Project in

Chemistry

Esmero, Rose May Angel E. Esmero

MT12KA2

Engr. Juanita C. Apostol

Chemistry Professor

AluminumThe most abundant metal element in Earth's crust.

Aluminum originates as an oxide called alumina. Bauxite ore is the
main source of aluminum and must be imported from Jamaica,
Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used in transportation (automobiles),
packaging, building/construction, electrical, machinery and other
uses. The U.S. was 100 percent import reliant for its aluminum in
2012.

Antimony
A native element; antimony metal is extracted from stibnite ore and
other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for lead, especially storage
batteries and cable sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type metal,
solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet and pipes and semiconductor
technology. Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in fireworks, and
in antimony salts are used in the rubber, chemical and textile
industries, as well as medicine and glassmaking. The U.S. was 87
percent import reliant in 2012.
Barium
A heavy metal contained in barite. Used as a heavy additive in oil
well drilling; in the paper and rubber industries; as a filler or extender
in cloth, ink and plastics products; in radiography ("barium
milkshake"); as a deoxidizer for copper; a sparkplug in alloys; and in
making expensive white pigments.

Beryllium
Used in the nuclear industry and to make light, very strong alloys
used in the aircraft industry.Beryl is the gem stones emerald and
aquamarine. It is used in computers, telecommunication products,
aerospace and defense applications, appliances and automotive and
consumer electronics. Also used in medical equipment
Chromite
The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world chromite ore production
in various forms of imported materials, such as chromite ore,
chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, chromium metal and
stainless steel. Used as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting
steel products. Used in chemical and metallurgical industries
(chrome fixtures, etc.) Superalloys require chromium.

Cobalt
Used primarily in superalloys for aircraft gas turbine engines, in cemented carbides for cutting
tools and wear-resistant applications, chemicals (paint dryers, catalysts, magnetic coatings) and

permanent magnets. The United States has cobalt resources in

Minnesota, Alaska, California, Idaho, Missouri, Montana and
Oregon.

Copper
Used in building construction, electric and electronic products
(cables and wires, switches, plumbing, heating); transportation
equipment; roofing; chemical and pharmaceutical machinery;
and alloys (brass, bronze and beryllium alloyed with copper are
particularly vibration resistant); alloy castings; electroplated
protective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc.
Gallium
Gallium is used in integrated circuits, light-emitting diodes (LEDs),
photodetectors and solar cells. It has a new use in chemotherapy for
some types of cancer. Integrated circuits are used in defense
applications, high performance computers and telecommunications.

Gold
Used in jewelry and arts; dentistry and medicine; in medallions and
coins; in ingots as a store of value; for scientific and electronic
instruments; as an electrolyte in the electroplating industry. Mined in
Alaska and several western states. Leading producers are China,
Australia, United States, Russia and Canada. The U.S. was not import
reliant in 2012.

Indium
Indium tin oxide is used for electrical conductivity purposes in flat
panel devices - most commonly in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). It is
also used in solders, alloys, compounds, electrical components,
semiconductors and research. Indium ore is not recovered from ores
in the U.S. China is the leading producer. It is also produced in
Canada, Japan and Belgium.

Iron Ore
Used to manufacture steels of various types. Powdered iron: used in metallurgy products;
magnets; high-frequency cores; auto parts; catalyst. Radioactive iron (iron 59): in medicine;
tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research. Iron blue: in paints, printing inks,

plastics, cosmetics, paper dyeing. Black iron oxide: as pigment;

in polishing compounds; metallurgy; medicine; magnetic inks.
Lead
Used in lead-acid batteries, gasoline additives (now being
eliminated) and tanks, and solders, seals or bearing; used in
electrical and electronic applications; TV tubes and glass,
construction, communications and protective coatings; in ballast
or weights; ceramics or crystal glass; X-ray and gamma
radiation shielding; soundproofing material in construction industry; and ammunition.
Lithium
Compounds are used in ceramics and glass; batteries;
lubricating greases; air treatment; in primary aluminum
production; in the manufacture of lubricants and greases;
rocket propellants; vitamin A synthesis; silver solder; batteries;
medicine. Lithium ion batteries have become a substitute for
nickel-cadmium batteries in hand held/portable electronic
devices.

Manganese
It is essential to iron and steel production. Also used in the
making of manganese ferroalloys. Construction, machinery and
transportation end uses account for most U.S. consumption of
manganese. Manganese ore has not been produced in the U.S.
since 1970.

Molybdenum
Used in alloy steels to make automotive parts, construction
equipment, gas transmission pipes; stainless steels; tool steels;
cast irons; super alloys; and chemicals and lubricants. As a
pure metal, molybdenum is used because of its high melting
temperatures (4,730 F) as filament supports in light bulbs,
metalworking dies and furnace parts.

Sulfur
Used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, petroleum
refining; and metal mining. Elemental sulphur and byproduct
sulfuric acid were produced in over 100 operations in 26 state
and the Virgin Islands

Gypsum
Processed and used as prefabricated wallboard or an industrial or
building plaster; used in cement manufacturing; agriculture and
other uses. The U.S. was 12 percent import reliant in 2012.

Nitrogen
This element is present in virtually all pharmacological drugs. In
the form of nitrous oxide it is used as an anesthetic.
Cryopreservation also uses the gas to conserve egg, blood,
sperm and other biological specimens. The CPUs in computers
use the gas to keep them from heating up. X-ray detectors also
rely on this element.

Carbon
Carbon is unique among the elements in its ability to form
strongly bonded chains, sealed off by hydrogen atoms. These
hydrocarbons, extracted naturally as fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas), are mostly used as fuels. A small but important
fraction is used as a feedstock for the petrochemical industries
producing polymers, fibres, paints, solvents and plastics etc.
Iodine
Iodine is used as a test for starch and turns a deep blue when it
comes in contact with it. Potassium iodide (KI) is used to make
photographic film and, when mixed with iodine in alcohol, as
an antiseptic for external wounds. A radioactive isotope of
iodine, iodine-131, is used to treat some diseases of the
thyroid gland.

Chlorine
Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to
make drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools. Large
amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial processes,
such as in the production of paper products, plastics, dyes,
textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and
paints.

Helium
It is used as a cooling medium for the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC), and the superconducting magnets in MRI scanners and
NMR spectrometers. It is also used to keep satellite instruments
cool and was used to cool the liquid oxygen and hydrogen that
powered the Apollo space vehicles.

Krypton
It is used in some types of photographic flashes used in high
speed photography. Some fluorescent light bulbs are filled with a
mixture of krypton and argon gases. Krypton gas is also
combined with other gases to make luminous signs that glow
with a greenish-yellow light.

Bromine
Bromine is used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals,
dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical
intermediates. Some uses are being phased out for environmental
reasons, but new uses continue to be found.Bromine compounds
can be used as flame retardants. They are added to furniture
foam, plastic casings for electronics and textiles to make them less
flammable. However, the use of bromine as a flame retardant has
been phased out in the USA because of toxicity concerns.
Neon
Neon is used to make high-voltage indicators and switching gear,
lightning arresters, diving equipment and lasers. Liquid neon is an
important cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more
refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium, and
more than 3 times that of liquid hydrogen.

Boron
Amorphous boron is used as a rocket fuel igniter and in
pyrotechnic flares. It gives the flares a distinctive green
colour.The most important compounds of boron are boric (or
boracic) acid, borax (sodium borate) and boric oxide. These can
be found in eye drops, mild antiseptics, washing powders and tile
glazes. Borax used to be used to make bleach and as a food
preservative.Boric oxide is also commonly used in the
manufacture of borosilicate glass (Pyrex).
Silicon
Silicon is one of the most useful elements to mankind. Most is
used to make alloys including aluminium-silicon and ferro-silicon
(iron-silicon). These are used to make dynamo and transformer plates, engine blocks, cylinder

heads and machine tools and to deoxidise steel.Silicon is also used to make silicones. These are
silicon-oxygen polymers with methyl groups attached. Silicone oil is a lubricant and is added to
some cosmetics and hair conditioners.
Germanium
Germanium is a semiconductor. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or
other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. Today, however,
other semiconductors have replaced it.Germanium oxide has a high index of refraction and
dispersion. This makes it suitable for use in wide-angle camera lenses and objective lenses for
microscopes. This is now the major use for this element.
Arsenic
Arsenic is a well-known poison. Arsenic compounds are sometimes used as rat poisons and
insecticides but their use is strictly controlled. In Victorian times, Dr Fowlers Solution (potassium
arsenate dissolved in water) was a popular cure-all tonic that was even used by Charles Dickens.
Today, organoarsenic compounds are added to poultry feed to prevent disease and improve
weight gain.
Tellurium
Tellurium is used in alloys, mostly with copper and stainless
steel, to improve their machinability. When added to lead it
makes it more resistant to acids and improves its strength and
hardness.Tellurium has been used to vulcanise rubber, to tint
glass and ceramics, in solar cells, in rewritable CDs and DVDs
and as a catalyst in oil refining. It can be doped with silver, gold,
copper or tin in semiconductor applications.

METALS

NON-METALS

METALLOIDS