildings emergency-power system and feeds the UPS, it
also will need to be tested monthly or quarterly. Most facilities have a generatormaintenance schedule in place in which testing frequency is defined. A UPS
typically is sized to carry the load for a short period of time. Longer outages
require backup-power generation to maintain critical services. Each facility is
unique, and managers need to develop a maintenance schedule to suit each sites
specific needs.
2.7
EARTHING SYSTEM IN TELECOM

Earthing is an essential part of any electric /electronic system. Utmost care is
required to be taken for provision of proper and effective earthing for various
telecom installations. This chapter discusses about various types of earthing which
are used in telecom installations.
The objective of Earthing system may be summarized as follows:-
Reduction of Crosstalk and Noise is achieved through proper Earthing System in the
Telecom Network.
Earthing is used to afford convenience & reliability, in the operative path of the
circuits involved in the switching apparatus of telecom circuits.
Used as return path in telegraph and voice circuits.
Earthing is used for protection of costly apparatus and persons against foreign
voltages and leakage currents.
Earthing is used for protection of buildings and equipments from lightening strikes.

36
Page 22 of
Earthing in power supply systems is used to effect reliability of power as it helps to

provide stability of voltage regulations, preventing excess fluctuations and provides a
measure for protection against lightening.
To divert stray RF energy from sensitive audio, video control and computer
equipments.
2.7.1
REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE EARTHING

An earthing system must meet the following specifications:The resistance to the earth must be within allowable limit for the particular
application.
The electrode buried in ground must be:
2.7.2
Having good electrical conductivity to carry highest specified load current.

Immune to the corrosive action of the soil all along its path.
Of sufficient mechanical strength to enable them to install without any
damage.
Inert i.e. must not be a source of corrosion within the system to be
protected.
The earth electrode must provide as much as area of contact as possible
with the soil to reduce the resistance of the current path.
The resistance of the earth connection must remain within the allowable
limits.
EARTHING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
Earthing or grounding means to connect the equipment or electrical system to the

general mass of the earth. There are two types of earthing.
2.7.3
System earthing.
Equipment earthing.
System Earthing:It means connecting to the earth, the neutral point i.e the star point of generator,
transformer, rotating machines, and of grounding transformer. If neutral point of a
system is earthed, the phase to ground voltage under earth fault condition do not
rise to high value
Let us consider a system in which neutral is not earthed. If there is Earth fault on
B-phase, the voltage of R and Y (wealthy) phases to the earth becomes equal to
the line voltage. The rise in voltage causes stress on the insulation. Earthing
provides protection against such rise.

36
Page 23 of
Fig8. Neutral Earthing

It constitutes the connecting of non-current carrying metal parts of a equipment to
the earth. It provides protection to operating personnel and equipment by ensuring
operation of protective control gear.
Advantages of Neutral Earthing:
2.7.4
Connecting the neutral of an electrical system to earth has following

advantages.
Arcing grounds are eliminated.
Voltage of healthy phases with respect to earth does not rise 3 times to
normal value.
Insulation is prevented from stress of high surge voltage and hence
provides long life to insulation & equipment.
Stable neutral point.
Earth fault relay function becomes simple & reliable.
Greater safety to personnel & equipment.
Types of Earthing:Sub-station earthing is mainly of two types

a) Mesh earthing
b) Electrode earthing
a)
Mesh Earthing :-
It is formed by steel rods (30 to 40 cm dia) laid horizontally at a depth of about

0.5 meter below ground surface to give a shape of mesh. The length and breadth
are formed by welding of steel rods.
b)
Multiple Electrode system
Where the required earth resistance

cannot be obtained by a single driven
electrode, it will be necessary to install additional electrodes and connect them
together. To obtain the best results, multiple earth rods must be separated by a
distance at least equal to their depth in the ground. Drive the rod head to 100 mm
below the ground surface and connect together with earth wire buried at least 300
mm below ground. Hand tools are generally suitable in light soils and the
situations where it will not be necessary to drive the rods deeper than four meters.
For harder driving conditions and greater depths power tools provide quicker and
more effective means of installing the rods.
Good quality earth wires (stainless steel or copper) are used to connect together
the earth electrodes to the equipment, which must be earthed. Wherever possible
the earth wires should be run without joints between electrode positions. Sharp
bends should be avoided in the earth wires as these could be the source of faults
under lightning discharge conditions.
36
Page 24 of

2.7.5
Earth Electrode:Earth electrodes, which are in use, are

a) Rod & pipe electrode
b) Strip electrode
c) Plate electrode
a) Rod or Pipe Electrodes:Pipe electrode shall not be smaller than 40 mm internal diameter if of galvanized
iron. The length of the pipe electrode shall be minimum 4.5 meter. If one
electrode fails to give the required resistance, no. of such electrodes shall not be
less than twice the length electrodes. The G.I. Pipe shall be cut tapered at bottom
and provided with holes of 12 mm dia drilled not less than 7.5 cm. from each
other up to 2 mt length from bottom.
b)
Strip Electrodes:-
It shall not be smaller in size than 40 Sq.mm section if of copper and 25x4 mm if
of galvanized iron. For round conductors it should be not less than 3 mm2 in case
of copper and 6 mm2 if of galvanized iron. The length of buried conductor shall
not be less than 15 meter laid in trench not less than 0.5 meter depth.
c)
Plate Electrode:-
In it, the plate is made of either copper or galvanized iron. This type of earthing
(as shown in Fig.) is mostly used in our department. Size of copper plate shall not
be less than 600 x 600 x 3 mm. And that of G.I. be 600 x 600 x 6 mm. Plate shall
be 3 meter. Where earth resistance is not sufficient with one plate, two or more
plate electrodes may be connected in parallel. This type is most suited for
generating stations & sub-stations.
2.7.6
Earthing Conductor :The conductor from Earth Electrode to Earth shall be of the material as Earth
electrode i.e. G.I. or copper and be in the form of strip or wire size of Earthing
conductor which shall not be less than the following
Four mm dia copper wire.

Five mm dia G.I. Wire.
25 x 4 mm the power of 2 G.I. Strip.
20 x 3 mm the power of 2 Copper Strip.
However Earthing conductor, shall not be more than 150 Sq. mm in Case of G.I.,
or 100 Sq. mm in case of copper, unless otherwise specified.
2.7.7
Types of Telecom Earthing

The various types of earthing practices adopted for earthing the Telecom
Equipments as per the relevant Engineering instructions are listed below:
Ring earthing
Plate earthing
Spike Earthing

36
Page 25 of
Mesh earthing
Static earthing
Ring Earthing
A GI strip of 50 x 3mm is laid in a trench 30 cm wide and depth 1 to 1.5m.

The trench to be minimum 1m away from the building.
The layout of ring earth is shown in fig. (9)
Fig9. Ring earth
The ring earth

The ring earth to be provided in all transmission and switching system where
space is available. This type is mainly used for tower earthing.
In case of new bldg. ring earth to act as equipotential bonding and all earthing
equipments to be extended from ring earth.
36
Page 26 of
Commoning of Earths for Equipotential Bonding

For Telecom Installation the existing earths are to be commoned i.e. tower earth,
bldg.earth, lightning earth, equipment earth, power plant earth, engine alternator
body earth, etc., to bring equipotential situation.
The sheath / armour of underground cable bringing the LT supply inside the
building should be connected to the ring earth of building.
Frame of EA set is to be connected to ring earth. Neutral of alternator should be
extended to power board and connected to ring earth through a link.
DC positive from the power plant as well as LT lightning arrestors are to be
connected to ring earth.
Earthing of roof top antenna / Tower
Roof top tower to be earthed through 50 x 3mm GI strip down leads.

The leads are bonded to any two opposite tower legs and brought down along
outside of the building and connected to ring earth /plate earth.
Each leg of the tower is to be separately connected to ring earth by 50x3 mm GI
strip.
The sheath of warning light cable is to be connected to ring earth.

36
Page 27 of
Fig10.
Tower mounted on top of building
Plate Earth
Plate earth is to be done as illustrated in fig 11

Nos. of 600x600x6.5mm GI plate are buried in a pit of size 2m x 2m at a depth of
3m and interconnected by 4 No, 50mmx3mm GI strips using GI bolts & nuts.
50 x 3mm GI strips are used to connect to various equipments for earthing.
The bends in GI srtip should not be sharp but with a radius of 1m.
The Earth electrode to be placed in position and all interconnections made .
The pit should be filled with fine ash and finely sieved good quality soil in layer.
36
Page 28 of
The soil and ash to be rammed so as to make it compact and cohesive.
Fig11.
Method of plate earthing
Fig12.
Plate earth
Spike Earth

36
Page 29 of
The earthing system consists of 20 Nos. of 25mm or 38mm GI pipes, each of

275cm. or 375 cm. long, driven into the ground as shown in fig.
Each pipe is used as earth spike and is so driven into the ground that its top
remains at some depth below the ground surface.
The spacing between 2 spikes is not less than 375cm and in no case less than
250cm.
The spikes shall be connected together by a continuous main earth conductor of
size 19 x 1.6mm bare tinned copper protected by PVC pipe.
The earth conductor is brought into the building and terminated at a height of
30cm. above floor.
It may be used for MBM Exchanges equipment earthing.
Fig13.
Spike earth
Mesh type earthing
The radio and Multiplexing equipments are to be connected by means of mesh

earth with copper strips 20x1.5mm running on top of the bays and forming a
mesh. Each bay may be connected by means of copper cables to the copper strip.
The mesh to be connected to external ring earth in a shortest distance possible at
two opposite points of the mesh.

36
Page 30 of
Fig14.
Earth distribution
Static Earthing
The primary source of electrostatic charge is contact electrification, where two

dissimilar metals are brought into contact and then separated. The two metals
become oppositely charged due to charge transfer. Whenever charged object
makes contact with uncharged object, the charge is shared between them to the
extent that their conductivities allow. Materials having surface resistivity more
than 1012 Ohm m are capable of retaining charge for longer period. These are
readily charged by contact electrification.
36
Page 31 of
The human body has a low enough volume resistivity to act as a conductor and
if insulated from earth it can accumulate electrostatic charge. A troublesome
consequence of the electrostatic potential on charged personnel is that it can be
high enough to cause damage to electrostatic sensitive devices, such as
semiconductors, when these are being handled or assembled. Antistatic or
conductive type materials can be used to avoid retention of static electricity. If
antistatic floor is not provided, anti static wrist strap, which is properly earthed,
shall be used while working on such equipments. In NT Exchanges with false
floor the jack s below the false floor are earthed for protection against static
electricity.
2.7.8
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL EARTH AND

TELECOM EARTH
General considerations for Electrical Earth
Since material resistivity does not play a part in the resistance of earth electrode to
earth and the GI pipe electrode offers comparatively lower resistance than even a
copper plate electrode, GI / CI pipe earthing may be preferred to plate earthing
wherever possible. Also to improve the earth resistance further, as per
requirements, Bentonite mixture can be used with GI pipe earthing in places
where continuous attention is available .In such places, the condensate water from
air conditioners may be directly taken to the earth pit to keep the pit constantly
wet. This earthing with Bentonite powder can be preferred to some chemical
earthing since this Bentonite method is cost effective and gives the same results of
low resistance. This Bentonite earthing may not be used for BTS Stations or in
remote areas where continuous attention is not available.
The disadvantage with Bentonite is that if it is allowed to dry, it becomes hard and
revival by addition of water becomes difficult. Since resistance to corrosion of
copper is better than any other material, the existing method of copper plate
earthing may be adopted in the areas where the effect of corrosion is high. The
method of chemical earthing adopted by private operators can also be tried at one
or two places on experimental basis. It is learnt that this has been already
practiced at one or two places. The feedback received from this place is not
encouraging. The problem indicated was that the earth resistance shot up with
passage of time. This may probably require periodical maintenance such as
keeping the earth pit wet by pouring water.
General considerations for Telecom Earth
The engineering instructions issued by T&D Circle, Jabalpur in the Issue III
dt.30.04.2005 specifies that ring earthing is to be used for all transmission and
switching system.
It is gathered that the ring earthing is specifically used for tower earthing by
Telecom Wing. The engineering instructions further specifies that all the
equipments are to be connected to this ring earth for equi -potential bonding.It is
recommended that the ring earthing may be particularly used for tower earthing
and related BTS Station earthing with all the equipments connected to this ring
earth. Spike earthing requires lot of space. It is comparatively costlier. Hence the
method of spike earthing can be adopted in exceptional cases where very low and
36
Page 32 of
reliable earth resistance values are required and this system of spike earthing is
not recommended for normal applications. Static earthing using anti-static floor
tiles in switch rooms of electronic exchanges are invariably being adopted and
hence no change is recommended.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EARTHING SYSTEM
Type of Exchange
Telecom earthing
Electrical earthing
Ground
Based
Tower & BTS
Ring earthing with

all
equipments
connected to ring.
For neutral & lightning conductors

separate GI pipe earthing.
Other equipments can be extended to
ring earthing.
Roof Top Tower

& BTS
04 Nos. GI plate
earthing.

Other equipments separate GI pipe
earthing.
Rural Exchanges
like CDOT SBM
04 Nos. GI plate
earthing.

earthing.
New
Exchanges
connection)
tech
(LT
04 Nos. GI plate or
spike earthing.

separate GI pipe earthing and bentonite
mixture wherever required.
earthing with bentonite mixture
wherever required.
New
Exchanges
connection)
tech
(HT
04 Nos. GI plate or
spike earthing.

separate Copper plate earthing.
Other equipments separate Copper plate
earthing
(fault
current
density
consideration) .
Note: Where soil is corrosive, G.I pipe/plate earthing can be replaced by copper
plate earthing.
2.8
SUMMARY
This unit explains the different methods of battery working. This unit covers the
different types of inverters like modified sine wave, pure sine wave, grid type, etc. It also
gives a basic idea about the circuit diagram of inverters and the UPS. The chapter also
gives the maintenance schedule for preventive and corrective maintenance of the
uninterrupted power supply.
36
Page 33 of
For any Telecom installation to be reliable, effective earthing system plays an

important role. Not only the earthing system, but what type of earthing system is used
also plays a significant role in effective operation and maintenance and longer life of the
installations.
2.9
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. There is absolutely no break in the DC power supply in ____________ scheme.

((Float/Standby/charge discharge)
2. A battery capacity equivalent to ______ the busy hour load is provided in float
systems.( four times/ Two times/ Six times)
3. The batteries of different capacities or makes can be connected together. ( T /F )
4. The VRLA Battery can be connected in series with the Conventional Battery.(T/F)
5. The recommended charging of VRLA battery is to be done at constant
____________( Voltage/ Current)
6. Maintenance free battery works on_____________ principle.
7. The battery capacity is expressed in __________________ .( AH/ Watts)
8. The floating voltage cannot be higher than_____volts per cell.(2.3/2.35/2.25)
9. To divert stray RF energy from sensitive audio, video control and computer
equipments ___________ is used
10. System Earthing means connecting neutral point to earth ( T /F )
11. Arcing grounds are eliminated due to_____ (System Earthing/ neutralEarthing)
12. The resistance of Earth Electrode shall not be more than (10 Ohms/5 Ohms)
13. ________type of earthing is mainly used for tower earthing(Mesh/Plate/Ring)
14. Where soil is corrosive, G.I pipe/plate earthing can be replaced by_______
15. ________ is not a type of inverter
16. The output of the UPS System is___
17. When output voltage becomes high UPS will be tripped and ______ alarm comes.
18. Micro-inverters are grid tie designs by default.( T / F )
19. The Input given to the UPS System is ( 220V/230V/440v)
20. In HVDC power transmission, ______ is rectified and ____ is transmitted.
2.10 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptable_ power_ supply
www.apc.com/products
www.ups.com/tracking
www.tec.gov.in
www.tnd.bsnl.co.in
intranet.bsnl.co.in/digital library
Participants for further understanding of Earthing System can visit Electrical and
Telecom Installation in the Telephone Exchange.

36
Page 34 of
SELF ASSESMENT ANSWERS

1. Float
2. 2 times
3. False
4. False
5. Voltage
6. Recombination
7. AH
8. 2.35
9. Earthing
10. True
11. Neutral Earthing
12. 5 Ohms
13. Ring
14. Copper Plate
15. Saw-Tooth Wave Inverter
16. 220V AC
17. Output High
18. True
19. 230V AC
20. AC, DC

36
Page 35 of

w2 Battery Ups and Earthing

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

w2 Battery Ups and Earthing

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

EETP/BSNL

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

BATTERY UPS & EARTHING

Different methods of working of a battery .................... 3

Secondary cells (conventional) ....................................... 8

Maintenance free battery (VRLA) ................................. 9

Working and maintenance of UPS............................... 17

Earthing system in telecom ........................................... 22

Self Assessment questions ............................................. 34

References and suggested further readings ................ 34

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

2 BATTERY UPS & EARTHING

DIFFERENT METHODS OF WORKING OF A BATTERY

SECONDARY CELLS (CONVENTIONAL)

MAINTENANCE FREE BATTERY (VRLA)

WORKING AND MAINTENANCE OF UPS

EARTHING SYSTEM IN TELECOM

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

To know the different methods of battery working

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

To explain the method used for charging

DIFFERENT METHODS OF WORKING OF A BATTERY

Fig1. Charge discharge system

Standby battery system:

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

Fig2. Standby battery system

Fig3. Float Working

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

Requirements of float scheme

Voltage should be maintained between prescribed limits.

Details of float schemes

In automatic telephone exchanges the permissible range of voltage is from 46 to

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

The capacity of the battery.

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

Instruments and accessories required

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

SECONDARY CELLS (CONVENTIONAL)

Type of secondary cells

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

Fig4. Secondary Cell (Conventional)

MAINTENANCE FREE BATTERY (VRLA)

Maintenance free, valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries ensure a reliable,

The container of VRLA Battery is made of polypropylene. Each plate is

A brief review of Chemical Reaction

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Battery, UPS & Earthing

The total reaction at negative plate