Other mills represented by course attendees were Heckington Windmill near Sleaford, Clodock Mill in

the Welsh Borders, Oldland Windmill in West Sussex, and The Gower Heritage Centre Mill.

One of Michael's French burr stones (the top one of the pair, the 'runner stone') removed for dressing.
This restores the 'milling' surface by opening out the 'eye' where the grain enters and sharpening up
the radial cutting edges. The traditional tool (an adz) is top left, but an angle grinder (centre right) with
a diamond tipped disc is quicker and more effective. Note that Burr stones are not made of one piece
of stone, but several 'segments' fitted together and held by a shrunk-on iron band at the periphery.
Jedan od Michaelove francuskih zvr kamenja (gornjem jednog od para je "trka kamena ') uklonjeni za
preljev. To vraa 'mljevenja' povrinu otvaranjem out 'oko' gdje je ito ulazi i otrenje se radijalna
otrice. Tradicionalni alat (an tesla) je gore lijevo, ali kutna brusilica (u sredini desno) s dijamantnim
vrhom disk je bri i uinkovitiji. Imajte na umu da Burr kamenje nisu izraeni od jednog komada
kamena, ali nekoliko 'segmenti' opremljen zajedno i odrati od strane smanjila na eljeznoj bend na
periferiji.

Michael's Adz is tungsten-tipped. The length of wood is used with red oxide marker to show any high
points on the stone which will need to be smoothed down.
Mihovila tesla je volfram vrhom. Duljina drva se koristi s crvenom oksida igraa pokazati sve visoke
bodove na kamenu koji e morati biti izglaene

This device on the perimeter of the stone is the 'sweeper', which collects the milled grain ('meal') as it
falls of the edge of the stones, and pushes it round until it reaches the chute out of the 'furniture' to the
collecting sack or hopper
Ovaj ureaj na obodu kamen je 'stroj', koja prikuplja mljevene ita ("obrok"), kao to se pada od ruba
kamenja, te ga gura okrugli dok ne dosegne lijeb iz kategorije 'namjetaj' na dio za prikupljanje vrea
ili lijevak

The runner stone is supported above the bed stone (the bottom stone, which does not rotate) by the
vertical drive shaft. The shaft bears on this metal insert in the stone known as the 'rind'. The drive is
transferred from the shaft to the rind by the 'mace', the steel component resting on the stone in the
picture. It can be seen how the slot in the mace engages with the rind, and the mace is rotated by the
drive shaft and therefore rotates the runner stone in turn.
Pomini kamena podran iznad kreveta kamena (dno kamen, koji se ne okree) po vertikalnoj
osovinu. Osovina nosi na ovoj metala umetka u kamenu poznat kao "kora". Pogon se prenosi od
osovine do kore od "buzdovan", eline komponente odmara na kamenu na slici. To se moe vidjeti
kako je utor u buzdovanom zahvaa s korom, a buzdovan se okree osovinu pa rotira trka kamen u
red.

The wooden 'level' is constructed to minimise warping

Drvena 'nivo' konstruiran kako bi se smanjili savijanje

A man-made 'composite' mill stone

French Burr, showing the segmented construction

Next to the composite and the Burr, nearest the camera, is a gritstone mill stone. These tend to shed
more stone dust into the flour than does Burr, hence Burr replaced gritstone from 19th century
onwards.

Uz kompozita i Burr, najblie kameri, je gritstone mlin Kamen. Oni imaju

tendenciju da se prolio vie kamenu prainu u brano nego to je to Burr, stoga
Burr zamijenio gritstone od 19. stoljea nadalje.

The Page Begins Here

Millstone Dressing, An Interpretive Program.

Sharpening the mill stones at the Grist-mill, Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge,
Massachusetts. Grinding grain is one of the activities of New England's rural past
brought back to live at the Northeast's largest living-history center.

Millstone Dressing
An Interpretive Program
by
Theodore R. Hazen
"Millstone Dressing An Interpretive Program," by Theodore R. Hazen, Master
miller (mill operator), Millwright, Curator of Molinology, NPS Site Supervisor, and
Lead Interpreter, Pierce Mill, Rock Creek Park, National Park Service, Washington,
D.C., 1987.
Millstone Dressing
Theme & Goals: A hundred years ago the mill was a common sight, So much so it
was hardly noticed. Compared to the numbers of mills today, there are very few
left. A lot of people in this country today have never seen a mill at work. Also they
have never been inside of a mill, working or idle. To give the visitors an
understanding of millstone dressing, his tools and techniques he used, skills once in
demand and today much unobtainable. To give the visitors a glimpse of what it took
to put the mill to work. This was often work that was done when the mill was
closed and not in operation, to safeguard the secrets of the craft of milling.
Background Information: Millstone dressing once done by traveling millstone
dressers (in England and elsewhere). Nowadays, redressing is done by the miller.
When I began working in commercial flour mills in Pennsylvania, in the 1970's, the
going rate to have your millstones dressed was 75 dollars per hour.
The expression, "Show your mettle" or "Is he worth his mettle?" comes from the
days of the traveling itinerant millstone dressers. They would travel the
countryside, from mill to mill, seeking short time or term work. The mill owners or
the miller would ask the prospective worker to "show his mettle!" The millstone
dresser to show his mettle, he would roll up his sleeves, to reveal his forearms. In
dressing millstones, the metal tools used, caused chips of metal to embed
themselves under the dresser's skin. If it was not removed, it would cause a bluish
discoloration. The bluish discoloration did not mean that he was a good stone
dresser, but only that he had experience at dressing stones. If the metal chips were
not removed, they would cause a bluish discoloration (much like a tattoo) of the
skin. And there was always the chance of metal chips getting into the blood stream.
Lifting and Moving the Runner Millstone: A strong pinch bar and a big
triangular wooden block (wedge) inserted underneath the runner millstones, is the
traditional method of upturning a millstone. The runner stone was raised as high as
it would go and place it on two wooden strips. The triangular wooden block was

driven between the two millstones. The pinch bar was inserted through the eye to
flip the runner millstone on its side. Either a rope sling was placed though the
millstone eye to lift the stone to its round edge. Then a very gently and cautiously it
was lowered onto its back, face up. Read for dressing. This was done by either
lowering the rope sling or inserting a pinch bar into the eye from the opposite and
side and gently lowering it downward. Remembering at all times that a slip might
bring a ton millstone down on some one's foot or go through the floor. Show the
visitors the tools used, but not actually use them. This is not a recommended
method of moving a millstones while the public is in the mill. (Item #1)
The Mill Stone Crane: A (very) few windmills and early custom mills were
equipped or furnished with a stone crane. It consisted of an upright pillar, with a
large swing bracket or beam. From the end of the bracket is suspended a pair of
curved arms or bales. Each termination in a loop, hook or pin. The two hooks are
inserted into sockets or holes on the opposite side of the runner millstone.So when
they lift the stone it is symmetrically balanced and be then slung over, face up or
downwards, when so wanted. (Item #2)
The early screws of the millstone crane were made of wood. Then later they were
made of metal threads. The threads are flat on each side. This is different than on a
wood screw. If the threads were tapered on both sides like that of a wood screw the
weight of the stone would cause the screw to lower the millstone constantly. Or you
could not leave the stone raised at any given point.
Dressing the Millstones: Dressing the millstones was often work that was done in
the night or in the dead of winter. A merchant mill would dress a millstone once a
month or when it grinds between 100 to 200 thousand pounds of grain. A custom
mill would dress the millstones once a year. A restored mill open to the public and
demonstrating the art of milling, would only require dressing the millstones once in
a ten year period. They are often dressed on a more regular basis or as part of the
interpretive programing at the mill.
The Working Face of the Millstones: The working face of the bed stone is either
flat, or slightly concave, while the runner stone surface is sightly concave on the
working face. This is to improve the grain feed thus the grain is progressively
passes through a narrower and narrower space. The grain enters the eye of the
center of both millstones at the "bosom" of the stone. The bosom is the area
immediately surrounding the eye of the millstone. In a French millstone, the bosom
includes the first circle of pieces around the eye. As it is worked from the "waist"
(waist of a millstone is the middle of the millstones) to the "skirt" (skirt of a
millstone is the outer edge of the stone). (Item #3)
The upper and lower stones have smooth surfaces, made by the makers called the
"land" (the lands are the flat surfaces between the furrows on a millstone or the
millstone's surface face) The land has to be dressed with furrows or grooves. The

stones are laid out in usually ten segments or harps.

The longest furrow (the master furrow) is about 1 1/4 inch wide. A furrowing stick
is used to check the width of this furrow. One edge of the furrow has a feather edge,
that is cut as sharp and as clean as possible. The straight edge is chamfered to
obviate the cutting up of the bran. The lands between the furrows are finely
grooved or feathered from 6 to 12 crack lines per inch. Like a file, they skin off the
wheat kernel of grain so it can be ground by the furrows.
Note: there was no reputed millstone dresser who previously dressed these
millstones (at Pierce Mill). They were incorrectly and wrongly dressed. Also they
don't have all of the tools associated with the dressing of millstones.
A good millstone dresser can put as many as 16 stitches or cracks per inch. No
sticking is necessary on millstones used for grinding corn. Some say stitching is
gone after a week of grinding. Others say stitching should be deeper towards the
skirt. Cracking or stitching should be parallel to the furrows.
Laying out of the furrows depends upon the rotation of the upper runner millstones.
The lands between the secondary furrows are where the stitching is to be put in.
The upper and lower stones are dressed alike,. the grain is cut with a scissor cutting
action, as it moved down the furrows, until it emerges at the skirt. Then it is sweep
around to a spout or chute by the draft or turning motion of the runner millstone. A
single kernel of grain takes 2 1/2 revolutions to travel through the millstones in a
spiral motion.
It is easier to dress the upturned runner millstone than the bed stone, because the
bed stone is flush with the floor. When two men dress the millstones, the master
dresser usually dresses the runner and the helper, apprentice or lesser man must
deal with the bed stone.
Millstone Dressing: Millstones are dressed with a mill pick, a tempered steel pick
with a wooden handle. These are usually a double ended wedge made from cast
steel that has been tempered with chisel like edges to cut the stone. Mill picks are
usually 7 to 9 inches long with a hole in the center for a handle and used much like
a hammer. Mill bills are fitted into a wooden handle called a thrift. This is a turned
wooden handle 12 to 15 or even 18 inches long. The head is about 3 inches in
diameter with a mortise cut to accommodate the bill. They are used to peck the
surface of the millstone and the furrows.
The tap-tap-tap of the millstone dresser bill or pick was once a familiar sound in the
quite countryside. (play tape of millstone dressing or pick the stone for the sound of
the process). It was audible to the passerby if the mills was near the roadway.

A pair of stones provided a full days work for the miller and his helper.
Dismantling, dressing and reassembling ready for grinding. Two pairs might take
up to 3 days to dress. Inexperienced men might take up to 3 or 4 days to dress for
one badly worn pair of stones.
Traveling millstone dressers were semi-itinerant workers, they were individualist,
characters, only recognized by little blue-black bits of steel, larger than a pin head
embedded in the hands and some times their faces. Safety goggles to protect the
eyes and a leather shield on the pick or gloves on the hands should be worn. (Item
#4)
A millstone dresser has a number of picks. The resharpening is done by hand, or
foot powered sharpening stone. An electric grinder may remove the temper. An
experienced millstone dresser can tell by the ring or dull tung sound when the pick
strikes the millstone if the temper is still in the pick or it has gone out of it.
Skilled Work: Mill picks become dull and must be resharpened. They become
blunted and must be sharpened or redrawn out by the blacksmith. They loose their
temper and must be carried to the blacksmith for retempering. They are heated to a
cherry-red color and then plunged into cold water or a chemical bath.
A staff or wooden paint proof is a long dead straight level mahogany or maple bar
smeared with red oxide, lamp black, black iron oxide or today powdered chalk
form a carpenters plastic bottle. They are moved over the stone in all directions to
find uneven, unworn high spots, to be chipped away for preliminary leveling,
before dressing. The paint staff is kept dead level with a metal gauge called a proof
staff. High spots on the wooden surface is hand planned down with a piece of glass.
Mechanical millstone dressers have never been found to be effective. Oliver Evans
did not do any thing for the millstone dressing.
The metal proof staff is carefully protected in a case, for checking with the paint
staff, before use.
Custom mills had often dead level surfaces on both stones. They would not take the
extra time and trouble to get the runner and bed stone concave. Dead level stones
flattens rather than grinds the grain. The millstones on vertical mills are dead level.
The old school method of millstone dressing says, that custom was "no flour
milling" The farmer and the millers believed in very shallow furrows. We are
making meal rather than making flour.Thus the term for milling for a long time was
"mealing."
In a mill usually 12 to 15 to 50 pick each would only remain sharp for 10 to 15
minutes of work. They usually do the stitching or cracking first, while they hare

sharp, then use them for the furrows later when they become dull. (show visitors
how the pick is held and then used)
The millstone dresser tap-tap-tap or chips at a rate of 120 strokes per minute. In
doing stitching or cracking, to make sure when pausing that the grooves are parallel
to the furrows, and only as laid out in an area as wide (thickness of the cutting
edge) as the pick. So that there might be a dozen grooves crosses the width of the
land, along the lands from the skirt.
Cutting Action: The millstones are not dressed with up and down action of the
muscles. The stone dresser uses a "bist" a cushion, usually made of a partly filled
sack of meal or bran. This is used by the millstone dresser to rest the handle of the
millstone dressing pick or thrift. One hands holds the handle to the bist, while the
other hand lifts the handle of the dressing tools just behind the mill pick or head,
then allows the tool to drop on the millstone creating a cutting action by its own
weight. If the miller used his muscles, he would wear out his arms before too long,
and more importunately, if the miller uses his muscles behind the strikes to the
millstones hitting a less dense portion of the stone would take too much away. So if
the cutting of the stone is always done by the weight of the tool alone, the cutting
action is always the same.
Oliver Evans, one of the first mill writers on milling in this country, insisted that
the cutting edges of the furrows always be sharp. A dull stone, he wrote, "Kills or
destroys that lively quality of the grain, that causes it to ferment and raise in
baking, it also makes the meal so clammy it sticks to the cloth, and chokes up the
meshes in bolting (sifting)."
Leveling the Stones: Before replacing the runner stone, it is necessary to check the
head of the millstone spindle protruding through the bed stone to see it it revolves
dead true, in relation to the level bed stone. Otherwise, the top runner stone will
flop from side to side and grind the lower stone and create sparks and fire. Whole
grains will emerge on one side and hot over ground flour will come out the other.
(Item #5)
To check this, a wooden trammel is fitted onto the millstone spindle with an upright
quill. It is wedged though a small square hole that fits onto the spindle. The quill
stub or point comes in contact with the bed stone. The master millstone dresser
watches and listens to the sound of the quill while the helper down stairs turns,
revolves the spindle. If in correct, adjustment screws or wedges in the bridging
block are adjusted until perfectly trueness is attained.
After repeated dressing of millstones, it wears down and must move or remove the
first ring or hoop.
Mill picks: In the days of the traveling stone dresser, a boy would be used to turn

the grindstone to sharpen the picks to keep the dresser supplied with sharp picks.
(Item #6)
Important job and skilled knowledge to temper the picks. Tempering was done by
heating the picks to a cherry red color and plunging them into cold soft water (rain
water) until cool. Important to plunge into water at right time so not to get chips or
fly to pieces. Should be resharpened with rough file before cooling.Sometimes a
stone dresser would collect mill picks from several mills and spend a day using a
blacksmith's forge to do the job himself. Because the average blacksmith did not
always have the knack of doing it correctly or pleasing the millstone dresser. (see:
"The American Miller and Millwright's Assistant," by William Carter Hughes,
Harsha and Hart, Detroit, 1850, for problems between the millstone dresser and the
blacksmith as to how mill picks are tempered)
Flour Milling: "The proof is in the pudding," (how good the millstone dresser did
his job is found in the pudding. (Item #6)
Balancing the Runner Millstone: Runner stone cannot be balanced unless the stone
spindle is true. Two types of balance are done. Static balance (a standing balance)
and dynamic balancing (a running balance and is best) (Item #7)
The millstones must be first purged with 50 to 75 pounds of grain that is thrown
away. No mater how good a job is done of sweeping and vacuuming the stones, it
does not removed all of the stone chips. This ground flour or meal must be tossed
out and not used. Some Native American tribes wore away their teeth by grinding
grain on stones that were too soft. They got huge amounts of ground stone in their
meal.
Conclusion: Most individuals have no idea who the millstones grind the grain into
flour or meal. They think that the millstones touch each other, mashing up the grain
down into meal. The millstones never touch each other. If they did the mill would
stop, because of the weight of the two millstones would over take the weight of the
water and it would act as a break. If the millstones touched each other it would send
a shower of sparks that could ignite the dust in the flour. The dust from wheat, rye,
barley and oats is a problem. The dust from just wheat flour is more explosive than
gun powder and 35 times more explosive than coal dust. The dust contained in corn
and buckwheat is not explosive.
The meal coming out of the millstones should be slightly warm to the touch.
Millstones retain the natural flavor and goodness because the stones naturally
dissipate the heat towards the coolers sides of the millstones where it is lost to the
air. If a millstone becomes cracked or broken, it will no longer dissipate the heat
properly generated in the milling process. A crack will build up the heat because the
stone does not realize that the crack is not an outside edge. The heat will be drawn
towards the crack and built up causing the flour to become burned. With burned

flour the gluten is destroyed and it looses its ability to rise and make good bread.
The miller used what is called the "miller's touch" to judge the quality of the
ground meal coming out of the millstone chute. First the miller used the "fist
method" to tell if the grain contained the right amount of moisture. The miller
would collect a handful of ground meal, and then close his hand. When opening his
hand the meal should slightly cling together, but not hold together as if it was a
handful of clay. It should not fall through the fingers when he opens his hand like it
was made out of sand. The second is the "finger method" which the miller rubs a
test amount between the thumb and the ends of the index and middle fingers. This
method judges the size and fineness of the grind. The fingers should be kept soft
and velvety, and free of grease and dirt. The miller should never do any hard work
that would harden or destroy this sense of touch. Remember the flour should be as
soft as your ear lobe and the meal as course as the bottom of your big toe. Finally
the "palm method," which the miller catches meal in the palm of his right hand.
He slowly spreads it back and forth. This tends to settle or filter the middlings and
the flour to the bottom and raise the bran to the top. This way the miller can see the
size and shape of the bran. Is the bran in nice broad flakes, or is it torn into small
size particle. The miller knows that the millstones need to be dress when he can no
longer see the bran as it should be. The ground material should feel alive, and never
lifeless or dead in the hand.
Traditional folklore that is associated with millstones, is that if they fall, kill or
injure someone, they become like wild animals out for more taste of human blood.
So perfectly good millstones were retired out of the mill. They would go into
banks, and bridge abutments, or become doorsteps so others would take their evil
or bad luck away with them.
In one part of the country, they think that only good millers would have one eye.
They have taken the mill expression, "Keep your noise to the grindstone" to mean
that in dressing your millstones you would accidentally put out one eye. The
expression, "Keep your noise to the grindstone" means that in keeping your noise to
the grindstone that your ear is in that direction. It means pay attention to your work.
You use your senses to operate the mill. The sense of smell to know then the
millstones are burning the flour. It may be that they are too close together; too little
grain is going between them and they are running hot; or they may be out of
balance and they are rubbing on one side. One mill has a wooden jointed man
standing on the millstone cover (much like a lumberjack) so when the millstones
become out of balance, the man begins to dance. The dancing man. You also use
your senses of hearing, touch and vibration to operate the mill.
Millstones are man's second oldest method of grind grain besides his teeth. Not all
stone makes good millstone material. The French millstones were the best material
ever discovered for grinding wheat and producing white flour. French millstones
hold their cutting edge much longer but are harder to dress, and therefore, require

less frequent dressing like other types of millstones. Some think that the French
millstones can grind flour without dressing because of their natural pours. Up until
1890 most flour was still ground with millstones. In recent years stone ground flour
has regain popularity because of its association with organically grown grains.
The increasing use of vertical motor driven millstones mills has made stone ground
flour and meal more available. But speed kills. They run at higher speeds than the
traditional water and wind powered mills. The meal exits the mills warmer and the
modern metal housings hold more heat into the millstones. The modern milling
system that uses metal rollers destroys and removes 12 of the natural nutrients in
just the milling and sifting process. Steel rolled oats destroys or kills all of the
natural nutrients in oats, and thus eliminates any problems associated with moisture
in its storage. Modern oat meal is mainly eaten as a source of fiber than anything
else. Many health officials think that any thing that is made associated with wood
and stone can never be free of filth and vermin.
Questions for Discussion:
How do you tell when the millstones need dressing?
What is meant by the term "stone ground?"
Does "stone ground" also always mean "water ground?"
Do you get pieces of millstone in your flour and meal?
How is flour milled today?
Which is better stone ground or the modern method?
Activities:
1. Take a quantity of corn or wheat. Have the students search outside for pieces of
stone that will work as a saddle stone, and see what happens when they try to grind
the grain.
2. Take two pieces of broken millstones or two blocks of French millstones and try
to grind grain with furrows on the stone surface. Does it make a difference?
3. Use a hard surface, like a counter top and a rolling pin to grind grain or crackers
into flour and meal. How many fine particles are produced in just one pass of the
roller. You can use a household hand sifter to sift out the finer particles. How many
passes does it take to reduce all of the material to the same size and consistency? Is
this a similar action to that of the roller mill?
4. Use a table top hand mill to grind grain into flour or meal. Catch the particles in
a bowel, tub or bucket. Then use a household hand sifter to sift to separate the finer
particles from the coarser particles. What happens when you regrind and sift the
material over again?

5. Make a wooden version of the millstone pick to allow small children to try the
action of dressing the millstone. The tool would be lighter and less likely to injure
themselves or others.
Mill Speak or Sayings: One children's version of the "Jolly Miller" goes, "he
crushed a flea upon a stone and there he let him be........" Is there any other sayings
in literature, legend or folklore about the trade of milling?
"Wait your turn.," or "waiting your turn," was more than likely the business of
the day at Anderson's Mill. This comes from a time long ago when people took a
"turn" of corn (thrown over a horse's back) to the mill. A "turn" of corn was a
partly filled sack of grain that could be easily carried over the shoulder or on a
horse's back. "Waiting your turn" was to wait for your grain to be ground. People
were told to "wait their turn" or "wait for their turn," by being told when to
come back and picked up their finished ground grain. At times it may be several
hours, later that day or the next. At times people camped out or slept in the miller's
house waiting for their grain to be ground.
"Fair to middlin" is an answer when someone is asked how they are feeling. Fair
means fine flour and middlin or middlings is the mediocre grade of flour. The
saying means that your are not doing real good or really bad, but somewhere in the
middle.
"Back to the old grind," This refers to what the miller has been doing. To get back
to work.. It is always the same old grind, no matter how you look at it. The only
saving grace is once you set the millstones, they will grind the same all day
interrupted and without changes as long as they get the same amount of water and
grain.
"Run of the mill," or "run though the mill." Run of the mill is the product and
process of the milling operation. What is run through the mill, this product is often
labeled as "mill run." The term "mill run" refers to what a mill grinds, can or has
ground. It can also refer to some one who looks tired, as if they look like they have
been run though the machinery and the milling process of the mill.
"No mill, no meal; no will, no deal," in other words, "where there is a will, there
is a way." If there is no meal, there is no meal. If you can't make a deal with the
miller to have your meal ground, their is no meal. They are all interconnected in
"where there is a will, there is a way."
Films: There are several films that could be purchased and shown on 16mm film or
video. One is "The Mill at Philipsburg Manor." It is a 20 minute film that shows
the year-round operation of a colonial mill by the miller and his apprentices. This
was filmed and produced by Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Sleepy Hollow, New
York, 1973. The late Charles Howell dressing the millstones in a portion of this

film. "Water Mills Monuments to the Past," is a 6 minute 40 second film that
shows why water mills were important, why they disappeared and why they should
be preserved. This film is produced by the education department of John Deere in
Moline and it is part of a longer film called "Farming Frontiers." The late Clyde
Kethner dress a millstone in a portion of this film.
Webmaster's Note: There is also a video tape of Charles Howell dressing the
millstones at the Atlas Mill, Crossroads Village, Michigan, April 22, 1992.
Program Variations: You can discuss in further detail the different types of
millstone dressing tools: Mill picks, facing hammers, cracking hammers, bush
hammers, etc. Trammels and all of their various names. Also the different types of
millstones, where they are quarried and what they are best suited for milling. Then
the different millstone dress patterns can be shown. In this discussion, what
happens when you mix one millstone dress pattern on one millstone to another, and
what happens when you install a pair of millstones that are dressed backwards for
the rotation of the millstone spindle.
Millstone Dressing Program: A Bibliography.
"Flour for Man's Bread," by John Storck and Walter Dorwin Teague,
Minneapolis, Minnesota Press, 1952.
Types of millstones, lifting a millstone, the working face of the millstone, (stonedressing, skilled work, leveling the stones, the mill-bill)," by Stanley Freese,
chapter 7, The wind mill at work, "Wind Mills and Millwrighting," Cambridge
University Press, 1957, David & Charles Newton Abbot, Devon, 1971, Cranbury,
New Jersey, A.S. Barnes and Company, 1972, pages 99-107.
"Millstone Dressing," by John Seymor, chapter, "The Forgotten Crafts," a
Practical Guide to Traditional Skills, Alfred A. Knoff, New York, 1984, pages 136138.
"The Tools of the Millstone Dresser," by Kenneth Major, T.A.T.H.S. (Tool And
Trades History Society), Newsletter, no. 8, 1985, pages 24-37.
"The Tools of the Millstone Dresser," by Martin Watts, T.A.T.H.S., Newsletter,
no. 12, 1986, page 39.
"A Query Regarding Millstone Dressing Tools," by J. Kenneth Major,
T.A.T.H.S., Newsletter, no. 18, Summer 1987, pages 36-38.
"Buhrs, disc mills, scrolls & grinders," by Prof. B.W. Dedrick, chapter 11, pages
259-277, "Practical Milling," National Miller, Chicago, Illinois, 1924.

"The stone and the grain," by Charles Howell and Allen Keller, chapter 3, pages 6791, "The Mill at Philipsburg Manor Upper Mills and A Brief History of
Milling," Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, New York, 1977.
"A few words on millstone dress," by Jon A. Sass, chapter, pages 61-65, "The
Versatile Millstone, Workhorse of Many Industries," SPOOM, 1984.
Note: Item numbers refer to the original handouts given out with this program.
There are a number of variations on this program which deals with millstone
dressing. There is no "whole number" given to this interpretive program on the
above copy, or when the original date of this program and number of variations.

PREVOD:
rvanj Dressing
Interpretacije program
po
Theodore R. Hazen
"Millstone Dressing interpretacije programa", Theodore R. Hazen, Master Miller
(mlin operater), graditelj mlina, kustosica Molinology, NPS supervizora mjestu i
glavni tuma, Pierce Mill, Rock Creek Park, Nacionalni Park Service, Washington,
DC, 1987.
rvanj Dressing
Tema & Ciljevi: Prije sto godina mlin bio est prizor, toliko teko da je primijetio. U
usporedbi s brojem mlinovi danas ima vrlo malo lijevo. Puno ljudi u ovoj zemlji
danas nikada nisu vidjeli mlin na poslu. Takoer oni nikada nisu bili unutar mlin,
rade ili u stanju mirovanja. Kako bi posjetiteljima razumijevanje mlinski
odijevanja, svojim alatima i tehnikama koji se koriste ga, vjetina jednom u
potranji i danas mnogo nedostinog. Kako bi posjetiteljima uvid u ono to je
trebalo staviti mlin za rad. To je esto rade to je uinjeno kada je mlin bio
zatvoren, a ne u operaciji, tititi tajne zanata od mljevenja.

Pozadina informacije: Millstone odijevanja jednom uinili putujui mlinski dressers

(u Engleskoj i drugdje). Danas, zadovoljtine se obavlja Miller. Kada sam poeo
raditi u komercijalnim mlinova u Pennsylvaniji, u 1970, se dogaa stopa da se
vae mlinska kamena odjeven je 75 dolara po satu.

Izraz "Pokaite svoje oduevljenje" ili "Je li on vrijedan njegov temperament?"

dolazi od dana putujuim putujuih mlinski komoda. Oni e putovati zemljom, od
mlina do mlina, traei kratko vrijeme ili termin posao. Vlasnici mlin ili Miller e
pitati budui radniku "pokazati svoju hrabrost!" rvanj oblai pokazati svoju
hrabrost, on bi zamotana rukave, da bi se otkrilo svoje podlaktice. U preljev mlin,

metalni alati koriste, izazvao ips od metala da se ugraditi pod komodu koe. Ako
nije uklonjen, to bi izazvati plavkastu boju. Plavkasto obezbojenje ne znai da je
dobar kamen salon, ali samo da je imao iskustva u odijevanja kamenja. Ako su
metalni ipovi nisu uklonjeni, oni e uzrokovati promjene boje plavkasto (slino
kao tetovaa) koe. A tu je uvijek ansa metalnih ips uzimajui u krvotok.

Podizanje i premjetanje trka mlinski: snaan pinch bar i veliku trokutastu drveni
blok (klin) umetnut ispod trka mlin je tradicionalna metoda upturning mlinski
kamen. Pomini kamen podignut je visoka kao da e ii i stavite ga na dva drvena
trake. Trokutasti drveni blok vozio izmeu dva mlinskih kamenova. Prstohvat Bar
je umetnuta kroz uicu za okretanje trka mlinski na svojoj strani. Ili ue remen je
stavljen iako je mlinski kamen oi podii kamen na svoje okruglog ruba. Tada vrlo
njeno i oprezno je spustio na lea, licem prema gore. Proitajte za preljev. To je
uinio bilo sputanjem uadi ili umetanja pinch bar u oku sa suprotne strane i
njeno sputanje prema dolje. Sjeanje u svako doba da slip moglo dovesti tonu
mlinski dolje netko stopala ili proi kroz podu. Prikai posjetitelje alati koriste, ali
ne zapravo ih koriste. Ovo nije preporueni nain kree mlin, a javnost je u mlin.
(Stavka # 1)

Mill Stone Crane: A (vrlo) malo vjetrenjae i rani obiaj mlinovi su opremljeni ili
opremljene kamenim dizalice. Ona se sastojala od uspravnom stupu, s velikom
zamahu nosa ili vratilo. Od kraja nosaa suspendiran par zakrivljenih ruku ili
balama. Svaki raskid u petlji, kuka ili pin. Dva kuke su umetnuti u utinice ili rupe
na suprotnoj strani trka millstone.So kad podignete kamen to je simetrino
uravnoteen i biti onda prebacio preko licem prema gore ili prema dolje, kada je
to htio. (Toka # 2)

Rani vijke mlinski dizalice su izraeni od drveta. Onda kasnije su izraeni od

metalnih niti. Niti su ravno na svakoj strani. Ovo je drugaije nego na vijak za
drvo. Ako su teme suava na obje strane kao da je od drveta vijak teina kamena
e uzrokovati vijak za sniavanje mlinski stalno. Ili nije mogao vratiti kamen
podigao u bilo kojem trenutku.

Dressing mlin: Dressing mlin je esto rade to je uinjeno u noi ili usred zime.
Trgovac mlin bi haljini mlinski jednom mjeseno ili kad se melje izmeu 100 do
200 tisua funti itarica. Prilagoeni mlin bi haljina mlin jednom godinje.
Obnovljena mlin otvoren za javnost i pokazati umijee glodanje, samo e
zahtijevati dressing mlin jednom u razdoblju od deset godina. Oni su esto
odjeveni na vie redovito ili kao dio interpretativne programiranje na mlin.

Radna lice mlin: Radna ploha krevet kamena je ili ravna ili blago udubljeni, a
trka kamena povrina vien konkavna na radnom licu. To je poboljati feed zrna
time zrno je postupno prolazi kroz uu i ui prostor. Zrna ulazi u oko sredita oba
mlin na "krilu" od kamena. Krilu je podruje koje neposredno okruuje okom
mlinski kamen. U francuskom mlinskog kamena, krilu obuhvaa prvi krug komada

oko oka. Kao to je radio od "struka" (struka mlinski je usred mlin) na "suknje"
(suknje mlinski je vanjski rub kamena). (Stavka # 3)

Gornji i donji kamenje imaju glatke povrine, od strane kreatora naziva "zemlja"
(Zemlje su ravne povrine izmeu brazdama na mlinski kamen ili na mlinski
povrine lica) Zemljite mora biti odjeveni u brazde ili utora. Kamenje su poloeni
u obino desetak segmenata ili harfa.

Najdua brazda (majstor brazda) je oko 1 1/4 ina irok. Brazdasto drati se
koristi za provjeru irinu ove brazde. Jedan rub brazde ima pero rub, koji je rez
otar i ist kao mogue. Ravni rub zakoeni se umanjiti rezanje od mekinja.
Zemlje izmeu brazdama fino utorima ili pernatu od 6 do 12 pukotina linijama po
inu. Poput datoteke su koa off penice kernel itarica tako da moe biti temelj
po brazdama.

Napomena: nema znan rvanj salon koji je prethodno obuen tim mlin (po Pierce
Mill). Oni su pogreno i pogreno odjeveni. Takoer nemaju sve alate vezane uz
preljev od mlinskih kamenova.

Dobar rvanj oblai moete staviti ak 16 uboda ili pukotine po inu. Ne zabada
potrebno je na mlin koriste za bruenje kukuruz. Neki kau ivanje je otiao nakon
tjedan dana bruenja. Drugi kau ivanje trebao biti dublje prema suknje. Pucanja
ili ivanje trebala biti paralelna brazde.

Polaganje iz brazde ovisi o rotaciji gornjih trka mlinskih kamenova. Zemlje

izmeu srednjih brazde su gdje ivanje je staviti u.

Gornji i donji kamenje su odjeveni podjednako ,. zrno je cut s rezanje radne

akcije, kao to se preselio dolje brazde, dok se ne pojavljuje u suknji. Tada je
pomesti oko kljun ili padobran po nacrtu ili okretanja prijedlog trka mlinski
kamen. Jedan zrna ita traje 2 1/2 okretaja putovati kroz mlin u spiralnom
pokretu.

Lake je haljina uzdignuta trka mlinski nego krevet kamena, jer je krevet kamen
je u ravnini s podom. Kad dvojica haljina mlin, majstor oblai obino oblai trka i
pomagaa, egrt ili manje ovjek mora nositi s krevetom kamena.

rvanj Dressing: mlin su odjeveni s mlin pokupiti, a kaljenog elika pokupiti s

drvenom drkom. To su obino dvostruko zavrio klin izraen od lijevanog elika
koji je kaljeno s dlijetom kao rubovi rezati kamen. Mill pijucima su obino 7 do 9
ina dugo s rupom u sredini za rukom i koristi puno poput ekia. Mill zapisi

uklopiti u drvenom drkom naziva tedljivost. Ovo je okrenuo drvenom drkom 12

do 15 ili ak 18 ina dugo. Glava je oko 3 ina u promjeru s mortise smanjiti
smjestiti raun. Oni se koriste za poljubac povrinu mlinski kamen i brazdama.

Slavina-tap-tap od rvanj komoda raun ili pick je nekad poznati zvuk u mirnom
selu. (igrati snimku mlinski preljev ili pokupiti kamen za zvuk procesa). Bilo je uti
na prolaznika ako mlinovi bio blizu ceste.

Par kamenja prua punu dana rada za Millera i njegovog pomonika. Demontaa,
dorada i ponovne montae spremni za bruenje. Dva para moe potrajati i do 3
dana da haljina. Neiskusni mukarci mogli potrajati i do 3 ili 4 dana da haljina za
jednu jako istroen par kamenja.

Putujui mlinski dressers su polu-putujui radnici, bili su individualci, likovi, samo

priznate po malo plavo-crnih komadia elika, vee od glave pin ugraen u
rukama i nekim vremenima njihovim licima. Zatitne naoale kako bi zatitili oi i
konu tit na pick ili rukavicama na rukama treba nositi. (Toka # 4)

Mlinski kamen oblai ima niz pijucima. Otrenja se obavlja runo, ili nogu
powered otrenje kamen. Elektrini mlin moe ukloniti reagirao. Iskusni rvanj
komoda moe rei po ringu ili tupa tung zvuk kad tip udari mlinski ako je
temperament je jo uvijek u pick ili je otiao iz nje.

KV Posao: pijucima Mill postati dosadno i treba resharpened. Oni postaju oslabljen
i treba izotriti ili ponovo nacrtano od strane kovaa. Oni gube reagirao i mora se
provesti na kovaa za retempering. Oni su zagrijana na vinje-crvene boje, a
zatim umoen u hladnu vodu ili kemijski kupelji.

Osoblje ili drvena boja dokaz je dugo mrtav ravna razini mahagonija ili javor bar
premazani crvenom oksida, lampe crne, crni eljezni oksid ili danas u prahu krede
tvoriti stolara plastine boce. Oni su se preselili preko kamena u svim smjerovima
kako bi pronali neujednaena, neistroen izdignua, biti usitnjeno daleko za
prethodno izravnavanje, prije odijevanja. Boja Osoblje uva mrtvu razinu s
mjeraem metala zove dokaz osoblja. Visoka mjesta na drvenoj povrini runo
planirali dolje sa komadom stakla.

Mehaniki mlinski dressers nikada nisu pronaeni biti uinkovit. Oliver Evans nije
uinio nita za mlinski odijevanja.

Metalni dokaz Osoblje paljivo je zatien u sluaju, za provjeru s osobljem boje,

prije upotrebe.

Custom mlinovi imali esto mrtve povrine razine na obje kamenja. Oni ne bi
dodatno vrijeme i trud kako bi dobili trka i krevet kamena konkavni. Mrtvi razini
kamenje poravnava nego melje ito. Mlin na vertikalnim mlinovi su mrtvi razini.

Stara metoda kola mlinski odijevanja kae da je obiaj bio "ne mlinarstvo"
Farmer i mlinari vjerovali u vrlo plitkim brazdama. Mi smo izradu obrok nego to
flour.Thus pojam za mljevenje za dugo vremena bio "mealing."

U mlinu je obino 12 do 15 do 50 pokupiti svaki e samo ostati otar za 10 do 15

minuta rada. Oni obino uiniti ivanje ili pucanje prvi, dok su Hare otra, a zatim
ih koristiti za brazdama kasnije, kada su postali dosadno. (posjetitelji sajma kako
pokupiti odrava i potom koristi)

rvanj oblai tap-tap-tap ili ips po stopi od 120 udaraca u minuti. Pritom ivanje
ili pucanja, kako bi bili sigurni kada zastavi da utori su paralelno s brazdama, a
tek kako je navedeno u podruju koje je irok (debljina otrice) kao motika. Tako
da bi moglo biti desetak utori prelazi irinu zemlje, uz zemlje iz suknje.

Rezanje: mlin nisu odjeveni s gore i dolje djelovanja miia. Kamen oblai koristi
"bist" jastuk, obino izraena od djelomino ispunjen vreu brana ili mekinja. To
se koristi od strane mlinski komodi odmoriti ruku rvanj preljev pokupiti ili
tedljivost. Jedan rukama dri ruku na BIST, dok je druga ruka podie ruicu
toaletnog alata iza mlin odabrati ili glavu, a zatim vam alat da ispadne na mlinski
kamen stvarajui rezanje po vlastitom teinom. Ako mlinar koristi svoje miie, da
e istroiti ruke prije predugo, i jo mnogo toga nametljivo, ako je Miller koristi
svoje miie iza trajkova u mlin udarajui manje gusti dio kamena bi previe
daleko. Dakle, ako je rezanje kamena uvijek se obavlja teine alat sama, akcija
rezanja je uvijek isti.

Oliver Evans, jedan od prvih pisaca na mlin mljevenje u ovoj zemlji, inzistirao da
rubovi rezanje brazdama uvijek biti otra. Glup kamen, napisao je, "ubija ili
unitava da ivo kvaliteta zrna, koja uzrokuje da fermentira i podii u peenje,
ona takoer ini obrok tako znojan se zalijepila na platno i prigunice gore mree
u vijcima (prosijavanje ). "

Niveliranje Stonese: Prije zamjene trka kamen, potrebno je provjeriti glavu

mlinski vretena prodire kroz krevet kamen da ga vidim da se vrti mrtve istina, u
odnosu na razinu krevet kamena. Inae, gornji klizni kamen e flop od strane na
stranu i samljeti donji kamen i iskre i vatru. Cjelovite itarice e se pojaviti na
jednoj strani i vrue tijekom prizemlju e izai na drugu. (Stavka # 5)

Da biste to provjerili, drvena prepreka opremljen na mlinski vreteno s uspravnom

pero. To je klinu da mali trg rupu koja odgovara na osovinu. Pero dopuniti ili
toka doe u kontakt s krevetom kamena. Master mlinski komode satovi i slua
zvuk pero dok pomaga dolje stepenicama pretvara, vrti vreteno. Ako su tone,
vijka za podeavanje ili klinovi u bloku zatvaranje podeavaju sve savreno
istinitost postigne.

Nakon ponovljenog obrada mlin, to nosi dolje i moraju premjestiti ili ukloniti prvi
prsten ili obru.

Mlin pijucima: U danima putuju kamena komodi, djeak e se koristiti za

ukljuivanje brus za otrenje na pijucima uvati oblai isporuen s otrim
pijucima. (Stavka # 6)

Vano je posao i vjet znanja da tvrdim s pijucima. Kaljenje je uinjeno

zagrijavanjem pijucima na trenja crvene boje te ih uranjajui u hladnu vodu (kia
meke vode) do super. Vano da uronite u vodu u pravo vrijeme, tako da ne
dobijete ips ili letjeti na komadie. Ukoliko se resharpened s grubim datoteku
prije cooling.Sometimes kamen oblai bi prikupili mlin motika od nekoliko mlinova
i provesti dan pomou kova je krivotvoriti obaviti posao sebe. Budui da je
prosjena kova nije uvijek imaju smisao radi ispravno ili ugodan na mlinski
oblai. (vidi: "The American Miller i graditelj mlina pomonik" William Carter
Hughes, Hare i Hart, Detroit, 1850, za probleme izmeu mlinski kamen komodi i
kovaa kako mlin pijucima su kaljeno)

Mlinarstvo. "Dokaz je u puding" (kako je dobar rvanj oblai nije njegov posao se
nalazi u puding (toka # 6)

Balansiranje Runner mlinski: Runner kamen ne moe biti uravnoteen, osim ako
je kamen vretena je istina. Dvije vrste ravnotee su uinili. Statiki stanje (stoji
ravnotea) i dinamino balansiranje (tranje ravnotea i najbolje) (toka # 7)

Mlin moraju najprije oiena s 50 do 75 funti itarica koja se baca. Ne mater

koliko je dobar posao je obavljen od briui i usisavanje kamenje, ne ukloni sve
kamenia. Ovo prizemlju ili obrok mora izbacili i ne koristi. Neki Indijanci
plemena nosili daleko zube mljevenjem zrna na kamenje koje su bile previe
mekana. Oni su dobili ogromne koliine tla kamena u svom obroku.

Zakljuak: Veina ljudi nema pojma tko mlin mljevenje zrna u brano i obrok.
Misle da mlin dotiu, gnjeenje se ito dolje u obrok. Mlin nikada ne dodiruju. Ako
su to uinili mlin e prestati, zbog teine dvaju mlinskih kamenova bi vie uzeti
teinu vode i to e djelovati kao predah. Ako mlin dotaknu jedna drugu da bi
poslali tu iskri koja bi mogla zapaliti prainu u brano. Praina od penice, rai,

jema i zobi je problem. Praina od samo peninog brana je vie eksplozivnih

od baruta i 35 puta vie eksploziva nego ugljene praine. Praina se nalaze u
kukuruzu i heljda nije eksplozivan.

Jelo izlazili mlin trebao biti neto toplo na dodir. Mlin zadrati prirodni okus i
dobrotu, jer je kamenje prirodno odvoenje topline prema hladnjaka strane mlin
gdje je izgubio na zraku. Ako mlinski kamen postaje napuknut ili slomljen, to vie
nee troiti topline ispravno generirana u procesu mljevenja. Prasak e se
izgraditi topline, jer je kamen ne shvate da je pukotina nije izvan ruba. Toplina e
biti privueni prema pukotine i izgradili uzrok brano postati spalio. S spalio
brana gluten je unitena i gubi svoju sposobnost da ustati i napraviti dobar kruh.

Miller koristi ono to se zove "Miller dodir" suditi kvalitetu tla obrok dolaze iz
mlinski padobran. Prvo Miller koristio metodu "pesnica" rei ako zrna sadrana
pravu koliinu vlage. Miller e prikupiti aku tla obrok, a zatim zatvorite ruku. Pri
otvaranju ruku jelo neto treba drati zajedno, ali ne drati zajedno, kao da je
nekolicina gline. To ne bi trebao pasti kroz prste kada je otvorio svoju ruku kao da
je napravljen od pijeska. Drugi je "metoda prst" koje je Miller trlja iznos testni
izmeu palca i krajevima indeksa i srednjim prstima. Ova metoda ocijeni veliinu i
finou mljevenje. Prsti trebaju biti mekana i barunasta, i bez masnoa i
neistoe. Miller nikada ne bi trebao uiniti bilo teko raditi da bi otvrdne ili
unititi ovaj osjeaj dodira. Zapamti brano treba biti mekana kao unu resicu i
jela, kao to je naravno dnu palca. Konano je "dlan metoda", koju je Miller hvata
obrok u dlan svoje desne ruke. On polako iri i nazad. To tei rijeiti ili filtrirati
roba osrednjeg kvaliteta i brano na dnu i podii mekinje na vrh. Na taj nain
Miller moete vidjeti veliinu i oblik mekinje. Je li mekinje u lijepim irokim
pahuljicama, ili je to razdvojiti u male veliine estica. Miller zna da mlin moraju
biti haljinu, kada on vie ne moe vidjeti mekinje kao to bi trebao biti. U
prizemlju materijal treba osjeati iv, i nikada beivotno ili mrtav u ruci.

Tradicionalni folklor koji je povezan s mlin, je da ako padnu, ubiti ili ozlijediti
nekoga, oni postaju poput divljih ivotinja iz vie ukusa od ljudske krvi. Tako
savreno dobro mlinska kamena su umirovljeni iz mlina. Oni e ii u banke i
mostova, ili postati pragova, tako e drugi uzeti svoje zlo ili nesreu i dalje s
njima.

U jednom dijelu zemlje, oni misle da je samo dobra mlinari bi jedno oko. Oni su se
mlin izraz "Drite buka u rvanj" znai da u preljev svoje mlin biste sluajno
ugasiti jedno oko. Izraz "Drite buka u rvanj" znai da je u odravanju vae buku
na rvnju da vae uho je u tom smjeru. To znai obratiti pozornost na svoj rad.
Moete koristiti svoja osjetila s radom mlin. Osjeaj za miris znati zatim mlin gori
brano. Moe biti da su oni preblizu; premalo itarica ide izmeu njih i oni su
tranje vrue; ili mogu biti izvan ravnotee, a oni su trljanje na jednoj strani.
Jedan mlin ima drvenu zglobne mukarca stoji na naslovnici mlinski (slino kao
drvosjea) pa kad mlin postao iz ravnotee, ovjek poinje plesati. Ples ovjek.
Moete takoer koristiti svoja osjetila sluha, dodira i vibracije za rad mlin.

Mlin su ovjekova druga najstarija metoda ita mljevenje osim zubima. Nisu svi
kamena ini dobro mlinski materijal. Francuski su mlinska kamena bili su najbolji
materijal ikad otkrio za bruenje penicu i proizvodnju bijelog brana. Francuski
mlinska kamena drite svoju otricu puno due, ali su tee haljina, i stoga,
zahtijevaju manje uestalu preljev poput drugih vrsta mlin. Neki misle da su
francuski mlinska kamena moe samljeti brano bez dorada zbog svojih prirodnih
izlijeva. Do 1890 veini brana i dalje sa zemljom mlin. U posljednjih nekoliko
godina kamenom prizemlju ima povratio popularnost zbog svoje povezanosti s
organski uzgojenih itarica.

Sve vea uporaba vertikalnih motorni pogon mlin mlin je napravio kamena tla
brano i krupica vie dostupan. Ali brzina ubija. Oni vode pri veim brzinama
nego tradicionalne mlinove i vjetra napaja. Jelo izlazi mlinice toplije i moderne
metalne kuita dre vie topline u mlin. Suvremeni glodanje sustav koji koristi
metalni valjci unitavamo i uklanja 12 od prirodnih hranjivih tvari u samo procesu
mljevenja i prosijavanja. elini valjane zob uniti ili ubija sve od prirodnih
hranjivih tvari u zobi, a time eliminira bilo kakve probleme povezane s vlagom u
svojoj pohranu. Moderna zob obrok uglavnom jede kao izvor vlakana nego bilo to
drugo. Mnogi zdravstveni dunosnici misle da je bilo ono to je napravio
povezana s drveta i kamena nikada ne moe biti bez prljavtine i gamadi.

Pitanja za raspravu:

Kako ete rei kada mlin potrebno preljev?

to se podrazumijeva pod pojmom "kamenom tlu?"
Je li "kamena zemlja" takoer znai uvijek "podzemne vode?"
Da li ste dobili komada mlinski kamen u vaem brana i prekrupe?
Kako se brano melje danas?
to je bolje kamenom prizemlju ili suvremena metoda?

Aktivnosti:

1. Uzmi koliinu kukuruza ili penice. Neka uenici potraiti vani komada kamena
koji e raditi kao sedlo kamena, i vidjeti to se dogaa kada pokuate mljevenje
ita.

2. Uzmite dva komada slomljena mlin ili dva bloka od francuskih mlin i pokuati
samljeti ito s brazdama na kamenoj povrini. Da li to napraviti razliku?

3. Koristite tvrdu povrinu, poput counter vrh i oklagija za mljevenje ita ili
krekere u brano i obrok. Koliko fine estice mogu se u samo jednom prolazu
valjka. Moete koristiti kuanstva ruke sito prosijati iz sitnije estice. Koliko
propusnice je potrebno smanjiti sve od materijala na istu veliinu i dosljednost? Je
li to slino djelovanje na onom valjka mlin?

4. Koristite stolnim ruke mlin za mljevenje ita u brano ili obrok. Catch estica u
crijeva, kadu ili kantu. Tada koristite runu sito kuanstva prosijati odvojiti sitnije
estice iz grubljih estica. to se dogaa kada Regrind i prosijati materijal iznova?

5. Napravite drvena verzija mlinski pokupiti dopustiti maloj djeci da isprobate

djelovanje odjenuvi mlinski. Alat e biti laki i manje vjerojatno da sebe ili druge
ozlijediti.

Mill govori ili izreke: jedna djeja verzija "Jolly Miller" ide ", rekao je slomiti buha
na kamen i tamo ga neka bude ........" Ima li kakvih drugih rijei u knjievnosti,
legende ili folklora o trgovini glodanje?

"ekajte svoj red.", Ili "eka na red", bio je vie nego vjerojatno poslovnom dana
na Andersona Mill. To dolazi iz vremena davno kada su ljudi uzeo "zaokret" od
kukuruza (baen preko konja lea) na mlin. A "na redu" kukuruza je djelomino
ispunjena vrea ita koje bi mogle biti lako provodi preko ramena ili na konju
leima. "eka na red" je ekati va zrna treba masu. Ljudi su rekli da "ekaju svoj
red" ili "ekaju svoj red", tako da je rekao kad se vrati i pokupi svoje gotovog tla
ita. Ponekad to moe biti nekoliko sati, poslije toga dana ili sljedei. S vremena
na vrijeme ljudi utaborili se ili spavao u Miller kui ekajui njihov zrna treba
masu.

"Sajam se middlin" je odgovor kada netko pitao kako se osjea. Sajam znai fino
brano i middlin ili roba osrednjeg kvaliteta je osrednji stupanj brana. Govorei
znai da tvoj ne rade stvarno dobro ili jako loe, ali negdje u sredini.

"Povratak u stare samljeti" To se odnosi na ono to je Miller je bio dogaaj. Da se

vratim na posao .. To je uvijek isti stari mljevenje, bez obzira kako na to gledate.
Jedini spas je milost kada ste postavili mlin, oni e mljeti isti cijeli dan prekida i
bez promjene dokle god su dobili istu koliinu vode i itarica.

"Run of mlin", ili "pokrenuti da mlin." Tranje od mlina je proizvod i proces rada
mljevenja. Ono to je tranje kroz mlin, ovaj proizvod je esto oznaene kao "mlin
vonji." Pojam "Mlin Run" se odnosi na ono to je mlin melje, moe ili ima tlo. On
takoer moe odnositi na nekoga tko izgleda umorno, kao da oni izgledaju kao da
su pokrenuti iako strojeva i procesa mljevenja u mlinu.

"Ne mlin, bez obroka, bez volje, bez posla", drugim rijeima, "gdje postoji volja,
postoji i nain." Ako nema obrok, obrok nema. Ako ne moete napraviti dogovor s
Millerom imati svoj obrok tlo, njihov je nema obroka. Oni su svi povezani u "gdje
postoji volja, postoji i nain."

Filmovi: Postoji nekoliko filmova koje bi mogle biti kupljene i prikazane na 16mm
filmu ili videu. Jedan od njih je "The Mill u Philipsburg Manor." To je 20 minutni film
koji pokazuje cjelogodinje poslovanje kolonijalnom mlina uz Millera i njegovih
naunika. To je snimio i producirao Sleepy Hollow ispuna, Sleepy Hollow, New
York, 1973. krajem Charles Howell preljev mlin u dijelu ovog filma. "Vodenice
Spomenici prolosti" je 6 minuta 40 sekunde film koji pokazuje zato mlinice su
vani, zato su nestali i zato ih treba ouvati. Film je u produkciji obrazovanja
odjelu John Deere u Moline i to je dio dueg filma pod nazivom "Poljoprivreda
granica." Pokojni Clyde Kethner haljini mlinski u dijelu ovog filma.

Webmaster Napomena: Postoji i video snimka Charles Howell odijevanja mlin na

Atlas Mill, Crossroads selo, Michigan, 22. travnja 1992. godine.

Varijacije programa: moete raspravljati podrobnije razliite vrste alata rvanj

odijevanja: preuzima mlin, okrenut ekia, pucanje ekia, Bush ekii, itd
prepreke i sve njihove raznim imenima. Takoer, razliite vrste mlin, gdje su
quarried i to su najprikladnija za glodanje. Tada su razliiti rvanj haljina obrasci
mogu se prikazati. U ovoj raspravi, to se dogaa kada mix jedan mlinski haljina
uzorak na jednom mlinskim kamenom u drugu, i to se dogaa kada instalirate
par mlinskih kamenova koji su odjeveni unatrag za rotacije mlinski vretena.