CAESAR II STATIC LOAD CASE

EDITOR
Loren Brown
SeniorEngineer/Developer
CADWorx&AnalysisSolutions
IntergraphProcess,Power, &Marine

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Feedback:Elvira.Ballard@Intergraph.com
Suggestions:Loren.Brown@Intergraph.com
TechnicalSupport:
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TYPESOFLOADS
PrimaryLoads Forcedriven,cause
catastrophicfailure.
Weight,Pressure,PointLoads,UniformLoads,
HangerLoads,WindandWaveloads.

SecondaryLoads Strainbased,causefatigue
failure.
Temperature,Displacements.

AVAILABLELOADTYPESINCAESARII

W(Weight),WNC(WeightNoContents)
WW(WaterfilledWeight)
P(Pressure),HP(HydrotestPressure)
T(Temperature),D(Displacement)
H(HangerPreloads),F(ConcentratedLoads)
U(UniformLoads)
Win(Wind),Wav(WaveandCurrent)
CS(CutShortorCutLong)

AvailableStressTypesinCAESARII

OPE Operating
SUS Sustained
EXP Expansion
OCC Occasional
HYD Hydrotest
HGR HangerDesign
FAT Fatigue

LoadCaseDefinition
Operatingcasecontainsallloadsinthe
system.
L1=W+P1+T1+H(OPE)thisiscalledabasicloadcase

SustainedCasecontainsonlyprimaryloads.
L2=W+P1+H(SUS)anotherbasicloadcase

ExpansionCaseisthedifferencebetweenthe
operatingandsustainedcases.
L3=L1L2(EXP)thisiscalledacombinationloadcase

CombinationLoadCases
Usedtoaddorsubtractresultsfrom
previouslydefinedprimitiveloadcases.
NecessaryforproperEXPandOCCcodestress
definition.
Notusedforrestraintorequipmentload
definition,norfordisplacementreporting.

WhysubtractSUSfromOPE?
WhynotsimplyuseL3=T1(EXP)?
Becausetherestraintconfigurationmayresultin
anincorrectsolution.
Nonlinearrestraintsdrivetherestraint
configuration.
Otherloadsinthesystemcombinetochangethe
restraintconfiguration.

NonlinearRestraints
StiffnessofRestraintchangesdependingon
positionofpipeorforcesonrestraint.
Examples:
UnidirectionalRestraints(+Y)
Gapsinrestraints
Friction
Largerotationrods
BilinearRestraints

Forcevs.DistanceinNonlinear
Restraints

Example1:T1(EXP)
L3=T1(EXP)

This is how the line is modeled in

Caesar II. The gaps are equal on
both sides of the pipe. No loads are
yet applied.

The thermal forces have closed

the gap on the right side.

TotalDisplacementforT1(EXP)=1xGap

Example2:L1 L2(EXP)
L2=W+P1(SUS)

L1=W+P1+T1(OPE)

Weight has caused the pipe to close

the gap to the left. This can happen
when the pipe pivots about a
different restraint.

Operating conditions have caused

the pipe to close the gap to the
right, even against the weight force
trying to hold it on the left.

Example2(cont)
IfwesubtractthedisplacementsoftheSUS
casefromOPEweget:
TotalDisplacementforL1L2=2xGap
InalinearsystemT1(EXP)=L1 L2(EXP)
Inanonlinearsystemthisisnotguaranteed.
Thisrepresentstheeffectoftemperatureinthe
presenceofotherloads.
Thisisadisplacementstressrange,notstarting
fromtheneutralposition.

OccasionalLoadCases
Formostpipingcodes(nottheoffshore
codes):
SetupanOPEcasethatincludestheoccasional
load
SubtractthestandardOPEcasefromtheOPEthat
includestheoccasionalload.Wecallthisthe
segregatedoccasionalloadcase.
AddtheaboveloadcaseresultstotheSUSload
caseresultsforthecodestresscheck

Example3:OccasionalLoadCases
Assumewehaveauniformloadrepresentinga
seismicload,U1.

L1=W+P1+T1
L2=W+P1
L3=W+P1+T1+U1
L4=L1L2
L5=L3L1
L6=L2+L5

(OPE)standardoperating
(SUS)
(OPE)operatingwithoccasionalload
(EXP)
(OCC)segregatedoccasional
(OCC)*occasionalcodestresscase

*usescalarcombinationmethod.

CombinationMethods
Algebraic:
Usedforsubtractingtwoloadcases.
Takesthedisplacementsfromthereferencedcases
andsubtractsthem.
Thencomputesforces,moments,andresultantstress
fromthesedisplacements.

Scalar:
Usedforaddingtwoloadcases.
Addsthestressesfromthetworeferencedloadcases.
Unlikealgebraicthestressesarenotrecomputedfrom
displacements.

Notesoncombinationmethods
Dontusealgebraicforaddingtwoloadcases.
Youcanttakecreditforoccasionalloadsacting
oppositetooperatingloads.

Dontusescalarforsubtractingtwocases.
Thisresultsinalowercodestressthanactual.

OutputTypes
Displacement
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases

Force
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases

Stress
Reportedbasedoncoderequirements.

Example4 RestraintLoads

Thealgebraicdifferencebetweenthesetwoconditionswillresultinapositive
forceontherestraint.Thisisanimpossiblecondition.ButtheEXPcodestressis
correctlycomputedforthiscondition.

Whattoreport
SuppresstheHGRcasesandthesegregated
occasionalloadcases.
Reportdisplacement,forceforallprimitive
loadcases.
Dontreportstressfortheoperatingload
cases.
Thisisnottrueforoffshorecodes,norFRPcodes,
norburiedpipecodes.

Reportonlystressforcombinationloadcases.

UsingtheHotModulusofElasticity
Itisrequiredtousethecoldmodulusof
elasticityforstresscomputation.
Youcanreducerestraintloadsbyuseofthe
hotmodulusofelasticity.
CreateidenticalOPEcases,onewithhot
modulusforrestraintloads,andonewithcold
modulusforuseinthecombinationwithSUS
fordeterminingEXPstress.

UsingtheFrictionMultiplier
FrictionMultiplieractsontheMuvalue
enteredoneachrestraintinthemodel.
Input0.0fornofrictionand1.0forfull
friction.
Createidenticalloadcases,butchangethe
valueofFrictionMultiplierononeofthem.
ComparetheresultsintheRestraintSummary
andreporttheworstcaseresults.