PYLON MODELS

600A AND 610A

ACTIVE LUCAS TYPE CELL DETECTOR MANUAL
MANUAL NUMBER: 7940002
Revision 1 Draft 6

Copyright 2011 Pylon Electronics Inc.

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Registered Trademark Canada and U.S.A.

CAUTION
1)

DO NOT attempt to thread the Model 600A and 610A Lucas type cells onto older Pylon
products such as the AB-5, AB-5R, and AB-4. The threads are incompatible. Forcing the
Model 600A and 610A Lucas type cells onto any of these older products will damage the
cell and PMT assembly threads.

2)

Do not force the Model 600A and 610A Lucas type cells onto the AB6A PMT assembly
since this may damage the cell and / or PMT assembly threads. A small amount of
lubricating grease may be applied to the threads to assist with installation. This may be
renewed when necessary.

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IMPORTANT
1)

The 600A/610A detectors are designed for use with a number of other devices. Consult the
instruction manuals which accompanied the devices for important operational and safety
instructions.

2)

If maximum measurement accuracy is required, it is recommended that the 600A and 610A
detectors be calibrated with the monitor that it will be used.

3)

Many of the terms and abbreviations used in this manual are described in Pylon manual
number 7940018 - Glossary of Selected Pylon Terms.

4)

The following symbols may be used throughout this manual:

WARNING

The Warning symbol is use to identify notes that are used to warn
of potential hazards that could cause injury or death to personnel as
well as damage to the equipment.

CAUTION

The Caution symbol is use to identify notes that are used to warn
of potential hazards that could damage the equipment.

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WARRANTY
PYLON ELECTRONICS INC. products are warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of one year from the date of shipment. Our warranty obligation is limited to the repair
of products or parts thereof which, on our examination, prove to be defective during the warranty
period. The warranty shall not apply to any equipment which has been subject to accident, incorrect
wiring not of our own or operation not in accordance with manufacturer's written instructions.
PYLON ELECTRONICS INC. repairs are warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of 90 days from the date of shipment. Our warranty obligation is limited to the repair of
the unit returned prepaid, to our factory and which, on our examination, prove to be defective during
the warranty period. Equipment which has work performed under Warranty will be returned to the
Distributor freight prepaid. The warranty shall not apply to any equipment which has been subject
to accident, incorrect wiring not of our own, or operation not in accordance with manufacturer's
written instructions.
This warranty is given by PYLON in lieu of all other warranties arising in law or otherwise in
respect of the goods, and this Company shall not be liable under any circumstances for
consequential damage.
Note: All product(s) must be returned prepaid, to our factory.
All warranty claims shall be addressed to:
Pylon Electronics Inc.
147 Colonnade Road,
Ottawa, ON K2E 7L9
CANADA
Phone: 613-226-7920
Fax: 613-226-8195
Email: instrument@pylonelectronics.com

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DISCLAIMER
Pylon Electronics Inc. has attempted to ensure that this manual is complete and accurate.
However, Pylon will not be held responsible for any errors and omissions in this manual
including consequential damage due to the information contained herein.
Please forward all comments and suggestions for improvements on the product or this manual to:
Pylon Electronics Inc.
147 Colonnade Road,
Ottawa, ON K2E 7L9
CANADA
Phone: (613) 226-7920
Fax: (613) 226-8195
Email: instrument@pylonelectronics.com
For technical support, please contact us at the above address.
Please visit us on our website at www.pylonelectronics.com. Click on the Products icon.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CAUTION .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
IMPORTANT .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
WARRANTY................................................................................................................................................................ 4
DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.0

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 9

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.0

PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 9
THEORY OF OPERATION ................................................................................................................................... 10
SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 12
RADON GAS DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................... 13
THORON GAS DESCRIPTION.............................................................................................................................. 13

OPERATING PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................................ 14

2.1 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 14

2.2 CONSTRAINTS .................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.3 MEASUREMENTS .............................................................................................................................................. 18
2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.3.2 Preparation ............................................................................................................................................ 18
2.3.3 Grab Sample Measurements .................................................................................................................. 18
2.3.3.1 Initial AB6A Setup............................................................................................................................................ 19
2.3.3.2 System Background Determination ................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3.3 Grab Sample Acquisition ................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3.3.3.1 Vacuum Grab Sample Acquisition ........................................................................................................... 21
2.3.3.3.2 Flow Through Grab Sample Acquisition .................................................................................................. 22
2.3.3.4 Grab Sample Measurements ............................................................................................................................ 27

2.3.4

Continuous Measurements ..................................................................................................................... 27

2.3.4.1
2.3.4.2
2.3.4.3

2.3.5

Initial AB6A Setup............................................................................................................................................ 28

System Background Determination ................................................................................................................... 28
Continuous Sample Measurements .................................................................................................................... 29

Cell Flushing ......................................................................................................................................... 33

2.3.5.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.5.2 Flow Through Flushing Method ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.5.2.1 Equipment Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.5.2.2 Process ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.5.3 Vacuum Flushing Method ................................................................................................................................ 35
2.3.5.3.1 Equipment Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 35
2.3.5.3.2 Process ..................................................................................................................................................... 35

2.4 CALCULATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 36

2.4.1 Calculations ........................................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2

Grab Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................................ 36

Continuous Measurement Calculations ............................................................................................................ 39

2.4.2 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 39

2.5 OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................................... 41
2.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 41
2.5.2 Radon Sniffing ....................................................................................................................................... 41
2.5.3 Multiple Approximate Readings ............................................................................................................ 42
2.6 RADON MEASUREMENTS IN BUILDINGS GUIDELINES ...................................................................................... 42
2.6.1 Quality Assurance Program Guidelines .................................................................................................. 42

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2.6.2 Building Measurement Guidelines........................................................................................................... 43

2.6.3 Information To Be Recorded ................................................................................................................... 44
2.6.4 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................................... 44
2.7 THORON GAS MEASUREMENT .......................................................................................................................... 45
3.0

CALIBRATION ................................................................................................................................................ 45

4.0

CELL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR ......................................................................................................... 45

5.0

FURTHER INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 46

5.1 SUGGESTED READINGS .................................................................................................................................... 46

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 - 600A AND 610A LUCAS TYPE CELLS ......................................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 2 - 600A/610A / AB6A ATTACHMENT ............................................................................................................ 19
FIGURE 3 - CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE ACQUISITION SETUP .......................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 4 - OPEN SYSTEM SAMPLE ACQUISITION SETUP .............................................................................................. 25
FIGURE 5 - CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE ACQUISITION SETUP .......................................................................................... 30
FIGURE 6 - OPEN SYSTEM SAMPLE ACQUISITION SETUP .............................................................................................. 31
FIGURE 7 - FLOW THROUGH FLUSHING METHOD SETUP .............................................................................................. 34

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 - RADIUM DECAY CHAIN ............................................................................................................................... 11
TABLE 2 - 600A AND 610A SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................ 13
TABLE 3 - RADIOTHORIUM DECAY CHAIN ................................................................................................................... 14

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1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to describe the Pylon Model 600A and 610A active Lucas
type cells and their use.

1.2

Scope
This manual covers the description, use, and calibration of the Pylon Model 600A and
610A active Lucas type cells (hereinafter referred to as the 600A and 610A). Although
the cells may be used with a variety of monitors, this manual concentrates on the use of
the cells with the Pylon model AB6A monitor (hereinafter referred to as the AB6A). The
description of the AB6A and its operation is beyond the scope of this manual. Please
refer to Pylon manual number 7940010 for more information on the AB6A.

1.3

General Description
The 600A and 610A are active scintillation cells which are used to measure radon and
thoron gas. They are considered to be active because the User must actively place the gas
sample into the cell.
Scintillation cells are sensitive to three radioactive isotopes. These are radon gas (Rn222), thoron gas (Rn-220), and actinon gas (Rn-219). These gases are the decay products
(progeny) of the Uranium 238, Thorium 232, and Uranium 235 series respectively.
This manual primarily considers radon as it is the most commonly encountered of the
three gases. Radon gas is described in more detail in the following paragraphs. Thoron
gas is less prevalent than radon gas and, because it has a short half-life, its presence tends
to be more unpredictable than radon. Thoron gas is also described in more detail in the
following paragraphs. Actinon, because it has a very short half-life (3 to 9 seconds) and
an uncommon parent material, is rarely encountered. Therefore, Actinon is not covered in
this manual.
Pylon manufactures the 600A and 610A through a special process which gives them very
high efficiencies.They are sealed metal cylinders with two Swagelok quick connect
pneumatic connectors at one end and a transparent window at the other end. The window
end fits against the AB6A's PMT by threading onto the PMT mount.
The 600A cell has a volume of approximately 272 ml and the 610A cell has a volume of
approximately 154 ml. The 600A's larger volume makes it more sensitive than the 610A.
The two Swagelok connectors allow the cells to collect a grab sample in a flow-through
manner or with a vacuum pump. The cells can also be used for continuous monitoring by
continuously pumping the gas sample through them.

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Figure 1 - 600A and 610A Lucas Type Cells

1.4

Theory of Operation
Active scintillation cells, such as the 600A and 610A are airtight metal cylinders which
have a transparent window at one end and a means of intaking the gas sample at the other
end. The AB6A's optional internal pump or another, User supplied, pump can be used to
draw the gas sample into the 600A or 610A cells or the cell can be evacuated with a
vacuum pump in order to draw the gas sample into the cell. Once inside the cell, radon
gas decays into its daughter products as shown in Table 1 - Radium Decay Chain. Some
of these daughters are alpha particle emitters. Radon gas, RaA, and RaC' emit alpha
particles during normal measurement period lengths.

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Isotope

Half Life (T1/2)

Decay Constant () *

Alpha Energy

Ra-226 (Radium)

1622 years

0.000427 year-1

4.77 MeV

Rn-222 (Radon Gas)

3.825 days

0.0001258 minute-1

5.48 MeV

Po-218 (RaA)

3.05 minute

0.227 minute-1

6.00 MeV

Pb-214 (RaB)

26.8 minute

0.0259 minute-1

Bi-214 (RaC)

19.7 minute

0.0352 minute-1

Po-214 (RaC')

1.6 x 10-4 second

4332 second-1

7.69 MeV

Pb-210 (RaD)

22.3 year

0.031 year-1

Bi-210 (RaE)

5.0 days

0.139 day-1

Po-210 (RaF)

138.4 days

0.005 day-1

5.31 MeV

ln2 0.69315

T1 / 2
T1/ 2
Table 1 - Radium Decay Chain

Like all scintillation cells, the 600A and 610A cells have an alpha sensitive scintillator
lining the interior of the cell. This scintillator, which is silver activated zinc sulphide,
produces light pulses when it is struck by alpha particles. When an alpha particle strikes
the activated sulphide, the alpha particle becomes a helium atom and the sulphide deexcites by emitting photons (i.e., light pulses). The window in the cell allows the photon
to pass through to the photomultiplier tube (PMT) face and enables monitors such as the
AB6A to count the light pulses.
The 600A and 610A are not stand-alone products. Each product only produces light
pulses in the presence of alpha particles that are within the appropriate energy level
range. They must be used with a monitor that converts and counts the light pulses.
The 600A and 610A are designed to screw directly onto the AB6A internal PMT mount
in such a manner that the window of the 600A or 610A cell is mounted against the end of
the photomultiplier tube (PMT) of the AB6A. The PMT detects the light pulses, converts
them to electrical pulses, and amplifies the electrical pulses. The AB6A electronics
further amplify the electrical pulses, discriminates noise pulses out, and counts the
remaining pulses. The AB6A displays the counts on a touchscreen LCD. The AB6A also
stores the data in files which can be accessed on the monitor itself or transferred to a PC
for further analysis. In addition, the AB6A can perform some automated calculations if
the appropriate information is entered into the memory.

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Not all the alpha particles result in light pulses nor do all of the light pulses that are
generated reach the PMT. In order to measure radon gas, the measuring system's response
to radon gas must be known. There is a direct relationship between the number of light
pulses counted by the AB6A and the concentration (or activity) of the radon gas in the
cell. The relationship between the counts recorded and the activity of the sample is
referred to as counting efficiency for a grab sample and as sensitivity for continuous
sampling. Counting efficiency and/or sensitivity must be known before measurements
can be made. Please refer to Section 3.0 for information on how to determine these
parameters.
1.5

Specifications

Table 2 - 600A and 610A Specifications below provides the specifications for the 600A
and 610A.
600A & 610A
Radiation Detected:
Scintillator:
Alpha Energy Ranges:
Accuracy 1 :
Detector Background:
Calibration 2 :
Primary Construction Material:
Connectors:
Mating Connectors:
Maximum Flow Rate 3 :
Operating Temperature Range:
Storage Temperature Range:
Relative Humidity Range 4 :

Alpha
ZnS(Ag)
4.5 to 9 MeV
4%
< 1.0 cpm
Upon Request
Aluminum
Quick Connect Fittings
Swagelok B-QC4-S-4HC or Equivalent
10 l/min (0.01 m3/min)
0 to +50 C (+32 to +122 F)
-20 to +75 C (-4 to +167 F)
0 to 90 %

600A
Lowest Activity Detectable:
Efficiency:
Sensitivity:
Active Volume:
Diameter:
Height:
Weight:

27.4 Bq/m3 (0.74 pCi/l)

0.745
0.037 cpm/Bq/m3 (1.36 cpm/pCi/l)
272 ml (9.2 oz (US Liq))
6.1 cm (2.4 in)
19.7 cm (7.75 in)
359 g (0.8 lb)

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610A
Lowest Activity Detectable:
Efficiency:
Sensitivity:
Active Volume:
Diameter:
Height:
Weight:
1
2
3
4
5
6

48.1 Bq/m3 (1.30 pCi/l)

0.71
0.021 cpm/Bq/m3 (0.76 cpm/pCi/l)
154 ml (5.2 oz (US Liq))
6.1 cm (2.4 in)
14.5 cm (5.7 in)
324 g (0.7 lb)

At a 1 Confidence Level.
Active Cells are production tested on a sampling basis. Custom calibrations are available. Custom
calibrations include multi-point calibrations and calibrations at non standard activity levels.
For Continuous sampling 0.5 l/min maximum is recommended. For Grab sampling, up to 10 l/min may
be used.
Non-Condensing.
Values are nominal.
Specifications are based on new units which have been appropriately calibrated.

Table 2 - 600A and 610A Specifications

1.6

Radon Gas Description

Radon gas is a colourless, odourless, and chemically inert radioactive gas which occurs at
various concentrations almost everywhere. Like all radioactive substances, radon gas
decays into other elements. In the decay process radon gas emits radiation, primarily in
the form of alpha particles. The alpha-emitting radon daughter products produced through
the decay process can adhere to surfaces, including airborne dust and smoke.
It is now widely believed that radon gas, because of its daughter products, is responsible
for much of the lung cancer risk to the nonsmoking segment of the general public. Radon
daughter products breathed into the lungs can result in considerable damage to respiratory
cells. When dissolved in water and ingested, radon can affect cells in the stomach wall
and may cause further problems. In buildings, radon gas and its progeny can reach
concentrations high enough to be a serious health risk. Radon gas can enter buildings as
part of the construction materials or through seepage from the surrounding soil or ground
water. Researchers have found houses which have radon gas levels greatly exceeding the
occupational safety standards for uranium mines.
1.7

Thoron Gas Description

Thoron gas (Rn-220) is a short lived isotope of radon. It is part of the thorium (Th-232)
decay series having a half life of 54.5 seconds as shown in Table 3 - Radiothorium Decay
Chain. The general information provided in the previous paragraph is also applicable to
Thoron gas.

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Isotope

Half Life (T1/2)

Decay Constant () *

Alpha Energy

Th-228 (Radiothorium)

698 days

0.000993 day-1

5.41 MeV

Ra-224 (Thorium-X)

3.64 days

0.190 day -1

5.68 MeV

Rn-220 (Thoron gas)

54.5 second

0.763 minute-1

6.28 MeV

Po-216 (ThA)

0.158 second

4.387 second-1

6.775 MeV

Pb-212 (ThB)

638.4 minute

0.001086 minute-1

Bi-212 (ThC)

60.5 minute

0.011457 second-1

6.04, 6.08 MeV

Po-212 (ThC')

3 x 10-7 seconds

2.31 x 106 second-1

8.78 MeV

Tl-208 (ThC'')

3.1 minute

0.224 minute-1

ln2 0.69315

T1 / 2
T1/ 2
Table 3 - Radiothorium Decay Chain

2.0

OPERATING PROCEDURES

2.1

Equipment Requirements

The following lists the necessary equipment 1 required to use the 600A or 610A
depending on the type of measurement being made:
Item
1
2
3
4
5

Mfr
Pylon
Gelman
Swagelok

6
7
8
9

Dwyer

Model
AB6A
1109
B-QC4-S4HC
VFA-22BV

Description
Radiation Monitor
Filter Holder
25 mm Glass Fiber Filters, 0.8 um
6.4 mm (1/4") I.D. PVC Tubing 2
Cell Mating Connectors

Vacuum Pump 3, 5
Vacuum Gauge 3, 5
Flow Though Pump 4, 5
Air Flow Meter 4, 5

Qty
1
1
A/R
A/R
A/R

1
1
1
1

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

Inexpensive clear PVC plastic tubing may be used with the 600A/610A cells. Tubing should be replaced
regularly to prevent possible contamination.
3
These items are required when using the vacuum grab sample method. A hand or electric pump may be
used.
2

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4
5

These items are required when using the flow through grab sample or flow through continuous methods.
Depending on the desired measurements, the User may select one measurement method and only obtain
one of the 2 types of pumps and related accessories.

The following lists the optional equipment 1 that would assist in the use of the 600A and
610A:
Item
1

Mfr
-

Model
-

2
3

Description
Personal Computer (PC) c/w a Spreadsheet
Program
Charcoal Column 2
Drying Column with Drierite 3

Qty
1

1
1

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

To remove radon progeny prior to sample injection into the cell.
3
To dry the sample before injection in the cell when humidity levels are high.
2

NOTE
The User must be familiar with the operation of the monitor
before the cells can be used. If using an AB6A, please refer to
the AB6A Instruction Manual (Manual Number 7940010) for
information on the use and operation of the AB6A.
2.2

Constraints

A number of factors can affect performance and accuracy when using the 600A/610A.
Some of these factors are described below. Observance of the instructions and
recommendations presented in this manual will help the User achieve maximum
performance and accuracy.
Monitor Setup:
Monitors must be set up in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions to optimize
measurement efficiencies and sensitivities.
For the AB6A, this involves setting up the High Voltage (HV) and Discriminator (DISC)
parameters. These settings, which are programmed into the AB6A, determine how the
cell's light pulses which are detected by the AB6A will be counted. If the HV is set too
high or the DISC is set too low, the AB6A will be overly responsive to low level
electrical noise, resulting in counts that contain too much background. If the HV is set too
low or the DISC is set too high, the AB6A will not be responsive enough to the alpha
decay pulses. The optimal combination of HV and DISC settings is known as the AB6A
Operating Point. The operating point will depend on the accessory being used with the
AB6A. Please refer to Section 3.0 of this manual for more information.

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Humidity:
If water condensation forms in the cell, accuracy may be affected. Water condensation
can also damage the cell.
When using a 600A or 610A Lucas cell where relative humidity is greater than 60%, a
drying column should be used to dry the air before it is drawn into the cell.
Flow Rate:
The rate of gas sample flow through the 600A and 610A cells can affect the
measurements. If the flow rate is greater than 10 l/min, the gas sample passes through the
cell too fast for an accurate measurement. For flow rates of less than 10 l/min, the cell
efficiency and sensitivity vary with the flow rate.
For Continuous sampling, Pylon calibrates the 600A and 610A cells based on a flow rate
of 0.5 l/min and the standard specifications reflect this flow rate. Therefore the
recommended flow rate for the 600A and 610A cells is 0.5 l/min. If desired, the User can
calibrate the cells for Continuous sampling using a higher flow rate.
Short-Lived Radon Daughters:
RaA, RaB, and RaC remain within the cell even after flushing. The cell must be left for
several hours (preferably overnight) so that most of these short-lived radon daughters will
decay away. This means that a cell that is used for a grab sample measurement should
only be used for one measurement a day.
Thoron Daughters:
If thoron gas was present in the sample, ThB and ThC will plate out on the cell wall.
Thoron daughter activity is regulated by a half-life of 10.6 hours and will remain attached
to the cell wall despite being flushed. It may take more than 24 hours for the background
count rate to decay to an acceptable level.
Long-Lived Radon Daughters:
As shown in Table 1 - Radium Decay Chain, radon gas eventually decays into Pb-210
and Po-210. Very small amounts of these long-lived isotopes accumulate on the inside
walls of the cell from each measurement. This results in an unavoidable and gradual
buildup in the background count rate, usually over several years. The amount of buildup
is proportional to the number of measurements, the length of time that samples are in the
cell, and the activity of the samples.
It is possible to minimize the effects of Pb-210 buildup by flushing the cells with
nitrogen, aged air, or filtered air after counting, especially if the sample has a high radon
content. (See Section 2.3.5.)
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Cells to be used for high and low radon levels can be segregated so that cells which have
developed a high background level can be reserved for samples where high radon levels
may be expected to occur (such as for studies of buildings with known high radon levels).
If and when the background level gets too high to take meaningful measurements, the cell
should be replaced or refurbished.
Radon Gas Absorption:
Small traces of radon gas can be absorbed by the scintillator binding material and the
window. This is usually only noticeable when low level measurements follow very high
measurements. The radon gas can be removed by flushing the cell. (See Section 2.3.5.)
Other Long-Lived Radioisotopes:
Contamination from materials such as Ra-226, Am-241, and Th-230 can occur. This is
more likely to happen with measurements in industrial locations than in residential
measurements. This type of contamination is usually associated with visible dirt or dust
inside the cell. Such contamination can sometimes be removed by flushing the cell with
nitrogen, aged air, or filtered air. (See Section 2.3.5.)
Airborne Alpha Particles:
It is recommended that an alpha particle filter be used to prevent airborne alpha particles
from entering the cell. By using a filter, it will be ensured that the counts will only be the
result of radon gas and its daughters.
Insufficient Allowance For Ingrowth:
When radon gas is removed from a stable environment, it takes 3.5 hours for it to decay
into its daughter products and for the daughter products to ingrow to the level determined
by the radioactive process. This decay and ingrowth process is known as reaching
equilibrium. For precise measurements, it is advisable to wait until equilibrium is reached
before conducting radon measurements.

If a single sample (i.e., a grab sample) is being measured, it should be left in the
cell for 3.5 hours before being measured. Correction factors will be needed to
compensate for decay which occurs during the 3.5 hours and while counting.

For continuous monitoring of surrounding air, the measurement data should be

taken a minimum of 3.5 hours after starting the pump. Correction factors are not
needed because the pump will keep the concentration constant. Where radon gas
levels are constantly changing, a lag will be introduced in the short term response.
The average radon level count will only be marginally affected by this lag.

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2.3

Measurements

2.3.1 Overview
The 600A and 610A are designed to perform both grab sample and continuous sample
measurements. This manual describes the most common sample measurement methods
for both types of sampling techniques using the AB6A. Other methods are beyond the
scope of this manual.
NOTE
Small scratches on the 600A and 610A cell's window caused by
normal handling usually do not have a noticeable effect on
performance as the window provides a very good light
coupling to the AB6A's PMT. All gas samples drawn into the
cell should pass through a filter to remove airborne radioactive
particulates. A drying column should be used where the
relative humidity exceeds 60%.

2.3.2 Preparation
The User should be familiar with the operation and use of the AB6A monitor before
setting up or using the equipment.
Before conducting any type of measurements:

Ensure that the cell has not been used in the previous 24 hours.
Ensure that the cell has been flushed in accordance with Section 2.3.5 after the
last measurement.
For grab sample measurements, ensure that the cells counting efficiency is
known.
For continuous measurements, ensure that the cell's sensitivity is known.

2.3.3 Grab Sample Measurements

The 600A and 610A cells can be used with the AB6A for making grab sample
measurements. Such measurements are typically made placing the sample in the cell,
waiting until the sample reaches equilibrium (a minimum of 3.5 hours after the sample
has been obtained), and then measuring the sample over a number of short intervals
(typically 6 intervals of 2 minutes each).
The following steps describe the process when using an AB6A monitor.

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2.3.3.1 Initial AB6A Setup

The following steps should be performed to setup the measurement system (AB6A
monitor & cell):
1)

Attach the 600A or 610A to the AB6A by removing the protective caps from both
the AB6A PMT mount and the cell and threading the cell onto the AB6A PMT
mount.
CAUTION
DO NOT FORCE THE CELLS ONTO THE PMT ASSEMBLY
SINCE THIS MAY DAMAGE THE CELL AND / OR PMT
ASSEMBLY THREADS. A SMALL AMOUNT OF
LUBRICATING GREASE MAY BE APPLIED TO THE
THREADS TO ASSIST WITH INSTALLATION. THIS MAY
BE RENEWED WHEN NECESSARY.
NOTE
The top cover of the AB6A may be removed to assist with the
handling of the monitor and reduce the footprint of the
monitor while in operation.

Figure 2 - 600A/610A / AB6A Attachment

2)

Turn on the AB6A.

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NOTE
If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 6 hours, it is highly
recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

3)

Verify that the appropriate and desired cell parameters (Model, serial number,
current sensitivity, etc.) have been entered into the AB6A. Update, as appropriate.

4)

Perform a system background determination in accordance with Section 2.3.4.2.

2.3.3.2 System Background Determination

The following steps should be performed to determine the current system background:
1)

Program the System Background method in the AB6A for the desired parameters.
The recommended parameter settings are:
Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

2 minutes
6
1
NOTE

If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 6 hours, it is highly

recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

2)

Run the System Background method on the AB6A. Save the results.
CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

5)

Proceed to Section 2.3.3.3.

2.3.3.3 Grab Sample Acquisition

There are 2 methods that may be used to obtain grab samples.
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The first method is to apply a vacuum to the cell and release the vacuum in the presence
of the measurement sample. The measurement sample will be drawn into the cell. This
method has many advantages including but not limited to the following:

The cells are relatively small, lightweight, and rugged making it easy to transport
them. The vacuum can be applied at a central location and, with the use of several
cells, several samples can be easily obtained over a wide area within a short
timeframe.
Due to the required delay in measurement, the AB6A can be placed in a central
location and the cells with the samples can be brought to the location for
measurement. This allows samples to be collected in potentially dangerous areas
such as natural gas wells and measured in a safe location.
The vacuum pump can also be used to flush the cells after the sample has been
measured.

The second method is to flow through the gas sample for a period of time that ensures
that the sample in the cell is representative of the measurement sample. The flow period
is typically set to ensure that the volume of gas that flows through the cell is a minimum
of three times the volume of the cell.
In both cases it is imperative that the date and time that the sample was obtained is
recorded. In the case of flow through grab sampling, the time that the flow was stopped is
considered the time that the sample was obtained.
2.3.3.3.1

Vacuum Grab Sample Acquisition

1)

Connect a cell mating connector to tubing from a vacuum pump. Connect the
connector to one side of the cell.

2)

Attach the vacuum gauge to the other connector on the cell.

3)

Using the pump, evacuate the cell to 91.5 kPa (27 inches Hg) vacuum.

4)

Remove the cell mating connector and the vacuum gauge from the cell.

5)

Take the cell to the area where the grab sample is to be taken.

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NOTE
The cell can be used to take grab samples from open areas such
as outdoors, enclosed areas such as buildings, or from sealed
enclosures such as radon chambers and process pipes. The
User is responsible for ensuring that the appropriate
accessories, connectors, etc. required for each sample are used.
Due to the wide variety of scenarios, a detailed description of
the connections and setups is beyond the scope of this manual.
WARNING
WHEN CONNECTING TO HIGH PRESSURE PIPES,
CHAMBERS, DEVICES, ETC., IT IS THE USERS
RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT THE SETUP IS
SUCH THAT THE PRESSURE IS REDUCED
SUFFICIENTLY SO AS NOT TO CAUSE PERSONNEL
INJURY OR DAMAGE TO THE SAMPLING CELL.

6)

Note the sample date and time (t0) and insert a connector into the cell to draw in
the sample.
NOTE
It is recommended that the sample be filtered using the filter
holder with a 0.8 um particulate filter installed to ensure that a
pure sample is drawn into the cell.

7)

Allow the cell to sit for a minimum of 3.5 hours before measuring to ensure that
the sample reaches equilibrium.

8)

Repeat for any other desired samples.

NOTE
Additional cells can be used to take other samples within the
same timeframe at different locations as long as the above
instructions are followed. Ensure that all data regarding the
sample is appropriately recorded. (e.g., The serial number of
the cell, the current cell background, the sample location.)

2.3.3.3.2
1)

Flow Through Grab Sample Acquisition

Take the cell, flow through pump, and related accessories to the location where
the measurements are to be made.
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NOTE
The cell can be used to take grab samples from open areas such
as outdoors, enclosed areas such as buildings, or from sealed
enclosures such as radon chambers and process pipes. The
User is responsible for ensuring that the appropriate
accessories required for each sample are used.

2)

Connect the cell, tubing, pump, flowmeter, and filter as shown in Figure 3 Closed System Sample Acquisition Setup or Figure 4 - Open System Sample
Acquisition Setup.
NOTE
A closed system is one where the sample is obtained from and
returned to a sealed or enclosed volume such as a chamber, a
process pipe or chimney, etc.
An open system is one where the sample is obtained from an
open area such as in the middle of a room, outdoors, etc.
Of course, variations of both setups that crossover into the
other system setup are possible. For example, the open face
filter of the open system can be placed in a chamber with
appropriate tubing installed through the wall. This would be
considered a closed system setup if the exhaust was returned to
the chamber.

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Figure 3 - Closed System Sample Acquisition Setup

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Figure 4 - Open System Sample Acquisition Setup

NOTE
Both figures show the use of the Model 6800 Optional AB6A
Internal Pump. The User may use any available pump to
obtain the sample. If another pump is used, the AB6A is not
required to obtain the sample.
The figure also shows the location of the filter holder and
drierite column in the setup. These do not have to be included
in the setup but are recommended. Please refer to Section 2.2 Constraints for information on the reasons to include these
items in the setup.
Due to the many available scenarios, details of the connections
to the sample inlet and sample exhaust are not shown. The
User is responsible for designing and providing these
connections.

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WARNING
WHEN CONNECTING TO HIGH PRESSURE PIPES,
CHAMBERS, DEVICES, ETC., IT IS THE USERS
RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT THE SETUP IS
SUCH THAT THE PRESSURE IS REDUCED
SUFFICIENTLY SO AS NOT TO CAUSE PERSONNEL
INJURY OR DAMAGE TO THE SAMPLING CELL.
WARNING
ALL CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE SEALED TO ENSURE
THAT THERE IS NO LEAKAGE OF RADON GAS. IF
NECESSARY, THE SAMPLE EXHAUST SHOULD BE
EXHAUSTED TO A SAFE AREA SUCH AS A FUMEHOOD.

3)

Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to be less than 10 l/min.

4)

Run the pump until a volume of the sample at least three times volume of the cell
has flowed through the cell.

5)

Stop the pump noting the date and time (t0) that the pump was stopped.
NOTE
It is recommended that the sample be filtered using the filter
holder with a 0.8 um particulate filter installed to ensure that a
pure sample is drawn into the cell.

6)

Allow the cell to sit for a minimum of 3.5 hours before measuring to ensure that
the sample reaches equilibrium.

7)

Disconnect the setup, as appropriate.

8)

Repeat for any other desired samples.

NOTE
Additional cells can be used to take other samples within the
same timeframe at different locations as long as the above
instructions are followed. Ensure that all data regarding the
sample is appropriately recorded. (e.g., The serial number of
the cell, the current cell background, the sample location.)

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2.3.3.4 Grab Sample Measurements

1)

Mount the cell to the AB6A.

CAUTION
DO NOT FORCE THE CELLS ONTO THE PMT ASSEMBLY
SINCE THIS MAY DAMAGE THE CELL AND / OR PMT
ASSEMBLY THREADS. A SMALL AMOUNT OF
LUBRICATING GREASE MAY BE APPLIED TO THE
THREADS TO ASSIST WITH INSTALLATION. THIS MAY
BE RENEWED WHEN NECESSARY.
NOTE
The top cover of the AB6A may be removed to assist with the
handling of the monitor and reduce the footprint of the
monitor while in operation.

2)

Select the Standard Grab method in the AB6A.

3)

Verify and enter the appropriate data parameters such as:

Sample time
Number of intervals
Interval length

4)

Run the method.

5)

Upon completion of the measurement, record the displayed concentration value.

6)

Remove the cell from the AB6A and flush it in accordance with Section 2.3.5.
NOTE
The User may choose other modes of operation, number of
intervals, interval lengths, etc. Follow the instructions in the
AB6A manual to enter the appropriate data. Ensure that all
pertinent data is recorded.

2.3.4 Continuous Measurements

The 600A and 610A cells can be used with the AB6A for making continuous
measurements. Such measurements are made over continuous intervals (typically 1 hour
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each) over a period of time (typically 24 to 72 hours, not including 3.5 hours for the
sample in the cell to reach equilibrium).
The following steps describe the process when using an AB6A monitor.
2.3.4.1 Initial AB6A Setup
The following steps should be performed to setup the measurement system (AB6A
monitor & cell):
1)

Mount the cell to the AB6A.

CAUTION
DO NOT FORCE THE CELLS ONTO THE PMT ASSEMBLY
SINCE THIS MAY DAMAGE THE CELL AND / OR PMT
ASSEMBLY THREADS. A SMALL AMOUNT OF
LUBRICATING GREASE MAY BE APPLIED TO THE
THREADS TO ASSIST WITH INSTALLATION. THIS MAY
BE RENEWED WHEN NECESSARY.
NOTE
The top cover of the AB6A may be removed to assist with the
handling of the monitor and reduce the footprint of the
monitor while in operation.

2)

Verify that the appropriate and desired cell parameters (Model, serial number,
current sensitivity, etc.) have been entered into the AB6A. Update, as appropriate.

3)

Perform a system background determination in accordance with Section 2.3.4.2.

2.3.4.2 System Background Determination

The following steps should be performed to determine the current system background:
1)

Program the System Background method in the AB6A for the desired parameters.
The recommended parameter settings are:
Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

2 minutes
6
1

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NOTE
If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 6 hours, it is highly
recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

2)

Run the System Background method on the AB6A. Save the results.
CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

3)

Proceed to Section 2.3.4.3.

2.3.4.3 Continuous Sample Measurements

The following steps should be performed to perform the continuous sample
measurements:
1)

Program the Continuous method in the AB6A for the desired parameters. Typical
parameter settings are:
Interval Length:
# of Intervals:
# Intervals to Discard:

1 hour

This setting means that the AB6A will count until it is stopped by the User.
Of course, the # of intervals can be set to a specific value such as 24 or 72. The run will
automatically stop at the end of the specified interval.
2

2)

Place the measurement system in the location where the measurements are to be
made.
NOTE
If the AB6A will be left on for longer than 6 hours, it is highly
recommended that the AB6A AC battery charger be used to
provide the necessary power for the AB6A.

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3)

Connect the cell, tubing, pump, flowmeter, and filter as shown in Figure 3 Closed System Sample Acquisition Setup or Figure 4 - Open System Sample
Acquisition Setup.
NOTE
A closed system is one where the sample is obtained from and
returned to a sealed or enclosed volume such as a chamber, a
process pipe or chimney, etc.
An open system is one where the sample is obtained from an
open area such as in the middle of a room, outdoors, etc.
Of course, variations of both setups that crossover into the
other system setup are possible. For example, the open face
filter of the open system can be placed in a chamber with
appropriate tubing installed through the wall. This would be
considered a closed system setup if the exhaust was returned to
the chamber.
NOTE
These setups are the same as the setups shown in Figures 3 and
4 respectively.

Figure 5 - Closed System Sample Acquisition Setup

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Figure 6 - Open System Sample Acquisition Setup

NOTE
Both figures show the use of the Model 6800 Optional AB6A
Internal Pump. The User may use any available pump to
obtain the sample. If another pump is used, the AB6A is not
required to obtain the sample.
The figure also shows the location of the filter holder and
drierite column in the setup. These do not have to be included
in the setup but are recommended. Please refer to Section 2.2 Constraints for information on the reasons to include these
items in the setup.

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Due to the many available scenarios, details of the connections

to the sample inlet and sample exhaust are not shown. The
User is responsible for designing and providing these
connections.
WARNING
WHEN CONNECTING TO HIGH PRESSURE PIPES,
CHAMBERS, DEVICES, ETC., IT IS THE USERS
RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT THE SETUP IS
SUCH THAT THE PRESSURE IS REDUCED
SUFFICIENTLY SO AS NOT TO CAUSE PERSONNEL
INJURY OR DAMAGE TO THE SAMPLING CELL.
WARNING
ALL CONNECTIONS SHOULD BE SEALED TO ENSURE
THAT THERE IS NO LEAKAGE OF RADON GAS. IF
NECESSARY, THE SAMPLE EXHAUST SHOULD BE
EXHAUSTED TO A SAFE AREA SUCH AS A FUMEHOOD.

4)

Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to 0.5 l/min.

5)

Start the method and allow it to run for the desired number of intervals.
CAUTION
THE HV IS ONLY APPLIED TO THE AB6A PMT WHEN A
METHOD IS BEING RUN. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT NO
METHOD BE STARTED OR RUN UNLESS THE AB6A PMT
IS COVERED WITH THE PROTECTIVE CAP, A
DETECTOR, OR A CHECK SOURCE. OTHERWISE AN
ACTIVE PMT WILL BE EXPOSED TO LIGHT WHICH CAN
CAUSE IRREPARABLE DAMAGE TO THE PMT.

6)

Stop the method.

NOTE
The measurement method can be programed to stop
automatically after the desired number of intervals have
passed.

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7)

Transfer the file from the AB6A to the PC and analyze the data in accordance
with Section 2.4.

8)

Remove the cell from the AB6A and flush it in accordance with Section 2.3.5.

2.3.5 Cell Flushing

2.3.5.1 Overview
Flushing is the process by which traces of the gas samples obtained during measurement are
removed from the cell after the measurement has been completed. If trace gas samples
containing radon and thoron remain inside the cell, the background levels in the cell will
increase at a faster rate shortening the usable life of the cell.
Cells should be flushed after each measurement in order to prevent contamination and
reduce background count buildup which will affect future measurements.
Flushing is especially important when higher levels of radon are measured.
2.3.5.2 Flow Through Flushing Method
NOTE
This method is just one of many possible methods that can be
used to flow through flush a cell. Other flow through flushing
methods may be used. These methods are beyond the scope of
this manual. However, another such method using the optional
AB6A internal pump is described in manual number 7940011 AB6A Optional Internal Pump Manual.

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2.3.5.2.1

Equipment Requirements

The following lists the necessary equipment 1 required to flush the 600A or 610A using
the flow through flushing method:
Item
1

Mfr
Dwyer

2
3

Swagelok

4
5
6

Model
VFA-22BV
B-QC4S-4HC
-

Description
Air Flow Meter 2

Qty
1

6.4 mm (1/4") I.D. PVC Tubing

Cell Mating Connectors

A/R
2

Compressed Nitrogen Gas or Aged Air

Vacuum Pump 3
Vacuum Gauge 3

A/R
1
1

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

For use to adjust / monitor the flow rate through the cell.
3
To evacuate the cell for storage. Recommended but not required.
2

2.3.5.2.2
1)

Process
Setup the flushing system as shown in Figure 7 - Flow Through Flushing Method
Setup.

Figure 7 - Flow Through Flushing Method Setup

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2)

Turn on the compressed gas valve and set the flow rate to a minimum of 2 l/min.

3)

Flow the gas through the cell for a minimum of 7.5 minutes and turn off the
compressed gas valve.
NOTE
A flow rate of up to 5 l/min may be used to flush the cells if the
nitrogen cylinder can provide this flow rate. The flow time may
be reduced accordingly based on the flow rate. E.g., At 5 l/min,
the flow time should be a minimum of 3 minutes.

4)

Using the vacuum pump and vacuum gauge, evacuate gas from the cell and place
the cell in storage for a minimum of 24 hours.

5)

Repeat steps 1 through 5 for any additional cells.

NOTE
If a source of nitrogen or aged air is not available, the cell can
be flushed using filtered atmospheric air. This will meet the
minimum recommended flushing requirements.

2.3.5.3 Vacuum Flushing Method

2.3.5.3.1

Equipment Requirements

The following lists the necessary equipment 1 required to flush the 600A or 610A using
the vacuum flushing method:
Item
1
2
3
4

Mfr

Model

Swagelok

B-QC4-S4HC
-

1
2

Description
Vacuum Pump 2
Vacuum Gauge 2
6.4 mm (1/4") I.D. PVC Tubing
Cell Mating Connectors

Qty
1
1
A/R
2

Compressed Nitrogen Gas or Aged Air

A/R

Equivalent equipment is permitted.

To evacuate the cell.

2.3.5.3.2
1)

Process
Connect a cell mating connector to tubing from a vacuum pump. Connect the
connector to one side of the cell.
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2)

Attach the vacuum gauge to the other connector on the cell.

3)

Using the pump, evacuate the cell.

4)

Remove the cell mating connector and the vacuum gauge from the cell.

5)

Connect a cell mating connector to tubing from the compressed nitrogen gas/aged
air source. Connect the connector to one side of the cell to draw air into the cell.

6)

Repeat steps 1) to 5) for a minimum of five times.

7)

Using the vacuum pump and vacuum gauge, evacuate gas from the cell (91.5 kPa
(27 inches Hg) vacuum) and place the cell in storage for a minimum of 24 hours.
NOTE
If a source of nitrogen or aged air is not available, the cell can
be flushed using filtered atmospheric air. This will meet the
minimum recommended flushing requirements.

2.4

Calculations and Data Analysis

2.4.1 Calculations
2.4.1.1 Grab Sample Calculations
The AB6A will provide the grab sample radon concentration value if the appropriate data
is entered in the method screen. To calculate the radon concentration for a grab sample
manually, use the following formula:
Conc

NCPM
# AE * CF * E *VC * A

Conc

The radon concentration of the sample in Bq/m3 or

pCi/l depending on the units of measure used for the
other parameters.

NCPM

=
=

Net Counts Per Minute.

TCPM SBG

#AE

=
=

Number of Alpha Emitters

3 for Radon

Where:

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CF

=
=
=

Conversion Factor
60 for dpm to Bq (dps)
2.22 for dpm to pCi

Cell Efficiency in cpm / dpm determined during

calibration.

VC

Volume of the cell. In m3 for when the Conc is in

Bq/m3 and in litres when the Conc is in pCi/l.

Decay Correction Factor (From time of collection to

the midpoint of counting).
e TDelta

Decay Constant
ln 2
T1/ 2
0.69315
T1/ 2
0.0001258 minutes-1 for radon

T1/2

=
=
=
=

Radioactive Half Life

3.825 days for radon
91.8 hours for radon
5508 minutes for radon

TDelta

t1 t 0

t0

The date and time that the sample was obtained.

t1

The date and time at the midpoint of the counting

intervals for the intervals of interest.

=
=

NOTE
The midpoint of the counting intervals is calculated as follows:
t1

te t s
2

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Where:
t1

te

ts

The date and time at the midpoint of the

counting intervals for the intervals of
interest.
The date and time at the end of the
counting intervals for the intervals of
interest.
The date and time at the beginning of the
counting intervals for the intervals of
interest.

For example, assume that the method parameters are set up as

follows:
Interval Length
# Intervals
# Intervals to Discard

=
=
=

2 minutes
6
1

As the first interval is discarded, only the data from intervals 2

through 6 are of interest and shall be used in the calculations.
If the counting for the intervals of interest (ts for intervals 2
through 6) starts on 9 Jan 2012 at 1300 hours, te = 9 Jan 2012 at
1310 hours. (With an interval length of 2 minutes, the count
period is 2 minutes times 5 intervals = 10 minutes.) Therefore, t1
= 9 Jan 2012 at 1305 hours.

TCPM

=
=

Total Counts Per Minute

TC
# Int # DInt * IntLen

TC

=
=

Total Counts
TC X TC X 1 TC X 2 ......TC X n

TCX, X+1, X+2

Total Counts in specified intervals of interest

measured by the monitor

#DInt

Number of Intervals to Discard

#Int

Number of Intervals

IntLen

Interval Length converted to minutes

SBg

System Background that was measured previously

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2.4.1.2 Continuous Measurement Calculations

The AB6A will provide the continuous sample radon concentration value for each
interval if the appropriate data is entered in the method screen. To calculate the radon
concentration for a continuous sample manually, use the following formula:
Conc

NCPM
S

NCPM

=
=

Net Counts Per Minute.

TCPM SBG

The cell's sensitivity to radon gas determined during

calibration. In cpm/Bq/m3 for the Conc in Bq/m3
and in cpm/pCi/l for the Conc in pCi/l.

TCPM

Total Counts Per Minute for the interval(s) of

interest.
TC
# Int * IntLen

Where:

TC

=
=

Total Counts
TC X TC X 1 TC X 2 ......TC X n

TCX, X+1, X+2

Total Counts in specified interval of interest

measured by the monitor

#Int

Number of Intervals

IntLen

Interval Length converted to minutes

SBg

System Background that was measured previously

2.4.2 Data Analysis

The data analysis should be performed to determine if the results indicate that there is cause
for concern. The data analysis needs to be tailored to the reason that the measurements were
performed.
For example, the radon concentrations for each interval can be plotted on a graph to show
variations and peaks over the course of time. The average radon concentration over a period
of time can be used to provide a single result.
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It should be noted that other factors may be required and included in the data analysis.
For example, for very precise work it may be advantageous to take the effect of air
pressure on the sample into account due to the attenuation of the alpha energy as it passes
through the air in the cell. This is particularly important if samples are taken at different
altitudes. The necessary calculations are beyond the scope of this manual.
In general, the higher the concentration of radon gas, the higher the risk to health. For
example, in home measurements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
provides guidelines for radon gas risk levels and corresponding mitigation action. The
following is adapted from "Radon Reduction Techniques for Detached Homes" (EPA
document EPA/625/5-87/019 Page 9):
Concentration below 4 pCi/l (148 Bq/m3):

At or below EPA guidelines. Reduction efforts discretional.

4 to 20 pCi/l (148 Bq/m3 to 740 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level to 4 pCi/l within a few years. Sooner for
levels at the upper end of range.

20 to 200 pCi/l (740 Bq/m3 to 7400 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level within a few months. Sooner for levels at
the upper end of range.

Above 200 pCi/l (7400 Bq/m3):

EPA recommends action to reduce level within a few weeks.

In Canada, Health Canada's guidelines are:

Remedial measures should be undertaken in a dwelling whenever the average

annual radon concentration exceeds 200 Bq/m (5.4 pCi/l) in the normal
occupancy area.

The higher the radon concentration, the sooner remedial measures should be
undertaken.

When remedial action is taken, the radon level should be reduced to a value as
low as practicable.

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The aim is to remediate and reduce the radon concentration to less than 200 Bq/m (5.4
pCi/l).

If the radon concentration is found to be greater than 600 Bq/m (16.2 pCi/l), the
remedial actions are recommended to be completed in less than a year.

If the radon concentration is found to be between 200 Bq/m (5.4 pCi/l) and 600
Bq/m (16.2 pCi/l), the remedial actions should be completed in less than two
years.

2.5

Other Measurement Techniques

2.5.1

Overview
The procedures presented in this section provide possibilities for those Users who wish to
use alternatives to the methods presented in Section 2.3. Procedures for radon sniffing
and multiple approximate readings are presented below.

2.5.2

Radon Sniffing
Radon sniffing requires that the User be experienced with how counts behave when
making grab samples and continuous radon measurements. The 600A and 610A cells can
be used with the AB6A, in line filter, and two or three meters of tubing to locate possible
radon entry points in buildings. This form of radon investigation consists of holding the
inlet of the tubing for 10 to 11 minutes at various locations within the building and
pumping at a rate of 1 l/min. for three minutes. The process is repeated at all likely entry
locations such as foundation cracks, drains, sump pump openings, etc.
The theory behind radon sniffing is that if radon gas is present, two of the three alpha
emitters will be registered within 10 to 11 minutes of collection. Immediately after taking
a sample, only radon gas will be present in the cell. After about 10 to 11 minutes, most of
the RaA to be generated will have formed along with some of the RaC. If the count rate
increases over the ten minutes then radon gas is present and the location could be a radon
gas entry point. A rapid increase in the count rate indicates a hot spot. i.e., A high radon
gas concentration. If the count rate becomes too high, the cell should be flushed and
another one used if sniffing is to continue.

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2.5.3

Multiple Approximate Readings

This procedure uses several cells and allows for an approximate representation of the
radon gas levels at various measurement points at a location. The background, in counts
per minute, must be known for each cell and there should be one cell assigned to each
measurement point.
The equivalent of two or three liters of air can be pumped through each cell (Continuous)
or the cells can be evacuated with a vacuum pump and filled with air from the location
(Grab). Set an interval length of one minute and count for 12 intervals. Average the
counts recorded in the tenth, eleventh, twelfth intervals and subtract the background. This
is the approximate reading for the spot. Repeat the procedure with a new cell in the next
measurement point to be checked. Due to the short counting time, this method is suited
only to radon levels above approximately 1850 Bq/m3 (50 pCi/l). As equilibrium is not
reached and no counting efficiency factor is applied, the result is only approximate.
The above procedure can be used for taking multiple approximate readings in buildings
and for radon measurements in soil gas using the Pylon Soil Probe. A quantity of
readings can be taken with the soil probe to produce, for example, a radon grid pattern of
a piece of land. For radon levels above approximately 7400 Bq/m3 (200 pCi/l), the
procedure can be shortened by using only the counts in the eleventh and twelfth intervals
or by using eight rather than twelve intervals. There will be some decrease in accuracy.
Some cells should be left to reach equilibrium and counted in order to determine the cpm
to Bq/m3 or pCi/l relationship for the particular sampling technique being used.

2.6

Radon Measurements in Buildings Guidelines

Grab sampling and continuous monitoring (Section 2.5) are commonly used when
measuring radon gas concentrations in houses and other buildings. The following
guidelines for grab and continuous measurements have been adopted from the "Interim
Indoor Radon and Radon Decay Product Measuring Protocols" issued by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency in April 1986.
The measurement procedure described in Section 2.3 can be used for measuring radon gas
concentrations in houses and other buildings.
The following sections provide guidelines for radon measurements in buildings.
2.6.1

Quality Assurance Program Guidelines

It is recommended that the User establish a quality assurance (QA) program to help
ensure that measurement data are scientifically sound and are of known precision and
accuracy. The QA plan should provide for controlled calibrations, replicate
measurements, background measurements, routine sensitivity checks, and documentation.
By introducing regular alignment and calibration of equipment, duplicate sampling, and
participation in an intercomparison program, the QA plan can improve measurement
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validity. Duplicate samples should be collected to determine the precision of the

sampling procedures used. Where a large number of samples are being taken, the number
of duplicates can be reduced but should be at least 10% of the radon samples collected.
For intercomparison and reproducibility of measurement results, consistent measurement
procedures should be followed. The guidelines recommended by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provide useful procedures for measuring radon
gas levels in homes.
2.6.2

Building Measurement Guidelines

The following guidelines have been adopted from the "Interim Indoor Radon and Radon
Decay Product Measuring Protocols" issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
in April 1986:

Building measurements should be made with the building closed as much as

possible.
Windows and doors should be kept shut for 12 hours before measurement begins
and while measurements are being taken.
Opening and closing of windows and external doors should be kept to a minimum.
Air exchange systems (other than a furnace) should be switched off.
Measurements should not be conducted during severe storms or strong winds.
Avoid taking measurements in or near drafts caused by heating, ventilation, or air
conditioning vents, doors, windows, or fireplaces.
The measurement location should be well away from outside walls.
The air intake end of the tubing should be located at least 50 cm (20") above the
floor.
For continuous measurements, it is recommended that the sampling period be at
least 24 hours, not including the 3.5 hours required for the system to reach
equilibrium. The longer the measurement period the better.
For grab sample measurements, it is recommended that the samples be obtained over
a period of at least 24 hours. The longer the measurement period the better.

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2.6.3

Information To Be Recorded
The following information should be recorded, as appropriate, when making measurements
in buildings:
Sampling:

Method information.

Interval length and number of intervals.

Location of building and of sample location within building.

Degree to which closed conditions exist.

Date and start/stop times of measurement.

Concentration(s) and calculations.

For continuous measurements: Flow rate (m3/min or litres/min).

For continuous measurements: Intervals when pump was running.

Equipment:

Monitor model and serial number.

Detector (cell) model and serial number.

Monitor HV setting.

Monitor DISC setting.

Monitor date of last calibration.

Detector date of last calibration.

Sensitivity and/or efficiency of detector at last calibration.

Pre-measurement system background.

Post-measurement system background.

Type of air filter.

Flow rate in the appropriate units of measure. e.g., litres/minute.

Intervals when pump was running.

Additional information:

House construction type.

Type of heating and cooling system(s).

Habits of occupants. E.g., Smoking habits, use of air conditioning, humidifiers, air
filters, heat exchangers, and clothes dryers.

2.6.4

Data Analysis
Once the measurement data have been obtained, it is recommended that the user divide them
into time periods (e.g., In windows of, say, 4 hours, 6 hours, etc.) and calculate an average
for each window in order to observe trends. This may be performed automatically by the
AB6A if the interval lengths are selected to be 4 hours or 6 hours. The User may also take
the raw counts and perform the calculations manually or in a spreadsheet in accordance with
Section 2.4.1.
In the absence of local risk assessment guidelines, the guidelines that are provided in Section
2.4.2 may be used to determine the health risk to the occupants.
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2.7

Thoron Gas Measurement

Because thoron decays rapidly, being present for only a few minutes from the time of
collection, it is difficult to achieve quantitative measurements. Thoron counts will show a
significant drop over the first three minutes after sampling. This is unlike radon which
shows a relatively rapid increase in the first ten minutes or so before slowing down. In
order to even approximate thoron measurements, the concentration of thoron gas must be
above approximately 1850 Bq/m3 (50 pCi/l) and measurements must be made
immediately after sampling.
If the net counts are recorded over three successive periods of equal time, it is possible to
determine the approximate relative amounts of radon and thoron present. Suppose we let
C1, C2, and C3 represent the counts over three one minute periods. The approximate count
due to radon is:
R

0.87 x C3 + 0.32 x C2 - 0.34 x C1

NOTE

The minus sign for the first minute count accounts for the
short half life of thoron (55 seconds). Much of the thoron
activity is in this first minute and we need to compensate for
the contribution that thoron gives to the total count. The
formula emphasizes the third minute count because by this
time most of the thoron has decayed away.

The approximate thoron count is the net total of C1, C2, and C3 minus the radon count.
The formula is:
T
3.0

C1 + C2 + C3 - R

CALIBRATION

Please refer to Pylon manual 7940014 - 600A and 610A Active Lucas Type Cell Detector
Calibration Instructions for information and instructions to calibrate the 600A and 610A
cells.
4.0

CELL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

The cells require little physical maintenance. The following tips should be heeded:
1)

Keep the cell threads clear of dust or dirt.

2)

Do not force the cells onto the AB6A PMT assembly since this may damage the cell
and / or PMT assembly threads.
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NOTE
A small amount of lubricating grease may be applied to the
threads to assist with installation. This may be renewed when
necessary.
CAUTION
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO THREAD THE MODEL 600P
LUCAS TYPE CELL ONTO OLDER PYLON PRODUCTS
SUCH AS THE AB-5, AB-5R, AND AB-4. THE THREADS
ARE INCOMPATIBLE. FORCING THE 600P LUCAS TYPE
CELL ONTO ANY OF THESE OLDER PRODUCTS WILL
DAMAGE THE CELL AND PMT ASSEMBLY THREADS ON
THOSE PRODUCTS.

3)

Cells should be flushed with filtered outside air, aged air or nitrogen prior to storing
them.

4)

When not in use, the mouth of the cell should be covered to protect the scintillation
material from light.

5)

The outside of the cells may be cleaned with a soft cloth with a mild cleanser. Do
not use isopropyl alcohol to clean the cells.

6)

The Swagelok connectors should occasionally be disassembled, cleaned, and

reassembled to ensure a leak tight connector.

7)

The cell should be handled with care.

The cell should be returned to Pylon for any other repairs.

5.0

FURTHER INFORMATION

5.1

Suggested Readings

American National Standards Institute, 1983, "American National Standard for Radiation
Protection in Uranium Mines", ANSI N13.8-1973.
Beckman, R.T., "Calibration Procedures for Radon and Radon Daughter Measurement
Equipment", U.S. Department of Interior, Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration
Information Report 1005.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, "Interim Guidelines and Specifications for
Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans", Washington, D.C., QAMS-005/80.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, "Interim Indoor Radon and Radon Decay
Product Measurement Protocols", Washington, D.C., EPA 520/1-86-04.
George, A.C., 1976, "Scintillation Flasks for Determination of Low Level Concentrations of
Radon", in Proceedings of Ninth Midyear Health Physics Symposium, Denver, Colorado.
George, A.C. and Breslin, A.J., 1980, "The Distribution of Ambient Radon and Radon
Daughters in Residential Buildings in the New Jersey-New York Area", Natural Radiation
Environment III, Vol. 2, p. 1272, CONF-780442.
George, A.C., 1980, "Radon and Radon Daughter Field Measurements", Paper presented at
the National Bureau of Standards Seminar on Traceability for Ionizing Radiation
Measurements", May 8-9, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
George, J.L., 1983, "Procedures Manual for the Estimation of Average Indoor Radon
Concentrations by the Radon Grab Sampling Method", Bendix Field Engineering Corp.,
Grand Junction, Colorado, GJ/TMC-11(83) UC-70A.
Lucas, H.F., 1957, "Improved Low-Level Alpha Scintillation Counter for Radon, Review of
Scientific Instruments", Vol. 28, p. 680.
Morse, R.H., 1976, "Proc. Symp. Exploration for Uranium Ore Deposits", IAEA, pp 220239.
Public Health Service, 1957, "Control of Radon and Daughters in Uranium Mines and
Calculations on Biological Effects", PHS Report 494, U.S. Department of Health Education
and Welfare, Washington, D.C., pp. 41-42.
Rosenstein, M. and Goldin, A.S., 1965, "Statistical Techniques for Quality Control of
Environmental Radioassay", Science, volume 2, pp. 93-102.

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