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COMPUTERS &

STRUCTURES
INC.

Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:

SAP2000
6

METHODOLOGY
A comprehensive series of test problems, or examples, designed to test the various
elements and analysis features of the program were created. The results produced by
SAP2000 were compared to independent sources, such as hand calculated results,
theoretical or published results, or results obtained from other structural/finite element
programs. The comparison of the SAP2000 results with results obtained from
independent sources is provided in tabular form as part of each example.
Two different equation solvers are available in SAP2000. They are the Standard solver
and the Advanced solver. The Advanced solver is only available with the Advanced
version of the program. The two solvers give identical results for most of the verification
problems. For a few numerically sensitive problems the two solvers give slightly
different results. The results presented in this document are those obtained using the
Standard equation solver. Example 2-019 and Example 6-011 give slightly different
results when the Advanced solver is used.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The comparison of the SAP2000 validation and verification example results with
independent results is typically characterized in one of the following three ways.
Exact: There is no difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent
results within the larger of the accuracy of the typical SAP2000 output and the
accuracy of the independent result.
Acceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference between
the SAP2000 results and the independent results does not exceed five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results does not exceed ten percent (10%). For
experimental values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the
independent results does not exceed twenty five percent (25%).
Unacceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference
between the SAP2000 results and the independent results exceeds five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results exceeds ten percent (10%). For experimental
values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent results
exceeds twenty five percent (25%).

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

The percentage difference between results is typically calculated using the following
formula:
Percent Difference = 100

SAP2000 Result

-1

Independent Result

SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES
The example problems are categorized into seven groups based on the structural
elements used in the example. Table 1 defines the seven groups, illustrates the example
problem numbering system used for each group, and identifies the summary table used
for each group.
TABLE 1: GROUPING OF EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Group

Structural
Elements Tested

Example Numbering

Summary
Table

Frame

1-001, 1-002, , 1-xxx

Table 2-1

Shell

2-001, 2-002, , 2-xxx

Table 2-2

Plane

3-001, 3-002, , 3-xxx

Table 2-3

Asolid

4-001, 4-002, , 4-xxx

Table 2-4

Solid

5-001, 5-002, , 5-xxx

Table 2-5

Link

6-001, 6-002, , 6-xxx

Table 2-6

Cable

7-001, 7-002, , 7-xxx

Table 2-7

As shown in Table 1, Tables 2-1 through 2-7 summarize the validation and verification
examples for each of the seven categories. Tables 2-1 through 2-7 include the example
number, the problem title, a summary of the program features tested and the method of
independent verification.

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

1-001

Problem Title

General
Loading

1-002

Temperature
Loading

1-003

Distributed and
Concentrated
Moments

1-004

Rotated Local
Axes

1-005

Displacement
Loading

1-006

Non-Prismatic
Sections and
Automatic
Frame
Subdivision

Program Features Tested


Calculation and application of
Self load
Projected, uniformly distributed load
Application of
Uniformly distributed load in global coordinates
Uniformly distributed load in frame object local
coordinates
Trapezoidal and triangular distributed load on
frames
Joint moments and forces
Static analysis of frames under all of these loading
types
The specification of
Joint patterns
The application of
Temperature increase
Transverse temperature gradient
The calculation of
Displacements in free expansion
Reaction forces in restrained case caused by
temperature loads

Method of
Independent
Verification

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

Hand calculation
using standard
thermal expansion
formulas and using
Table 3 items 6a and
6c on page 107 in
Roark and Young
1975.

The application of
Distributed moments (uniform, trapezoidal,
triangular) to frame objects
Concentrated moments to frame objects

Hand calculation
using equation 8.1.3
on page 284 in Cook
and Young 1985.

Frame local axes rotated from global axes


Use of AISC sections

Hand calculation
using the beam
deflection formulas in
Table 3 item 1a and
Table 3 item 2a on
pages 96 and 98,
respectively, in Table
3 in Roark and
Young 1975.

Settlement of support in frame structures


Rotation of support in frame structures
Settlement of support with linear (translational) spring
Rotation of support with rotational spring
Skewed supports
Skewed support settlement
Structural behavior of a non-prismatic frame section
Self weight calculations
Linear variation of section area
Linear, parabolic and cubic variation of moment of
inertia
Linear variation of section torsional constant
Automatic frame subdivision

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem Title

1-007

End Releases

Program Features Tested


The end releases in a frame element, including
Axial release
Shear release
Bending release
The related frame static analysis

Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using basic statics.

Partial Fixity
End Releases

The partial fixity end releases in a frame element,


including
Shear partial fixity
Bending partial fixity
The application of gravity load to a frame object

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

Prestress
Applied To
Frame Objects

Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and


different eccentricities at the two ends
Prestress tendon modeled usings loads
Prestress tendon modeled as elements
Prestress losses

Hand calculation
using basic principles
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

1-010

End Offsets

The use of end offsets in frames, including


Non-rigid offsets
Partially rigid offsets
Fully rigid offsets
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis
results

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

1-011

Insertion Point

Cardinal point
Joint offsets

Hand calculation
using statics.

1-012

No Tension
and No
Compression
Frame Objects

Tension and compression limits for frame objects


End releases

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with statics.

1-013

Simply
Supported
Beam on
Elastic
Foundation

Frame line spring assignments


Static analysis of beam on elastic foundation
Automatic frame subdivision

Hand calculated
using formulas
presented in Problem
3 on page 23 of
Timoshenko 1956.

Eigenvalue
Problem

Eigenvalue analysis of a frame with unequal moment


of inertia values (I22 I33) for bending modes
Automatic frame subdivision

Hand calculation
based on formulas
presented on page
313 of Clough and
Penzien 1975.

1-008

1-009

1-014

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem Title

Program Features Tested


Steady state analysis of frame systems
Time history analysis of frame systems with periodic
loading
Line mass assignment to frame objects
Automatic frame subdivision

Method of
Independent
Verification
Comparison with
illustrative example
20.2 on page 434 of
Paz 1985.

1-015

Steady State
Harmonic
Loads

1-016

Tension
Stiffening Using
P-Delta
Analysis

P-Delta force assignment to frame objects


Nonlinear static analysis using the P-Delta option
Automatic frame subdivision

Hand calculation
using equation 23 on
page 28 and
equations 43 and 45
on page 43 of
Timoshenko 1956.

1-017

Vibration of a
String Under
Tension

Static nonlinear analysis using the P-Delta option to


provide tension stiffening
Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues

Hand calculation
using vibration theory
presented on pages
506 though 510 of
Kreyszig 1983.

1-018

Bending, Shear
and Axial
Deformations in
a Rigid Frame

Calculation of bending, shear and axial deformations


in a rigid frame
Frame property modification factors

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

1-019

Buckling of a
Rigid Frame

Buckling analysis of a rigid frame


Automatic frame subdivision

Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in Article
2.4 on pages 62
though 66 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.

1-020

Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
TwoDimensional
Rigid Frame

Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues and time


periods
Response spectrum analysis
Joint masses

Comparison with
example 13.11 on
page 521 of Chopra
1995.

Modal analysis for eigenvalues


Line mass assignment to frame objects

Comparison with
results published in
Bathe and Wilson
1972 and
comparison with
results from another
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.

1-021

Bathe and
Wilson
Eigenvalue
Problem

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

1-022

Problem Title
TwoDimensional
Moment Frame
with Static and
Dynamic Loads

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

Diaphragm constraint
Joint force assignments
Joint mass assignments
Modal analysis for eigenvalues
Response spectrum analysis
Modal time history analysis for base excitation
Direct integration time history analysis for base
excitation

Comparison with
results from another
computer program
published by
Engineering/Analysis
and Computers/
Structures
International.

1-023

ASME
Eigenvalue
Problem

Three-dimensional frame analysis


Modal analysis using eigenvectors
Joint mass assignments

Comparison with
results from another
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981 and in
DeSalvo and
Swanson 1977.

1-024

Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
ThreeDimensional
Moment Frame

Three-dimensional frame analysis


Modal analysis using eigenvectors
Rigid diaphragm constraint
Joint mass assignments
Response spectrum analysis

Comparison with
results from another
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.

1-025

Response
Spectrum
Analysis of a
ThreeDimensional
Braced Frame

Three-dimensional frame analysis


Modal analysis using eigenvectors
Rigid diaphragm constraint
Joint mass assignments
Response spectrum analysis

Comparison with
results from another
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.

Static nonlinear analysis of a frame structure using


moment and shear hinges

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas
and superposition.

Nonlinear static analysis using the construction


sequence loading option
Frame end releases

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas.

1-026

1-027

Moment and
Shear Hinges

Construction
Sequence
Loading

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-1: SUMMARY OF GROUP 1 (FRAME) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.
1-028

1-029

1-030

Problem Title
Large Axial
Displacements

Large Bending
Displacements

Moving Loads

Program Features Tested


Static nonlinear analysis of frame structure with large
axial displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta plus
large displacements option
Frame end releases

Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using basic statics.

Static nonlinear analysis of frame structure with large


bending displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta
plus large displacements option

Hand calculation and


Equation 4 in Article
7.1 of Chapter 7 on
page 91 of Roark
and Young 1975.

Moving load analysis case


Multi-step static analysis case for vehicles

Comparison with
results published in
Appendix A of
AASHTO 1990 and
hand calculation.

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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

2-001

2-002

2-003

2-004

2-005

Problem
Description

Patch Test With


Prescribed
Displacements

Straight Beam
with Static
Loads

Curved Beam
with Static
Loads

Twisted Beam
with Static
Loads

Rectangular
Plate with Static
Loads

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

Membrane analysis using shell elements


Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Thin-plate option
Thick-plate option
Joint displacement loading

Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Goodier 1951 and
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Membrane analysis using shell elements


Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Effect of shell element aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of shell element from
rectangular
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985 and
using formulas from
Roark and Young
1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Membrane analysis using shell elements


Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Membrane analysis using shell elements


Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Plate bending analysis using shell elements


Uniform load applied to shell elements
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

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PROGRAM NAME:
REVISION NO.:

SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

2-006

Scordelis-Lo
Roof with Static
Loads

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements


Self weight applied to shell elements
Gravity load applied to shell elements
Uniform load applied to shell elements

Some results
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Other results scaled
from plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
that were calculated
using theory
presented in
Scordelis and Lo
1964.

2-007

Hemispherical
Shell Structure
with Static
Loads

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements


Joint local axes
Joint force loads

Results published in
MacNeal and Harder
1985.

2-008

Cantilever Plate
Eigenvalue
Problem

Eigenvalue analysis using shell elements


Area object mass assignment
Area object automatic mesh
Area object stiffness modifiers

Hand calculation
using Table 7.7 on
page 7-30 of Harris
and Crede 1976.

2-009

Plate on Elastic
Foundation

Plate bending analysis using shell elements


Area object spring assignment
Joint force loads

Hand calculation
using equation 185
on page 275 of
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.

2-010

Cylinder with
Internal
Pressure

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements


Surface pressure load applied to shell elements
Joint local axes

Hand calculation
using item 1b in
Table 29 on page
448 of Roark and
Young 1975.

2-011

ASME Cooling
Tower Problem
with Static Wind
Pressure

Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements


Joint patterns
Shell element surface pressure load using joint
pattern

Results scaled from


plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
that were calculated
using theory
presented in Albasiny
and Martin 1967.

2-012

Plate Bending
when Shear
Deformations
Are Significant

Plate bending analysis of shell elements when shear


deformations are significant
Area object stiffness modifiers
Frame distributed loads

Results published in
example shown on
page 376 of Roark
and Young 1975.

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PROGRAM NAME:
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SAP2000
6

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF GROUP 2 (SHELL) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

2-013

Temperature
Load that Is
Constant
Through Shell
Thickness

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

Temperature loading for shell elements

Hand calculation
using equation 1.3.4
on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.

2-014

Temperature
Gradient
Through Shell
Thickness

Temperature gradient loading for shell elements


Area object local axes
Joint local axes

Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in item 8e
of Table 24 on page
361 of Roark and
Young 1975.

2-015

Orthotropic
Plate

Plate bending analysis of shells


Orthotropic material properties
Area object stiffness modifiers

Hand calculated
using theory
presented in Chapter
6 of Ugural 1981.

Out-of-Plane
Buckling

Buckling analysis of shells


Automatic area meshing (N x N) with added restraints
Joint springs
Frame property modifiers
Frame distributed load
Frame automatic subdivide at intermediate joints

Hand calculated
using theory
presented in
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.

2-017

In-Plane
Buckling

Buckling analysis of shells


Joint force loads
Active degrees of freedom

Hand calculated
using equation 2-4
on page 48 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.

2-018

Large Axial
Displacements

Static nonlinear analysis of shell structure with large


axial displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta plus
large displacements option
Joint constraints

Hand calculation
using basic statics.

Large Bending
Displacements

Static nonlinear analysis of shell structure with large


bending displacements using the SAP2000 P-Delta
plus large displacements option
Automatic area meshing

Hand calculation and


Equation 4 in Article
7.1 of Chapter 7 on
page 91 of Roark
and Young 1975.

Prestress
Applied to Area
Objects

Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and


different eccentricities at the two ends
Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
area objects
Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to
area objects
Prestress losses

Hand calculation
using basic principles
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

2-016

2-019

2-020

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6

TABLE 2-3: SUMMARY OF GROUP 3 (PLANE) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

3-001

3-002

3-003

Problem
Description

Patch Test With


Prescribed
Displacements

Straight Beam
with Static
Loads

Curved Beam
with Static
Loads

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

Membrane analysis using plane stress elements


Incompatible bending mode option for plane elements
Joint displacement loading

Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Goodier 1951.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Membrane analysis using plane elements


Effect of plane element aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of plane element from
rectangular
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985 and
using formulas from
Roark and Young
1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Membrane analysis using plane stress elements


Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

3-004

Thick-Walled
Cylinder

Analysis using plane stress elements


Analysis using plane strain elements
Plane surface pressure load

Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956
and based on
formulas in Roark
and Young 1975.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

3-005

Pore Pressure

Pore pressure loading for planes


Joint pattern

Hand calculation
using basic
principles.

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TABLE 2-4: SUMMARY OF GROUP 4 (ASOLID) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

4-001

Soil Supporting
Uniformly
Loaded Circular
Footing

4-002

Thick-Walled
Cylinder

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

Analysis using asolid elements


Asolid surface pressure load
Incompatible bending modes for asolid objects

Hand calculation
based on data
presented in Poulos
and Davis 1974.

Analysis using asolid elements


Asolid surface pressure load

Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

4-003

Rotating
Annular Disk

Analysis using asolid elements


Asolid rotate load

Hand calculation
based on equations
presented in Item 8
on page 567 of
Roark and Young
1975.

4-004

Pore Pressure

Pore pressure loading for asolids


Joint pattern

Hand calculation
using basic
principles.

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TABLE 2-5: SUMMARY OF GROUP 5 (SOLID) EXAMPLES


Method of
Independent
Verification

Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

5-001

Patch Test With


Prescribed
Displacements

Patch test using solid elements


Joint displacement loading

Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Straight Beam
with Static
Loads

Solid object bending with and without the


incompatible modes option
Effect of solid object aspect ratio
Effect of geometrical distortion of solid object from a
cube
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Solid object bending with the incompatible bending


modes option
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Solid object bending and twist with the incompatible


bending modes option
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Plate bending analysis using solid elements


Surface pressure load applied to solid objects
Joint force loading

Hand calculation
based theory in
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

5-002

5-003

5-004

5-005

Curved Beam
with Static
Loads

Twisted Beam
with Static
Loads

Rectangular
Plate with Static
Loads

Program Features Tested

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TABLE 2-5: SUMMARY OF GROUP 5 (SOLID) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification

5-006

Scordelis-Lo
Roof with Static
Loads

Three-dimensional analysis using solid objects


Self weight applied to solid objects
Gravity load applied to shell objects

Some results
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Other results scaled
from plotted results in
Zienkiewicz 1977
that were calculated
using theory
presented in
Scordelis and Lo
1964.

5-007

Hemispherical
Dome Structure
with Static
Loads

Three-dimensional analysis using solid elements


Joint force loads

Results published in
MacNeal and Harder
1985.

Thick-Walled
Cylinder

Analysis using solid elements


Solid surface pressure load
Joint local axes

Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.

Prestress
Applied to Solid
Objects

Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and


different eccentricities at the two ends
Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
solid objects
Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to
solid objects
Prestress losses

Hand calculation
using basic principles
and the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

5-010

Buckling

Buckling analysis of solids


Joint force loads
Active degrees of freedom

Hand calculation
using equation 2-4
on page 48 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.

5-011

Temperature
Load

Temperature loading for solid elements

Hand calculation
using equation 1.3.4
on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.

Plate on Elastic
Foundation

Plate bending analysis using solid elements


Solid object surface spring assignment
Solid object automatic mesh
Joint force loads

Hand calculation
using equation 185
on page 275 of
Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.

5-008

5-009

5-012

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TABLE 2-5: SUMMARY OF GROUP 5 (SOLID) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

5-013

Pore Pressure

Program Features Tested


Pore pressure loading for solids
Solid local axis assignments
Joint pattern

Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using basic
principles.

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TABLE 2-6: SUMMARY OF GROUP 6 (LINK) EXAMPLES


Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

Program Features Tested

Method of
Independent
Verification
Hand calculation
using theory
presented in section
4.5 on pages 126
through 129 of
Chopra 1995.

6-001

Linear Link with


Ramp Loading

Linear links
Modal analysis case for eigenvectors
Modal time history analysis case
Direct integration time history analysis case
Ramp loading

6-002

Multi-linear
Elastic Link

Multi-linear links
Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis

Comparison with
defined link forcedeformation
characteristics.

Gap Element

Gap element links


Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct time history analysis
Frame point loads
Joint force loads
Joint mass assignments
Ramp loading for time histories

Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
page 244 in Cook
and Young 1985.

6-004

Hook Element

Hook element links


Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Frame temperature loads

Hand calculation
using standard
thermal expansion
formulas.

6-005

Damper
Element Under
Harmonic
Loading

6-003

6-006

SUNY Buffalo
Damper with
Linear Velocity
Exponent

6-007

SUNY Buffalo
Damper with
Nonlinear
Velocity
Exponent

Damper element links


Linear link elements
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Joint force loads
Damper links with linear velocity exponents
Frame end length offsets
Joint mass assignments
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Linear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Linear direct integration time history analysis
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Generalized displacements
Damper links with nonlinear velocity exponents
Frame end length offsets
Joint mass assignments
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Generalized displacements

Hand calculation
using equation 3.2.6
on page 70 in
Chopra 1995.
Comparison with
experimental results
from shake table
tests published in
Section 5, pages 61
through 73, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
Comparison with
experimental results
from shake table
tests published in
Section 5, pages 61
through 73, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.

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TABLE 2-6: SUMMARY OF GROUP 6 (LINK) EXAMPLES


Method of
Independent
Verification

Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

6-008

Plastic Wen
Link

Plastic Wen links


Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Link local axis assignments
Link gravity load

Comparison with
defined link forcedeformation
characteristics.

6-009

Plastic
Kinematic Link

Plastic kinematic links


Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Link gravity load

Comparison with
defined link forcedeformation
characteristics.

SUNY Buffalo
Eight-Story
Building with
Rubber
Isolators

Rubber isolator links


Linear links
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Diaphragm constraints
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Generalized displacements

Comparison with
results from the
computer program
3D-BASIS-ME (see
Tsopelas,
Constantinou and
Reinhorn 1994)
published in Section
2, pages 5 through
23, of Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.

SUNY Buffalo
Seven-Story
Building with
Friction
Pendulum
Isolators

Friction pendulum link elements


Damper link elements
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Diaphragm constraints
Frame end length offsets
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Joint masses

Comparison with
experimental results
from shake table
tests published in
Section 4, pages 43
through 59, of
Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.

Frequency dependent links


Steady state analysis

Hand calculation
using formulas and
theory presented in
section 3.2 on pages
68 through 69 of
Chopra 1995.

6-010

6-011

6-012

Frequency
Dependent
Links

Program Features Tested

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TABLE 2-7: SUMMARY OF GROUP 7 (CABLE) EXAMPLES


Method of
Independent
Verification

Exam.
No.

Problem
Description

7-001

Uniform and
Temperature
Loading

Uniform load applied to cable elements


Temperature load applied to cable elements
Joint displacement loading
Nonlinear static analysis

Comparison with
results published in
Figure 5 of Peyrot
and Goulois, 1979.

7-002

Uniform and
Concentrated
Loading

Uniform load applied to cable elements


Concentrated load applied to cable elements
Response combination results
Nonlinear static analysis

Comparison with
results published in
Section 4.6.2, Table
4.2, of Tibert, 1999.

7-003

Prestressed
Cable Net

Uniform load applied to cable nets


Concentrated load applied to cable nets
Nonlinear static analysis

Comparison with
results published in
Section 4.6.3, Table
4.4, of Tibert, 1999.

Program Features Tested

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MATRIX OF PROGRAM FEATURES COVERED IN EXAMPLES


This section presents tables illustrating which element assignments, including loads, and
which analysis case types are addressed in each of the examples. Table 3 shows the
contents of the matrix tables.
TABLE 3: CONTENTS OF MATRIX TABLES
Features

Table

Joint assignments including loads

Table 4-1

Frame object assignments including loads

Table 4-2

Area object assignments including loads

Table 4-3

Solid object assignments including loads

Table 4-4

Link object assignments including loads

Table 4-5

Cable object assignment including loads

Table 4-6

Analysis case types

Table 4-7

As illustrated in Table 3, the program features matrices are presented in tables 4-1
though 4-6. These tables are shown on the following pages.

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TABLE 4-1: JOINT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Joint Assignments

Example Problems

Restraints

Most

Constraints

1-022, 1-024, 1-025, 2-018, 6-010, 6-011

Springs

1-005, 2-016

Masses

1-020, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 6-003, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011

Local axes

1-005, 2-007, 2-010, 2-014, 5-008

Panel zones
Joint patterns

1-002, 2-011, 3-005, 4-004, 5-013

Joint forces

1-001, 1-003, 1-004, 1-006, 1-010, 1-011, 1-012, 1-016, 1-019,


1-022, 1-026, 1-027, 1-028, 1-029, 2-002, 2-003, 2-004, 2-005,
2-007, 2-009, 2-017, 3-002, 3-003, 5-003, 5-004, 5-005, 5-012,
6-003, 6-005

Joint displacements

1-005, 2-001, 3-001

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TABLE 4-2: FRAME OBJECT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Frame Assignments

Example Problems

Non-prismatic section

1-006

Frame property modifiers

1-001, 1-002, 1-004, 1-005, 1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-018, 1-020,


1-021, 1-024, 2-016

End releases

1-007, 1-012, 1-028

Partial fixity

1-008

Local axes

1-004

End length offsets

1-010, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011

Insertion point

1-011

Prestress definition

1-009

P-Delta force

1-016

Tension/compression limits

1-012

Hinges

1-026

Line springs

1-013

Line mass

1-015, 1-021

Automatic frame subdivide

1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-015, 1-017, 1-019, 2-016

Gravity load

1-008

Point load

1-001, 1-004, 1-007, 1-011, 1-013, 6-003

Distributed load

1-001, 1-003, 1-008, 1-015, 1-016, 1-018, 2-012, 2-016

Temperature load

1-002, 6-004

Prestress load

1-009

Frame self weight

1-006, 1-009

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TABLE 4-3: AREA OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Area Type and Assignments

Example Problems

Shell type area object

2-001 through 2-020

Plane type area object

3-001 through 3-005

Asolid type area object

4-001 through 4-004

Stiffness modifiers

2-008, 2-012, 2-015

Local axes

2-014

Area springs

2-009

Area Mass

2-008

Automatic area mesh

2-008, 2-016, 2-019

Gravity load (all)

2-006

Uniform load (shell)

2-005, 2-006

Uniform load to frames (shell)


Surface pressure (all)

2-010, 2-011,3-004, 4-001, 4-002

Pore pressure (plane, asolid)

3-005, 4-004

Temperature load (all)

2-013, 2-014

Rotate load (asolid)

4-003

Wind pressure coefficients


(shell)
General prestress applied to
area objects

2-020

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TABLE 4-4: SOLID OBJECT ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Solid Assignments

Example Problems

Local axes

5-013

Surface springs

5-012

Automatic solid mesh

5-012

Gravity load

5-006

Surface pressure load

5-005, 5-008

Pore pressure load

5-013

Temperature load

5-011

General prestress applied to


solid objects

5-009

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TABLE 4-5: LINK OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Link Type and Assignments

Example Problems

Linear link

6-001, 6-005, 6-010

Multilinear elastic link

6-002

Gap (compression only) link

6-003

Hook (tension only) link

6-004

Damper link

6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011

Plastic (Wen) link

6-008

Plastic (kinematic) link

6-009

Rubber isolator link

6-010

Friction isolator link

6-011

Frequency dependent link

6-012

Local axes

6-008

Gravity load

6-008, 6-009

TABLE 4-6: CABLE OBJECT TYPE AND ASSIGNMENT MATRIX


Link Type and Assignments

Example Problems

Cable element

7-001, 7-002

Cable net

7-003

Rubber isolator link

6-010

Friction isolator link

6-011

Frequency dependent link

6-012

Uniform load

7-001, 7-002

Temperature load

7-001

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TABLE 4-7: ANALYSIS CASE TYPE MATRIX


Analysis case type

Example Problems

Linear static

Most

Multi-step static

1-030

Nonlinear static

1-012, 1-016, 1-017, 1-026, 6-002, 6-003, 6-004, 6-008, 6-009,


7-001, 7-002, 7-003

Nonlinear static with


construction sequence loading

1-027

Nonlinear static with large


displacements

1-028, 1-029, 2-018, 2-019

Modal for eigenvectors

1-014, 1-017, 1-020, 1-021, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 2-008


6-001

Modal for ritz vectors

6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011

Response spectrum

1-020, 1-022, 1-024, 1-025

Linear transient modal time


history

1-022, 6-001, 6-006

Linear periodic modal time


history

1-015

Nonlinear transient modal time


history

6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011

Linear direct integration time


history

1-022, 6-001, 6-006

Nonlinear direct integration time


history

6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011

Moving load

1-030

Buckling

1-019, 2-016, 2-017, 5-010

Steady state

1-015, 6-012

Power spectral density

METHODOLOGY - 25

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