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ABSTRACT
In this paper a comparison of mix design procedures of IS method Concrete mix proportioning guidelines (Bureau of Indian Standards-I.S.102622009), BS method ( BS EN 206-1 and its complementary standards BS 8500
parts 1& 2) and, ACI
presented and combining the test results of these methods, function equations
based design of normal concrete mixes is proposed.
It was observed that the water-cement ratio is highest in the BS method,
whereas lowest in the IS method. The water-content in BS method is less as
compared to other two methods, whereas it is nearly identical in IS and ACI
methods. The IS method uses highest amount of cement, whereas BS method
uses the least amount of cement. The total aggregate content and the aggregatecement ratio in BS method is much high as compared to the other two methods.
The percentage of fine aggregate is highest in ACI method and lowest in IS
method. The fine aggregate content in ACI method appears to be more
consistent and it also contributed to the increased strength. The mixes designed
by BS method failed to achieve the target mean strength. The main reason of
failure appears to be due to the use of high water-cement ratio, less amount of
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1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete mix design is a well established practice around the world. Most
of the countries have standardized their concrete mix design methods. In the
recent years concrete has undergone rapid remarkable development. In addition
to traditional plain and reinforced cement concrete, high-performance concrete
(HPC), reactive powder concrete (RPC), and self compacting concrete (SCC)
etc. have been introduced. In addition, there is an increased thrust in the use of
chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials like Fly ash,
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of concrete are cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water. In addition
to these chemical and mineral admixtures have been recognized as fifth and
sixth ingredient of concrete in recent years.
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
environmental exposure
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(ix)
(x)
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1 Design Constraints
The experimental work comprised of design of normal concrete mixes of
medium strength grades -15MPa, 20MPa, 25MPa, 30MPa and 35MPa, by IS, BS
and ACI methods. In the mix design only strength criteria was considered
irrespective of durability requirements, as it is site specific. The materials used
were Portland Slag cement (conforming to IS 455:1989) make ACC without
chemical/ mineral admixtures, Coarse aggregate natural crushed angular stones
from Nadini quarry of Durg district (C.G.) with the existing supplied grading
and fine aggregate natural river sand from Tandula river of Durg district
(C.G.). The workability of the mixes were measured in terms of slump and
vee-bee. The compressive strength of trial cubes were tested at 7 days and 28
days.
2.2 Concrete Mix Design Parameters
The properties of concrete making ingredients were tested in the laboratory.
Accordingly, the parameters used for design of concrete mixes were as per
Table 1, below:
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S.
No.
Parameters
1.
15MPa, 20MPa,
25MPa,30MPa, and 35MPa
2.
Type of cement :
3.
3.15
4.
20 mm
5.
6.
7.
Specific gravity
of :
Coarse
aggregate
2.62
Fine aggregate
2.59
Coarse
aggregate
1600 kg/m3
Fine aggregate
1700 kg/m3
Coarse
aggregate
7.30
Fine aggregate
Coarse
aggregate
0.57%
Fine aggregate
1.00 %
Coarse
aggregate
Nil
Fine aggregate
2.32%
8.
9.
10.
11.
Unit weight of :
Fineness modulus
of :
Water absorption
:
Free surface
moisture :
Data
12.
Workability desired
25 to 50 mm slump
13.
Not used
a.
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Sieve analysis
The sieve analysis results of coarse and fine aggregates are given in tables 2
and 3 respectively:
Table 2 : Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate
Weight of Sample Taken = 5.00 kg
Sieve Size
Weight
Cumulative
Cumulative
Cumulative
Retained
(In kg)
weight retained
(in kg)
% Retained
% Passing
80 mm
100.000
40 mm
100.000
20 mm
1.519
1.519
30.380
69.620
10 mm
3.444
4.963
99.260
0.740
4.75 mm
0.037
5.000
100.000
0.000
2.36 mm
0.000
5.000
100.000
0.000
1.18 mm
0.000
5.000
100.000
0.000
600 micron
0.000
5.000
100.000
0.000
300 micron
0.000
5.000
100.000
0.000
150 micron
0.000
5.000
100.000
0.000
TOTAL
5.000
729.64
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I.S. Sieve
Size
Cumulative
% Passing
4.75 mm
11
11
1.100
98.900
2.36 mm
63
74
7.400
92.600
1.18 mm
141
215
21.500
78.500
600 micron
245
460
46.000
54.000
300 micron
214
674
67.400
32.600
150 micron
326
1000
100.000
0.000
TOTAL :
1000
243.400
Fineness Modulus = 243.40/100 = 2.44 ( Grading zone II of IS: 383)
1.
2.
IS
Method
BS
Method
15MPa
0.59
182.63
310.00
1124.92
758.56
1883.48
6.08
20MPa
0.54
183.02
338.18
1129.29
730.02
1859.31
5.50
25MPa
0.49
183.40
372.00
1130.58
700.90
1831.48
4.92
30MPa
0.45
183.78
413.13
1127.03
669.50
1796.53
4.35
35MPa
0.39
183.85
465.00
1099.96
671.09
1771.05
3.81
15MPa
0.82
165.13
200.00
1143.00
862.00
2005.00
10.03
20MPa
0.73
166.32
226.67
1187.00
809.69
1996.69
8.81
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Free Coarse
Fine
Total
Cement
Total
Free
Water
aggregat aggregat
Aggregat
Metho Concret WaterConten
Aggregat
Content
e
e
eNo
t
e Content
d
e Grade Cemen
(litre/m3
Content Content
Cement
.
3
3
(kg/m )
(kg/m )
t Ratio
)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
Ratio
S.
3.
ACI
Method
25MPa
0.63
166.76
261.54
1185.51
775.53
1961.04
7.50
30MPa
0.59
167.15
283.33
1191.44
747.17
1938.61
6.84
35MPa
0.52
167.57
320.75
1187.08
713.34
1900.42
5.92
15MPa
0.67
180.38
268.12
1049.60
821.52
1871.12
6.98
20MPa
0.59
180.82
308.33
1049.60
787.08
1836.68
5.96
25MPa
0.52
181.28
349.06
1049.60
751.53
1801.13
5.16
30MPa
0.44
181.92
411.11
1049.60
702.27
1751.87
4.26
35MPa
0.39
182.50
462.50
1049.60
657.22
1706.82
3.69
3. RESULTS
The workability of concrete mixes were measured in terms of Slump and
Vee-bee. After water curing of cubes, compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
days were tested. The experimental test results were obtained as below:
Table 5 : Experimental test results
Av. 7 Days Av. 28 Days
Av.
Av.
Target
Cube
Cube
Weight Density of
Mean
Compressive Compressive
S.
Concrete Slump
of three Concrete,
Method
Compressive Strength of Strength of
No.
Grade (mm)
Cube
of three
strength, f'ck
three
three
Samples Samples
(N/mm2)
Samples
Samples
(kg)
( kg/Cum)
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1.
2.
IS
Method
BS
Method
15MPa
35
20.78
14.67
20.81
8.13
2408.89
20MPa
30
26.60
19.56
27.85
8.334
2469.33
25MPa
40
31.60
22.30
33.11
8.335
2469.83
30MPa
50
38.25
26.52
38.30
8.405
2490.47
35MPa
30
43.25
30.81
43.33
8.443
2501.73
15MPa
45
20.78
10.81
15.70
8.256
2446.22
20MPa
30
26.60
16.81
24.37
8.350
2474.07
25MPa
30
31.60
19.41
28.30
8.123
2406.81
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3.
ACI
Method
30MPa
45
38.25
20.44
29.02
8.269
2449.97
35MPa
60
43.25
22.37
31.85
8.37
2479.60
15MPa
30
20.78
14.96
20.89
8.478
2512.10
20MPa
35
26.60
19.41
27.78
8.325
2466.67
25MPa
30
31.60
23.41
33.48
8.257
2446.42
30MPa
30
38.25
26.96
38.59
8.352
2474.57
35MPa
30
43.25
30.81
43.26
8.413
2492.84
4. ANALYSIS
4.1 General observations of test results
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Concrete Grades
15MPa
20MPa
25MPa
30MPa
35MPa
20.78
26.60
31.60
38.25
43.25
28-days
actual
strength(in N/mm2)
15.70
24.37
28.30
29.02
31.85
compressive
75.55%
91.62 %
30
89.56%
75.87%
73.64%
The main reason for the failure of BS method appears to be due to the
use of high values of water-cement ratio specified by the relevant
standard, giving lower values of cement content and higher quantities
of aggregate contents as compared to the other two methods. As a
result, the quantity of cement content obtained appears to be
insufficient to completely coat all the aggregate particles and bind
them together.
(iv)
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Figure 9 :
The coarse aggregate content in the ACI method is constant for all
grades of concrete, whereas in BS and IS methods it is not stable. It is
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The fine aggregate content decreases with the increase in the targeted
strength in all the three methods of mix design. The percentage of
fine aggregate is highest in ACI method and lowest in IS method.
The fine aggregate content in ACI method appears to be more
consistent. It also appears that higher percentage of fine aggregate in
ACI method contributed to increased strength as the voids are filled
more closely. (Refer figure-13 and 14 below):
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All the methods are applicable for design of concrete mixes using
different types of hydraulic cements, blended cements and with or
without other supplementary cementitious materials and chemical
admixtures.
(ii)
All the methods give guidelines for design of concrete mixes using
normal and heavy weight aggregates.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii) All the methods are based on the absolute volume concept for
calculation of required proportion of materials.
(viii) The final mix proportion for the first trial mix is obtained by making
suitable adjustments for water absorption
carried by the aggregates.
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4.2.2 Differences
(a) Applicability
cube),
ACI method : This method is applicable for design of normal and /or
heavy concrete, and mass concrete mixes. This standard is not
applicable for Light weight aggregate concrete and for special
admixtures for concrete products manufacture. This method is also not
applicable for using condensed Silica fume. The ACI method of mix
proportioning is applicable for normal and heavy weight concrete
having 28-days cylinder compressive strength of 45 MPa and slump
ranges of 25 to 100 mm.
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ACI
method : This
differentiate between
BS
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43
BS
44
(h) Cement Content : The computation of cement content in all the three
methods is identical and obtained by dividing the free water-content
with the free water-cement ratio.
(i) Estimation of coarse and fine aggregate contents
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ACI method: This method assumes that the optimum ratio of bulk
volume of coarse aggregate to the total volume of concrete depends
only on maximum size of coarse aggregate and on the grading (fineness
modulus) of fine aggregate. The volume of coarse aggregate, on an
oven-dry rodded basis, per unit volume of concrete is specifed in table
A1 5.3.6 of ACI 211.1 for different nominal maximum size of aggregate
and fineness modulus of fine aggregate. The dry mass of coarse
aggregate is obtained by multiplying the value from table A1.5.3.6 by
the dry-rodded unit mass of the aggregate. The volume of fine
aggregate is determined by subtracting the absolute volume of all other
ingredients from the unit volume of fresh concrete
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The Target Mean Strength fck can be obtained by adding a suitable margin
to the stipulated characteristic strength from the following relation:-
15MPa
20MPa
25MPa
30MPa
35MPa
Standard Deviation
3.5
4.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
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48
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6. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the above discussion following conclusions can be drawn:
(i)
(ii)
50
from the
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
The ACI method of mix design is applicable for design of normal and
/or heavy concrete, and mass concrete mixes. This standard is not
applicable for light weight aggregate concrete and for special
admixtures for concrete products manufacture. This method is also
not applicable for using condensed Silica fume. The ACI method of
mix proportioning is applicable for normal and heavy weight
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8. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Z. Wadud and S. Ahmad [21] ACI Method OF CONCRETE Mix DesignParametric Study: The Eighth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural
Engineering and Construction: 5-7 December 2001, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore.
5.
Neville A.M. - Properties of concrete : Fourth and final edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
and Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.
6.
Irving kett Engineered concrete mix design and test methods : CRC Press, Boca Raton
London New York Washington, D.C.
7.
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8.
9.
10. IS: 456- 2002- Plain And Reinforced Concrete Code of practice, ( Fourth
Revision): Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah
Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002
11. IS: 2386-1963, Part I to VII- Methods of test for aggregates for concrete
,(Eleventh Reprint August 1997) : Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak
Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002
12. BS
EN
206-1:2001,Part-1-
Concrete-
Specifications,
performance,
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9. APPENDICES
Graphs for selection of water cement ratio, water content, total aggregate
content and percentage of fine aggregate for mix design by proposed method function equations based design of concrete mixes, are appended as below:
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