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1899KPCC-12/4-12
All plans offered and underwritten by Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest.
500 NE Multnomah St., Suite 100, Portland, OR 97232.
congratulations
youre pregnant!
Whether its your first child or your next, each pregnancy and birth is a brand-new
experience. Welcome to parenthood!
If youre like most new moms, you have lots of questions. Throughout pregnancy, you
will notice changes in your body, emotions, and activities. Your Kaiser Permanente
medical team is here to support you through it all.
We created this guide especially for you. Its contents provide answers, information,
and resources so you know what to expect during pregnancy and the first few weeks
of your babys life. Use this valuable road map to navigate your way and stay healthy.
Youll see some sections organized by trimester, so you can keep track of whats
happening, and when. Youll learn about your babys development week by week, how
to care for yourself, tests you might need, getting ready for your newborn, and more.
Read the right chapter before each medical appointment. Use the prenatal visit
records to log your babys progress and make notes. Skip ahead to the labor, delivery,
and postpartum section to prepare ahead of time. Theres a bounty of insights here,
covering the spectrum of prenatal and postpartum needs.
When you come in for a visit and to the hospital, bring this guide with you. Together
well review the contents that match your needs and answer questions.
Weve all heard about that healthy glow in pregnant moms-to-be. Now its your turn to
shine. Use the information in this guide to help you and your baby thrive. We are here
for you, every step of the way.
We look forward to meeting you and sharing this special time in your life!
Best wishes,
Kaiser Permanente Northwest
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table of contents
Your care team............................................... 4
First trimester............................................... 56
Overview...................................................... 57
My Health Manager........................................ 6
Weeks 1 to 4................................................. 58
Pregnancy resources...................................... 7
Weeks 5 to 8................................................. 59
Prenatal visits................................................10
Weeks 9 to 12............................................... 60
Second trimester......................................... 64
Overview...................................................... 65
Weeks 13 to 16............................................. 66
Weeks 17 to 20............................................. 70
Weeks 21 to 24............................................. 72
Weeks 25 to 28............................................. 74
Third trimester............................................. 78
Genetic diseases.......................................... 26
Weeks 29 to 32............................................. 80
Cystic fibrosis................................................ 30
Weeks 33 to 36............................................. 82
Weeks 37 to 40............................................. 84
Staying fit...................................................... 36
Eating well.................................................... 40
A safe nursery............................................... 90
Birthing options............................................ 97
Things to avoid............................................. 53
Overview...................................................... 79
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Asthma........................................................148
Depression..................................................154
Diabetes...................................................... 156
Infant care....................................................116
Fifth disease................................................164
Newborn experience....................................118
High-risk pregnancy....................................166
Obesity........................................................ 178
Multiples...................................................... 135
Placenta abruptio........................................180
Placenta previa............................................182
Preterm labor...............................................188
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Finding providers
and services
You can find Kaiser Permanente providers and
medical offices online.
Visit kp.org and click the Locate our services
tab. Scroll down and select Find doctors &
locations. On the next page, follow the prompts
to narrow your search.
Obstetric and gynecological care is available at
most Kaiser Permanente medical offices in Oregon
and Southwest Washington. Our obstetrics advice
line and the Mother-Baby Program offer additional
resources, classes, and tips.
When the time comes, Labor & Delivery
and birthing services at Kaiser Permanente
Sunnyside Medical Center and our affiliated
hospitals have you covered.
Contact a member of your medical team anytime.
They can help you make decisions that support
you and your growing family.
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My Health Manager
Use My Health Manager to manage your health
online. This robust online tool lets you email your
doctor, view lab results, refill prescriptions, make/
cancel appointments, and more. See page 6 to
learn how to get started.
my health manager
Anytime. anywhere.
Manage your health online with My Health Manager.
Register today.
To start using My Health Manager,
just go to kp.org/register. Well
ask you a few questions to verify
your identity. Once registered,
you can sign on with your unique
user ID and password. You can rest
assured knowing we keep your
information safe using the highest
standards of online security. And
if you cant or dont wish to
complete registration online, you
can finish the process by mail.
kp.org/myhealthmanager
1899KPCC-12/4-12
My Health Manager is your one-stop online resource for timesaving features.* Use it 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to:
Email your doctors office
Send secure, routine messages to your doctors office, saving time,
gas, and a copayment. (If you have urgent questions, call your
providers office.)
View most lab test results
Get most lab test results as soon as theyre available many on the
same day.
Refill prescriptions
Order your prescription refills. Enjoy the convenience of home
delivery for most refills at no extra charge.
Schedule, cancel, or review routine appointments
Request appointments and check past office visit information for
recommended follow-up steps.
View recent immunizations, allergies, and more
Review the names and dates of your immunizations, a list of your
allergies, and your eligibility and benefit information.
Act for a family member
Access your family members health information and email their
doctors offices using our secure online features.
pregnancy resources
Have a question about your pregnancy? You
can get assistance from these medical offices,
hospitals, our Mother-Baby Program, and more.
KAISER PERMANENTE
Portland....................................... 503-813-2000
All other areas..........................1-800-813-2000
For obstetrics advice past 20 weeks pregnancy:
During office hours, call Obstetrics &
Gynecology Advice at your medical office.
After office hours and on weekends and
holidays, call Kaiser Permanente Sunnyside
Medical Center.
Portland....................................... 503-571-9850
Washington.................................360-256-0556
Beaverton Medical Office
Obstetrics advice..............................503-520-4906
Appointments................................... 503-350-2450
Mother-Baby Program.......................503-626-5502
Cascade Park Medical Office
Obstetrics advice.............................. 360-891-6201
Appointments................................... 360-571-4267
Mother-Baby Program,
Salmon Creek Medical Office............360-571-3017
Interstate Medical Office East
Obstetrics advice..............................503-520-4906
Appointments................................... 503-249-0550
Vancouver area............................ 360-694-1577
Mother-Baby Program....................... 503-331-6479
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pregnancy resources
Mother-Baby Program....................... 503-361-5400
HOSPITALS
reference materials
Vancouver area............................360-256-0556
Labor & Delivery................................503-571-4217
Tour appointments (Portland)*.......... 503-286-6816
Tour appointments (other areas)*
....................................... 1-866-301-3866 (toll free)
Providence St. Vincent
Medical Center...................................503-216-1234
All other areas................................ 1-800-677-6752
Labor & Delivery................................503-216-7391
Tour appointments (Portland)*.......... 503-286-6816
Tour appointments (other areas)*
....................................... 1-866-301-3866 (toll free)
Salem Hospital.................................. 503-561-5200
All other areas in Oregon................1-800-876-1718
Southwest Washington
Medical Center..................................360-256-2000
Portland area............................... 503-972-3000
Family Birth Center/
Labor & Delivery...............................360-514-4000
Tour appointments (Portland)*.......... 503-286-6816
Tour appointments (other areas)*
....................................... 1-866-301-3866 (toll free)
Books
Your Pregnancy Week by Week, 6th edition.
Glade B. Curtis, MD, and Judith Schuler, MS,
Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2008.
The Whole Pregnancy Handbook: An
Obstetricians Guide to Integrating
Conventional and Alternative Medicine Before,
During, and After Pregnancy. Joel Evans, MD,
OB/GYN, Gotham, 2005.
Your 9-Month Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner
Date! A Guide to Healthful Eating During
Pregnancy. Maggie McHugh, MS, RD, CDN,
and Ellen Burggraf, MS, Eating for You (and
baby too), Inc., 2007.
Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. Mayo Clinic,
Collins Living, 2004.
Hey! Whos Having This Baby Anyway?:
How to take charge and create a safe
environment for your babys birth, including
essential information about medications and
interventions. Breck Hawk, RN, Metropolis Ink/
End Table Books, 2005.
The Official Lamaze Guide: Giving Birth With
Confidence. Judith Lothian and Charlotte
DeVries, Meadowbrook, 2005.
The Birth Partner: A Complete Guide to
Childbirth for Dads, Doulas, and All Other
Labor Companions. Penny Simkin, Harvard
Common Press, 2007.
Breastfeeding Made Simple: Seven Natural
Laws for Nursing Mothers. Nancy Mohrbacher,
New Harbinger Publications, 2005.
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Breastfeeding.com, Inc.
breastfeeding.com
Bright From the Start: The Simple, ScienceBacked Way to Nurture Your Childs
Developing Mind from Birth to Age 3. Jill
Stamm, PhD, Gotham, 2007.
1899KPCC-12/4-12
Prenatal visits
prenatal visits
prenatal visits
You and your baby are undergoing a lot of
changes. Week by week, your pregnancy reaches
new milestones and turning points. Its critical to
ensure you both stay healthy through it all.
Thats why one of the most important steps you
can take during pregnancy is to attend all your
prenatal visits.
During these checkups, youll discuss your babys
development, how to care for yourself, tests
you might need, preparations for your newborn,
and more. These visits help you keep tabs on
your health and your babys progress along the
way. You review current priorities and things to
consider. Each visit brings something new.
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Prenatal
visit schedule
Regular prenatal examinations are a priority during any pregnancy. Heres the visit schedule for a lowrisk term pregnancy. If you have a pre-existing medical condition, develop complications, or are a teen,
you may require more frequent visits.
Week 6 8
Confirm pregnancy.
Lab tests.
First visit with your provider.
Genetic testing options.
Educational and diet information.
Physical exam.
Week 10 12
Week 15 16
Week 20
Tdap/Td vaccination.
Discuss ultrasound results.
Due date confirmation.
Hospital registration.
Week 24
Week 28
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Week 32
Week 34
Week 36
Week 37
Week 38
Week 39
Week 40 41
12
Prenatal
visit records
Due date
First trimester
6 8 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
10 12 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
First-trimester notes
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Prenatal
visit records
Second trimester
15 16 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
20 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
24 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
28 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
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Second-trimester notes
Third trimester
32 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
34 weeks (optional visit)
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
36 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
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Prenatal
visit records
37 weeks (optional visit)
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
Third trimester
38 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
39 weeks (optional visit)
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
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40 weeks
Time
Appointment date
Moms weight
Tummy measurement
Tests
Questions to ask
Provider instructions
third-trimester notes
Lab results
Other
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classes
and education
classes
and education
Pregnancy and
childbirth classes
Your journey through pregnancy will teach
you many new things. Prepare yourself for the
healthiest experience possible by learning what
you need to know.
Kaiser Permanente Northwest offers a variety of
classes and programs designed just for expectant
and new parents.
To find details on products and classes near you,
visit kp.org and click the Health & wellness tab.
Then search for pregnancy programs and classes
in the Oregon/Washington region.
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Why take a
childbirth class?
By now, youve probably surrounded yourself with
articles on childbirth and heard countless labor
stories from friends and loved ones. But do you
really know what to expect during labor and birth
at Kaiser Permanente? A childbirth education
class can make a real difference in this experience.
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Genetic testing
Genetic diseases and chromosomal problems bring their own challenges. For many women, the chance
of having a child with one of these conditions is quite low about 3 to 4 percent. However, if you or
your partner is a genetic carrier of a disease, then the risk of having a child with that disease may be
higher. Chromosomal problems are less predictable, although chances increase with your age.
There are tests that can tell you if your baby has one of these problems or is at risk. The following pages
explain more about each condition and the screening tests available.
Genetic testing
If you have questions, you can talk to your health practitioner. The Genetics department offers evening
classes for Kaiser Permanente members. These sessions offer more detailed information about prenatal
testing options and can help support decision-making.
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Chance for
chance
Mothers
chromosomal for down
age
problems
syndrome
20
1 in 530
1 in 1,660
25
1 in 480
1 in 1,250
30
1 in 400
1 in 700
35
1 in 200
1 in 370
40
1 in 70
1 in 110
45
1 in 23
1 in 32
50
1 in 8
1 in 11
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genetic diseases
Genetic diseases are caused by genes that do
not work properly. Genes are the basic units of
inheritance that determine many characteristics
of a baby, such as eye color, height, and blood
type. Genes are also important in determining a
babys health.
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Higher-risk populations
Thalassemia
Asian.
Varies; 1 in 30 or higher.
African-American, black.
African-American, black.
About 1 in 12.
Cystic fibrosis
About 1 in 25.
Tay-Sachs disease
About 1 in 30.
French Canadian.
Cajun.
Canavan disease
About 1 in 40.
Familial
dysautonomia
1 in 30.
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Carrier
screening
Alpha thalassemia usually causes babies to die during pregnancy or shortly after birth.
During pregnancy, mother of an affected baby may develop serious health problems.
Beta thalassemia usually causes severe anemia and poor growth, beginning in infancy/
early childhood.
Treatment may include lifelong blood transfusions, medications, frequent hospital stays.
Severity varies. Some people lead productive lives without serious illness.
Blood disorders beginning in infancy/early childhood that cause anemia, bone pain, and
frequent serious infections. There may be a shortened life span.
Very accurate.
Severity varies. Some people lead productive lives without serious illness.
Thick mucus clogs the lungs, causing difficulty breathing and frequent lung infections.
Lung disease worsens over time. Problems with digesting food, resulting in poor weight
gain. Most people do not live beyond early adulthood.
Treatment may include daily chest physical therapy, medications, frequent hospital stays.
Detects about 90
percent of all carriers
in the Caucasian (nonHispanic) population.
Severity varies. Some people lead productive lives without serious illness.
Currently no cure.
No treatment or cure.
Detects about 95
percent of all carriers
in the Ashkenazi
Jewish population;
fewer in French
Canadians and Cajuns.
Causes muscle weakness, developmental disabilities, and seizures. Worsens over time.
No treatment or cure.
Detects about 97
percent of all carriers
in the Ashkenazi
Jewish population.
Causes problems with growth, balance, muscle tone, and lung infections. Also problems
with regulation of blood pressure, temperature, breathing, and digestion. Affects
perception of heat, pain, and taste.
Detects about 99
percent of all carriers
in the Ashkenazi
Jewish population.
No cure is available.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that
causes problems with frequent lung infections
and digestion. Without testing, a person would
ordinarily not know if he or she were a CF carrier
since being a carrier does not affect health in
any way.
Some people who are pregnant or planning
a pregnancy might like to know if they are CF
carriers. Others prefer not to know. Whether or
not to have CF carrier testing is completely up
to you.
How does CF affect a person?
CF causes a persons mucus to thicken and be
stickier than usual. This makes it more likely that
a person with CF will develop lung infections.
It can also cause problems with the digestive
enzymes usually produced by the pancreas, so
there can be problems with properly digesting
food. Sometimes babies with CF are born with
blockages in the intestines. Most men with CF are
infertile, and women with CF may have difficulties
becoming pregnant. CF does not affect a
persons intelligence or appearance.
The average life span for a person with CF is
currently about 30 years. Symptoms can range
from mild to severe. It is not always possible to
predict how severe the disease will be. Some
individuals with CF die in childhood, while others
may live into their 40s, 50s, or beyond. Many
people with CF are able to lead fulfilling lives.
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Can CF be treated?
At this time, there is no cure for CF. Some things
can be done to help treat CF. Medication can help
with the digestive problems. Respiratory therapy
(pounding or vibrating the chest) on a daily basis
is recommended for people with CF this helps
remove mucus from the lungs.
When lung infections do happen, they are treated
with antibiotics. However, the lung infections
typically worsen over time and become more
difficult to treat.
How is CF inherited?
CF is a genetic disorder. Our genes come in
pairs. In each gene pair, we get one gene from
our mother and the other from our father.
Sometimes there can be changes in genes that
cause them not to work properly. CF is a recessive
genetic disorder.
For CF and other recessive disorders, both genes
in the pair must be altered for the person to have
the disease. If a person has only one altered
gene for CF and the other gene in the pair works
correctly, then the person is a CF carrier and is
not affected by CF. CF carriers do not have any
health problems because the normal gene makes
up for the gene with the harmful alteration.
For a child to have CF, both parents must be CF
carriers. If both parents are carriers, there is a 1
in 4 chance that a child will inherit an altered CF
gene from each parent, and have CF.
30
Chance of being
a CF carrier
Caucasian
1 in 25
Hispanic
1 in 58
African-American
1 in 61
Asian
1 in 94
88 percent
Ashkenazi Jewish
94 percent
Hispanic
72 percent
African-American
64 percent
Asian
49 percent
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Accuracy of test
31
Cystic fibrosis
What if I find out I am a CF carrier?
If you are a CF carrier and you are pregnant or
considering a pregnancy, the next thing to do
is offer CF carrier testing to your partner. If your
partners CF results are negative, then it is unlikely
that your baby would have CF.
Remember, both parents have to be CF carriers
for there to be a chance the baby might have
CF. It would also be a good idea to discuss
these results with your relatives. For instance,
if you are a CF carrier, then your brothers and
sisters would each have a 50 percent chance of
being a CF carrier.
What if both my partner and I are CF carriers?
That means that for each of your children, there
would be a 1 in 4 chance that the child would
have CF. You will have an opportunity to discuss
this in more detail with a genetic counselor and to
discuss the possibility of prenatal testing for CF.
Are there risks associated with prenatal testing?
Yes. Prenatal testing can be done through
amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
Amniocentesis can be done between 15 and 20
weeks of pregnancy and involves taking a small
sample of amniotic fluid. CVS is done at 10 or 11
weeks and involves taking cells from the placenta.
With amniocentesis, there is a 1 in 500 risk of
miscarriage. CVS has a 1 in 100 risk of miscarriage.
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health
and wellness
Your health
and wellness
One of the best ways you can care for your babys health is to take care of yours. Knowing youre doing
all you can to stay healthy may give you greater peace of mind.
The following pages offer tips on how to exercise, eat, and feel your best during one of the most
dynamic times of your life. Youll learn about:
Staying fit.
Eating well.
Medications and natural remedies.
Managing emotions.
Body changes and discomfort.
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staying fit
Moderate exercise during pregnancy can help you
feel your best and ward off discomforts, such as
backache and fatigue. Exercise is a good warmup for childbirth because the physical activity
improves your circulation and energy for labor.
Also, exercising during pregnancy can help you
maintain muscle strength and shed unwanted
pounds after your baby is born. If youre physically
active most days, great! If not, this is a good time
to start. Begin slowly, build up gradually, and try
to exercise at least 30 minutes per day.
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Diagonal curl
Pelvic rocking
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staying fit
Pelvic tilt
Tailor stretching
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Activities to avoid
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Eating well
While youre pregnant, you supply everything
your baby needs to grow. The best way to do
this is to eat at least three meals and two healthy
snacks every day. Also, drink 8 to 10 full glasses of
fluid every day.
The daily food guide on page 41 will help you
choose foods that give you the nutrition you
and your baby need while youre pregnant. At
the end of the day, you can see if youre getting
enough servings from each of the following five
food groups:
Calcium-rich foods
Aim for 1,200 milligrams of calcium per day. If you
dont get enough calcium, your body will draw
it from your own bones to give to the baby. This
may cause you to develop osteoporosis later in
life. Sources of calcium include:
Low-fat or nonfat dairy products (milk,
cheese, yogurt).
Tofu (calcium fortified).
Almonds.
Broccoli.
Fruits.
Milk and milk products.
Scallops.
Corn tortillas.
Orange juice (calcium fortified).
Folate-rich foods
Its recommended that women take folic acid (400
micrograms per day) before getting pregnant and
through the first three months of pregnancy.
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Beans.
Food groups
Broccoli.
6 10 ounces
Vegetables
1 cup raw or cooked vegetables
1 cup green salad
1 cup vegetable juice
2 3 cups
Fruits
1 medium piece fresh fruit
1 cup fresh fruit
1 cup orange juice
or other 100 percent fruit juice
1 2 cups
3 cups
5 7 ounces
Asparagus.
Cantaloupe, honeydew, oranges.
Orange and grapefruit juices.
Peanuts and almonds (limit to 1 to 2
tablespoons per serving).
Folate-fortified breads and breakfast cereals.
Iron-rich foods
If you need an iron supplement (ferrous sulfate),
your practitioner will tell you which type to take
and recommend when to take it. Generally
women wait until their second trimester of
pregnancy to take iron supplements, which may
worsen morning sickness.
You will need twice as much iron in your second
and third trimesters as you did before pregnancy.
Aim for 30 milligrams per day. Getting enough
iron prevents anemia, which is linked to preterm
birth and low-birth weight.
Try to eat iron-rich foods in combination with
foods or juices high in vitamin C such as
oranges, peppers, broccoli, and strawberries
because vitamin C helps your body absorb iron.
Iron-rich foods include:
Lean beef, lean pork, and chicken or turkey
(skin removed).
Pumpkin seeds.
Lentils and beans.
Iron-fortified cereals.
Mussels, oysters, clams, shrimp, and sardines.
Dark-green, leafy vegetables (kale, Swiss
chard, collard greens, and spinach).
Dried fruits (raisins, prunes, apricots).
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For example:
2 slices of bread from
sandwich = 2 ounces
of bread
For example:
1 cup raw carrots
from snack = 1 cup
of vegetables
For example:
1 cup orange juice
from lunch = 1 cup
of fruit
For example:
1 cup low-fat yogurt
from snack = 1 cup
of milk products
For example:
1 ounce turkey from
sandwich = 1 ounce
of meat and beans
Eating well
prenatal vitamins
Most women can benefit from prenatal vitamins,
even before they start trying to conceive. Taking a
prenatal vitamin is especially important for women
who are pregnant with multiples or women who
have dietary restrictions, certain health issues, or
pregnancy complications.
Prenatal vitamins are available without a
prescription.
If you have questions, talk to your practitioner.
Foods to avoid
Although you can enjoy most foods while
pregnant, there are some that you should cut
back on, or eliminate. This list includes:
Alcohol. Drinking alcohol can harm your baby
and cause him or her problems later in life.
There is no amount of alcohol that has been
proven safe in pregnancy, so its better not to
drink any alcohol.
Raw or undercooked meat, chicken, and
fish. Cook raw foods thoroughly and cook
ready-to-eat meats such as hot dogs
or deli meats (ham, bologna, salami, and
corned beef) until theyre steaming hot.
Wash your hands, knives, cutting boards, and
cooking surfaces with warm, soapy water after
handling raw or undercooked meat.
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medications and
natural remedies
If you take any medications or herbal remedies,
your developing baby takes them, too. Thats why
its important to ask before taking any form of
medication. In general, follow these guidelines:
If youre taking prescription medications,
continue to take them unless your practitioner
tells you otherwise. Make sure to follow the
directions carefully.
Tell your practitioner about all medications
(prescription and over-the-counter), vitamins,
homeopathic remedies, herbs, or home
remedies that youre taking.
Fluid intake
Drinking plenty of fluids during pregnancy can help you avoid many of these symptoms
naturally. With enough fluid, youre less likely to become dehydrated, be constipated, get
urinary tract infections, or experience preterm (premature) labor. Youll also have softer
skin and be at less risk of retaining water. Your baby needs fluids for proper growth. To get
enough fluids for yourself and your baby:
Drink about 8 to 10 full glasses (64 to 80 ounces) of fluid each day.
Keep a full glass of water with you.
Try a variety of fluids, like milk and soups, in moderate amounts.
Choose caffeine-free, nonalcoholic drinks.
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Natural remedies
Over-the-counter
medications
Headache
Massage.
Rest.
Cool washcloth on forehead.
Constipation
Diarrhea
Imodium.
Indigestion
Hemorrhoids
Preparation H, Anusol, or 1%
hydrocortisone cream.
Nausea and
vomiting
Emetrol.
Vaginal itch
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Managing emotions
What to expect from
your emotions
Emotions during pregnancy differ for every
woman. You may experience highs and lows or feel
uncertain even if your pregnancy was planned.
Increased hormones and the fatigue of pregnancy
can spur mood swings. At times, you may feel
exhausted, forgetful, or moody. You may worry
about your body, how to manage symptoms, or
how different your life is becoming.
Many women fear that their baby will have
a problem. Or they may feel anxious about
childbirth or that their pregnancy isnt going well.
Guided imagery
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Breathing exercises
Time management
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Body changes
and discomfort
Your body changes a lot in nine months with
a baby growing inside of you!
Although they can range from mild to
severe, the following conditions are common
during pregnancy:
Breast changes
In the second trimester of pregnancy, your breasts
will become larger and heavier, and you may need
a larger and more supportive bra. As your breasts
become larger, veins become more noticeable
under the skin. The nipples and the area around
the nipples (areola) darken, and small bumps may
appear. You may also notice yellowish discharge
(colostrum) from your nipples. Colostrum is what
your breasts produce when they are preparing
for breastfeeding.
Fatigue
Most women struggle with fatigue during
pregnancy, especially during the first and third
trimesters. To manage fatigue during pregnancy:
Take frequent rest breaks during the day.
Reduce nonessential activities and
responsibilities.
Exercise regularly get outside, take walks,
keep your blood moving with your favorite
workout. If you dont have your usual energy,
dont push it.
Eat a balanced diet, and drink plenty of water.
Review the Medications and natural remedies
section for more treatment options.
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Hair changes
Heartburn (a symptom of
gastroesophageal reflux disease,
or GERD)
Heartburn is common during pregnancy
because hormones cause the digestive system
to slow down. However, heartburn rarely causes
complications, and most of the time, symptoms
improve after your baby is born. Avoiding spicy
foods, eating smaller meals, and waiting two to
three hours after eating before you lie down can
help reduce symptoms.
Leg cramps
Leg cramps affect many pregnant women. The
cause of leg cramps during pregnancy is not fully
known, but they may be caused by reduced levels
of calcium or increased levels of phosphorus in
the blood.
If you get a leg cramp, straighten your leg, flex
your foot so that your ankle and toes point up
(toward your head), massage your calf, walk
around to stretch your calf, and avoid pointing
your toes when you stretch your legs.
Although uncommon, a blood clot can
form in a deep vein of the leg (deep vein
thrombosis, or DVT) during pregnancy. DVT
can be life-threatening and requires medical
treatment. Consult you care team for specific
treatment advice.
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Body changes
and discomfort
Morning sickness
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Sleep problems
Hormonal changes, plus the discomforts of
later pregnancy, may disrupt your sleep cycle.
Regular exercise, shorter naps, relaxation
techniques, comfortable pillows, and avoiding
caffeine can help you get the best possible sleep
during pregnancy.
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Varicose veins
Enlarged, swollen veins are common during
pregnancy, particularly in women with a family
history of the problem. Varicose veins typically
develop on the legs but can also affect the
vulva. There are a few preventive and treatment
measures that are safe during pregnancy:
Avoid prolonged standing and sitting.
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Travel
If your pregnancy is normal and healthy, it is
generally OK for you to travel during your second
trimester (weeks 13 to 28).
During the middle of your pregnancy, you may
feel great, have lots of energy, and be able to
enjoy a relaxing vacation free of strollers and
diapers. (Youll have plenty of time for those later.)
During this period, your risks for miscarriage and
early labor are at their lowest. So why not seize
this opportunity to hit the road?
Things to avoid
Certain substances arent good for you any time,
but the list grows when youre pregnant. Make
sure you know what to steer clear of. Here are tips
about things to avoid and moderate:
Hazardous chemicals, radiation, and certain
cosmetic products. Avoid exposure to
dangerous substances, such as pesticides,
some household cleaners, paint, lead,
and mercury during pregnancy and while
breastfeeding. These toxins can be harmful to
a developing fetus and/or cause birth defects
or miscarriage. Nail polish, artificial nails, hair
dyes, and hair permanents also contain strong
chemicals. It is wise to reduce your exposure
to these chemicals and be sure the room is
well-ventilated if you use them.
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When to call
for help
Problems during and after pregnancy have
warning signs. To stay as healthy as possible,
familiarize yourself with these signs. If anything
does go wrong, you will know just what to do
and when. Call your doctor with urgent questions.
Emails may take a few days for response and
should be used only for routine questions.
During pregnancy
Contractions:
Between 20 and 37 weeks, more than
four to six contractions in one hour could
indicate preterm labor.
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After delivery
When to call your doctor
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first trimester
first trimester
first-trimester
overview
Your due date or estimated delivery date is based
on the first day of your last menstrual period
and is about 40 weeks (280 days) after your last
period. However, you baby is considered to be
full term between 37 and 40 weeks.
During the week after fertilization, the fertilized
egg grows into a microscopic ball of cells
(blastocyst), which implants on the wall of your
uterus. This implantation triggers a series of
hormonal and physical changes in your body.
The third through eighth weeks of growth are
called the embryonic stage, during which the
embryo develops most major body organs.
During this process, the embryo is especially
vulnerable to damaging substances, such as
alcohol, radiation, and infectious diseases.
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First Trimester:
Weeks 1 to 4
About your baby
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First trimester:
Weeks 5 to 8
The second month of pregnancy is a time of
amazing development. Your fertilized egg is now
an embryo.
About you
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First Trimester:
Weeks 9 to 12
A fast or slow heart rate does not mean that your
baby is a girl or a boy. The babys heart rate is
faster when the baby moves and slower when the
baby rests.
About you
You may not have a baby bump yet, but you
probably feel pregnant by now. This can be
one of the hardest months of pregnancy. Youre
probably tired and needing extra rest. For some,
morning sickness is at its peak. Fatigue and
nausea will lessen, and youll start to feel normal
again as you approach your second trimester.
Whats normal
Some cramping as the uterus enlarges and
contracts. During this time, your uterus will
increase in weight from about an ounce to
more than 2 pounds.
Relieving discomfort
Appetite changes
You may be very hungry, or you may find it hard
to eat much at all; both are normal. Be sure to
choose quality baby-building foods. Cut down
on sweets like candy, cakes, doughnuts, and other
high-fat, empty-calorie foods. At this point, a
healthy weight gain is about pound per week.
Ask your practitioner for help if you think youre
gaining too much or too little weight.
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Feeling tired
Roller-coaster emotions
Headaches
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First Trimester:
Weeks 9 to 12
Use saline nose sprays to moisten dry
nasal passages.
Dab Vaseline in each nostril and use a cool
mist vaporizer.
Avoid nasal decongestant spray, which can
actually make stuffiness worse.
Dont use any drugs without asking your
practitioner first.
Call your practitioner if you cant control the
bleeding from a nosebleed or if the bleeding gets
too heavy.
Bleeding gums
Vaginal discharge
Whitish vaginal discharge is normal throughout
pregnancy. You can also get yeast infections that
come back (or dont go away easily).
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second trimester
second
trimester
second-trimester
overview
By the end of the first trimester (about week
12 of pregnancy), the fetus has a recognizable
human form.
The second trimester lasts from weeks 13 to 28 of
pregnancy. Its when your babys movement takes
off. If this is your first pregnancy, youll begin to
feel your fetus move at about 18 to 22 weeks after
your last menstrual period.
Although your fetus has been moving for several
weeks, the movements have not been strong
enough for you to notice until now. At first, fetal
movements can be so gentle that you may not be
sure what you are feeling.
If youve been pregnant before, you may notice
movement earlier, sometime between weeks 16
and 18.
Your body
Your breasts will become larger and heavier in
the second trimester. You may need a larger
and more supportive bra. The tenderness and
tingling sensation from early pregnancy will
probably decrease.
As your breasts become larger, the veins become
more noticeable. The nipples and the area around
the nipples (areola) become darker and larger.
Small bumps may appear on the areolae and
disappear after delivery.
Emotional shifts
Fatigue, morning sickness, and moodiness usually
improve or go away. You may feel more forgetful
and disorganized than before. Looking heavier
than normal, then looking visibly pregnant and
feeling the baby move, can make you feel any
number of emotions.
The second trimester tends to feel more normal
for many women. This is often a period of
improved daytime energy and less need for naps.
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second Trimester:
Weeks 13 to 16
Your second trimester officially began at week
13. This is when your risk of miscarriage drops
dramatically. Take this time to enjoy your
pregnancy youll probably find the weeks of
your second trimester to be the easiest.
About you
By week 13, youll likely feel better and more
energetic. Morning sickness and breast
tenderness are easing. Its probably time to break
out the maternity clothes because your belly is
starting to grow.
Whats normal
You may experience heartburn along with a
sour taste in your mouth. Its not a cause for
concern, but its uncomfortable.
Pregnancy hormones also cause the digestive
tract to relax and work more slowly. As a
result, you might feel constipated, especially
as your pregnancy progresses.
You may experience round ligament pain.
Round ligaments help support your uterus.
As pregnancy progresses, these ligaments
can stretch. Any movements that stretch
these ligaments can cause pain. It can occur
when turning over in bed, walking quickly, or
sneezing and coughing.
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Relieving discomfort
Exercise regularly.
Heartburn
Hemorrhoids
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second Trimester:
Weeks 13 to 16
Frequent or painful urination
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second Trimester:
Weeks 17 to 20
At 20 weeks, youve reached the halfway mark of
your pregnancy. Your practitioner may recommend
an ultrasound to check your babys health. During
the test, you might be able find out if youre having
a boy or a girl (if you want to know).
About you
If this is your first pregnancy, you will start to
feel your baby move between 18 and 22 weeks.
These first flutters are called quickening, and
some women say they feel like gas bubbles. Its
probably time to break out the maternity clothes
because your belly is starting to grow.
Many pregnant women report an increase in
nightmares as their pregnancy progresses. Dont
worry. These vivid dreams are just your minds
way of helping you process and adapt to the
changes in your life.
You may also notice that you and your partner
are not experiencing your pregnancy in the same
way (or at the same pace). Its important to have
frequent conversations about the new baby
to reconnect to each other and share in your
excitement for the future.
Whats normal
You may begin feeling Braxton Hicks
contractions, especially if this isnt your first
pregnancy. This painless tightening of muscles
in the uterus is normal.
Notice brown patches on your face? Its
called the mask of pregnancy and is due
to a temporary increase in estrogen. The
brown patches may darken in the sun, so
use sunscreen.
You may see a narrow, dark line (the linea nigra)
running from your belly button to the top of
your pubic bone. After birth, the darkened area
should lighten and then disappear.
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second Trimester:
Weeks 21 to 24
Your baby hears sounds outside your womb and
responds by kicking or moving. Talk to your baby
often so that he or she will recognize your voice
and be comforted by it, both now and after birth.
About you
Pregnancy is a time when gaining the right amount
of weight is essential to you and your babys health.
Its important not to skip meals or restrict eating to
lose weight. Follow your practitioners advice on
healthy eating and weight gain.
Whats normal
You may notice a rhythmic jerking motion that
can last several minutes. This means your baby
has the hiccups! You dont need to do anything
about hiccups. They will stop soon and wont
hurt either of you.
You may also notice that your baby kicks and
stretches more (and you may even be able to
see squirming under your clothes). You will feel
more movement or less movement at certain
times of the day and night.
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Relieving discomfort
Difficulty sleeping
As pregnancy progresses, leg cramps,
breathlessness, contractions, the frequent need
to urinate, and an active baby may interfere
with your sleep. You may not be able to find a
comfortable position.
Use extra pillows to support your legs and
back. Try sleeping on your side with pillows
between your knees and behind your back.
Have a light snack or a glass of milk before
going to bed.
Get regular exercise during the day to help you
sleep more soundly at night.
Practice relaxation exercises before going to
sleep or if you wake up during the night.
Take a warm (not hot) bath or shower before
going to bed.
Avoid caffeine, including chocolate, especially
late in the day.
Do not use sleeping pills or drink alcohol
because they could harm your baby.
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Leg cramps
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second Trimester:
Weeks 25 to 28
You can enjoy a sexual relationship with your
partner throughout pregnancy, unless you have
been told that youre at high risk for preterm labor
or that your placenta is over your cervix (placenta
previa). If you have either of these conditions, talk
with your practitioner.
Whats normal
Your blood pressure may increase slightly,
returning to its normal pre-pregnancy state.
Sometimes your baby settles into a position
that is very uncomfortable for you. Your
unborn babys kicks and twists can be strong,
very noticeable, and sometimes painful.
You may feel pelvic pressure or pain if your
babys head is low in your pelvis. Lying on
your side may help relieve this discomfort.
About you
As your second trimester draws to a close, new
symptoms may start to crop up: aching back,
leg cramps, minor swelling, and sleep problems,
to name a few. Continue to get moderate
exercise, which can help prevent and relieve
some of these symptoms.
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Relieving discomfort
Leaking urine
Painful kicking
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second Trimester:
Weeks 25 to 28
Tips to prevent swelling or puffiness:
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third trimester
third trimester
third-trimester
overview
The third trimester lasts from about 29 weeks of
pregnancy until birth.
By the end of the second trimester (about week
27 to 28 of pregnancy), all the vital organs of the
fetus have developed. Also, you will begin to
feel the fetus move (quickening), usually starting
between weeks 16 and 20.
During the third trimester, the fetus size increases
and organs mature.
After week 32, your baby becomes too big
to move around easily inside your uterus and
may seem to move less. At the end of the third
trimester, your baby usually settles into a headdown position in your uterus. You will likely feel
some discomfort as you get close to delivery.
Your body
In the third trimester, your chest wall may
widen because of your growing baby. You may
need a larger bra or a bra extender. You may
also experience:
Braxton Hicks contractions, which are warmup contractions that do not thin and open
the cervix (and do not lead to labor).
Fatigue.
Back pain.
Pelvic aches and hip pain.
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Emotional shifts
Forgetfulness may continue. As your due date
nears, it is common to feel more anxious about
childbirth and how a new baby will change your
life. As you feel more tired and uncomfortable, you
may be more irritable.
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third Trimester:
Weeks 29 to 32
On average, women gain about 11 pounds and
babies gain about 5 pounds and grow 5 inches
in the third trimester alone.
Whats normal
About you
As you enter the final months of your pregnancy,
the fatigue that you felt during the first trimester
may return as your body grows and sleep
becomes more difficult.
Youve probably noticed how easy it is to get off
balance and feel clumsy. This is partly due to your
center of gravity moving forward as your baby
grows. You also release a pregnancy hormone
called relaxin that softens the cartilage in your
joints and pelvis. The pubic bone also opens up
to make more room for the baby, causing the
waddle that most pregnant women have when
they walk.
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Relieving discomfort
Varicose veins
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third Trimester:
Weeks 33 to 36
About now, you may be feeling a surge of energy,
but make sure youre also getting plenty of rest.
Achiness, cramps, and breathlessness accompany
this period of pregnancy. Take care by continuing
to exercise, eating well, and winding down work.
About you
This month, youll have a test for Group B
streptococcus (GBS), which is usually harmless in
adults but can cause serious complications if you
pass it on to your baby during birth. GBS is fairly
common; about 25 percent of our patients have
positive results. Moms who have positive GBS
cultures need to be treated with antibiotics during
labor to prevent their babies from becoming ill.
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Whats normal
You likely make frequent trips to
the bathroom.
Leg cramps, breathlessness, contractions, the
frequent need to urinate, and an active baby
may interfere with your sleep. If youre having
trouble finding a comfortable position, try
some of the tips on pages 68 and 72.
Feel achiness or numbness in your fingers,
wrists, or hands? You may have carpal
tunnel syndrome. See page 49 for more
information.
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third Trimester:
Weeks 37 to 40
Only 5 percent of babies are born on their due
date. But dont worry; your baby will arrive soon.
Whats normal
Youre now seeing your practitioner
every week.
About you
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home
and nursery
Getting ready
for baby
Organizing your home
Crib.
Stroller.
Rocking chair.
Baby bathtub.
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Getting ready
for baby
Meal preparation:
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A safe nursery
The nursery is your babys home a place where
your baby should be safe and protected. A variety
of nursery equipment is available, but some pieces
are safer than others. Here are some guidelines
that you should use when selecting equipment.
Cribs
More infants die every year in accidents involving
cribs than with any other nursery product. If you
already have a crib or are buying a used one,
make sure that:
Baby gates
Dont use baby gates with a V-shaped, accordionstyle opening, which can entrap a childs head.
Safe gates have vertical slats that are no more
than 2/8 inches apart.
Diaper pails
Diaper pails are dangerous targets for curious
babies. Choose pails with protective lids, and
keep the pails out of reach.
Pacifiers
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High chairs
More than 800 children are treated in emergency
departments every year because of accidents
involving high chairs. Most of these injuries are
due to falls because adults are not watching or
because the baby is not strapped into the chair.
Restraining straps should be strong, and the high
chair should have a wide base for stability.
Toys
An infants mouth is extremely flexible and can
stretch to hold larger items than you might
expect. Remove all toys and other small objects
from the crib when your baby sleeps. If a toy has a
part smaller than 15/8 inch, throw it away. Teethers,
such as pacifiers, should never be fastened
around a babys neck.
Changing tables
Buy a changing table that has safety straps
and always use them. More than 1,300 children
are injured every year from falling off a changing
table. Keep one hand on your baby at all times
while he or she is on the changing table.
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preparing
for birth
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Instructions
Pain management
Delivery
Environment
Labor
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Other
Patient signature
Date
This information is not intended to diagnose health
problems or to take the place of medical advice or care you
receive from your physician or other medical professional.
If you have persistent health problems, or if you have
additional questions, please consult with your doctor. If
you have questions or need more information about your
medication, please speak to your pharmacist.
2004, The Permanente Medical Group, Inc. All rights
reserved. Regional Health Education.
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Birthing options
When you create your birth plan, youll
address many factors. The location
of your delivery, who will deliver your baby,
and whether you want continuous labor support
from a designated health professional, doula,
friend, or family member are important details
to consider.
After youve set the stage, think through your
preferences for comfort measures, pain relief,
medical procedures, and fetal monitoring.
Also, think about how youd like to handle your
first hours with your newborn. The following
information can help you weigh these options.
Comfort measures
There are many ways to reduce the stresses of
labor and delivery. Consider:
Continuous labor support from early labor
until after childbirth, which has a proven,
positive effect on childbirth. Women who have
continuous one-on-one support (for example,
from a mothers support person, or doula;
nurse; midwife; or childbirth educator) are
more likely to give birth without pain medicine
and are less likely to describe their birthing
experience negatively. Although there is not a
proven direct connection between continuous
support and less labor pain, having a support
person does help you feel more control and
less fear, which are strong elements of mental
pain control.
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Birthing options
Some pain-relief medicines are not the type that
you would request during labor. Rather, they
are used as part of another procedure or for an
emergency delivery. But its a good idea to know
about them.
Local anesthesia is the injection of numbing
pain medicine into the skin. This is done before
inserting an epidural or before making an
incision (episiotomy) that widens the vaginal
opening for the birth.
Spinal block is an injection of pain medicine
into the spinal fluid, which rapidly and fully
numbs the pelvic area for assisted births, such
as a forceps or cesarean delivery (no pushing
is possible).
General anesthesia is the use of inhaled or
intravenous (IV) medicine, which makes you
unconscious. It has more risks, yet it takes
effect much faster than epidural or spinal
anesthesia. General anesthesia is used only
for some emergencies that require a rapid
surgical delivery, such as when an epidural
line (catheter) has not been installed in
advance, is not working well, or medical
reasons prevent you from having a spinal
block or epidural anesthesia.
Birthing positions
Birthing positions for pushing include sitting,
squatting, reclining, leaning on a ball, or using a
birthing chair, stool, or bed.
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Exercise
The muscles in your lower abdomen, lower back,
and around the vagina (birth canal) come under
great strain during pregnancy. During delivery,
these same muscles must relax and stretch.
Simple exercises such as the pelvic tilt and tailor
stretch will help you strengthen the muscles that
support your growing uterus.
See page 38 of this guide and visit
kp.org/pregnancy to learn more about these
and other exercises.
Breathing, imagery,
and relaxation
Learning to relax your muscles, control your
breathing, and focus your mind are skills you will
need to call upon during labor and delivery. And
they take some practice to master.
Try them out now you may find they also help
you manage some of the discomforts
of pregnancy.
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Progressive Relaxation
To begin, get into a comfortable position,
preferably lying on your side or propped up with
pillows in a semi-sitting position on a bed or a
couch. Close your eyes and take a deep breath
through your nose. Exhale completely through your
mouth. Repeat this cleansing breath. Now, allow
your breathing to become slower and effortless.
Find a comfortable pace. If possible, have your
partner touch each area that youre relaxing as
you inhale and contract the muscle. Have your
partner feel the difference in muscle tone as you
exhale and relax the area. If youre practicing
alone, concentrate on tensing each muscle group,
relaxing it, feeling the difference between tension
and relaxation, and breathing.
Start with your forehead and move progressively
toward your toes.
Raise your eyebrows toward your hairline
and contract your forehead while inhaling.
(Partners, feel the tension.) Try not to laugh; it
tightens the rest of your face.
Now exhale and release the tension.
(Partners, feel the muscle relax.)
Keeping your forehead relaxed, bite down and
clench your teeth as you inhale. (Partners, feel
the muscles on the sides of her jaws.)
Now exhale and release the tension; let
your mouth open slightly. (Partners, feel
the difference.)
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What to bring
to the hospital
Dont wait until your first labor pains to get ready
to go to the hospital. Pack your bag at least three
weeks before your due date with these items.
For baby
Labor kit
Kaiser Permanente ID card.
Nonskid slippers.
Cotton socks.
Hand fan or spray mist bottle.
Do not bring
Electrical appliances (curling iron, hair dryer).
Valuables, jewelry, or cash.
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LABOR, DELIVERY,
AND POSTPARTUM
LABOR, DELIVERY,
AND POSTPARTUM
Timing contractions
A contraction is a tightening of the uterine
muscle that becomes frequent or regular as labor
begins. It might feel like cramping or pressure in
the uterus.
When to call
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Timing
contraction chart
Use this chart to help you track the duration and frequency of your contractions.
time
duration
frequency
(Example)
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11 a.m.
60 sec.
11:10
75 sec.
10 min.
11:18
80 sec.
8 min.
time
duration
frequency
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time
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duration
frequency
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Early labor
The birthing process is known as labor and
delivery. No one can predict when labor will start.
One woman can have all the signs that her body
is ready to deliver, yet she may not have the baby
for weeks. Another woman may have no advance
signs before she goes into active labor. First-time
deliveries are more difficult to predict.
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Active labor:
First stage
The first stage of active labor starts when the
cervix is dilated about 3 to 4 centimeters. This
stage is complete when the cervix is fully dilated
and effaced and the baby is ready to be pushed
out. During the last part of this stage (transition),
labor becomes particularly intense.
Compared with early labor, the contractions
during the first stage of active labor are more
intense and more frequent (every two to three
minutes) and longer-lasting (50 to 70 seconds).
Now is the time to be at or go to the hospital.
If your amniotic sac hasnt broken before this, it
may now.
As your contractions intensify, you may:
Feel restless or excited.
Find it difficult to stand.
Transition phase
The end of the first stage of active labor is
called the transition phase. As the baby moves
down, your contractions become more intense
and longer and come even closer together
than before. During transition, you will be selfabsorbed, concentrating on what your body is
doing. You may be annoyed or distracted by
others attempts to help you but still feel you
need them nearby as a support. You may feel
increasingly anxious, nauseated, exhausted,
irritable, or frightened.
A mother in first-time labor will take up to
three hours in transition, and a mother who has
vaginally delivered before will usually take no
more than an hour. Some women have a very
short, if intense, transition phase.
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Active labor:
second stage
The second stage of active labor is the actual
birth, when the baby is pushed out by the
tightening uterine muscles (contractions). During
the second stage:
Uterine contractions will feel different. Though
they are usually regular, they may slow down
to every two to five minutes, lasting 60 to
90 seconds. If your labor stalls, changing
positions may help. If not, your doctor may
recommend using medicine to stimulate
(augment) uterine contractions.
You may have a strong urge to push or bear
down with each contraction.
The babys head is likely to create great
pressure on your rectum.
You may need to change position several times
to find the right birthing position.
You can have a mirror positioned so you can
watch your baby crown and emerge from the
birth canal.
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Postpartum recovery
and coping
Physical changes after childbirth
After childbirth (postpartum period), your body
goes through numerous changes, some of
which continue for several weeks during your
postpartum period. Like pregnancy, postpartum
changes are different for every woman.
Shrinking of the uterus to its pre-pregnancy
size (uterine involution) starts when the
placenta is delivered and continues for
about two months. Within 24 hours, the
uterus is about the size it was at 20 weeks of
pregnancy, and after a week, it is half the size
it was when you went into labor. By six weeks
after delivery, the uterus is nearly as small as it
was before pregnancy.
Contractions called afterpains shrink the
uterus for several days after childbirth. These
sharp pains are usually not as problematic
after a first childbirth as they are after later
deliveries. Afterpains typically improve during
the third day.
Sore muscles (especially in the arms, neck,
or jaw) are common after childbirth. This
is a result of the hard work of labor and
should go away in a few days. You may also
have bloodshot eyes or facial bruising from
vigorous pushing.
Difficulty with urination and bowel movements
(elimination problems) can occur for several
days after childbirth. Drink plenty of fluids and
use stool softeners, if needed.
Postpartum bleeding (lochia) may last for two
to four weeks and can come and go for about
two months.
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Postpartum depression
If you are having trouble with postpartum blues
that last more than a few days or you think you
may have signs of postpartum depression, call
your doctor or social worker right away.
Postpartum appointment
It is important to have a routine postpartum
visit with your practitioner four to six weeks
after delivery. This appointment will include
a physical exam and will give you a chance to
discuss birth control, feeding, depression, and
your return to work.
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INFANT CARE
INFANT CARE
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Newborn experience
The time after birth is usually a mix of emotions,
and we want you to feel supported while also
ensuring the safety and health of your infant.
The following information should help give you
ideas about what to expect while you are in the
hospital after the birth of your child. Youll spend
most of the time bonding as a new family and
practicing breastfeeding.
Bonding
The time immediately following delivery is
not only joyous but also very important for
establishing a good connection with your new
arrival. As long as it is safe, we encourage placing
your infant on your chest, skin to skin, and to
begin breastfeeding as soon as possible. This
also provides warmth for your baby. Partners are
encouraged to get involved in this period as well.
If your provider determines that your baby needs
additional help to breathe or to be checked just
after delivery, we have pediatric providers nearby,
if needed. If this occurs, we try to respect the
bonding time for your family as soon as we assure
the health and safety of your newborn.
First bath
When born, infants are covered in a thick, white,
creamy substance called vernix. It protects and
keeps your baby warm during development.
Your baby is given a bath to remove this. The
bath typically takes place in your room, and we
strongly encourage family members to help.
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Circumcision
If you want your newborn son circumcised,
Kaiser Permanente Sunnyside Medical Center has
providers who can perform the procedure. We
also have an outpatient clinic available after your
discharge from the hospital. Health plans charge
differently for the procedure. You may want to
find out what your costs related to the procedure
will be.
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Medications
There are state and national requirements
regarding medications for newborns, including
the hepatitis B vaccine; an antibiotic eye ointment
to prevent infection; and a vitamin K shot to
prevent bleeding. These are administered in the
first couple of hours following delivery.
Some infants may require other medications
based on your health history. For instance, if you
test positive for hepatitis B, your baby needs an
additional medication at birth to help prevent
transmission. Or if you had an infection during
labor or delivery, your baby may need more
medications, such as antibiotics.
We also recommend that families and caregivers
be vaccinated against pertussis (whooping cough)
and influenza.
Erythromycin ointment
Erythromycin is an antibiotic that kills certain
germs in mom and baby. It is applied to your
newborns eyes within one to two hours of
delivery to prevent infection. This treatment has
proved effective and rarely has side effects. Past
therapies caused some discomfort or irritation,
but this ointment has proved to be safe.
Why do we give erythromycin ointment?
Eye infections were a significant cause of
blindness in newborns before this treatment was
started. Chlamydia and/or gonorrhea bacteria,
as well as other, less common bacteria, can cause
eye infections in newborns. The bacteria cause
red, irritated eyes with profuse white drainage
and can lead to blindness if left untreated.
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Newborn experience
Hepatitis B
The first vaccination in a series of three is given
to prevent passing on hepatitis B to your baby.
Hepatitis B is caused by a virus that can cause
liver damage, leading to a transplant or even
death. When babies get infected, the virus
usually remains in the body for life (this is called
chronic hepatitis B). About 1 out of 4 infected
babies will die of liver failure or liver cancer as
adults. Hepatitis B is a deadly disease, but its
preventable with vaccination. The vaccine is safe
and, when given as recommended, very effective.
How is hepatitis B virus spread?
Anyone can become infected with hepatitis B
virus at anytime during their lives. Hepatitis B virus
is spread by contact with an infected persons
blood or other body fluids. For example, babies
can get hepatitis B virus from their infected
mothers at birth. Children can get it if they live
with or are cared for by an infected person
or if they share personal care items (such as a
toothbrush) with an infected person. About 1
out of 20 people in the United States have been
infected with the hepatitis B virus.
How many people have hepatitis B?
In the United States, tens of thousands of people
get infected with the hepatitis B virus each year.
About 1 million people in the U.S. are infected.
Every year, about 3,000 Americans die from
liver failure or liver cancer caused by hepatitis B.
Worldwide, 350 million people are infected.
It is impossible to know if a person is infected
with the hepatitis B virus by looking at them. Most
people have no symptoms, do not feel sick, and
dont know they are infected. As a result, they can
spread the virus to others without knowing it. The
only way to know if a person is infected is through
a blood test.
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Newborn experience
Why do we give vitamin K?
Newborns have low vitamin K at birth and are at
risk of low levels for several reasons. First, vitamin
K does not move across the placenta well during
pregnancy. Second, vitamin K is made by bacteria
in the intestines, and babies have sterile intestines
when they are born. Third, breast milk is low in
vitamin K. While formula has some, it may not be
enough. Infants whose mothers are on certain
seizure medications are at an even higher risk of
low vitamin K. Low vitamin K in newborns may
result in vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).
What is VKDB?
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a potentially
devastating and sometimes fatal disease that can
show up days to months after birth. VKDB is easily
prevented, and both the American Academy
of Pediatrics and Oregon law support giving a
vitamin K injection to all newborns. VKDB shows
up any time from the first day of life, typically
in infants whose mothers were exposed to antiseizure medications or certain tuberculosis drugs,
to about 4 months of age. These infants are
almost always primarily breastfed and did not
receive the vitamin K injection at birth. Some of
them have liver disease or other diseases that
make it difficult to absorb the vitamin. Some
infants will have no signs of a problem until it is
too late.
How common is VKDB?
It is a rare disease, but in infants who do not
receive vitamin K at birth, about 4 to 7 per
100,000 will be affected. Even though it is rare,
it is nearly 100 percent preventable by giving the
vitamin K injection at birth.
How safe is vitamin K?
There are no known serious side effects
associated with vitamin K. Any injection may
cause mild redness, soreness, or swelling at the
sight; a small amount of blood; or infection,
though this is rare since we clean the skin before
giving the medicine.
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Controversies of vitamin K
Vitamin K can be given as an injection or taken
orally. The oral version involves giving multiple
doses (usually at birth, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8
weeks of age), and though it may decrease the
risk for VKDB, it is not nearly as effective as the
injection. Some European countries that switched
from the injection to the oral form have seen
an increase in VKDB. In 1997, a review of four
countries that made this change showed that oral
vitamin K led to VKDB in 1.2 to 1.8 per 100,000
births, compared with no cases from the injection.
Incomplete oral administration resulted in failure
in 2 to 4 per 100,000 births. Part of the reasons
for these findings was that oral vitamin K tastes
bad, and its effectiveness depends on parental
compliance for all of the doses.
In the early 1990s, two small studies suggested a
link between vitamin K and childhood leukemia.
Since then, two large studies in the U.S. (54,000
infants) and Sweden (1.3 million infants) have
found no correlation between childhood leukemia
and the vitamin K shot at birth.
Signs of VKDB
Some infants do not have warning signs of serious
bleeding. Others may have bleeding, bruising, or
change in alertness including, but not limited to:
Blood in feces, urine, vomit, or spit-up.
Black, sticky feces after the immediate
newborn period.
Bloody nose, belly button, or circumcision site.
Bruising anywhere.
Not acting right, not eating well,
seizures, lethargy.
If you have more questions, please discuss them
with your pediatrician.
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Discharge
All infants must meet certain criteria to go
home healthy. They have to be eating within
expected norms, passing urine and stool, have
the appropriate screening tests, and be able
to maintain normal temperature and other vital
signs. Kaiser Permanentes Mother-Baby Program
provides a lactation nurse who sees recently
discharged mothers and infants and can assess
any concerns that arise after discharge. You will
see the lactation nurse one to three days after
being discharged. This, along with your babys
first doctor appointment, will be made before you
leave the hospital.
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Newborn appearance
Head
Skin
Breasts
Your babys breasts may be swollen. The same
hormones that make your breasts larger during
pregnancy can affect your babys breast tissue.
It may take several months for the swelling to
disappear naturally. This can occur even for
boys. Your babys breasts may produce a
milk-like substance.
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Weight
If your pregnancy was full term, your baby
probably weighed 5 to 10 pounds at birth.
In the first three days, babies will lose 5 to 10
percent of their weight. Small babies lose the
least but take the longest to gain it back. Large
babies lose the most but usually gain rapidly,
often within one to two weeks. This weight loss
will happen no matter what or how much your
baby eats. Your baby will gain back the weight, at
his/her own rate.
Genitals
If you have a girl, you may notice that her genitals
appear swollen. This is caused by the same
hormones that make the breasts larger. She may
have blood on her diaper at the end of the first
week for three to four days. Infant girls also may
have a white vaginal discharge beginning on the
second day that may last until the 10th or 12th day.
If you have a boy, you may choose to have him
circumcised. There is no medical indication for
routine circumcision. If you are uncertain about
circumcision, discuss it with your provider. After
circumcision, your son may be fussy. When you
look at the circumcision area during the first three
or four days after the procedure, it will look red.
There also may be a yellow-greenish discharge.
This is normal healing and not a sign of infection.
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Eyes
The birth process may cause your babys eyelids
to look puffy. Sometimes there is a difference
from side to side. This should improve within
a few days. Your babys eyes may be red
immediately after delivery, especially if it was a
fast or difficult delivery. This is caused by broken
blood vessels in the whites of the eyes and will
resolve on its own. Your baby may frequently
become cross-eyed because of undeveloped
muscles. As the muscles strengthen, the eyes will
begin to look normal.
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Newborn behavior
Breathing
Crying
Sleeping
Your baby will probably sleep a lot during the first
24 hours but may sleep less and less, even in the
hospital, before you go home. Babies vary in their
need for sleep. Whether your baby sleeps a lot or
hardly at all, you will learn what is normal for your
baby. Providers recommend that infants, when
being put down to sleep, be placed on their back.
Co-sleeping is not recommended because of the
risk of suffocation.
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Fussiness
By 2 weeks of age, many infants will have
established a fussy time, usually around the same
time each day and frequently in the late afternoon
or early evening. This fussiness should begin
to ease by 4 months of age. Often rocking or
walking will help calm a fussy baby.
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Elimination
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baby care
Enjoy your baby
This is equal in importance to feeding and
protecting your infant. Remember, your baby
has been cuddled, comfortable, warm, and safe
these past months, leading an easy life inside your
womb. As you walked, the baby enjoyed a gentle
to-and-fro rocking motion. Now your baby has
many jobs to do, such as breathe, suck, swallow,
digest, eliminate, and keep warm all things
that, until now, were taken care of in the womb.
GIRL BABIES
Cleaning the labia
It is important to wipe your daughters bottom
from front to back. Gently separate the folds
(labia) and wash and rinse. There may be a
white coating inside the folds, along with a
clear, jelly-like discharge containing streaks of
blood. These are normal. Do not try to scrub
them off. They will eventually disappear.
Trust yourself
There will be many times when you will wonder if
you are doing the right thing in the right way.
This will be especially true if you have a wellmeaning friend or relative who gives you advice
whether you need it or not. There are many ways
to care for babies, and nearly all of them are right.
If you are enjoying your baby and your new role
as a parent, it is almost impossible for you to do
something wrong you will most naturally do it
right. Trust yourself, but reach out if you need help.
BOY BABIES
Cleaning the scrotum and penis
It is important to clean around your sons
scrotum, especially the underneath side.
Carefully lift the scrotum and wash gently,
being sure to rinse well if you use soap.
Care of the uncircumcised baby
Care of the uncircumcised boy is
uncomplicated. Washing and rinsing your
sons genitals daily is all that is needed. Do
not pull back the foreskin (the skin covering
the tip of the penis) in an infant. Forcing the
foreskin back may harm the penis, causing
pain, bleeding, and possible scar tissue. The
natural separation of the foreskin from the
tip of the penis may take several years. When
your son is older, he can learn to pull back the
foreskin and clean under it on a daily basis.
Limit visitors
It is best to have few visitors during the first few
weeks at home while you and your baby recover
together and your family adjusts to new roles.
Babies can be fussy from overstimulation or too
many visitors.
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Bathing
The room should be warm and free of drafts. You
may use mild soap or baby shampoo, but water
is the best daily cleaner. Avoid highly perfumed
soaps. Be careful to not get soap or shampoo in
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Skin care
Do not use baby lotion or baby oil. These
products may cause skin rashes. Do not use baby
powder or cornstarch. Your baby may breathe in
particles of the powder, which may cause lung
irritation. Keep your babys skin care simple. It
is normal for babies to have some dry skin after
birth, but in most babies this old skin will flake off
during the first weeks of life. For mild irritation in
the diaper area, use Desitin ointment. To avoid
skin irritation, launder cloth diapers and clothing
in a mild detergent. Soak cloth diapers after use,
and double-rinse after washing.
Eye care
For a few days after birth, your babys eyes may
be puffy and have a yellowish discharge from
the antibiotic used to prevent infection. Use
clear, warm water on a cotton ball to wipe away
the discharge. If swelling or redness with a
draining, yellowish discharge continues or returns,
this may indicate infection, and you should notify
your provider.
Nail care
It is common for your babys fingernails to be
long and/or sharp at birth. You can cover your
babys hands with socks or baby mittens or use
a soft emery board to file down the nails. It is
sometimes easier to file down the nails when your
baby is sleeping.
Until the cord falls off, keep the navel dry and
clean. After the cord falls off, you may gently
clean the area with warm water. If there is a little
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Getting started
Breastfeed your baby as soon as possible after
birth. Some babies are eager to breastfeed
immediately after birth, and others take hours to
become interested in latching on to the nipple.
Dont be concerned if your baby needs time to
learn to breastfeed. Remember, every baby is
an individual and will respond and breastfeed at
his/her own pace. Give your baby lots of physical
contact while frequently offering the breast; this
will help encourage your babys natural instinct to
suck. You are both new at breastfeeding, so have
patience and give yourself and your baby time to
establish this skill.
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Kaiser Permanente
breastfeeding resources
For breastfeeding questions or concerns, try the
24-hour information line, Mother-Baby Program,
or your medical office advice nurse for over-thephone advice or to make an appointment.
24-hour breastfeeding/newborn care
information line
Portland 503-571-6605
Vancouver 360-992-4162
Salem 503-316-2311
Mother-Baby Program
Beaverton Medical Office 503-626-5502
Interstate Medical Office East
503-331-6479
Mt. Scott Medical Office 503-571-4636
Salmon Creek Medical Office 360-571-3017
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Sucking needs
Many babies have a need to suck that often is not
satisfied with breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.
These babies can be soothed by sucking on your
clean finger.
It is recommended by the American Academy
of Pediatrics to wait until breastfeeding is wellestablished before introducing a pacifier or
bottle nipple.
Please consult your provider or nurse if you are
confused or have questions about your babys
sucking needs.
Bottle-feeding
Hold the bottle so that the neck of the bottle and
nipple are always filled with formula. This prevents
your baby from sucking and swallowing air.
Your baby has a strong, natural desire to suck
and will keep on sucking nipples even after they
have collapsed. Take the nipple out of the mouth
occasionally to keep it from collapsing.
Never prop the bottle up and leave your baby to
self-feed. The bottle can easily slip into the wrong
position and cause choking. Your baby needs
the security and pleasure of being held at each
feeding. This is a time for both of you to relax and
enjoy each other.
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Vitamins
Solid foods
Formula
There is a wide variety of prepared milk formulas
on the market. Some are available in ready-to-feed
bottles or cans. While this is an expensive way to
feed your baby, it is useful if you are taking a car
trip with your baby. The milk mixture will remain
sterile as long as the bottle or can is unopened.
Prepared cows milk formulas are most common.
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Multiples
Challenges of caring for twins or more
Once a multiple pregnancy is over, new
challenges arise as you care for your babies. Be
aware of signs of stress. Use your family, friends,
and health professional to develop ways of coping
with issues such as:
Premature infants who need to be hospitalized
or have medical problems. See the next
section on preterm infants.
Lack of sleep and exhaustion from meeting
your infants round-the-clock needs.
The needs of other children and
family members.
Lack of time for caring for yourself or
your partner.
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preterm infants
What is premature birth?
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Keep your
baby healthy
One important way to keep your baby healthy
and happy is to make all necessary appointments
for his or her routine checkups.
Visit schedule
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Immunizations
During some visits, your baby may get one or
more shots to protect against childhood
diseases. Ask your pediatrician for a visit and
immunization schedule.
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Whom to call
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Prevent drowning
Your baby should be well-protected at all times
from entering areas near spas, jacuzzis, hot tubs,
bath tubs, or swimming pools without constant
adult supervision.
During bathing, never leave your baby alone.
Always support your baby with one hand. If you
are interrupted during bathing by the phone or
doorbell, either let it ring (they will call back), or
wrap up your baby and take him or her with you.
Prevent suffocation
Your baby should not be able to reach or play
with plastic bags, telephone cords, ropes, cords
from window coverings (such as mini-blinds),
electrical cords, harnesses, soft pillows, or wideslat openings in cribs made before 1976. These
all have the potential to smother, strangulate, or
suffocate your baby. Dont place necklaces around
your babys neck. Small objects of any type have
the immediate potential for choking a baby.
Prevent falls
The only safe place a baby can be left alone for
even a few moments is in a safety-approved crib
with all sides up or in a playpen. Babies can kick,
scoot, and wiggle off high surfaces such as beds,
tables, stairs, couches, and chairs. Floors and
full-size beds are unsafe if you are not able to
constantly watch your infant. All stairways should
be sealed off from creeping babies.
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Car safety
In Washington and Oregon, the law requires
that everyone wear seat belts. Children younger
than 1 year and less than 20 pounds must be in
a rear-facing car seat. The American Academy of
Pediatrics recommends a rear-facing car seat until
age 2 and more than 20 pounds.
To access the safety seat resource center on
the Web:
Go to www.actsoregon.org.
Click on Child Safety Seat Resource Center
for training, education, and information.
A safety seat:
Prevents your child from being thrown.
Absorbs the force of impact.
Distributes the force of impact more evenly
over a childs body.
As responsible parents, keep these points in mind
regarding car safety:
Infants should always be transported in
an infant/child car safety seat never in
someones lap or arms.
A car seat is effective only if installed and
used correctly according to manufacturers
instructions.
Remove or secure all loose objects from your
car that could become airborne in an accident.
The safest place for a child is in the center of
the back seat securely fastened in a federally
approved car seat.
If your car has an airbag, transport your child
only in the back seat.
The best safety seat is one you will use each
time your child rides in the car, that fits your car
securely, and that is comfortable for your child.
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Crib safety
You can help your baby sleep safely in a crib by
following these guidelines:
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Prevent burns
Always check the temperature of warmed milk
before feeding it to your baby by squirting some
on your wrist. Never microwave milk or the bottle
directly. Check to make sure your water heater
is set to no higher than 120 degrees. Water
heaters have a dial on the side that allows for this
adjustment. Never carry hot liquids or foods when
holding your baby, as a spill can burn your infant.
Avoid smoking
Keep your babys environment smoke free at all
times. Smoking increases the risk of infections,
asthma, and SIDS.
Sun safety
Newborn skin is very sensitive. Newborns do not
need to be exposed to sunlight. If you want to
take your baby out on a sunny day, keep him/
her shaded, with most of the skin covered. It is
a good idea to consider putting on sunblock
even if your baby will be covered, to prevent any
accidental exposure.
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common
newborn problems
Jaundice
About 1 in 5 babies will be noticeably jaundiced
by the second or third day of life. Jaundice is a
result of the normal breakdown of red blood cells
that occurs during the newborn period. There can
be a relatively high number of excess red blood
cells breaking down, and/or the liver is not quite
ready to handle the waste load. Before birth, the
mothers liver does this for the baby. Bilirubin is
a byproduct of this metabolic process; bilirubin
circulates through the bloodstream and gives the
skin a yellowish color.
The liver filters bilirubin and sends it out with the
bowel movement and urine. You should notice
that in a few days, your babys bowel movement
starts to turn yellow. This is the bilirubin leaving
your babys system.
Your babys jaundice may gradually increase for
up to seven days and may last as long as two
weeks. During this time, it is important that your
baby gets plenty of fluids. Feeding your baby
every two to three hours, particularly if you are
breastfeeding, is important. If your milk is in, your
baby should have at least six wet diapers a day.
If your baby is increasingly sleepy, or the urine
output is decreasing, please call the advice nurse.
Your baby may need to have a bilirubin level
drawn and a feeding evaluation.
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common
newborn problems
Are there risks to phototherapy?
Phototherapy is very safe. The biggest complaint
is that the baby needs to be left in the lights for
extended lengths of time to be most effective.
This means your baby will be allowed out only
for short periods (20 to 30 minutes) to allow for
feeding. Families sometime complain about the
fussiness of the infant in lights or that the blue
lights in the room are annoying. We use eye
protection on infants in the lights, but there is
no need for adults to wear eye protection. A
baby getting too warm or too cold is rare but
may prompt further investigation or require a
different approach to treatment. In babies with
a rare condition called porphyria, phototherapy
may cause the skin to turn bronze-colored. It is
reversible when the phototherapy is stopped,
but if you know of a family history of this disease,
please tell your provider.
Cradle cap
Cradle cap is a yellowish, dry, crusty scale on the
scalp. This may extend onto the face as a rash. If
this occurs, you may try the following:
Soften the scales with baby oil and let the oil
remain on the scalp for 15 minutes.
Loosen scales with a very soft brush.
Shampoo gently with your usual baby
shampoo. Rinse and dry well. Repeat this daily
for one week and then as needed.
Colic
All babies have fussy periods that may last from
one feeding to the next. This is not colic. If a baby
sleeps for only one to two hours at a time and
fusses after each feeding and passes a lot of gas,
drawing up the legs and crying, this may be colic.
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Diaper rash
Diaper rash is common and is caused by wet
diapers irritating the skin. To reduce diaper rash
problems, change diapers frequently and clean or
bathe the diaper area frequently. Keep the area
exposed to the air as much as possible. Protective
ointments, such as Desitin cream, can help.
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navigating
complications
navigating
complications
Appendix
Most women go through pregnancy and
childbirth without any medical problems or
complications. Early and regular prenatal care can
help keep you and your baby safe.
If you have a suspected or diagnosed problem,
youll need to take precautions to help your
pregnancy go well. Many complications, such
as gestational diabetes, are manageable with
proper treatment.
Even in a healthy pregnancy, it is possible to start
labor too early. Learn the signs of preterm labor
and what to do if contractions begin. This section
provides you with the critical information you
need to know.
Depression
Diabetes
Domestic abuse
Ectopic pregnancy (tubal pregnancy)
Fifth disease
Genital herpes
High-risk pregnancy
Iron deficiency anemia
Molar pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
Obesity
Placenta abruptio
Placenta previa
Toxoplasmosis
Asthma
Bacterial vaginosis
Deep vein thrombosis
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asthma
Asthma is a fairly common health problem for
pregnant women, including some women who
have never had it before.
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Bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis is the most common type of
vaginal infection. Other common types include
yeast infections and trichomoniasis.
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How is it treated?
Doctors usually prescribe an antibiotic to treat
bacterial vaginosis. Those used most often are
metronidazole (such as Flagyl) and clindamycin
(such as Cleocin). They come as pills you swallow
or as a cream or capsules (called ovules) that you
put in your vagina. During pregnancy, you will
need to take pills.
Bacterial vaginosis usually clears up in two or
three days with antibiotics, but treatment goes on
for seven days. Do not stop using your medicine
just because your symptoms are better. Be sure to
take the full course of antibiotics.
Antibiotics usually work well and have few side
effects. But taking them can lead to a vaginal
yeast infection. A yeast infection can cause
itching, redness, and a lumpy, white discharge.
If you have these symptoms, talk to your doctor
about what to do.
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Obesity.
Coagulation disorders, such as factor
V Leiden mutation. This is a genetic
blood-clotting problem.
Inactivity, such as during long-distance travel
in cars or airplanes.
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How is it treated?
Treatment begins right away to reduce the chance
that the blood clot will grow or that a piece of the
clot might break loose and flow to your lungs.
Treatment for DVT usually involves taking blood
thinners (anticoagulants) such as heparin or
enoxaparin (Lovenox). Heparin is given through
a vein (intravenously, or IV) or as an injection.
Enoxaparin is given as an injection.
While there is a risk of taking these medications
(such as bleeding, osteoporosis, or low platelet
count), the risks of more serious complications
from DVT are usually of more concern. These
medications do not cross the placenta, so they
should not affect your baby.
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Depression
Depression is common during pregnancy and in
the postpartum period. If you have symptoms of
depression during pregnancy or are depressed
and learn you are pregnant, make a treatment
plan with your doctor right away.
If you are being treated for depression and
are planning a pregnancy, talk to your doctor
ahead of time. You may be able to taper off your
antidepressant medicine before your pregnancy,
to see how you feel during your first trimester. Its
best to be medicine-free, especially during the
first trimester. But if you are severely depressed,
your doctor will probably want you to stay on
your medicine.
Dont ever suddenly stop taking an
antidepressant. This can cause difficult emotional
and physical symptoms and may also affect your
fetus. Your doctor can tell you the best way to
taper off your medicine.
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FDA Advisory
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has issued an advisory on antidepressant
medicines and the risk of suicide. The FDA
does not recommend that people stop using
these medicines. Instead, a person taking
antidepressants should be watched for warning
signs of suicide. This is especially important at
the beginning of treatment or when the doses
are changed.
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Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition that affects the bodys
natural way of storing and using energy. It causes
a high level of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream,
which may lead to many health problems.
In pregnancy, high blood glucose levels can cause
the baby to grow too large, making a natural
delivery difficult. This could result in cesarean
section (C-section) or lead to injury of the baby
at the time of vaginal delivery (such as a broken
collarbone or nerve injury in the arm).
The baby may also have problems after delivery
(low blood sugar), and may need to be cared
for in a special care nursery. This is why its so
important to control your blood sugar while you
are pregnant.
Gestational diabetes
If your blood sugar becomes too high for the first
time while you are pregnant, you have gestational
diabetes. Gestational diabetes is the most
common form of diabetes in pregnant women.
Gestational diabetes usually begins after the first
trimester of pregnancy. Most women with this
type of diabetes have normal blood sugar in the
first part of pregnancy.
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Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the second most common
form of diabetes in pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes
is usually diagnosed in adulthood. It has become
more common in childhood and adolescence due
to the increase in childhood obesity. This type of
diabetes can be managed with lifestyle changes
(diet and exercise) or may need medications such
as insulin or oral medication.
Women with type 2 diabetes should see their
doctor before they become pregnant to discuss
steps they can take to ensure a safe pregnancy
and a healthy baby. Women with type 2 diabetes
should also be seen as soon as they find out they
are pregnant, so that blood sugar levels can be
monitored carefully.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is less common but more likely to
cause problems in pregnancy. Type 1 diabetes is
usually diagnosed in children and young adults.
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce
insulin, a hormone that is needed to help your
body properly use and store glucose. Type 1
diabetes can be managed with diet, exercise, and
insulin to control blood sugar.
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What should I do if I
have diabetes?
By taking steps that will keep your blood sugar
levels as close to normal as possible, you will
be doing all that you can do to have a healthy
and normal pregnancy. These steps include
the following:
Make wise food choices. Healthy eating will
give you all the nutrition you need without
extra sugars and fats that can cause your
diabetes to get out of control.
Exercise. Physical activity will help your body
lower blood sugar levels, help you better
control your rate of weight gain, and help
improve your overall well-being.
Gain the right amount of weight. Proper
weight gain is necessary to provide your
baby with good nutrition during pregnancy.
But gaining too much weight increases insulin
resistance in the body, making blood sugar
go up and increasing the risk of having a
big baby.
Check blood sugar levels. An important
part of treating diabetes is checking your
blood sugar level at home. You will need to
do a home blood sugar test as directed by
your doctor.
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Diabetes
Take oral medications or insulin shots. The
first way to treat gestational diabetes is by
changing the way you eat and exercising
regularly. If your blood sugar levels are still
too high after changing the way you eat
and exercising regularly, you may need oral
medications or insulin shots. Synthetic insulin
or oral medications can help lower your
blood sugar level without harming your baby.
Special monitoring usually starts between 32
and 34 weeks if you are taking insulin or oral
medications. If you are not on medications,
then special monitoring usually starts by week
40 of your pregnancy.
Monitor fetal growth and well-being.
Your doctor may want you to monitor fetal
movements called kick counts. You may also
have fetal ultrasounds to see how well your
baby is growing. If your blood sugar levels
are high or your baby is growing larger than
normal, you may need to take oral medication
or insulin shots. If you take oral medications or
insulin, you may have a nonstress test to check
how well your baby responds to movement.
Even if you do not take insulin, you may have
a nonstress test and ultrasound as you get
closer to your due date.
Get regular medical checkups. Having
gestational diabetes means regular visits to
your doctor. At these visits, your doctor will
check your blood pressure and test a sample
of your urine. You will also discuss your blood
sugar levels, what you have been eating, how
much you have been exercising, and how
much weight you have gained.
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Should I breastfeed?
We strongly encourage breastfeeding. The body
uses the calories stored during the first part of
pregnancy to make breast milk. About 300 to 500
calories per day are used for breastfeeding. By
six weeks after delivery, women who breastfeed
usually have lost an average of 4 pounds more
than women who bottle-feed. This can be
especially important for women with gestational
diabetes, since keeping a normal body weight
may reduce the risk of developing diabetes later
in life.
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Diabetes
What happens after pregnancy?
Once you have delivered your baby, the impact of
diabetes often changes dramatically.
If you have gestational diabetes, you will probably
not need insulin or oral medication after you
deliver; however, as many as 60 percent of women
with gestational diabetes will develop type 2
diabetes later in life.
It is important that you have a blood sugar test in
the laboratory six weeks after your baby is born
to see if you still have diabetes. You may need
this test again after you stop breastfeeding. If you
do have diabetes, your doctor or other medical
professional will let you know if you need to take
diabetes medications.
You should continue with the dietary changes
made during pregnancy and exercise regularly
to help prevent the development of type 2
diabetes or recurrent gestational diabetes in
the future. If your blood test is normal, it is
still important to keep in mind that you have
an increased risk of developing diabetes later,
especially if you gain weight.
If you took insulin or oral medications to treat your
diabetes before you were pregnant, there may be
dramatic changes in your insulin needs the first
few days after delivery.
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Domestic abuse
Domestic violence is more common in pregnancy.
If someone is hurting you, making you feel afraid,
putting you down, making threats, or pushing or
hitting you, it is not right, and it is not your fault.
Abuse occurs when someone uses their body,
words, or objects to hurt you. An abuser is usually
trying to control another person through harmful
words or actions.
If you are having problems with someone who
threatens you or hurts you, tell your doctor or
other medical professional. You and your baby
can get free and confidential help.
Remember: Its not your fault, no matter
what anyone tells you. Nobody deserves to
be abused.
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Ectopic pregnancy
(tubal pregnancy)
In a normal pregnancy, a fertilized egg travels
through a fallopian tube to the uterus. The egg
attaches in the uterus and starts to grow. But in
an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg attaches
(or implants) someplace other than the uterus,
most often in the fallopian tube. (This is why it
is sometimes called a tubal pregnancy.) In rare
cases, the egg implants in an ovary, the cervix,
or the belly.
There is no way to save an ectopic pregnancy. It
cannot turn into a normal pregnancy. If the egg
keeps growing in the fallopian tube, it can damage
or burst the tube and cause heavy bleeding that
could be deadly. If you have an ectopic pregnancy,
you will need quick treatment to end it before it
causes dangerous problems.
What causes an
ectopic pregnancy?
An ectopic pregnancy is often caused by damage
to the fallopian tubes. A fertilized egg may have
trouble passing through a damaged tube, causing
the egg to implant and grow in the tube.
You are more likely to have fallopian tube damage
and an ectopic pregnancy if you:
Smoke. The more you smoke, the higher your
risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
Have pelvic inflammatory disease. This is
often the result of an infection such as
chlamydia or gonorrhea.
Have endometriosis, which can cause scar
tissue in or around the fallopian tubes.
Were exposed to the chemical DES before you
were born.
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How is an ectopic
pregnancy diagnosed?
A urine test can show if you are pregnant. To find
out if you have an ectopic pregnancy, your doctor
will likely do:
A pelvic exam to check the size of your
uterus and feel for growths or tenderness in
your belly.
A blood test that checks the level of the
pregnancy hormone (hCG). This test is
repeated two days later. During early
pregnancy, the level of this hormone doubles
every two days. Low levels suggest a problem,
such as ectopic pregnancy.
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How is it treated?
The most common treatments are medicine
and surgery. In most cases, a doctor will treat
an ectopic pregnancy right away to prevent
harm to you.
Medicine can be used if the pregnancy is found
early, before the tube is damaged. In most
cases, one or more shots of a medicine called
methotrexate will end the pregnancy. Taking the
shot lets you avoid surgery, but it can cause side
effects. You will need to see your doctor for followup blood tests to make sure the shot worked.
For some patients who are not candidates for
treatment with medication, surgery is safer and
more likely to work. If possible, the surgery will be
laparoscopy. This type of surgery is done through
one or more small cuts (incisions) in your belly.
If you need emergency surgery, you may have a
larger incision.
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Fifth disease
Commonly referred to as slapped cheek
disease because of the rash some people get
on their face, 30 to 60 percent of all adults
are already immune to fifth disease. It is more
common for children to contract this virus.
The disease is spread by coughing and sneezing.
As a rule, people can spread fifth disease only
while they have flu-like symptoms and before they
get a rash. Some people who have fifth disease,
such as those who have certain blood disorders or
weak immune systems, may be able to spread the
disease for a longer time.
For women who have not previously had fifth
disease, contracting the illness during pregnancy
can increase the risk for certain complications. If
you are pregnant and have been exposed to the
illness, contact your health professional right away.
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Genital herpes
Genital herpes is a viral infection caused by
the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is a sexually
transmitted infection that may cause skin blisters
and sores in the genital area but often causes no
visible symptoms.
It is possible to get genital herpes through sexual
contact with an infected person even if he or
she has no symptoms. After a person is infected
for the first time, HSV stays in the body for life.
Some people may have only a single outbreak
of herpes. Other people will have repeated
outbreaks. Medicine can reduce the number and
severity of herpes outbreaks. But it cannot cure
the infection.
Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are antiviral
medicines used to treat genital herpes. All are
effective, but because valacyclovir and famciclovir
are absorbed better by the stomach, they can be
taken less often than acyclovir.
Antiviral medicines are usually taken by mouth, but
they are sometimes given intravenously in severe
genital herpes outbreaks or herpes in newborns.
The cream (topical) form of acyclovir (Zovirax
ointment) offers little benefit in the treatment of
genital herpes and is not recommended.
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High-risk pregnancy
Your pregnancy is considered high risk if you or
your baby has an increased chance of a health
problem. Many things can put you at high risk. It
may sound scary, but its just a way for doctors to
make sure that you get special attention during
your pregnancy. Your doctor will watch you closely
during your pregnancy to find any problems early.
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o Preterm labor.
o Preeclampsia or seizures (eclampsia).
o Having a baby with a genetic problem,
such as Down syndrome.
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High-risk pregnancy
What symptoms should i
watch for?
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Nonstress test
A nonstress test (NST) checks your babys heart
rate in response to his/her movements. An NST
takes about 15 to 45 minutes. You dont need to
do anything special to prepare for it.
A device that monitors your baby is attached
by a belt to your abdomen. Another monitoring
device is attached to your abdomen to see if
you are having any uterine contractions. Neither
device poses any risk to you or your baby. Babies
are usually active, and as your baby moves,
the monitor records your babys heart rate in
response to his/her movements.
If your baby is healthy, his/her heart rate will
go up when he/she moves, and will stay steady
when resting, just as ours does. Sometimes, your
baby will not move much because he/she could
be sleeping or resting. A device that makes a
loud buzzing noise may be used to wake up your
baby. Often a brief ultrasound is done at the
same time to check the amount of amniotic fluid
(bag of waters).
Contraction stress test
A contraction stress test (CST) measures the
effect of contractions (stress) on your babys heart
rate. You do not need to do anything special to
prepare for this test.
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Iron deficiency
anemia
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Be fussy.
Have a short attention span.
Grow more slowly than normal.
Develop skills, such as walking and talking,
later than normal.
Anemia in children must be treated so
that mental and behavior problems do not
last long.
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How is it treated?
Your doctor will probably have you take iron
supplement pills to treat your anemia. Most
people begin to feel better after a few days of
taking iron pills. But do not stop taking the pills
even if you feel better. You will need to keep
taking the pills for several months to build up the
iron in your body.
If your doctor finds an exact cause of your anemia,
such as a bleeding ulcer, he or she will also treat
that problem.
If you think you have anemia, do not try to treat
yourself. Do not take iron pills on your own
without seeing your doctor first. If you take iron
pills without talking with your doctor first, the
pills may cause you to have too much iron in
your blood, or even iron poisoning. Your low iron
level may be caused by a serious problem, such
as a bleeding ulcer or colon cancer. These other
problems need different treatment than iron pills.
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You can get the most benefit from iron pills if you
take them with vitamin C or drink orange juice. Do
not take your iron pills with milk, caffeine, foods
with high fiber, or antacids.
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Molar pregnancy
A molar pregnancy happens when tissue that
normally becomes a fetus instead becomes a
growth, called a mole, in your uterus. Even
though it is not an embryo, a mole triggers
symptoms of pregnancy.
A molar pregnancy should be treated right away.
This will make sure that all of the mole tissue is
removed. This tissue can cause serious problems
in some women.
About 1 out of 1,000 women with early pregnancy
symptoms has a molar pregnancy. This means that
999 women out of 1,000 do not have this problem.
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How is a molar
pregnancy diagnosed?
Your doctor can confirm a molar pregnancy with:
A pelvic exam.
A blood test to measure your pregnancy
hormones.
A pelvic ultrasound.
Your doctor can also find a molar pregnancy
during a routine ultrasound in early pregnancy.
Partial molar pregnancies are often found when a
woman is treated for an incomplete miscarriage.
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How is it treated?
When you have a molar pregnancy, you need
treatment right away to remove all the growth
from your uterus. Then you will have regular blood
tests to look for signs of trophoblastic disease.
These blood tests will be done over the next 6 to
12 months.
If you do get trophoblastic disease, theres a small
chance that it will turn into cancer. But your doctor
will likely find it early so it can be cured with
chemotherapy. In the rare case when the cancer
has had time to spread to other parts of the body,
additional chemotherapy is needed, sometimes
combined with radiation treatment.
Trophoblastic disease doesnt keep most women
from becoming pregnant later. However, it may be
recommended that you delay getting pregnant
again for up to one year.
After a molar pregnancy, its normal to feel very
sad and to worry about cancer. It may help to find
a local support group or talk to your friends, a
counselor, or a religious adviser.
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Multiple pregnancy
If you have two or more babies on the way,
you may have twice as many questions. Good
information is important because women who
are pregnant with more than one baby are at
higher risk of:
Preterm birth.
Low birth weight.
Preeclampsia.
Gestational diabetes.
Cesarean birth.
You will need to see your doctor more often
than women who are carrying only one baby
so that your doctor can monitor you and your
babies health. Your doctor will also tell you how
much weight to gain, if you need to take extra
vitamins, and how much activity is safe. With close
monitoring, your babies will have the best chance
of being born near term and at a healthy weight.
After delivery and once your babies come home,
you may feel overwhelmed and exhausted. Ask
for help from your partner, family, and friends.
Support groups for parents or multiples also can
ease the transition.
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What causes a
multiple pregnancy?
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Develop preeclampsia.
Deliver your babies too early. When babies
are born too early, their organs havent had a
chance to fully form. This can cause serious
lung, brain, heart, and eye problems.
Have a miscarriage. This means that you may
lose one or more of your babies.
Have one or more babies with a disease that
is caused by a bad gene or group of genes.
If you or anyone in your family has had a child
with a disease that is linked to a gene change,
let your doctor know.
Keep in mind that these problems may or may
not happen to you. Every day, women who are
pregnant with more than one baby have healthy
pregnancies and healthy babies.
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Multiple pregnancy
How can i tell if im carrying more
than one baby?
While you may feel like youre carrying more
than one baby, only your doctor can say for sure.
He or she will do a fetal ultrasound to find out.
This test can give your doctor a clear picture of
how many babies are in your uterus and how well
theyre doing.
If the test shows that youre carrying more than
one baby, youll need to have more ultrasounds
during your pregnancy. Your doctor will use these
tests to check for any signs of problems that your
babies may have as they grow.
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obesity
How does my weight affect
my pregnancy?
Miscarriage or stillbirth.
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Placenta abruptio
What is placenta abruptio?
Premature birth.
Low birth weight.
Major blood loss in the mother.
Placenta abruptio can be very harmful for both
the mother and the baby. In rare cases, it can
cause death.
Placenta abruptio is also called abruptio placenta
or placental abruption. It affects about nine out
of 1,000 pregnancies. It usually occurs in the third
trimester, but it can happen at any time after the
20th week of pregnancy.
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How is it treated?
The kind of treatment you will have depends on:
How severe the abruption is.
How it is affecting your baby.
How close your due date is.
If you have a mild abruption, it may get better on
its own. You may just be closely watched for the
rest of your pregnancy. You may not have to stay
in the hospital.
A medium to severe abruption means that you
will likely have to stay in the hospital so that
your babys health can be watched closely. In
most cases, your baby will need to be delivered,
sometimes by emergency cesarean section.
How is placenta
abruptio diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask questions about your
symptoms and will check your babys heart rate.
You may have an ultrasound test. Your doctor
might also do a blood test to see if youre anemic
from losing blood.
If your doctor thinks that you have a placental
abruption, youll likely have to stay in the hospital
for at least a few hours. Your doctor will need
to find out how severe the abruption is, if it is
getting worse, and if it is affecting your baby.
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Placenta previa
What is placenta previa?
Being 35 or older.
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How is it treated?
The kind of treatment you will have depends on:
How much you are bleeding.
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Preeclampsia and
high blood pressure
What are high blood pressure
and preeclampsia?
Blood pressure is a measure of how hard your
blood pushes against the walls of your arteries.
If the force is too hard, you have high blood
pressure (also called hypertension). When
high blood pressure starts after 20 weeks of
pregnancy, it may be a sign of a very serious
problem called preeclampsia.
Blood pressure is shown as two numbers. The top
number (systolic) is the pressure when the heart
pumps blood. The bottom number (diastolic) is
the pressure when the heart relaxes and fills with
blood. Blood pressure is high if the top number is
more than 140 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), or
if the bottom number is more than 90 mm Hg. For
example, blood pressure of 150/85 (say 150 over
85) or 140/95 is high. Or both numbers can be
high, such as 150/95.
You may have high blood pressure before you get
pregnant. Or your blood pressure may start to
go up during pregnancy. If you are being treated
with high blood pressure medications prior to
pregnancy, please discuss this in advance with an
advice nurse or clinician as soon as possible.
If you have high blood pressure during pregnancy,
you need to have checkups more often than
women who do not have this problem, and you
may need some additional lab work. There is no
way to know if you will get preeclampsia. This is
one of the reasons that you are watched closely
during your pregnancy.
Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related problem.
The symptoms of preeclampsia include new high
blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy along
with other problems, such as protein in your urine.
Preeclampsia usually goes away after you give
birth. In rare cases, blood pressure can stay high
for up to six weeks after the birth.
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Preeclampsia and
high blood pressure
How are they treated?
Your doctor may have you take medicine if he or
she thinks your blood pressure is too high.
The only cure for preeclampsia is having the
baby. You may get medicines to lower your blood
pressure and to prevent seizures. You also may
get medicine to help your babys lungs get ready
for birth. Your doctor will try to deliver your baby
when the baby has grown enough to be ready for
birth. But sometimes a baby has to be delivered
early to protect the health of the mother or the
baby. If this happens, your baby will get special
care for premature babies.
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Preterm labor
What is preterm labor?
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How is it treated?
If you are in preterm labor, your doctor or
certified nurse-midwife must weigh the risks
of early delivery against the risks of waiting to
deliver. Depending on your situation, your doctor
or midwife may:
Try to delay the birth with medicine. This may
or may not work.
Use antibiotics to treat or prevent infection.
If your amniotic sac has broken early, you
have a high risk of infection and must be
watched closely.
Give you steroid medicine to help prepare
your babys lungs for birth. This treatment
has some risks, but it can improve your
babys chances of surviving a premature birth
between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy.
Treat any other medical problems causing
trouble in pregnancy.
Allow the labor to go on because delivery is
safer for you and your baby than letting the
pregnancy go on.
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Preterm premature
rupture of membranes
Before a baby is born, the amniotic sac breaks
open, causing amniotic fluid to gush out or, less
commonly, to slowly leak. When this happens
before contractions start, it is called premature
rupture of membranes (PROM). PROM can occur
at any time during pregnancy.
When PROM occurs before 37 completed weeks
of pregnancy, it usually leads to preterm labor. You
may hear this early PROM referred to as preterm
premature rupture of membranes, or pPROM.
PROM is often unexpected, and the cause is
often difficult to identify. Known causes of
PROM include:
Uterine infection, which is a common trigger
of pPROM.
Overstretching (distension) of the uterus and
amniotic sac. Multiple fetuses or too much
amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) are common
causes of distension.
Trauma, as from a motor vehicle accident.
Course of pPROM
Preterm labor can begin shortly after pPROM
occurs. Sometimes, when a slow leak is present
and infection has not developed, contractions
may not start for a few days or longer. In general,
the later in a pregnancy PROM occurs, the sooner
the onset of labor.
Sometimes a leak high up in the amniotic sac may
reseal itself so that preterm labor does not start
or subsides.
In rare cases, a pregnancy can be carried to term
if pPROM occurs in the second trimester.
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Rh sensitization
What is Rh sensitization
during pregnancy?
If you are Rh-negative, your red blood cells do
not have a marker called Rh factor on them.
Rh-positive blood does have this marker. If your
blood mixes with Rh-positive blood, your immune
system will react to the Rh factor by making
antibodies to destroy it. This immune system
response is called Rh sensitization.
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Rh sensitization
How is Rh sensitization prevented?
How is it treated?
If you have Rh-negative blood but are not Rhsensitized, your doctor will give you one or more
shots of Rh immune globulin (such as RhoGAM).
This prevents Rh sensitization in about 99 out of
100 women.
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Toxoplasmosis
What is toxoplasmosis?
Swollen glands.
Muscle aches.
Fatigue.
Fever.
Sore throat.
Skin rash.
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How is it treated?
In healthy people, the infection often goes
away on its own. But babies and people whose
bodies cant fight infection well will need to
take medicine to treat the infection and prevent
serious health problems.
If you get toxoplasmosis while youre pregnant,
youll take an antibiotic to treat the infection.
This medicine may:
Keep your baby from getting the infection.
Lower your babys chance of having serious
health problems if he or she does get it.
Your baby has a better chance of being healthy at
birth if you get treatment while youre pregnant.
Most newborns who have been infected with
toxoplasmosis have no symptoms at birth. If your
baby has the infection, he or she will need to take
antibiotics for a year after birth. This lowers the
chance of having problems later on.
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Urinary tract
infection
What is a urinary tract infection?
Your urinary tract is the system that makes urine
and carries it out of your body. It includes your
bladder and kidneys and the tubes that connect
them. When germs get into this system, they can
cause an infection.
Most urinary tract infections are bladder
infections. A bladder infection usually is not
serious if it is treated right away. If you do not
take care of a bladder infection, it can spread to
your kidneys. A kidney infection is serious and can
cause permanent damage.
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