Antas ng Daynamiks

Ang bawat komposisyong musikal ay may ipinahihiwatig na damdamin. Ang bawat

awit at tugtugin ay may ipinaaabot na mensahe. Isa sa mga elemento ng musika na
makapagbibigay kahulugan sa nais ipahiwatig ng komposisyong musikal ay ang
daynamiks
Ang Daynamiks ay tumutukoy sa paglakas at paghina ng pag-awit at pagtugtog.
Mahalaga na malaman ang angkop na antas ng dynamiks upang maunawaan mo
ang nais ipahiwatig ng isang awit o tugtugin.

Ang tatlong antas ng daynamiks ay:

A. Mahinang pag-awit (p)
- ito ay ginagamit sa malulungkot na himig o sa mga awit sa pagpapatulog
Halimbawa: Sa Ugoy ng Duyan

B. Katamtamang lakas sa pag-awit (mf)

- ito ay pamamaraan ng pag-awit na hindi gaanong mahina at hindi naman
gaanong malakas
Halimbawa: Pamulinawen

C. Malakas na pag-awit (f)

- ito ay nangangahulugan nang malakas na pag-awit o pagtugtog. Ang
paglakas ay ginagawa lalo na sa mga bahaging nais bigyan ng diin.
Halimbawa: Bayan Ko

Thrust
1.small rocket attached to a spacecraft and used for producting thrust to control attitude or trans
lational motion.
2. a propeller located in a ship's bow or stern to provide added maneuverability, as when docking.
3. a person or thing that thrusts.

Star map

A star chart or star map is a map of the night sky. Astronomers divide these into
grids to use them more easily. They are used to identify and locate astronomical
objects such as stars, constellations and galaxies. They have been used for
human navigation since time immemorial. Note that a star chart differs from
an astronomical catalog, which is a listing or tabulation of astronomical objects for
a particular purpose. Tools utilizing a star chart include the astrolab and the
planisphere.

Radio telescope
Radio telescope is an astronomical instrument consisting of a radio receiver and an antenna
system that is used to detectradio-frequency radiation emitted by extraterrestrial
sources.
Spectroscope

an optical device for producing and observing a spectrum of light or radiation from any
source, consisting essentially of a slit through which the radiation passes, a collimating
lens, and an Amici prism.

Telescope

an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing

an arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light
are collected and focused and the resulting image magnified.

Observatories
A place or building equipped and used for making observations of astronomical,
meteorological, or other natural phenomena, especially a place equipped with a powerful
telescope for observing the planets and stars.
Space telescope
a space telescope that was launched into low earth orbit in 1990, and remains in operation.
With a 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) mirror, four main instruments observe in the near ultra

violet, visible, and near infrade spectra.

Spectroheliograph
The spectroheliograph is an instrument used in astronomy which captures a photographic
image of the Sun at a single wavelength of light, a monochromatic image. The wavelength is
usually chosen to coincide with an spectral wavelength of one of the chemical elements
present in the Sun.

Spectrometer
an apparatus used for recording and measuring spectra, especially as a method of analysis.

Spectroscope
A spectrohelioscope is a type of solar telescope designed by George Ellery Hale in 1924 to
allow the Sun to be viewed in a selected wave length of light. The name comes from three
Latin-based words: Spectro, referring to the optical spectrum Helio, referring to the Sun
and Scope, as in telescope.

Spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a
specificed wavelength which passes through a medium. According to Beer's law, the

amount of light absorbed by a medium is proportional to the concentration of the

absorbing material or solute present.

Star
A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity.
Stars color
Stars come in a variety of sizes and colors, but they all shine because they are hot. A
star's color provides a direct measurement of its surface temperature; the hottest stars
shine blue-white, while the coolest are dull orange or red.

Stars magnitude

Brightness of stars is assigned a number starting with the brightest star starting at about
-1 magnitude. Dimmer stars are zero or positive numbers. The larger the number means
the dimmer the star is. For example, a star -1 magnitude is brighter than a star 0
magnitude.

Black hole
A black hole is a geometrically defined region of space time exhibiting such strong
gravitational effects that nothing including particles and electromagnetic radiation such as
light can escape from inside it.

Super nova
A supernova is a rare astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary
stages of a massive star's life, whose dramatic violent and catastrophic destruction is
marked by one final titanic explosion.

Pulsar

A pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star that has a mechanism to beam light, much like a
lighthouse. This mechanism is only partially understood, but is connected with very strong
magnetic fields spinning with the star.
Light years

a unit of astronomical distance equivalent to the distance that light travels in one
year, which is 9.4607 1012 km (nearly 6 trillion miles).
Polaris
The North Star or Pole Star aka Polaris is famous for holding nearly still in our sky while the
entire northern sky moves around it. Thats because its located nearly at the north celestial pole,
the point around which the entire northern sky turns. Polaris marks the way due north. As you face
Polaris and stretch your arms sideways, your right hand points due east, and your left hand points
due west. About-face of Polaris steers you due south. Polaris is not the brightest star in the
nighttime sky, as is commonly believed. Its only about 50th brightest. But you can find it easily,
and, once you do, youll see it shining in the northern sky every night, from N. Hemisphere locations.
Follow the links below to learn more about Polaris.

Image

Galaxy

Constellation

Origin of name

Notes

Andromeda,which is
shortened from
"Andromeda Galaxy", gets
Andromeda

Andromeda

its name from the area of

the sky in which it
appears, the constellation
of Andromeda.

It has a spectacular dark

band of absorbing dust in
Black Eye

Coma

Galaxy

Berenices

front of the galaxy's

bright nucleus, giving rise
to its nicknames of the
"Black Eye" or "Evil Eye"
galaxy.

It is the closest big

galaxy to the Milky Way

Bode's
Galaxy

Cartwheel
Galaxy

Cigar
Galaxy

Comet
Galaxy

Named for Johann Elert

Ursa Major

Bode who discovered this

galaxy in 1774.

Its visual appearance is

Sculptor

similar to that of a spoked

cartwheel.

Ursa Major

Appears similar in shape

to a cigar.

This galaxy is named after

Sculptor

its unusual appearance,

looking like a comet.

The comet effect is

caused by tidal stripping
by its galaxy
cluster, Abell 2667.

Galaxy Cosmos Redshift

7 is reported to be the
brightest of distant
galaxies (z > 6) and to
The name of this galaxy is
Cosmos
Redshift 7

Sextans

based on a redshift
(z)measurement of nearly
7 (actually, z = 6.604).[2]

contain some of the

earliest first stars (first
generation; Population
III) that produced
the chemical
elements needed for the
later formation
of planets and life as we
know it.[2][3]

It is of the
subtype Hoag-type
Hoag's
Object

Serpens Caput

This is named after Art

galaxy, and may in fact

Hoag, who discovered

be a polar-ring

this ring galaxy.

galaxy with the ring in

the plane of rotation of
the central object.

This is the fourth largest

galaxy in the Local Group,
and forms a pair with

Large
Magellanic

Dorado/Mensa

Cloud

Named after Ferdinand

the SMC, and from

Magellan

recent research, may not

be part of the Milky Way
system of satellites at
all.

This forms a pair with

the LMC, and from

Small
Magellanic

Tucana

Cloud

Named after Ferdinand

recent research, may not

Magellan

be part of the Milky Way

system of satellites at
all.

Mayall's
Object

Ursa Major

This is named

Also called VV 32 and

after Nicholas Mayall, of

Arp 148, this is a very

the Lick Observatory, who

peculiar looking object,

discovered it.

and is likely to be not one

[4][5][6]

galaxy, but two galaxies

undergoing a collision.
Event in images is a
spindle shape and a ring

shape.

Pinwheel
Galaxy

Sombrero
Galaxy

Sunflower
Galaxy

Tadpole
Galaxy

Ursa Major

Virgo

Canes Venatici

Draco

Similar in appearance to
a pinwheel (toy).

Similar in appearance to
a sombrero.

Appearance

The name comes from the

This shape resulted from

resemblance of the galaxy

tidal interaction that

to atadpole.

drew out a long tidal tail.

From
Whirlpool
Galaxy

Canes Venatici

the whirlpool appearance

this gravitationally
disturbed galaxy exhibits.

Nebular theory

When being asked the tough questions about why things are the way they are
(usually by our own children!) one of the toughest questions to answer is, how did
we get here on planet Earth? Well, if you were to answer this question
scientifically, chances are it would unleash a whole sleuth of questions. And to be
able to answer them, you would first have to be familiar with a little something
known as Nebular Theory. This is the theory of how not only our own solar system,
but all star systems were formed. Although still a theoretical model, it is the most

widely accepted scientific explanation of how stars came to emerge from the
cosmos.

This nebular hypothesis was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel
Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. Kant argued that gaseous
cloudsnebulae, which slowly rotate, gradually collapse and flatten due to gravity
and eventually form stars and planets. Laplaces proposed a similar model in which a
protosolar cloud (a nebular cloud) contracted and cooled, flattening and shedding
rings of material in the process which later collapsed to form the planets. Over the
course of the 20th century, this model came to be challenged by a number of
theorists who proposed numerous models in an attempt to replace it. However, none
of these attempts were successful and it was not until the 1970s with Soviet
astronomer Victor Safronov that the modern (and widely accepted) Solar Nebular
Disk Model (SNDM) came into being.
According to this model, our star system was formed 4.568 billion years ago when a
small part of a giant molecular cloud experienced a gravitational collapse. Most of
the collapsing mass collected in the center forming the Sun while the rest
flattened into a protoplanetary disk, out of which the planets, moons, asteroids,
and other small Solar System bodies formed. Since that time, our system has
evolved considerably due to collisions between objects, planetary migration and the
capturing of extra-solar objects by our own system. While originally applied only to
our own Solar System, the SNDM has since been used by theorists to explain star
formation throughout the known universe.
While this remains the most widely accepted theory, alternative models still exist.
Since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s and the discovery of extrasolar
planets in the 1990s, all of these models have been both challenged and refined to
account for new observations.

We have written many articles about the nebular theory for Universe Today.
Heres an article about the solar nebula theory, and heres an article about
the origin of the solar system
If youd like more info on the Nebular Theory, check out the Theory of Planetary
System Formation page, and heres a link to NASAs Solar System exploration page.

Edwin Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field
of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational
cosmologists of the 20th century. Wikipedia
Born: November 20, 1889, Marshfield, Missouri, United States
Died: September 28, 1953, San Marino, California, United States
Discovered: 1373 Cincinnati
Spouse: Grace Burke (m. 19241953)
Parents: Virginia Lee James, John Powell Hubble
Education: The Queen's College, Oxford, University of Chicago,University of Oxford

Capricorn or the goat-Capricorn is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the
constellation of Capricornus. It spans the 270300th degree of the zodiac, corresponding to
celestial longitude. Capricorn is ruled by the planet Saturn.

Aries the ram-Aries is the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, spanning the first 30 degrees of
celestial longitude. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this sign between March 21 and April
19 each year.

Taurus the bull-Taurus is the second astrological sign in the present Zodiac. It
spans the 30-60th degree of the zodiac, between 27.25 and 54.75 degree of
celestial longitude.

Gemini the twins-is the third astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the
constellation of Gemini. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this sign
between May 21 and June 20.

Cancer the crab-Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. Its name
is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one.

Leo the Lion- is one of the constellations of the zodiac, lying between Cancer to
the west and Virgo to the east.

Virgo the virgin-Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin
for virgin, and its symbol is Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it
is the second largest constellation in the sky.

Libra the scales-Libra is a constellation of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for
weighing scales, and its symbol is. It is fairly faint, with no first magnitude stars,
and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east.

Scorpius the scorpion-Scorpius is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name
is Latin for scorpion, and its symbol is. It lies between Libra to the west and
Sagittarius to the east.

Sagittarius the archer- Sagittarius is the ninth astrological sign, which is

associated with the constellation Sagittarius. Under the tropical zodiac, sun
transits this sign between November 23 and December 21.

Aquarius the water bearer- Sagittarius is the ninth astrological sign, which is
associated with the constellation Sagittarius. Under the tropical zodiac, sun
transits this sign between November 23 and December 21.

Pisces the fish- Pisces is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating
from the Pisces constellation. It spans the 330 to 360 of the zodiac, between
332.75 and 360 of celestial longitude

THE GREAT BEAR AND THE SEVEN STARS

Probably the most famous group of stars is the Big Dipper. It is a part of the
constellation called Ursa Major. It resembles a bear in many civilizations. The handle
of the Dipper is the tail of the bear curving away from the bowl. It has the seven
bright stars in it namely, Alkaid, Alcor & Mizar (appear as one), Alioth, Megrez,
Phecda, Merak and Dhube. Two of these that form outer wall of the bowl are called
the Pointers, directed towards the Polaris when joined in a line from bottom upward
THE LITTLE BEAR AND POLARIS:
Five major constellations are always visible above the horizon from our latitudes:
Ursa Minor, Ursa Major, Cassiopeia, Cepheus and Draco. They all revolve once in 24
hours around the North Star and stars in these are known as Circumpolar stars. Ursa
Minor or the Little Bear is well known for being the host of Polaris, positioned very

close to the celestial north pole. Actually the Polaris revolves in radius of 1 degree
about the North celestial pole
CASSIOPEIA
Cassiopeia lies on the other side of the pole from Ursa Major, almost directly opposite
the Big Dipper. One can sees the seven stars with naked eyes. Sometimes people
visualize it as part of a Crown of the Egyptian queen Cassiopeia, other people see it as
an inclined chair or throne.
CEPHEUS
NEXT TO CASSIOPEIA is her husband the king Cepheus, known for some of the
well-studied variable stars. Cepheus forms a shape resembling the cap of a clown. Its
wedge corner is very close to Polaris and is one of the circumpolar stars. The brightest
star in this constellation is called Aldemarin, meaning the arm. It stays close to his
queen
Draco, the Dragon
Another famous constellation near the North Pole is Draco meaning Dragon placed
beneath the Ursa Minor. It is the dragon that the giant Hercules faces up to. Two
known stars in it are called Etamin (tip of Dragon's head) and Thuban in the tail (3rd
last star) of the dragon. Etamin is 80 ly away.
THE ORION AND ITS BRIGHT STARS
Next to the Big Dipper, Orion is the most well known constellation of all. Its shape
and group of bright stars dominate the winter sky. It contains more bright stars
clustered together than any other single group. To the ancients, the figure represented
the giant Orion, placed in the heavens, in a heroic gesture holding the shield against
Taurus the mighty Bull. The bull on the other hand, with fire darting out from its eye
(marked by Aldebaran), is about to charge with its splendid long horns. Orion stands
with his right arm holding a great club uplifted in the air, ready to strike. Over his left
arm hangs a lion's skin that he holds up as a shield before him to stop the raging bull.
With a bit of imagination, it is not difficult to observe in this constellation, a colossal
figure and a story behind it.
BOOTES AND ARCTURUS

The constellation Bootes is in a figure of a Kite in the sky. It rises about 8 O'clock
early in March. Bootes is easily located by the very bright star called Arcturus located
in the extended arc of the handle of Big Dipper.

CAPELLA
It is the nearest to the north star among the 21 brightest. Draw a line through the
Polaris at right angle to the pointers, you should find Capella at 45 degrees from the
polaris on the opposite side of the Big Dipper's handle. It can also be found by a line
drawn from bottom corner of the Big Dipper's Bowl on the handle side, and passing
the line through the mid point of the pointers to a distance of 50 degrees or to the first
bright star. Capella, Vega and Arcturus are brightest stars in the northern hemisphere
of the sky. Capella is up above the horizon 21 hours. This makes it possible to observe
it sometime every night. Capella first appears in the evening in August at about 10
O'clock during first part of the month and stays in the sky until June, always
appearing before midnight. In October, it rises almost exactly in the northeast just as
the sun is setting.
CORONA BOREALIS

Also called Northern Crown, Corona Borealis is a semicircle of stars. Its chief star is
called Alphecca, comes into view one and a quarter hours after Arcturus. The group of
seven twinkling bright stars is a beautiful sight for observation and enjoyment in the
night sky. The entire constellation is only 15 degrees wide.
HERCULES CONSTELLATION

HERCULES
Hercules holds a bow in his outstretched arm. Just shot an arrow to the Dragon or
possibly to the bird nearby. Hercules is located directly north of Scorpius.

ANDROMEDA AND PEGASUS

Daughter of Queen Cassiopeia and King Cepheus, the beautiful princess is chained to
the rock, a curse due to her mother who boasted too much of her beauty. The two
constellations Andromeda and Pegasus (the flying horse) are joined by one star at the
corner of pegasus square. The two are about 100,000 ly away.
SPICA
The 15th brightest star is Spica that rises not so long after Arcturus. It rises a bit south
of exact eastern point in the sky. We can find Spica by extending the arc of the
Dipper's handle through Arcturus and about 30 degrees beyond the Arcturus. It can be
located by a straight line starting at the pointer nearest Polaris passing diagonally
through the bowl of the Dipper about 65 degrees beyond the bottom of the Dipper. It
is visible to the naked eye in the middle of March at 8 O'clock in the evening.
Spica does not make a long arc like Arcturus or Capella. It stays south of the celestial
equator. It takes 11 hours for Spica to complete its journey setting in the south western
horizon. It takes five and a half hours to reach the highest point in the sky about 45
degrees from the zenith in the southern sky in May. It stays in night sky between
sunset and midnight during February through early October. In November, December
and January, it shows up in the night sky during the time between midnight and dawn.
Spica lies in Virgo constellation, close to the ecliptic, which is the apparent annual
path of the sun through the heavens.
VEGA IN (LYRA CONSTELLATION)
Vega appears about 3 hours after Arcturus in the north eastern horizon. Its color is
bluish white sand its surface temperature is less than Spica but much greater than
Arcturus or Capella. To find Vega, draw a line from junction of the bowl of the Dipper
to the Polaris. Then draw a line from the polaris at right angle extending it about 40
degrees to reach Vega on the same side of Dipper's handle. Vega is on the opposite
side of Capella about the pole. Vega has the distinction of being accompanied by four
stars in a parallelogram. Vega like Capella is always seen sometime in the night sky
during the year. Vega is the main star in the constellation Lyra. Magical Lyre in
Orpheus hands gave music that tamed the wild beasts and chained the rivers in their
courses.
DENEB (IN CYGNUS CONSTELLATION)

A little more than hour after Vega has risen, a bright twinkling star appears in the
north eastern horizon at point 45 degrees from the pole. It is called Deneb that rises
about the same spot on the horizon as Capella. It stays for 20 hours in the sky only
obscured by day light.
The highest point a star ever reaches in its daily course is called its meridian. A line
drawn from the Polaris to Deneb and to Vega forms a right angle triangle in which
Deneb lies at right angle. Deneb lies in the constellation called Cygnus meaning the
Swan, an easily identifiable figure of stretched wing flying swan in the sky. Deneb is
the brightest star at the head of the figure also called Northern Cross. In the spring
when it rises in the north east, the cross is upside down. At setting in the north
west, it seems more nearly upright and Deneb at its head sets last of all in the
cross. Deneb means "tail" for its position being in the tail section of the
constellation. It is sometimes called by its Arabic name Arided meaning the
"hindmost."

ALTAIR (IN AQUILA CONSTELLATION)

About 80 degrees from the pole towards south, halfway between Deneb and Vega, is
the brilliantly bright star called Altair. It is 20 degrees directly south from Albireo at
the base of the Northern Cross. Altair is seen in the constellation Aquila meaning the
eagle. Altair is the middle of the three bright stars in a line. Altair means "the flying
eagle." Altair, Vega and Deneb when joined together forms an acute angle triangle
known as Summer Triangle, with its short side towards north. Altair at its apex is in
the south.

SUMMER TRIANGLE
Altair is in Aquila or the eagle constellation. Altair means the flying eagle.
A brilliantly white (yellowish white) star located by moving down the Cross from
Deneb to its tail to Albireo and about 20 degrees more to the first bright star is
ALTAIR. About 10 degrees northeast from Altair is the well known Constellation
"Dolphinus," also called Job's coffin.
DELPHINUS

In the shape of a Dolphin, this constellation also called Job's Coffin consists of 5 stars.
It contains a variable star, a double star and a spectroscopic binary star.
One seldom sees Altair during the first four months of the year. It takes about 13 hours
for Altair to make its journey across the sky. Its color is white or yellowish white. Its
surface temperature is less than Vega but greater than Capella. Altair is actually 11

times more luminous than sun and 17 ly away from us. Altair is approaching the earth
at a speed of 16 miles per second.
ANTARES
Antares is at its highest point (meridian) in June 22nd at 10 O'clock in the evening. At
its highest point, it is only one quarter way due south from the horizon to the zenith. It
is one of the south stars which always lies south of the celestial equator. It appears
farther south from Altair.
Antares is one of a binary system. Its companion has a greenish color, not easily seen
by small telescopes.
ALDEBARAN
The stars described in Chapter 1 through Chapter 10 earlier, have a particular
connection with the spring, summer and autumn months. Capella shines throughout
the winter, and in spring and fall as well.
There are however 6 bright stars that are distinctly of the winter. These 6 stars are
Aldebaran, Betelgeuse, Regel, Pollux, Procyon and Sirius. Of these 6 stars, Aldebaran
is the first to appear in September a bit north of the east point in the horizon. It glows
with rosy light, demanding attention proclaiming as one of the most importantly
heavenly bodies.

Project

In

SCIENCE

Submitted by:

ARIEL KURT YUAN B. DULDULAO

Grade VI-I orchid

Submitted to:

JOSELITO GARCIA

SANTIAGO SOUTH CENTRAL SCHOOL

Santiago city
January 5, 2016