1922, Richmond, What Is Social Casework OCR C PDF

R
s
,
By
Dy
ARY E. RI H
;
DIRECTOR, CHARITY ORGANIZATION DBPARTMBNT

DIRRCTOR,
DEPARTMENT
AUTHOR OF
I'
RUSSEJ.I.
RUSSET.I. SAGE FOUNDATION
DIAGNOSIS,"
SOCIAL DIAGNOSIS.
"
THE
NRIGHBOR," IITC.
THB GOOD NRIGHBOR."
nc.
NEW YORK
VORK
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
1922
Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1922.
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COPYRIGHT,I922.BY
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Printed February, 1922, 2540 copies

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1922, 3000 copies
Reprinted March.
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Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation, 1922.
PAGE
I.
11.
INTRoDucnoN.
INTRODUCnON.
SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING
:J
26
50
5
87
Ill.
111. SOCIAL CASE ORK IN BEING Continued
IV. SOCIAL CASE WORK DEFINED
V. Hu
HUMAN
MAN INTERDEPENDENCE
VI. INnIVIDUAL
INJ)IVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
VII. THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL
IX.
X.
SCHOOL
WORKSHOP
I.
126
144
159
ACTION
HOSPITAL
f:OURT
ORK AND DEMOCRACY
CONCLUSION
175
195
AND TREIR
THEIR
TIONS......
CASE
INDEX.
OF SOCIAL
XI.
...
222
244
255
26r
261
Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 1922.
ERE was rea teac ing in t e wor
ong
efore t ere was a science or art 0 teac ing;

t ere was social case work long
efore social
wor ers egan, not 80

so many years ago, to ormuas soon as human beings
t eir fellows a few
W 0
iscover
ha
a special gift or
smoothing out the tangles in suc

ai
that their
relations;
these" straig teners," as Samue But er
calls
eaUs them.
Some
SOffie teachers have had this skill,
an
WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?
no time has
bas it
wrlter
wrIter w ose storles
stories an
ta es are too itt e
For the Doctor, in th

that
at age of medical darkness, had
what
wh
at is more useful even to hls
his profession than a knowledge of medicine a great knowledge of character; and
was famous for his
bis dia osis of tbe
the maladies of tbe
the soul as
well
weU as of the body. He not only perceived, which was easy,
from
irom the look of Hodge's face and the trembling of hls
his
hands, the direction of Hodge's wages; but saw, though
indeed only in a glass darkly, what few people saw at all in
that day, tbe
the effect of mind on dy; so th
that
at the little
dressm er, a meek, frightened thing, who had
bad set up for
herself in Basset . . . required, not physic and plaisters, as she believed, but a start, and an order from Mrs.
Latimer at tbe
the Manor. Tbe
The very next aftemoon,
afternoon, Dr.
chard wheezed up the Manor drive to see Pollie; obtained her word, which was as good as a bond, to assist
case worker who is able to effect better adjust-
ments
etween the indivi ual

ua} and his environ-
* Tallentyre, S. G.: Basset, A Village Chronicle, p. 93.
New York,
Vork, Moffat, Yard and Co.,
1912.
INTRODUCTION
writing seemed to Dogberry
to come by nature.
To many, suc
sue
case
ease work is neighborliness and
nothing more.
There is a half truth in this
must
e ath
oth
orn an
ma e, but its element of
error is the failure to recognize how much is
The
ifference of met od an
point of view as
between neighbor and specialist is well

weIl illustrat
Laura, it win
will be remem ered, was the untrain
owe, W 0 ha
t e
ounded Perkins Institution for
ea - lin , one of t eir number un er his
read an
write and use her min
variety of occupations.
and hands in a
Fortunately, Dr. Howe
* Howe, Maud, and Hall, Florence Howe: Laura Bridg-
man, Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and Wh

What
at He Taught
Her, p. 34. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1903.
WHAT IS S
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
his methods and results.

as I s a
to
Upon this foundation,
presently SOW,
s ow, at
ot ers
",
ave
een a Ie
le
uild.
uilde
I have sai
hen Laura was a little girl he use
to take het
for country walks, and taught her the difference

between land and water by letting her feel,
feel' the
splas upon
si e an
er ce ee as she st
t rew stones into it.
y the rookAt t e time that
Dr.
cou
eou
teae
teac
w ic
ie
she
er anyt lng In t e same way

a
The worl
earn
coul
sa
But
8
IN1~RODUCTION
w en to a ection
an
kin
ness
we
are
able
to
add that knowledge of the \\rorkings of the human
min
an
that knowie
knowle ge of social resources
which Dr. Howe possessed, we have a new power

in t e worl
ed to the ol
01 er power of just
loving one another .
In the year 1886 t

"child living in Tuscumbia, Alabama, applied to
Perkins Institution for the Blind for a private
t e institution, Anne
ansfield Sullivan, * who
been a most totally blin

restore
resto
re
tion.
live
from early c ild-
before her graduation from the instituIn her student days
iss Sullivan had
in the same cottage with
Laura Bri gman.
lin
an
eaf
In addition to her observa-
ara
a. ra tion for her task, to the examination
examina ti on of Dr.
,
Howe's original records and diaries.
Thus Dr.
* Now Mrs. Macy.

Howe's stone was cast
not like Laura's into a
CIrc es contInue to Wl en an
Clrc
times,
WI en.
ut not from the angle from which, as an
propose to VIew 1t.

elen Keller
KeIler was six years and nine months
old when
iss Sullivan
SulIivan came to Tuscumbia.
iss Sullivan wrote to a
o t em socia ,wit w ic
ie s e oun
On the
ucational side, some of
ersel con-
iss Sulli-
10
ODUCTION
vanee
vance
sc
se 00 0
present- ay teac ers.
n the
cedure, though under conditions that social

work can
ean seldom command.
commando
In 1903
y Life,* and
iss
iss Sulli-
anything less than all of these letters, together

There could be no better introduction to social
case work.
In fact, certain incidents in the
story are won erful illustrations of what has
een termed unconscious case work, and I shall

try to describe a few of these incidents before
professional case wor
workers.
kers.
Helen had been an "eager, self-asserting" infant.
At nineteen months an illness, descri
as "acute congestion of the stomac

stomae an
* KeIler,
Keller, Helen: The Story of My Life.
brain,"
New York,
Vork,
ubleday, Page and Co.

I
11
I
eter
e t er ea an
ta
egan
gan to tyrannize over eve
y, "her mot er,
her father, the servants, the little darkies who

er, an
no
van , "ha
ispu te
er wil , ex +
ames, unti
charge 0 t e litt e girl.

They have promised to let me have a free hand and
help me as much as possible. . . Of course, it is hard
for them. I realize that it hurts to see their afflicted
affiicted little
child punished and made to do things against her wili.
will.
Only aa few hours af
after
ter my talk with Captain and Mrs.
Keller and they had agreed to everything Helen took a
table. I thinkl
notion that she wouldn't use her napkin at tabie.
she wanted to see what would happen. I attempted sevtioles to put the napkin round her neck; but each time
eral tinles
she tore it of!
off and threw it on the floor and finally began
to kick the tabie.
table. I took her plate away and started to
take her out of the room. Her father objected and said
that no child of his should be deprived of his food on any
account. p. 313 *
.
* Page references throughout this summary are to pas..
sages in Miss Keller's The Story of My Life.
12
ION
T us
iss
ullivan
uIlivan ha
t e task of winning
over more than one insurgent.
This was in
arc .
able to write:
lt
It was evident that every one, especially Captain and Mrs. Keiler,
Keller, was deeply moved at the thought of
the difference between this bright Christmas and the last,
when
wh
en their little
Httle girl had no conscious part in the Christmas festivities. As we came downstairs, Mrs. KeIler
Keller said
to me with tears in her eyes, "Miss Annie, I thank
d
every day of my life for sending you to us; but I never
realized until this morning what a blessing you have been
to us." Captain KeIler
Keller took my hand, but could not
speak. But his silence was more eloquent than words.
joy_
My heart, too, was full
fuU of gratitude and solemn JOYe
pp. 343 44
PP343
How was this transformation effect

heart,
? Cut
iss Sullivan had very early had a frank
talk wit
rs.
eller an
suggested that
tha t Helen
e separate
ere we
were
re "two essential
essen tial things to teach her,
o
ience an love," and neither could be taught
were
we
re esta lis e
in a little garden house near

13

t e ormer
"was
at
e er
ome.
unresponsive
rst, an
kicke
t t at time'
even
an
e en
een
lmpatlen
of
and screamed herself into a
out on the ot er
een,
e en, to see
ow
red chain of Scotch wooI

wool or stringing
ea s on a
contente she seemed.
One day,
uring the two

,
og, Be e, came too.
T ec i
recognlz
15
t e
e-
gan to manipulate her claws.

think for a second," writes
"
e coul n't
iss Sullivan, "what
she was doing; but when we saw her make tbe

the
etters'
-0-" '
on
er own
ngers, we
new
ew t at
I
P3 3
Helen's teacher
into tee
t e c il's
il'5
a
an
r s
WIt out InstructIng

lnstructing
er
14
RODU
ION
in t e manua
van's letters which

mo i cations 0
escribe her extensions and
Dr.
variety of the whole countryside.

Laura Bridgman had not only been trained in
an institution as a c il ,
ut
oun
in it
er
eller,
wor.
s everyone
every one knows, she was gra uated
from Ra cliffe
is intereste
ollege, has written several books,
in the education of the deaf-blind,
en eavors
a
the
ave not stoppe
in, an
she
ere,
as also
owever, but
een an active

WRAT
champion
eh am pion of woman's suffrage an
of other
social reforms. That
orn with
iss
eller was
great natural endowment is obvious, but she
social one,
iss
ullivan's genius for ignoring
routine and for using life itself as her best interpreter has meant the difference between a
nesse
ness.
It is from an embarrassing wealth of material
which the first illustrates

whieh
iss Sullivan's use of
the animals on the

ing the mind of her charge; the second illustrates
turning a community occasion to account; and
service.
She is much interested in some little
Httle chickens that
are peking
pecking their way into the world this morning. I
let her hold a shell in her hand, and feel the chicken
16
INTRODU
ION
"chip, chip." Her astonishment, when she feIt

felt the tiny
creature inside, cannot be put in a letter. The hen was
very gentle, and made no objection to our investigations.
Besides the chickens, we have several other additions to
the family two calves, a colt, and a penful of funny little
pigs. You would be amnsed to see me hold a squealing
Relen feels it all over, and asks
pig in my anns, while Helen
countless questions questions not easy to answer either.
p. 3 2 5
e go home about dinner-time usually, and Helen is
tell her mother everything she has seen. T
This
his deeager to teIl
sire 10
to repeal
repeat whal
what has been 10U
told her sho'ws a marked advance
in the develo ment 0 her intellect, a
is an invaluable
stimulus to
10 the
lhe acquisition 0 language. I ask
her ri s
to encourage her to tell them
ker doings, a
leasure in her little
0
to mani est
ventures as
as much curiosity a
they ossibly can. This gratifies the child's love of approbation and keeps up her interest in things. This is the
basis of real intercourse. She makes many mistakes, of
course, twists words and phrases, puts the cart before
the horse, and gets herself into hopeless tangles of nouns
and verbs; but so does the hearing child. I am sure
these difficulties will take care of themselves. The imtell is the important thing. pp. 321 22
pulse to teIl
I t is in
interesting
teresting to get
iss
eHer'
eller'ss impres-
sions as weIl
well as her teacher's of that memorabie
memorable
year. She writes:
The first Christmas af

after
ter Miss Sullivan came to Tus2

WRAT
cumbia was a great event. Every one in the family prepared surprises for me; but what pleased me most, Miss
Sullivan and I prepared surprises for everybody else. The
mystery that surrounded tbe
the gifts was my greatest delight and amusement. My friends did all they could to
half-spelled
-spelled sentences
excite my curiosity by hints and half
off in the nick of
which they pretended to break of!
tIme.
bme. "
On Christmas Eve the Tuscumbia school children had
their tree, to which they invited me. In the centre of the
schoolroom stood a beautiful tree ablaze and shimmering
in the soft light, its branches loaded
Ioaded with strange, wonderful fruit. It was a moment of supreme happiness. I
hen
danced and capered round the tree in an ecstasy.
daneed
I learned that there was a gift for each child, I was delighted, and the kind people who had prepared the tree
pernlitted me to hand the presents to the children. In the
pleasure of doing this, I did not stop to look at my own
gifts; but when I was ready for them, my impatience for
the real Christmas. to begin almost got beyond con
control.
trol.
p. 4 I
All my early lessons have in them the breath of the
woods the fine, resinous odour of pine needies,
needles, blended
with the perfume of wild grapes . . . Indeed, everythat
at could hum, or buzz, or sing, or bIoom,
bloom, had a part
thing th
in my education noisy-throated frogs, katydids and crickets held in my hand until, forgetting their embarrassment,
they trilled their reedy note, little downy chickens and
wildfiowers, the
wildflowers,
blossoms, meadow-violets and
budding fruit trees. 1I feIt
felt the bursting cotton-bolls
cotton-boIls and
18
INTRODUCTION
fingered their soft fiber and fuzzy seeds; I feIt
felt thc
the low
soughing of tbe
the wind through the comstalks,
cornstalks, tbe
the silky
rustling of the long leaves, and the indignant snort of my
pony, as we caught him in the pasture and put the bit in
his
bis mouth pp. 34 35
Then came Helen's introduction to a larger
range 0
social con
contacts,
tacts,
rst through
er vi
visi
si t
to Perkins Institution, and later through instruction in N ew York

Y ork and
First visit to Boston. I was never still a moment;
my life was as full of motion
mot ion as those little insects that
crowd a whole existence into one brief day. I met many
people who talked with me by spelling into my hand, and
thought in joyous sympathy leaped up to meet thought,
and behold, a miracle had been wrought! The barren
places bet
between
ween my mind and the minds of others blossomed
like the rose. p. 50
At the Cambridge school, for the first time in my life, I
enjoyed the companionship of seeing and hearing girls
gids of
my own age. I lived with several others in one of the
pleasant houses connected with the school, the house
where ~Ir. Howells used to live, and we all had the advantage of home life. I joined them in many of their games,
even blind man's buff and frolies
frolics in the snow; I took long
walks with them.; we discussed our studies and read aloud
the things that interested us. Some of the gids
girls leamed
learned to
speak to me, so that Miss Sullivan did not have to repeat
their conversation. pp. 86 87
.
19

t Tuscum ia there had been no one to whom
been thrown upon her own resources and had
been force
to work out her own solution of each
le to travel, no teacher could have been

was a Ie
more eager to use expert a VIce an

w erever these coul
w
entreate
be foun.
Ithough
ai ure, s e i
assistance
asslstance
Helen heard,
her teacher to
for her.
not
such instruction
iss Sullivan drea e

esitate ong,
to a
specla 1St
specIa
lst In
coul
gain t e ru iments
ew
ut took Helen
ram w om s e
rom
or
0
for
articulation.
.......are-
IS
expert,
Y t
iss Sullivan was a Ie

le to supp ement t especial
e special

traInIng.
verance an
"
evotlon,
evotton, as
lSS
tSS
el er testifies,
eou
cou
t teal
t e al
20
INTRODU
ION
As a child Miss KeIler

Keller sa
says
ys I loved to si
sitt on his knee
and clasp his great hand with one of mine, while Miss
Sullivan spelled into the other his beautiful words about
God and the spiritual world. I heard him with a child"s
wonder and delight. My spirit could not reaeh
reach up to his,
but he gave me a real sense of joy in life, and I never left
beautyand
beauty
and depth of meaning as I grew. Onee,
Once, when I
was puzzled to know why there were so many religions,
he said: "There is one universal religion, Helen the religion of love. Love your Heavenly Father with your
whole heart and soul, love every ehild
child of God as mueh
much as
ever you can, and remember that the possibilities of good
key to Heaven."
pp. 133 34
Finally, to bring these extracts to an end, there

is abun ant evidence that one of the elements in
iss Sullivan'
Sullivan 'ss success was the great
grea t frankn
frankness
ss
corrfidence
een won.
Her resemblances to
normal folk were always emphasized; the
if-
were
we
re minimized.
,
presse
upon others who calne in contact with
her pupil.
No attempt says the editor of Miss Keller's Life is

21

WRAT
made by those around her either to preserve or to break

unwise and tactless things that were said for her benefit
were not repeated to her, thanks to the wise watchfulness
of Miss Sullivan. N
Now
ow that she has grown up, nobody
thi sof
s of being less fra with her than with any other intelligent young wom~n. p. 294
et me summarize t is i Iustration
lustration of uneon_~7"'-~ ' - -
___
__
.<.-~~-----_
-.<.-~~------
.. "
2
,
2 "
' . " .._
....
same time to suggest some of its resemblances
to t e conSClOUS
conSCIOUS case wor
cri e
la ter.
w IC
IS to
es-
This remar a Ie
le teacher had a
eneat
t e unfortunate
the unusual character of the chil
ehil .
Building
one en
Vlronmenta resource a
t~r
anot er,
rst to resocialized
persona Ity 0
name Helen
om we spea
to ay w en we
eller.
lesson in childish
edienee
edience was
22
INTRODUCTION
Helen's a ection was soon won.
To accomplish
until she was able to care for herself..
Here
again the instructor was too wise to build upon

influence gained through one channel, whether
obedience
appea
r affection.
Soon she was able to
to t e min
through eve
thing in the child's world, even
us feel strong; th
there
ere is another which makes us
epen ent an
weak.
iss Sullivan's sympathy ,
.
space, ater In time .
~
ISO
ate
uman
most completely i entifie
with whatever is
best in the world.

I shall have occasion to
In
23
Harvard University - Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America / Richmond, Mary Ellen. What is social case work?. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation, 1922.
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
t ese
p~ges
to c ange 0 environment as a means
o social treatment in
mont
er teac Ing,
lng,
to return Helen to
not er mar
nee s.
came It.
lt.
Traine
cu teases.
t cases.
n t e rst
u Ivan use
ISS
tSS
er own natura worl

0
erse
iss
t IS
IS
at the
u ivan's intuitive
in a sc
se 00 w ich did
n t e matter 0
t e urgency an
t e
to one of the greatest

grea test religious teachers of that
tha t
tIme.
y
"-0
than our own
t at trust.
a personality other
-there is a fiel
en eavor,
INTRODUCTION
most exacting.
"station an
e are "name
an
known""
known
degree."
11
AY
e-
well,
weIl,
illustrations of such wor
an
ater compare
illustrations wit
lScUSS
ISCUSS
IS
an
w Y
y lt
It IS.
group is perforce sa
so small as is the one here
search, all work not recorded with a

a fair degree
of fulness at the time that it was done, I have
treatment
pre eren
erence
ce
\
26
to work with elients*

clients* of different nationalities.
The seareh
search was ma e in eities
cities wi ely separated
an
in socia agencies 0
more t an one type,
the soeial
social treatment was subsidiary to some
tions I
ave a de the furt er one 0 an ar itrary
fective
A husband an
wife who eannot

cannot ag
agree
ree
recelvlng proper care

wi ow wit
c i
ren who is not an e cient
home ma er
An older woman with di
culties
cuI ties which her
relatives fail to understand

* Few soda!
social case workers adopt the practice, permitted
physician, of referring to those with whom they
to the physidan,
have professional dealings as "cases." The social worker's
"case" is the particular social situation or problem- -not

the person or persons concerned. For the person, as distinguished from his problem, the term now in genera!
general use is
"dient." As the nature of the relation between the sodal
social
practitioner and the one receiving social treatment changed;
I have mentione
Dr. Howe's diary records
of his treatment of Laura Bri gman.

more intel igent an
As social
e ective service to indi-
has become their practice also.
At first their
attempts were little more t an a rambling

chronicle 0 motions ma e in the course of their
work,
construct g
, c rono oglca accounts
ot
so ma e
for training other case workers, and for training

social work
such as work with neigh orhood

or the con ucting 0
un era
"client"
"client " replaced to a large extent the earlier term of
"applicant. "
~8
social con itions affect thc

the livcs
lives of individuals.
Thc
The va ue
social case recor sexten

s exten s farther.
an
tistical stu ies or, more of
often,
ten, of social
iscovery
There is one drawback to all these uses of the

fessiona contacts there is no more confi ential
relation than th
that
at which exists
SOCJa
wor er an
treatment.
IS con ne
t e person or aml y recelvlng
But unfortunately a social history
any ot er form of record
etween the
than the medical case
to narrow lmlts, t e one alm

aim
elng
to reveal w at social case work in its essentials
IS.
greatly to foreshorten the narratives of these

WRAT
no
re atlon to t e pro
ems an
services
escrl
During telast
t e last
a rapl
eca e socla
socia case work has
extension 0
its
el
At one time, as avocation,

a vocation, its fiel
e lnquents, Just as t e
t e
10
estitute sick.
activity.
was confined
rst savlngs
savings
an s were
ut t
some orm or ot er
as
ecome a necessary
factories,
..
",
,.
.
eClSlons a ectlog t e we are 0
must
e ma e.
ever, the ha it 0
esta
IS
e ,an
In many 0
. ..
10 lVI
IVI ua ss
tese
t ese paces,
p aces,
ow-
full recor ing is not yet weIl

well
t e wor
same in ivi uals or
amilies, with its srer

surer
measure of successes and failures, is still the

confin
0
3
3
are socletles.
sOcIetIes.
.. .. 0
muc
y way
aVlng
it in etail e are
ore conferring with the case worker
my account to the case worker for revision an

een unnecessary,
save
ut at least they win

will have
me from becoming just one more narrator
of moving little stories.

t aug
oug
t ey are,
The six narrative
eserve a more carefu rea ing
t an the
tem.
tern.
MARIA BIELOWSKI*
* All names of real people have been changed throughout
these narratives, as weil

well as some other identifying but oonnonessential details.
1
3
WHAT is
WRAT
iS SOCIAL CASE WO
WORK??
,
years to a Polish girl, w

a sma
was un er t e care of
private society
wor ers an
a sc
se 00
aVlng a sta
or
cu t
case
ut not
e-
cer 0 t e court.
aria Bielowski went to work in a
er wages to
actory
ac tory
over to t e aml
ami y an
e turne
uses
she left ome

orne an
an
was
roug tinto
t Into court or stea Ing
lng a ew
from a fellow-boar er.
To those who saw her
Her features were
er c ot Ing
lng ragge,
her ead was crowne
air, later foun
0 ars
lrty, an
wit
ar
an
a
eavy,
y stal
stalne
ne ;
three stran s 0 false
to be infeste with vermin.

2
3
-
hat
to her

.
~
as
ackgroun?
aekgroun?
From two p aces of em-
er recor
but a psyc
psye opat ic
ie personality.
family, the Bie owskis ha
s regar s er
come from Poland

wife,
an
our chil
ehil ren. But the ather a
tree
aria, W
w 0
een foun
e commltte
to a similar insti tu tion ?
e socia
a ta 0 tain e
Y t e pro atlon
n the other
an,
er recor
be ore she ha
gone to work
At school she ha
een a fair
scholar;
3
ge of English
33
gra e
in
our years.
oreover, it was learne
that
she ha
troop an
which woul assure a maximum 0 in ivi ualize
care might bring goo
g
,.
,
af
after
ter
aria a
results.
een in its school a few months,
one of their case workers

court,
er lega guar ian.
er
S lp
Ip
stea
e aVlor an
ecame, with t e
n er t is guar ian~
c aracter
aye Improve
ave
lmprove
y.
From a careful rea. ing in t e original recor

o t e treatment w ic
ie
olowe
an
ference with this guar ian, I have

change in the girl'
girl'ss ha its
i ts an
to t e wor
rom coneen able to
in her relations
rela tions
s e ives in as een e ecte

eete . Tere
T ere
34
' -,
attention
-'
"
ad to
e given to
aria's
h sical
and her
teeth ca
cared
red fort
for.
There was no evidence of
irregular sex con uct, but she was foun
to have
some symptoms of syphilis of origin unknown,

an
nose and t roat conwas controlled at the school by suggestion.
Twice
Twiee
special discouragement, th
this
is symptom recurred,
gram w ic
ie
improved her mental attitude. Her
less than twenty pupils, that

contact wit
aria ha
American stan ar s of home life.

2
'_,
".
Here she was given careful t
- -
in in
in habits of
-
mending an
her first
washing her clothing, in cooking,
an
others.
ha
No borrowing was allowed;

allowed ; each girl
her own
ureau and closet an
her own
enle
arIa
confesse
learne
to t e ea
to
teacher, for w om s e had
ave a rea a ection, t at s e was t e
one at fault, and this was her last dishonest act.

a year or two later,
to
er emp oyer reporte
e so onest t at" she woul
an ink
not even
rrow
ottle."
00
wor
er
In exc ange or
high school.
er
aar
oar
an
an
er com-
WIt
t e
She has continue
course with cre it ever since, ma ing one change

of school, however, when transferre
she has
manya
many a vantages in a
to another
ition to
er
6
3
has wor
ifferen t families.
in five
her own restlessness,

trou
aria has at times
esome charge, eager an
inor inately fon

-~---'
7
ican life an
een a
emanding an
personal a ornment.
"--'._'.
"--''--'---_...
~"'7
-~---'
-
: ; " " " .
Though
--~
- " ' - - ,--~
--" -_..
ways,
ut the most important
influence in her improvement has continued to
to name some 0
t e prlnClp es an
case work that
aria's history reveals.
_____
processes 0
'-
en
37
IS
aVOI
care ul
uI to aVOl
ten e
,
~-;;,.;;
...
.,
is the too common reaction to irritating
e-
havior .
tlon:
henever I can possibly let a girl do what she wants to,
lagree
instances are so innumerable
I agree to her doing it. The instanees
where we have to say"
say "no'
no' , that I feel we must be on our
guard against increasing them unnecessarily. This is not
the same thing as giving in to a girl because she teases or
insists on having her own way.
aria was troublesome, her guardian
hen
discriminated between the trouble that she
she
-
eal
ition, though not 80

so much in set terms as in
- -_ _ _ _ _
4>
..... ,
.-
.,
aria's earlier tria s in mind when

8
3
CASE WORK IN BEING

'-'
it a owe
her a itt e more pocket-money than
was granted to some of its other charges.
matter how much it please
to eave sc
se
woul
00
an
fit her or 0
Her
er at first. At one
ta e a sort
s ort course whic
ce work.
But when the girl
that the break with school

asked permission to remain.
One
ay
aria receive
a circular from a
to her guardian for the loan of the money, and

was tol
to1
that the next time they were both in
the city they could consult some one whose

knowle ge of music
knowie
musie would make him a good
ju ge 0
goo
the value 0
the offer.
teacher at a
music school was asked to test her voice

hen
aria
heard the small, wavering sounds that she ma e
39
In trylng
trYIng to sing to temaster,
t e master, even s e was
not wort
consl erlng.
conSl
not er way
avoi e
In
W IC
ar Itrarlness
ltrarlness
was
y this case worker was to assume no
ters any more t an s e
In muslca
mUSlca ones.
T us s e writes:
I can remember speaking to Maria a utt mending her
clothes, particularly her stockings, and becoluing conscious at the moment of a long rent in my own stocking,
which I had tom that morning in putting it on and had
not had time to change. I laughed and showed the rent to
the girl, and s ke of my own d culty in living up to my
tbe
ideals when pressed by work. From what she afterward
said about this to some one else 1I know that I carried my
intt witb
with more effect by this admission.
e ement 0
0 give an
tions, an
take even into
bringing to mind
onest an
ran
er a moni-
iss Sullivan 's

'5
to give the rea reason or a
ecisri "werever
ecisloii
'werever this was
..... -'-" - _.. _- -0
4
4
_ _ "' .,._,
..
...,-..
~
JSPe....
,'" _ _ '''''_,,'","u-'u_ Jcv....

-
. . . . . ', _
___
,"
ble.
ible.
'._
"'" I'
CASE WORK IN BEING
Maria questioned me one day in my earlier contacts

with her about her trips to tbe
the hospital for treatment. I
told her about s hilis, about the fact that the hospital
had never been willing to state whether her case was congenital or acquired in very early infancy. I stated that
the usual causes of s hilis
tbe
hills were prollliscuity
proluiscuity and exposure to an infected person, and also spoke of the possibility of accidental infection.
a s e
ase
ew as soon as s e knew it .
. . . ntecon-
aria'ss respect increased

aria'
any chance her ward could make right use of,

ut to give this free om un er such conditions
on t e scene w om
aria t reatene
to marry
marrv
..
a tten tions from th

this
is
41

WRAT
young man, an
season an
not
ue
efore, the sma I crisis was suc-
owever, a co
comes
mes ac to t e gl
gI to
t 0 ImagInatIve
lmaglnatlve
sympat y, such as was shown w en she sent one
cepte
y the e itor with a small payment in
return, an
its acceptance meant a great
eal
be like t
ithout
taking
into account
the
social
ackground
ha
ierent
i erent girl woul
now be crossing the threshol into woman
00
she faces the future with the advantages of a

high school education, with go
goD

tractlve
tractIve persona Ity,
lty, an
health, an at-
a num er 0
0 rea
rlen
flen s
2
42
4

course; seis
s e is stil somewhat restless at times,
still magnifies the importance of trifles, and is
are no onger con use
an
unreasona Ie.
le.
GEORGE FOSTER
A young American, little George Foster, had

chil ren and then ha
been returned to his
parents no less than four times in five years.

Even un er favorable circumstances these repeate
changes of environment are
ad for chil-
dren, but the home to which George and his

sister went back was not really a home at all.
The father was a drunken bully who worked
sex-
children and household were neglected~

Finally, acting upon a request from the local
overseer 0
many miles away
43
a free
home or
ot
c i
ren.*
acteristics and health of each member, and the
re atlon 0 eac
nances
ave to
to a
a tt e
e ot ers.
e aml
ami yY
nown, t e P
p ySlca
YSlca c ar-
acterlstlcs an
an
to receive a child caUs
calls for no small
egree of
A "free home" is one in a private family, where the

placed-out child becomes a member of the household
whether or not its legal adoption is contemplated; the term
distinguishes this type of home from a cc boarding home,"
where
wh
ere the family receives compensation for the child's
working homes," such as the households in
care, and from"
from "working
which Maria Bielowski lived while she attended school.

wellinte ligent pacement
p acement gives him no chance at all.
fol . T e armer's wife was not in goo

and the care of two children might have
health,
een a
the chief difficulty was in the relation of the two
C
C 1
1 ren to one anot er.
0
0 oWIng
OWIng t e practlce
practice
George was nine at this time, an affectionate
acteristics of a self-assertive, mi dle-age

dIe-age gossip.
school t at tee
t e c il
it ren atten e , it was
eci e
ately. This latter decision was not made lightly;

it was contrary to the society's usual policy
poliey .
distresse
at t e thought of leaving the farm,
ing, the chickens, the gar en
and ma e him
ures for goo

gOD .
At this time
in whic
eorge was
rought to the city
the chil ren's society
its
ea-
quarters, an
a
given a thorough physical an
mental testing
and was foun
he onee
once un erstan s that he can
ean gain nothing
by his
sweet,
attractlve
attractIve
most of the time, an
gets over his' a
eorge was rea y
that
th
at
IS tIme an app lcatlon
or anot er ree
appy
times'
ome.
come rom a c 1 -
6
4
SOCIAL CASE WORK'. IN BEING
less
small
a
wishe
to take anot er somewhat older.
S e also
vi
visite
si te
ellow ... townsmen
was the one selected, and further
On
given
as
etails about
him were sent by mail. Soon he was established

.
.
,
..
In t IS new ome _ n t e case wor er S VISltS
VISitS
to
im there she gave each of his foster parents
ments an
cu
ell ties, an a terwar s saw
eorge
these visits there were adjustments to be made

between
eorge an
an
etween
This was in the influenza year.
a
attac
t e isease, w ic
ie
The
oy
Ie
le t him wit
47
tiel
fiel
IS
octo:
octo,' urlng
ition in
up.
this secon
seeon
to
or t elr a opte
the many changes, he had
50n,
son, an
one fairly weIl

well in
made
the fifth gra e.
pier p ace or
as
eorge
yet known in his
rief
ut somewhat stormy
there are several young people but no other chilren.

him; he was not always respectful to his elders
an
was not
oing weIl
well in school.
ol
01
enough to be reasone
But he was
with and, in an ad-
mira Ie
le interview with him, t e case wor er
succee e
In ta 109
lOg
lm tnto partners Ip
lp In t e
48
'j
'f
.
SOCIAL CASE WORK IN DEING

BEING
task of straigh tening ou

Oll this
t his rela
relations
tions both with
wi th
the mem ers 0
teachers.
t e
ouse 0
an
with
is
eanwhile, the family were persuaded
to a opt ess exacting stan ar s of what a
oyof
George's behavior and enhanced appreciation
IS
goo
,
49
Foundation, 1922.
,....:,
;
,
,,
III
I1I
,
tinue
In
to one
,..
.
..
aria
...,
,
it was necessary
,.
uring treatment to utilize the
".
,
..
.'
~
separate
.t. .
..
from his own people , ut, when he
,,
,..
separate home. The case workers whose services

aye
ave
een
escrl e
many ot er tas
"
,,
,,
an
In tese
t ese two Instanees
Instances
other c ien ts to
ea} with,
ut eac
,.. .
., ,
:;
..
un er review.
~:
,,
,~
1t:
,,..,
'tt
;,
ustrate, In eac
e narratlves
narratives
t at
ow
Instanee,
Instance, t e treatment 0 two
..
-~
,,
..
-"("
(
.-,.
"
.,
..
"
>,.
e'",
... -
,
.
,..
~,
'. ,
"
,
J,
"
~,

or more clients instea
of one, an
their treat-
ment in re ation to one another.

MR. AND MRS. RUPERT YOUNG
couple of twenty-five and twenty with a chil
ehil
less than two years, ive
in a crowde
erowde
city containing many social agencies.
of
western
They were
sole c arge, the sta
of t is
more than four hundre

Though the
istrict 0
ce was
families. *
istrict was in the heart of a city
growing rapidly, its own population was decreasing. At the time of whieh
which I write the neighborhoo containe
ua
a
a or
rc
C Ie
le y.
One day a Protestant church

ehurch worker tele* These are figures of a panic year. The secretary had at
that time four assistant case workers and a dietitian, but
much better case work was possible af

after
ter the industrial depression receded and the yearly tot
totals
als of the office had
fallen, as they did before the war was over, to a little over
two h
hundred
undred families.
WHAT IS S
th
that
at
er
rs.
us an .
A visitor was sent- -a man
ecause a t ir
of it
i t ha
er
oung an
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
1I ti
tt
not
een pai
who
for,
rs.
e glr sta
ylng Wl t 1 er mot er
staYing
oung,
f.
a ly unnerve
rs.
Young to
ave a private talk with the
istrict
hus and to do the same at a later hour.

In t is
ce interview t e wife, who was three
friends ha
a
a vised her to have nothing more to
o WIt
er
us an
an
to ta e court action
aso.
a so.
en
moo;
i
a,
oung arrlve
arrive
e a mitte
is wife,
the
rink, a mitte
ut claime
stri
st ri ing
in extenuation t at
CASE WORK IN BEING
was against him an

Hilda nagged him. He agre
that
, in answer to ques-
home, that he loved and was proud of his child,

but, though acknowle ging that the fun amental
that
is
He was
breakfast, also a letter to a doctor asking for a
morning, where
rs. Young and the district
secretary would meet him.
Young,
Y
oung, who was a
This was his own
ference was as follows:
T at the husban and

rs.
Young and her little girl should have a month's

t e octor to
stop
e suffering rom nothing ut over-
iscussing their domestic di
culties
cuI ties wit
with
h
53

the"
the "in-Iaws"
in-laws" on both sides of the house or with
rs .
his fear that

th at his wife would not write to him
e was given work
at washing the 0
ce win ows that ay; care was
taken to see that he ha
ample food, an
further medical examination was arranged for,

t is time at a mental clinic.
Here hot an
diet, and tobacco in moderation.
cold
Delirium
tremens was feared at first but it did not develop,

an
in ess than two weeks the
istrict
ce ha
secure
inebriates in another state.
rs. Young had
ters to im that woul lea to urther arguments.

of the Home and writing that he "could lick
54
rr"
,.,~
;,
-

orld."
etters to im rom t eistriet
e istrict 0
o tea co 0 wore 0 ,it

,It
Frequent
ce seeme to e
ecame
e evi ent that
a year later felt

feIt that he shoul have been labelled
.-
.-
" fee
e-min e ,"
ut the
ental Clinic di
not
- .-
sent several boxes of flowers to the istrict 0

woul
e much
istressed.
ce.
"Howe did your
mother like them," he wrote to the istrict secre
tary;
"i
et she was tic e
to
eat
wit
them."
I
:
Two months af
after
ter the trou les of the
een ree
rec aime
oungs
from t e dealer without furt
payment, a small home had een establis
, an
.--.
.- ..
Foundation, 1922.
...
_------
_-~------

ater
e returne
to
IS regu ar emp oyment 0
riving a team. T e social case reeor

recor of earlier
haps, the following description of t e home a ded:
Mrs. Young and her little daughter at home. Front

room had been ed up with some old prints, one or two
runner rugs, and a few other things that made it appear
homelike. The kitchen also had a strong home atmosphere. The wash tubs had been painted by Mr. Young.
The dish cupboard . . . . was full
fuU of shining dishes
Mr. Young came in, it being lunch hour,
carrying a load of wood on his shoulder. He showed a
good deal of pride in what his wife had accomplished in
the way of making the house look like home, and also in
his own handiwork as apainter.
a painter.
As a matter of fact, however, social treatment
num er of
cu
eu ties we
were
re
yet to e overcome, some minor an
some funda-
mental.
The difference in
ackground an
in
religion
etween the two sets of relatives-relatives.--
Young's were Irish-American and Catholic, while

Hil a's were German-American and Protestant;
the ha it some of his relatives in uIge
in of
tempting him to drink; her tendency to argue

and scol -were
were factors to
6
5
t in minde
-

wee
a ter t e
ome
een re-esta
is e
get on in marrie life was to overlook little things

and to co-operate.
chil
ehil
At the
irth of the second
Hil a would not go to a hospital nor would
she have a doctor at home, preferring to make

er own arrangements wit
trace
a mi wife.
T is
the ill health that followed.
definite in his statements an
lax in meeting
sometimes with an untruth.
hen the second
Mr. Young has still not been to work. Makes all sorts
of excuses . . . . though we were w' ng
eng to see that
the necessary help was provided to care for his wife. In
his boyish, inconsequential way he tries to play up what a
wonderful family man he is. He has used this illness of
bas a
his wife's to take a little rest himself, and shows he has
long way to go yet before he has any real, keen sense of
bility.
57
WHAT
WRAT IS
AL CASE WORK?
t e metho s use
to overcome these c ar-
acter defects, the first was fri.endly talks with

-
en at t eir worst gave

over him.
er a strong in uence
He was still more or Iess

less unsta
---,-z.
---'-2'
e as
7_
7_
metho
make the
IS
ome.
He was not allowed to forget the health program

chie reliance of t e social wor
to keep t e
ome in t e
in tereste was
oregroun .
en
wife
about their first-
rn, they at once egan to look
to the future and to agree that their little girl

girI
00
ut t at s e must ave
aye t e prettlest
prettIest c ot es
enlarge an
rame
for her to give to er ather.
eanwhile, Hilda
'f'
.
-.,":<
"

sel -control an
ecoming the real hea
of the
household. Rupert's proudest boast was that he
in their home life

dent, an
health.
the baby was killed in an acci-
for a while Hil a was in very poor

During the first of these crises the dis-
trict secretary was with them a great deal; be-
fore the second she had gone to another city to

knows their affairs now only through occasional
an
the home is now one of four rooms instead of
two.
CLARA VANSCA AND HER CHILDREN
. . . lara
ansca
ept a
t y, vermln-ln
vermIn-In este
earnings of a drinking husband.
hen the fam
Foundation, 1922.

,
s e was sen lng t e
er
girl of eight, to the city
een ever Slnee.

since.
wit
her.
ter
er two c
ren, a
ump to collect iron and
ansca's
ansea's commitment
is
S e told a pitifu story, most of it

ut never took
her to care for her home and the two little girls
were wit out avail.
o
t em
c i
She seemed genuinely fond
ut t ey were same u y neg ecte .
ren were pace
y t e court in a
at olic
institution, and their mother was induced by the
tart y to a convent.
mento
ment 0
rs.
ansca may
n erta en
sal
to ave egun.
istrict assistan t in the
60

y
. B. a
lscovere on y one asset In t e SI tua . .

-
to earn a
er
t at the
isters at the convent tried
to teac
rs. Vansca as a goal to strive
er c arge as t ey were revea e
possi
e ore; an
In t e convent
in t e course of
oing this
parents had come to America from Lower Austria.

c i
T e fat er
, an
ie
wie
w i e s e was sti
a little
littJe
er in an institu-
er mot
mat
61
WHAT IS S
tlon,
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
marrle
again
agaln
ut
e ore
Clara was grown. Clara had several
rothers, all
of whom had prospered;

prospered ; two who had married
were oun to e malntalnlng

maIntaInIng com
corn orta e wor , .
.
.
men S
s omes.
IS gave . . more alt In er
stoc
tra itions.
an
But t eir attitu e towar
waywar ness
this sister
efore her marriage and her con-
duct since, they felt

feIt that she had isgrace them.
sac
s a c il
had all
sea
s e a
isowne
ne resu t of
not
ad the influence
her.
. B. 's visits to
rs.
ansca's
In fact, one of the married brothers offered to

give her and her children a home as soon as she
. B. rea
Ize
lze t e ong strugg e a ea an
not act upon
this proposal. She felt

feIt that, with the
ten tions, t e
est of in-
rot ers an
62
lem,
ment t elr sympat yan Interest cou

eou
pro a
suitable work for
rs. Vansca outsi e the con-
vent,
er first care was to see that her client
looke
that she was in good
oug
attention an
the scarf that she ha
worn
them towar the furnishing of the new home. At

the en of six more mont s, ami
age an
the
ome was re-establishe .
The succee ing year was a

the
mlg t
mig
istrict
e,
great rejoicing,
cu t one for the
ce that, no matter where she
a te ep one message came rom
rs.
Vansca's landlady that her tenant was drinking

at onee.
once.
Nig t or
to er tempte C lent.
lento
so that
rs.
ne nlg t In zero weat er
ansca mig t
work t e next
e so er enough to
ay.
e found for this clien t
wi thin t e year.
I-Ier wor
een weIl
well
thanks to the convent training,
one,
ut some days
at all.
A. B. ma e it clear that failure in this
again.
S e must no onger
orrow money from

she must let
or er
benefit. This arrangement was m
p oyer prove
orgiving an
of
often
ten in communication wit
ified on
rs.
helpful.
He was
. B., an
together
She is still working at this
courage t e ome InstInct, strong In

but over ai
,,
rs.
ansca,
for a long w iIe y her ear y institu-
tional experiences an
she ha
earne
to o' so weU
well in the convent. An
cutting out garments.
Later, a
ietitian gave
ren.
fait
elr
lishe , they
were aske
to see much of the chit

chil ren,
eSl es
WHAT IS S
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?

elng urge
to exc ange VISltS

VISIts Wit
on equa terms.
t e mot er
t was on equa terlllS

terulS t at t e
were regu ar atten ants.
ere atlves ave een
one of the
to
W
woe
0e
rot ers
e set asi e.
He
ansca
ose wa tc
,J,
as ha
as a to
t oug
school recor s.
stu ent,
ept 0 tee
are at
nei t er
east a
IS
ren s
goo
a ve
e to
e p t elr
er
account of
househol
ta
me so
to
rs.
a rlen
ansca ree y a out
t at s e cou
eou
er occaslona
e a
ve
up. Rosa, the el er of the two, is a goo - 00 ng

girl, an
rs. Vansca as ecome more than ever

66
CASE WORK IN BEING
utes the complete cessation of the mot er s
Ig t wor
at service out 0 sc
se 00
ours an
was
how to
bank, s e "was
-'was encourage
to ma
it
00, thoug
to look a ea
an try
s e was a so encourage
to ta e some of the ur en 0 of er mother's

.
.
,
s ou ers
y paylng
paying or er younger sister s
c ot es.
ot er an
aug ter now earn a
a month, over and a

to begin
ve Rosa's
ut
oar ,an
uying a home for the three of them.
rs.
er to spen
er earnlngs
earnings wlse
wise y, t e prospect
ess ot er gains,
galns, some 0 t em even more Imporlmpor-
tanto
tante
occasIon a plcnlcs.
p1cnlCS.
en
osa was gra ua te

er own
an s to t e ouse
er a mlrlng
ffilrlng re atlves,
er
ual gains of the greatest significanee

significance th
that
at are not
so easy to i lustrate.
The c urc
ure
now hol s an
rs.
ol
01
ays,
as
ecome franker, more c eerful,
I trust you
WINIFRED JONES AND HER CHILDREN
next illustration,
inifre
ones, a wi ow in her
forties with five chil

ehB ren, came of stock that ha
68
die
dIe
est who had removed later to the nearest
of her mother her home ,vas

\vas not a happy one.
The father was a narrow, exacting man, who
inifre
in charge of the household.
Then the
father married again and, resenting this change,
though her new home proved even more unhappy

Thomas
He
ones, her husban
was a mechanic.
rank, went ,vith

\vith other women, was mean at
home in money matters, and lacked interest in
children less obedient, and their mother more
shiftless in her ways.
eanwhile,
rs.
ones's
to have anything whatever to do with her.

enever an a
took the
e stroke 0 mis ortune over-
oneses, an
In.
confusion
con fusion amid which the
azed mother sat i Ie.

le.
The corner grocer assured eac

t at
rs.
ones wou
a ways
successive visitor
e t e same
a
o
up the home and to give separate care to its members.
Its
lts condition was unchanged when
ones
Too short a peri

period
ad has elapse since the father's
eath to speak with certainty of the results
agencies to a puzzling situation, but because it

illustrates a social worker's skill in reknitting
family ties that ha
long been
roken.
or t e
il ness
CASE WORK IN BEING
e had. Asi e from this, however, should the home be

tive measure or shoul
shout
roken up as a protec-
the mother e eneouraged

encouraged
clear picture of
cent a out
er re atlves, an
was known a out them

who had visite
Itt
ltt e or not lng
ut the soeial
social workers
the home knew that
rs.
ones
and her chil

ehil ren of
often
ten slept very late, that there
were no regular meal hours, that soiled clothelothing accumulate
aeeumulate , that the dishes remained unwashed, and that the children were not only running wild but were always fighting among themselves an
rs.
a ways
isrespectful to their mot

mother.
her .
ones said that she ha
s e wou
sit wit
some one ta
er
not
an S 0
with her woul
een on the
e , an
when
seem to lose the
ri t o t e conversation at times an
then with
1
7
ack later to the su -
ject in hand.
The first attempt to get
toms was not very sueeess
success u .
rs.
n examInIng
eXamtnlng
ones
on es was a moron
elg t
wit
months, an a vise t at t e chit

ehi! ren eremove
As
the
eath
lVIr.
lVir. ones mig t influence
influenee
wife's attitu e towar
li
ti e or t eetter,
e etter, an
is
as
eel
eet e
bers.
The social case worker representing the
not all of
qUiet searc
qUlet
or t e cause or causes 0
,
er Ina
lna e
quacy;
quaey; secon ,an active
aetlve program 0
0 stlmu atlon
atton
and encouragement to discover how far each
72

mem er of the amily woul
in t eir affairs, the int
respond to better
uction into t e ome of
those social contacts an recrea tional g

from whic
mother an
cut
c il ren ha
an , a
times
been so
to these other
items, irect ut patient suggestion which should

lea , if possi Ie,
le, to re-education of daily habit
rs.
woul
ones coul
count
not so ve her or the c il ren' s trou les-"-
ut suc
sue
an allowance would
was 0 taine
e a necessary ad-
from special fun s.
eal about boys was enlisted at this stage.

age
twe ve an
amusements an
In
ten, we
were
re "running oose,"
ut
Interests an ,at t e same tIme,
73

ea
o
regu
reg u ar mea tImes was one' t at t e SOCla
upon t eir mot er.
them to selecte
hile the socia worker was
movies, to the museum of nat-
ural history, to the park, an
saw that the
younger
oy, W
w 0 was natura y stu lOUS,
IOUS,
00 s he coul
enjoy.
ountry vacations we
were
re
arrange
tor who ha
ma e the mental examination, the
socia wor er saw t at
rs.
ones's teet
an
,
,

needed attention.
Her school record ha
poor; a ter necessary a enOI
tlons It
lt contInue
an
een
tonsI opera-
so.
-neces-
at
evening and early morning
shows no tendency
Pressure was
childhoo
an
house ol
01
management ha
,other
other was
the strictness of her father, she
rought
been mastere
orwar , exp aine
an
anre-
y the social worker, while at the same
explaine
the case worker's
ealings with the family
ut in
75
~
,,
,,
the relatives on
oth sides of the house, thoug
een
en a rother of
The
rs. ones.
rother was interviewed soon af

after
ter the
ee
an
1
,
t at t ey wou
intereste
an
quarrel. But e at onee

once eeame
ecame
in t e new program explained to him
offere
to
ear a g
ferenees
ferences wi
with
th this
rother
rother..
Gra ually he told
gave the social

soeial wor er a better
bet ter understanding of
instance, t at sea
instanee,
s e a
een t at s e woul
ater, a sister 0
home in a mill
min town.
soon af
after
ter
een stu ious as a e

c ild
ecome a teac er.
eeome
r.
ones was seen at her
This sistr's
sister's plan, ma e
ones die , had . een to move
rs.
ol
01 er chil
ehil ren at work there, including
ineluding the two
school
oys
uring vacation.
This suggestion
er's visit friendly relations were re-esta lished

between the families, and this sister has also een
a valua Ie
le source
souree of information.
other relatives
far
rs.
ones's
most useful one.
ave
een
iscovere,
rother has continue

s he
ut t us
to be the
not seem to wish to
see his sister this was not urged, but he was of

often
ten
of the progress ma e, not omi tting the in
interesting
teresting
motion, he aske the soeial

social worker to ta e im to
of course, that he was helping
hel ping her regularly, but
she valued this visit even more than his assistance, for it meant the renewal of personal relaanee,
to measure an influence sa
so su tIe,
ut she seems
what her brother knew that she onee

once was.
His
first visit was followed by many others. Soon the

rot er
egan to make suggestions of his own
77
,
",
. ..J .
.r
22

WRAT
teen an
ha
young man W 0
een Vlsltlng
VIsItIng t e
oys
ys was
forced ye
y c ange of occupation to cease any regu..."hristmas
. . . hristmas
"was a rea Santa
laus."
After
Af
ter t at he took
the two
The interest of all these frien s was concentrate
ones's living
room a
a POSSI
pOSSI
have a
an
ee P
p ace In W
w IC
t ee amly
amlY mig
mlg t
time in the evening an
t eir mot er'

er'ss coul
or rea s:"
to w ie t e
e ma e one.
rs. ones a mitte
reee rec-
t at er ol
01 est
rlen s to t e
ouse In
in t e evenlng,
evening,
e a
never felt
feIt like
ot ering with them.
e ha
e
real fami y idea,
a talk about the

as never
a
a tt e
e
ut seems willing to begin."
So much for thc

the program of stimulation and
encouragement.
But what of the causes of this
mental con ition
for t e social worker, in all
her contacts with her client and with t ose who
Query In mIn
mln .
of a sent-min eness,
e ness, her mental processes are
agement, in contro
nesse
era c eer u ness.
aye remar e
ave
for the home an
of contact wit
sti
remains to
girl or
the chil
ehil ren, an
e neig
ors W 0 use
t ese c anges.
upon tese
to
T e mem-
for one another. Their renewal

t e worl outside the home circle
e one. The nee
etter outsi e interests has not
cialize
in gen-
t e
est
een
n sat-
rs.
.
,
.. ones can now e escrl e as a goo

g
mot er ut
not as a t oroug y competent one
per aps s e
social worker has come to ee t at the acks of
key.
The only remedy for the results of dis-
couragement
IS
encouragement
given
encouragement
an
how discern-
lng an eye.
LUCIA ALLEGRI AND HER RELATIVES
nli e the ot er clients

whose circumstances are
social agencies
escri e
in this an
rs. Lucia AUegri,

AIIegri, a
Sicilian, has been known for Iess
less than a year, to
the social worker now
flOW interested in her. It is not
traste
with the in ivi ual, character of some
forms of social case treatment. I sha 1have occa80
sion to return to the su

rs.
reat Lakes. The ease and comfort in which his

family to
ave
en demonstrate
when she exrs. AlleAIle-
an
itt ere; s
s e
ea
a
to communicate with her

rs.
As this client's story, with the help of visits to

occasional reference elsewhere, was developed by
the social case worker it became two conflicting
storIes.
storles.
The first version was as follows: All of
rs.
* See pages 138 to 143.

143-
81
""
,' '
-
. ,
WHAT
WRAT IS
IAL CASE WORK?

iJiI-
ren to c~re for; a aug ter,

e ore a su
ntonina, W
W 0
en yet
y eter
er exce ent position
positIon as
eleven.
to show little
Interest now In
er mot er an
young sIster
In
act, none 0 tere

t e re atlves newer
new er aress.
a ress.
ater
rs.
that Pao 0, no matter W

w at his earnings or his re. .
. .. .,
sponsliltles,
sponsl 1 Itles, a never at any tIme spent IS
.,
.,
o t e
,
,
,1
;1
ome rom
er t Irteent
Irt
ay untl
very recent y, wen, to orce two marrle
rot ..
e ha
stoppe
e pIng reg
regu
u ar y at t e time 0
0
mont . The ol
01 er marrie
er mar-
aughter was sai
to
evera VISits
VISlts up tea e to a
resses glven
given y
82
,
, .
Foundation, 1922.
CASE WOR
of her.
IN BEING
eanwhile, there could
e no doubt that
rs.
er
ignorance of
merican ways an of life as liv
a arge city was a stan Ing temptatlon

temptatIon to
a ert, p easure- oVlng, st

street-ga
reet-ga
aug ter Teresa. T e chil

ehil
who soul
or shoul
In
er
lng youogest
log
youngest
was oun
to
e ab-
not shoulder the financial
ur en, t e present ome surroun Ings

lngs were a
or the mot er's rheumatism an
worse for the
two w en an 0
er marrie
an
were actually oun
er
us an
aughter,
armela,
in a neig -
gestlon ma e
,.
-----------,
"f
'f. ...- ----;!
. ,
--- ----
------~--,
foun
to
e there save the ol

01 est son, w
un nown to t e socia wor er an
w 0
was
een
eSCfl e
tonlna was tere

t ere an
ot er "in-laws,"
"in-Iaws,"
er us an an one or two
ut the socia wor er was t e

een scru
rs.
!,
I .
I
legri was t e first to arrive.

arrivee
s are In t e procee Ings

lngs was to SIt
51t
er
aml
amI y, an
as
er own
ac
in t e
to roe
Antonina, it was generally agree , ha
one her
., .,
an
everyone
everyane
IS u
say, lt
It seeme
ev!
eVl ent
8
,
that she and her husband, and Carmela, their

hostess, an
her hus and were the responsibl
mother grew more infirm, she would nee
the
affectionate care of an adult mem err of her
by the one, that is, who coul
take the most in-
telligen t interest in her schooling, her church

ch urch relations, an
tions ha
her recreation.
to
e consi ere
and met, of course,
though usually the obstacles that seemed to he

insurmounta Ie
le were tri es.
At last it was ar-
ranged that she was to live with Carmela, the one

of all her children in closest sympathy with her,
an
t at Teresa was to go to Antonina's Amer-
an
smarter ways.
sans off in a way that it should not, but the olde

one, who ad not appeared at the conference, ha
utterly, and
85
8S

WRAT

slIngs
s 1 lngs
ac
came out.
rs.
t e ui
ul
the fact of the existence of the two other married

c il ren,
an
ha
ntonina's w erea outs,
a concea e
in uce
rs.
legri to con rm t eir
varlOUs misstatements.
varlOUS
mIsstatements.
The rale
role of the social wor
o server.
trie
to
owar
teen,
at the con eren

erence
ce
owever, sea
s e a
yY pOlnt-
ring t e discussion to a hea
al were
lng out
agree .
e story
oes not en
ere; tere
t ere
affairi, they took a long step fory/ard.

fOf,}/ard.
86
IV
HE tentative
efinition 0
socia case work

ave no
whic
histories.
to
It
I t woul
e uce a
ave
een
netter,
tter, of course,
efinition from a arge number of
cited instances, though such an ela orate

groun could still have
aca -
n challenged; proof of
Its
rts representatlve
representative c aracter wou
ave
een
necessary.
escrl ptlon 0
case wor ,owever,
, owever,
ave a opte t e po ley

ICY 0
perienced practi
practitioners
tioners which are called social
case work ut have no relation
rel at ion to its theo or its
practice. And {or
practice.*
for the present, at least, all short To the social case worker who chafes under the task of
protecting his profcssion
protccting
profession from the indignities it now suffers
at the hands of thc
the inexpert and thc
the self-seeking, there may
87
WHAT IS S
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
term services to indivi uals are exclude , such as
an so on. Al of tese
t ese services have social value,
more
war which are now eing uti ize as a juncts to

wor
pensaries, to mental examinations and treatteaching in the elementary schools. Some medibe some consolation in the thought that practitioners of
other professions have shared the experience. Not so
50 man
many
y
years ago a medical degree could still be bought in these
United States; and weIl
well into the nineteenth century many
of our states relied upon judges without legal training, while
the chief justice of Rhode Island was a farmer.
* See Chapter
eha pter IX.
88
SOCIAL CASE WORK DEFINED

as
intensive as coul
caul
be wishe,
ut to the extent
about it as social case work only, just as there
an
cer
a court, and therefore
ealt wit
selected group under court supervision and statutory contral.

control.
In a dition to avoiding, for pur-
ei ther "the
nor the whims of living
ead hand"
onors nor the restric-
tions put upon some pu lic

lie expen itures should
IS
long-term, intensive care of
cult cases in the
WRAT
t Ir
place.
group
s ou
ring to 19
tg t conSI
consl eratlons 0
va ue to
social treatment in general, for it is treatment of
t e IntensIve an
ong-contlnuIng type
ong-contlnulng
provI
prOVI es us WIt
criticism 0 a
crlticism
IC
le
our processes-"
processes-'
with the most sE!arc ing criticism, in fact, t at we
see t em rom
rorn one ang e an no more.
et me, Wit
suc
ut when
a test In mln
mIn ,ma
broa est generalization a
t e
ut social case work
t at I can. lts
Its t eories, its aims, its est intensive
practice a
practlce
seem to
ave een converging

convergIng 0
at
ate
oes t IS
term Imp y w en t e SOCla wor er uses It
IS
90
IAL CASE WORK DEFINED
socia wor ers woul
agree wit
the ita icize
portion of th
this
is sen tence. Loss of social status and
resources WIt In an
.
.
. ..
pOSSI 1y
WIt out, mIg
mlg t POSSI
iy
ut coul
couI
har Iy
su stltute
~n ~m
ua -~ty,
ew wou
er rom
lm.
lffi.
the
wor s
there is a servicea Ie
le distinction
etween them
unIqueness 0 a lVlng
unlqueness
lYIng elng,
Ing, or Its
lts 1 erenee
erence rom
ot ers 0 its kin
an
rom terest
t e rest of nature,"*
* Century Dictionary. In the sentences immediately

following I may seem to overemphasize the width of the
separation in meaning between
between""individuality"
individuality" and"
and "perpersonality " by holding the use of the former to very narrow
non-technicalI a
limits. It did not seem wise, however, in so non-technica
discussion to introduce the third word "temperament,"
,
1
9

WRAT
t en persona Ity
lty IS tear
t e ar more Inc
lnc USlve term,

ua to a man
lVI
IVl
ut a
t at comes to
lm
lffi
way of education, experience, and human intercourse.

ties transmitted and unalterable are individual,
environment w ic
we
ave
een a Ie
le in
ay by
In other words, it is our personality which rethe socius our brother, but to all the communities
an
institutions
conflict
as
eve ope .
T ere is no
etween the idea of individual differ-
t e tone colors in an orchestra,
ut the
iffer-
ences
ale, a so resem
e t ose 0
orc estra Instrulnstru-
now of
often
ten used by psychologists for innate make-up, but
having a different connotation for the general reader.
92
lAL
re ate
ments In t
ferences.
if-
hile a man's indivi uality does not:
change,
lng.
Ing.
If it oes not expan
an grow from day to
even atrop les.

define social case work, I speak of the development 0
persona Ity,
lty,
am uSlng
uSIng a
escrlptlve
escrIptIve
* My own approach to the subject has been by the way

of soda!
social science rather than pedagogy or psychology or
theology. Though I shall have to return again to this central theme of my discussion, it may be well
weU to reproduce at
th
this
is point a few brief passages written in quite different
connections and each shedding some light on the use of the
word personality from their various points of view.
Criticism. ." If the revelation of personality unites men,
the stress upon mere individuality separates them, and
there are countless poets of the day who glory in their
eccentric individualism without remembering that it is only
through a richly developed personality that poetry gains
any universal values."
values."- Bliss Perry, A Study of Poetry, p.
342
ligion. ,"What is our statement of human
93
II
t'l1l,
,i,
,
\\''II
..
, '
, ,
IAL CASE WORK?
WHAT
WRAT IS
t
t
sidere
toryan
w ic
ie
,,
all are orms 0

a met 0
teaching,
teaching.
0
0 Its
lts own, an
ocia
cia case
an approac
i ers rom t at 0
0 tese
t ese ot er orms.
In
personality? It is no several or separate thing.

th ing. lts
Its essentia
eannot
distinctness. It does not,
cannot be found in terms of distinetness.
ideally or practically, signify a new, independent, eencentrality of being. On the contrary, it is altogether dependent
distinetness,
and relative. It is not first self-realized in distinctness,
that it may afterward, for additional perfection of enjoyment, be brought into relations. In relation and dependenee lies its very essentia."= ,R.
dence
'R. C. Moberly, D.D.,
Atonement and Personality, p. 253.
Psychology., ,u
,H Our personality is thus the result of what
Psychology.'
we start with and what we have lived through. It is the
'reaction mass' as a whoie."
whole." '. B. Watson, Psychology
from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 420.
"Man's self or personality is the sum total of his specific
experiences in so far as they represent the results of organization. Each new experience modifies our personality.
I t is not merely an accretion to the sum of our mental data,
but it alters our attitude toward the external world and
makes a permanent impression, small or great, upon our
character.", Howard C. Warren, Human Psygeneral character."
chology, p. 384.
Pedagogy. ." The unfolding of personality is due both
to inner tendency and to outer influence and agency. In
part the work of nature, it is in part also the work of education and of experience. . . So far, then, the two
vital considerations both for the philosopher and for the
,
I,
,
,
.,
,,
Foundation, 1922.

t
too
er pUpl
pUpI out 0 t e C
cassroom
assroom Into
lnto t e comcornuse 0
SOCla
SOCIa contacts as a means 0
eve oplng
opIng t e per-
educator are thc

the inner potency and tendency of the individ
individ-..
ual and the nature and effect of environing reality."-
Thistleton Mark, The U
Unfolding
nfolding of Personality as the
Chief Aim in Education, pp. I land
I and 22.
Biology.' ." Of the actual foreignness or imperfection in
the environment hiology
biology as such can give no account.
We seem unable, from the purely biological stand-
point, to give any account of progressive evolution except

as the outcome of a blind struggle for existence. B
But
ut for
conscious personality the struggle is no longer blind: the
future is foreseen and fore-ordained if only to a limited
extent; and the past is remembered and acted on. This is
not only so for individual persons but the traditions and
ideals of a race represent its memory and foresight. From
the stand
standpoint
point of personality evolution takes on a new
aspect, and is no longer a blind process."
. S. Haldane,
13I.
Mechanism, Life and Personality, pp. 103 and 131.
Soc' Science. ." Sociality and indivduality
individuality are the
two aspects of the one reality, which is personality. Personality is the final value, the only thing in the world worth
ha ving in itself. We do not of course mean that every kind
nothing
hing but
of ~personality is good in itself, rather that not
personality can he
be good in itself. A society is best ordered
when it best promotes the personality of its members."R. M. Maclver, The Elements of Social Science, p. 153 .

e Ier
ler 0
all
istinction
iterates, I con ess,
et
etween
ween the social wor er an
t e
teac er.
crI e
In my secon
an
c apters from
t Ir
that of t einstructor
e instructor in the class room?
ere
those w 0 effecte
Bielows i an
arIa
eorge Foster * ca e
to
arIa an
eorge an
from a center whic
socia
e teac lng
a lustIng
Justlng t em to
was ca e
asocia
a socia agency
social
act, t e so-ca e
epen ent,
e ectlve, an
e-
reason that there is within these separate groups

S
the social case worker will
e ound
ouod to be,
e to terest
t e rest of
* See Chapter II.
96

the worl
as to those who coul
be thus labelIe
labelle .
ithout minimizing for a moment t e impor-
the treatment of dependency; without ignoring

suc
re atlng to w at mig
mlg t
o
e ca e
t e mac Inery
i erent types of social work, are central to
lerns of social relationship

lems
ent y
o.
tha t social case wor

I t is true that
has
eal t an
ea th an
social case work will

win
7
e found to be coterminous
9
WHAT IS
wit none of them,
IAL CASE WORK?

ut to ave, in a
sonality through the conscious an
In t at
Wit
t e wor er
15
ition to its
comprehen
no more occuple
,
wit
a norma ities in t e in ivi ua t an in the
lVI
IVI ua
there some form of social case wor

continue to . e nee ed.
wor
,1 t 18
IS
ell
CU
is an
will
50
So long as human
t to lmaglne
Imagine a state
sta te 0 a aIrs
in whic
ments
etaile
ocial case wor
sort.
consists 0
which evelo
t ose
rocesses
ents con-
S
8

sciously e ected, individual by i
ividual, belween
between
men and their social environment.
__
__
_
_ a
Z,
,
2
2
The dictionary
efines environment as "the ag-
grega te of surrounding things and con i tions," *

-
things ave
aye
een exclu e an
many su stitutes
included; the environment ceases to
It
lt
as tese
t ese It
lt
ecomes a part
e environ-
t e SOCla en-
VIronment.
Vlronment.
urnlng ac to t e SIX examp es ere glven

given 0
ac leve
t roug
strengt ene
an
etter
* een
Century
tury Dictionary.
99
Henry ames has remarked, in one of his discussions 0 literary craftsmanship, that relations
stop nowhere, and that the pro lem
lern of the artist
is to
raw,"
raw, " y a geometry of
is own t e circle
ear to
,,*
sO .
c oices, have had to deci e what to strive to

un erstan
an
ill
iJl it not e found, however, t at a mar e a -
been made, an
clte
Cl te
-a
that in another
the last one

een
etter
effecte ?
tending that, while the service
its va ue, it
* Preface to Roderiek
Roderick H
Hudson,
udson, New Vork
York edition.
100

involve
t e exercise of no new technical knowl-
edge mastered with di
culty and pursued there-
tact and goodwill, could have done the same

things.
tually involved in these social treatments.
treatment described. This gave me six long lists

By
general heads of "insights" and "acts."
Each of
these two divided onee

once again" . insights to include
inelude
derstan ing of environment"; aets

acts ta
to include
four divisions we
were:
re :
personal
characteristics
101

WRAT
B.
influence of the social environment
Jo
Irect
lrect action
mln
upon mln
D.
ronment
to me t at eac
out
y a non-speCla
non-specla 18t.
1St.
shown in t e com ination

WOll
wou
ut tralne
acts,
have achieved. The wrter

writer who strives to
simi ar am itions
in common
t at eac
W IC
was
these itemize
worker wit
appens to
ave at least this
is ealing wit
a material
e part 0 tewarp
t e warp an
woo
the other in socia relations. T e one must con
trlve to glve
give a new stamp to counters worn
smoot
ea
e a e to Iscover
lscover new meanlngs
meanIngs an POSSt
POSSI I Itles
ttles
in those familiar situations in which all are
sarers,
s arers, must
new stimuli in an
or mln s
t takes
102

to
bring to light in either literature or case work the
realize the study and drill, the self-expression and

self -e acemen t w ich lie
ehin
the aehieve
achieve
result.
T is
must
in min
an
ept
allowe
o ows, 0
oun
in t
Items are arrange
un er
A. B.S
s
own-Into
ou
these are com

corn ine
is, must
that the personality is re-
iscovere.
T e tee
tec nical si e of
these diagnostic processes, in so far as they are

o
\
103
qUlte
qUIte
k. Th s si e of the su -
Ject
oes not concern us
ere.
ut it soul
un erst
whe
tIme IS save .
history behind
vacant-mln e
on ce acquire
al
at ure to earn ear ier t e social
inifred
ones's fol e
hands,
ways, an
ith the mistake
the
ecision 0
the menta examiner was shape
of the case a out this time a
In
the gOD sense to

more facts. *
* See Chapter Ill,

111, pp. 72 and 80.
Addressing the family welfare wor
workers
kers at the Milwaukee National Conference of Social Work Proceedings for
1921 , Dr. Wm. Healy told them that, "Valuable
"ValuabIe though
tests properly administered and interpreted unquestionably are, still one of the best ways to evaluate an adult's
capacities is to get knowledge of him as he has been observed in his home, at his work, in his human relationships.
One should always consider character tendencies or personality trends. It is very important to think of people
10
14
4
aria Bielowski's re
t at were Innate
lnnate an individua or to unfavorable
than this one.
The answer was arrive at, as it
win
will always have to
e in similar cases, wit
the
from the stand

standpoint
point of truthfulness, affect
affection,
ion , sympathy,
cleanliness, promptness, responsibility, stability, etc.
Familiarize yourselves with all of these and remember
that personality trends and also frequently habits established by focial
Eocial training have more to do with the success
and failure of adults than anything else. They often
have much more to do with one's ahility
ability to support and
bring up children and to meet the exigencies of the world
in general than what is learned from the bare results of
mental tests."
* See Chapter 11, p. 32 sq.
Dr. Bronner, speaking of mental equipment at the New
Orleans National Conference of Soeial
Social Work (Proeeedings
(Proceedings
for 1920, p. 357 , said: "Praetically
"Practically it is of
often
ten difficult to
determine what is innate personality make-up and what is
the result of environment and experience. The interplay
be
of the two is great and the innate make-up can scarcely he
extricated from the product of circumstances. Perhaps
from one point of view sueh
such separation is not needed or
desirable, and yet for the offering of prognoses it is somedesirabie,
times essential to know just what the individual is innately, and what he might be like under different circumstances."
10
15
5

WRAT
ai
of medical an
aria's
mental exprts;
experts;
ut part of
ome situation, of her work an
school
recor s, t e lscove
as a socia
resource
these were things t at
nee e to e one not In elsure y as Ion as time
om en
pro ation 0
ore treatment is at an en.
cer was a socia case worker w ose
turne t etas
e tas 0
ong-contlnue treatment over
to another case worker who later ecame

guar ian.
The
his guardian, it should
aria's
noted,
./
insig ts into
aria's attitu e towar
i e, an
environments In
AL CASE WORK DEFINED
covering the attitude of the various mem ers of
arriving at a so ution of some 0 their
cu ties
rs.
present social environment without having the

insight which this worker showed in grasping,
worthwhile.
under direct action
of
often
ten
t e
egin with those services,
urn lest sort, which ten
to
hen
iss Su livan
107
17
e en
el er an
care
for
er herself, when
aria Bielowski's guar ian confesse

in
to the rent
er own stocking, when A. B. walked the
streets late at night with ha it-ridden Clara

Vansca, when the
etween mln
an
oung a y was ki Ie
le and the
mln
intercourse, asenee
a sence 0
t at ma e or perma-
ciaIism, an
that habit
In
several
the accounts .
tlence orn 0 sympat y,o

tIenee
Examine once more t e accounts 0
1nl
lnl
een
Note,
of min
08t
ost
too,
. . . . ara
re
y Impatlenee
ImpatIence at crltlca
crItIca
how re-education
of
moments.
a it was
on min ,an
108
an
. . , ara
flexibility combined with no small
her guard'
egree
to the music teacher'

teacher'ss studio illus-
voice culture by mail.
Probably I should have
a enoug presence 0 mln

mIn
to avol
aVOI exc almlng
aImIng
"Nonsense" .on the spot, perhaps have thought

of
ering to take the circular of t e correspon-
merits. But wh
what
at the guardian did was so much
10
19
9

WRAT
etter.
e see
expert a VIce to
opinlon,
opInIon, ut

arIa par-
tlclpate In every step 0 t e process an In ma
rs.
lng teeClSIon.
t e eClSIon.
ast ree
ome;
rs. Rupert
necessa
In
oung
50mesome-
IS
-,to contro
-'to
t at
15
as a part
pans
p ans or t e re-e ucatlon 0
er us an .
worker who is 50
so eager to serve t at she is
tempted to do all the serving and all the eciding
herself.
lerent
I erent
many
-throug
Instl tu tlons
t roug
an
ot er
agencies,
agencles,
material
clusively
elusively within his field than are some of the
iss Eliza eth
utc
ute er, "who relies on her own ability to influ110
ence er su norma c lent
WI
sooner or ater ose
out;
or t e in ivi ua socia wor er's efforts will
e0
not
e con ne
proac
to contacts wit
..
or t e In Irect.
t e su normal.
It
It
.
.
uti
ut 1 SOCla wor ers are
justifie
reaction
social environment an
etween the tot 1
the indivi uat,

uaI, then
les can
e trace
to t e at-
case work has in view, and it is not exceptional
to fin
the case worker turning for gui ance or
Paper on Possibilities of Home Supervision of Moron

Women, p. 275, in Proceedings of National Conference of
Social Work for 1921, at Milwaukee.
I
111
II
WHAT
WH
AT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?
agencIes as SOCla sett ements, vocatlona courses,

agencles
omes, an
so on.
social treatment egan, suc services we

were
re nee e
InIInl-
fre
ones, an
___ eorge Foster.

F oster.
ne of the duties of t e social
workers interested was to see that t eir clients

had the
ealt
an
c il ren
yt e C
a
an
to
e consu te
conferences hel
a out t elr sc 00 recor s,

with t eir teac ers, that
social and educational services might be
ove-
taile .
to
churc
atten
ere
112
SOCI
CASE WORK DEFINED
oes not appear, that is, to -e i:he same wor ing

___ ara
ansca we
were
re urge to atten their own
..
,
.
cure
c ure , an
'-" ara s re atlons WIt
It
lt were
strengt ene
oth y her stay in t e convent an
is worth noting, in passing, that the Austrian

an
her relatives were onee

once more a Ie
le to meet on
inifre
eth
ones is to tee ect that a
ist minister ha
een aske
InvIte t e
children to join the Sunday school. The request
a
of
een ma e wit
the knowie
knowle ge and consent
rs. ones, who was a
ut who ha
etho ist at one time,
cut herself off from this contact as

/
T ere is 0 ten nee

tereste
team p ay as
etween
in various members of the same family .
113
CASE WORK?
WHAT IS S
these
anscas in care ul
uI
pans.
p ans.
spen lng was promote
t em to save.
to atten
letltlan, t e
eresa
ouse, t e ones
Y t e
egrl was encourage
at a neigh
cC 1
ren an
glven
gIven outlngs
outIngs an
t e
anscas
were
entertainments In p enty,
an
year.
. . . ase wor ers are a ways actlng

actIng as go- etweens
use 0 t ose organlze

organize
or
socla resources 0 neig

nelg -
an
It as even
communIty
eommunlty
een assume
toget er WIt
IC ,
t at teease
t e case wor er IS
I
t e practlpraet!
tloner W 0 alms to 0 t oroug wor must 0 ten
lAL
- act as a mi
leman,
lng
ut when it comes to
we must
IS
e on our guar
efin
agalnst
agaInst
e means
or teen
resources an
whic
ou
expert servIces 0
have so enric e
many
case work
In s
ecomes a
e c al enge to t at community's case work
ers 'a c a enge to t elr IngenuIty

tngenulty In
eve oplng
POSSl
pOSSl
e su stltutes or nee e
pus
ar to secure the community agencies still
ac 109,
Ing, an
resources an
s ou
e ectlve arguments an I ustratlons as t elr case

ne relation
a vance as een suggeste
etween
in t is last sentence.
sue re ations, in act, some

T ere is a networ of suc
o W
w le
tC
ope to
or
escrl eater;
e ater;
owever
ea
envlronmenta a Justments assume no c ange to

11

anot er an
entirely
iflerent
ifferent environment.
roun ings; change 0
It
It
surroun ings is a 50 an
e c ange
temporary, sometlmes
sometImes permanent.
vironment which
illustrate
ecte
t e
ave
ould
at t e en-
een a
in
eorge Foster's case.
outst
outS! e
IS
own
18
ome; t e
uil er of
Here the
y was re-
ome t at
maintaine
coul
couI
not
escri e
as anti-social
efore the case wor er knew them, a permanent c ange
or
aria seeme
necessary.
bring them together in a better mood; Clara

Vansca needed a longer period, followe
folIowe
tlnuous an
y con-
palnsta lng rea Justment to t e

116
,

..
telnporary change.
into the social matrix 0 tee ient's origina surroundings, provided a return to these surround-
essary, and without removal to a new environment, as in
ini re
returned to 01 er an
ones's case. In the
llegri
more familiar con i tions,
\vhile her daughter Teresa was sent to a new

home which was smartly American, though to
ognlze .
Another aspect of changed environment is
presen te
y the nee s
those clients
clien ts of dif-
ferent national and racial backgrounds in which

the c ange ha
cen
een made before they became
known to the case worker and through immigra-
tion to the United States.

assume
Usually it has been
t at a justments in the process of

117
IAL
lAL CASE WO
WOR ?
WHAT IS
WRAT
Americanization soul
all
e ma e on t e si e
o the immigrant, who is to learn our language,
stu your
y our InstItutIons,
lnstltutlons, accept our ways, WIt out /
.
.
.
any mo 1 cations
catIons In our own p ans
aDS an pur/
a justments on both si es. Even so, t e socia

.
.
.
a luster
Juster cannot succee WIt out sympat etlc unerstan ing of t
t e
e l1
or
ackgroun s from
w en
ansca's an
over.
ent to note t at
upert
ut t eir ittle gir t an
a outanyot eronet 109;

lOg; Itwast
ltwast et oug to
,
...,. ara
ansca's w
ome centere
n
,,
lIS
., ,.
,,.
Foundation, 1922.
social
soeial
ackgroun
aekgroun
ha
a further bearing upon

elonging onee
once
that
ear some relation to one anot er, is
estt
ones's his-
rs.
ha
ones was stirre
as she
not
re-entrance
re-entranee into her 1i e, an it as meant a great
eal
to
-
er c it
i1 ren in a new sense 0 social con
ng.
it is evident that the solution must

foun
e found, i
at all, through the relatives.
or ing homes were foun

or
aria Bie owski, one of
lara
ansca's em-
ployers was co-operative and helpful, and the

inifre
119
In
t e varie
things t at case workers can
in ade
seems best fitted,

fi tted, in assuring
etter training for
in the illustrative material that I have employed
IS
accounte
,
these illustrations were gathered just af

after
ter a
cases In
ment.
IC
more ra lea c anges In
But here again there has
ouslng
een a house
Rupert
120
Young has move into four rooms lnstead of two,

an
t e soeial
social worker has
een able to get
rs.
Vansca's street coul be better, though her rooms
eavor to Improve
lmprove

con ltlons.
ere we have sueh
such
esses as
w ic
ie
have
een a Ie
le to reeognize
recognize an
has for its

i ts aim the effecting
effeeting of
justments
etter ad-
etween the individual human being
and the world in whieh

which he must live.
as yet
to
een
eVlse
scale
yY SOCla wor ers or meas-
* See footnote to p. 14.

121
L CASE WORK?
WHAT IS
measure
game of life w ic
ie
is no mere game 0 se -seek-
goo wil,
com
corn ination 0
for the task.
these services WOll

wou
ut t at the
ave
een
onsi er, for a moment, what that
com
corn ination involve
cases.
most
e y to revea
122
own seeme
to
e the wrong one, an
to in uce
ur-
eClSlon.
mitting all mention of the training given to
aria at t e schoo
conSl
eonSl er a so w at
about the use of m
a out the care ul
uI selection of working homes or a
an
the

tunltles.
one
t IS
specla lZ
specIa
experIence was
experlence
In
12 3

with the girl herself.
what
It was necessary to know
aria was doing without discouraging

her
.
whims which woul
best results.
only have lost her respect.
And the combination of all these
services, lea ing at last to mar e
growt
In
were
acci
aCCl ent
en t asi
aSl e, assure
etter relation to
cause 0
t e SOCla case treatment t ey
ceive ? Given the acts as here set
ave re-
own, and
external conditions of these cli

clients
en ts when case wor ers first
found them, has there or has there not been a
egree of growt
or all 0
t em an
mar e
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
'
'~~
_
__
__
_
'_._~
'
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
'T'~
'
'
__
__
~~_~~'
'
'
___
_
__
""z_.M_~
=
=
'FE
'
rE
S-_'_,,"r7"
7 _ _ ' _ " $ 3 ..
"
._._,._,,'
'_'-,._,,'
"
12 4
124
~'
_n_
----
_ ________ _
---------
-. -'
......
the sixteen? I do not attempt to give a categor
ans
lea
tea
12 5
.,.---;.~--------,- - - - - -_ _ _ _ _ _
2 _ _ _ _ __
,
HE
era in
a hero whose min
orl
orI
occuple
Wit
ha
systems, t eorles, an
een pre-
gospe
S,-'
na y earne
single human eing! He is ma e of the same ma
terla as man In
In genera.
IS mlrrore
ffilrrore In t e sma.
e In nlte
ntte wor
ou, W 0
0 want to ta e
everyone
every one WIt you on t e way to t e great awn,
.,
Harol
tere
t e re atlon 0
0 t e In IVI
lVI ua to society
In any at
attempt
tempt to
, sig
slg to.
t 0
orget t at
an un er ylng piOSOp
p I osop Y
ase w<;>r ers must not
out a spirit 0
0
ecause,
evotlon to t e uman e ement

ernent In
rl tlng, In a persona
etter, 0 teeast
t e east ope-
126
., 2
HUMAN INTERDEPENDENCE
ul an
ui
tional work, a social
soeial case worker in a certain
eertain almshouse sai
sees somet lng In an 0

nice, resh, ce ot -
eat er-
un
un
copy 0 a
st se Ier,
ler, an
it is a
on everyone
every one who
SOCla wor ers a vocatlng one type 0 SOCla case

wor
or t ose a ove it, the 0
0
t e poor an
sai
a wor
ha it of making un-
anot
w ic
ie
soul
ut extlr-
WHAT IS SOCI
CASE WORK?
indee
A reviewer of an earlier
00
were "nothing if not concrete."
of mine on social
t the risk of
seeming to go to the other extreme in this hook,

book,
must lie a philosophy.
If we would understand
zation
zat
ion to its main stream of avance.
a vance.
If social
* H uxley,
ux1ey, Thos.: Evolution and Ethics, p. 39.
uoted
H uman Evoluby Edwin G. Conklin in The Direction of Human
tion.
128
.; t
,. -.
'
which its significanee

significance was gradually brought
grew up in a wor
whic
hel
very romantic,
"solitary horseman" views of the individual. He
encroachments as
an
est he could.
I still remem-
it was many years af

after
ter that
iscovery be-
together laboriously out of his observations of the

actions and reactions of others.
ames
ark
He says in his Social an
The development of the child's personality could not go

on at all without the constant modification of his sense of
* In Prince Kropotkin's 1\11 utual Aid, a Factor of Evolu
tion.
12 9

himself by suggestions from others. So he himself, at
every stage, is really in part someone else, even in his
bis own
thought of himself.
An in a section on social heredity, Baldwin adds:

He is born into a system of social relationships just as
he is bom
born into a certain quality of air. As he grows in
dy by breathing the one, so he grows in mind by absorbing the other. The influence is just as rea1
real and as
tangible. *
view In a
Royce
num err 0 passages,o W
t e
IC
oWing one
oWlng
IS
In brief, then, I should assert here, as a matter of

psychoIo ,what
, what I have elsewhere worked out more at
length, that a child is taught to be self
self-conscious
-conscious just as he
is taught everything else, by the social order th
that
at brings
him up. Could he grow up alone with lifeless nature,
there is nothing to indicate that he would become as selfconscious as is now a fairly educated cat.
Pro essor
o
eorge
lcago,
IS
post tlon a step
* Baldwin, ames Mark: Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, p. 30 and p. 70. New Vork,
York,
The Macmillan Co., 1902.
.
Royce, osiah: Studies of Good and Evil, p. 208. N

New
ew
, York,
Vork, D. Appleton and Co., 1910.
130
RUMAN
HUMAN INTERDEPEND
only the m
ium in which personality is devel-
ope
has pu lished little, and that little is not very
accessi Ie
le to t e general rea er.
I t is one of the foun a

a tion stones
t e wi er self. It
w atever vestige of an i ea still remains with us
watever
that a man's min
is somewhere in his hea ,or

At
for the social case worker, the human mind is not

a xe
an
una tera Ie
le t ing, un ess it
e e ec
n t e contrary, It IS
a iving, growing, changing,
well
weIl as the bad.
fessor
ighly suggestible
"Of all animals,"

animaIs," says Pro-
ocking," it is man in whom here ity

131
counts for least and conscious
uilding forces for
,-,onsider that
~onsider
abit e angin
keenest,
. and it
prOVl e
e
prOVI
im
lffi
most
ecomes cIear
eeomes
clear that nature has
or her own
Other creatures nature coul
finis : t e uman creature must nis
imse ."*
ter w en they
aye succeeded in getting a fairly

ave
-when
ome
c ure
cure
aSSOcIates towar
assoelates
lm an
IS
towar
or com-
munity institutions, and to his country.

aria Bielowski in a classroom, one
* Hocking, WilIiam
William Ernest: Human Nature and lts
Its ReVale University Press, 1918.
making, pp. 9 10. New Haven, Yale
See Chapter II.
while another asked whether she was not a

teac er.
ave asked
ealth nurse, or as a matter
act social case
work an each of these other pro essions occupies

groun in common. That each has its own task,
however, is illustrated by the psychiatrist and
the social worker. Beginning near the center of
trist bores in an
sp ere 0
in, w ile the social worker's
action radiates outwar
along all the
Hnes
lines of a client's social relations.
here a mal-
ual an mental, one form 0 skill is neede ; where

it is predominantly environmental and social the
other; while both are probably indispensable
where
wh
ere there is a disturbed personality in an un-
or that
133
hereisnosuc
hereisnosue t ingasa "se -ma eman,"and
t may appen to anyone

any one 0 us at any time an
our

Itles,
ltles, some temporary Ss oe
oc
rom Wit out, or
organize the individual, the more elicate, under

any 0
tese
t ese clrcumstances,
circumstances,
a Justment
oes t e
re-
e.
ac Ing
lng
ro en connection
eonneetion or to supp y a motlve
motIve ae
before. To illustrate:
A former student of mine, working in a part of

the count where organized medical-social work was UD134
known, found herself often

often called upon, as secretary of the
family welfare society of the town, to help the local physicians in pellagra cases. As soon as these doctors discovered wh
what
at her social case work skill could accomplish, they
began to seek her aid in cases which were uncomplicated
by economic need or family maladjustment. At one stage
of tbis
this disease the patient suffers from a horrible depression of spirits. Aggressive cheerfulness in the nurse or
caretaker only increases the depression, whereas one who
knows how to in the social bacygrounds and foregrounds
of the patient's past can often
often find in them some interest
to he
be revived, some taste to be cultivated, and can thus
supply the one thing which makes life seem worth living.
Two college mates of my acquaintance became, after
af ter
their graduation years ago, volunteer assistants in the
fanli1y
faJl1i1y social work societies of their separate cities. One
of them made the acquaintance, in the course of her work,
of a deserted wife and her three small children. The home
conditions were pitiable, and she set to work at once to
improve the health and material welfare of the family,
while seeking to discover at the same time the whereabouts of the missing husband
hushand and father. He was found
in the city in which her classmate lived. Accor gly,
this college friend was asked to make hls
his acquaintance.
He had travelled there in search of work, had found it,
and had gradually drifted into i oring his absent family
hls own
altogether, spending his money instead upon his
pleasures.
These two earnest women began to devise various plans
to bring him back to a sense of his
bis responsibilities,
135

WRAT
with such happy results at last that not only was the fampernlanentIy reunited but more prosperous than it had
ily pernlanently
ever been before.
hen, long after,
af ter, 1I asked the second
volunteer what, in her opinion, had been the secret of
success in this particular social venture, she replied, "I attribute its beginnings, at least, to the fact that I discovered the man's one serious interest in life and was able
to build on that. He was ardently devoted to his tradeunion and, when he found that I too was a unionist and
knew a good deal about the details of the movement, we
had a common meeting ground. It was in this way that
he became increasingly willing to attend to what I had to
say about his children and their future."
atent power 0 ra latlon,

latIon, 0 ma lng conneetIon,
connectIon,
that is, with other interests of equal or greater
an
jOln.
JOIn.
hen
the bal
ha1
ave to sit in con erenee

erence were
w ere such
statement of the imme late
culty
I 6
when one is found, is more likely to come from

consideration of the nearest approach to normal
experiences have mol ed him for better or for

worse. Unfortunately, many decisions, involving
the whole future of a client in some cases
eci-
tional training, change of occupation, and so onare still made without any such sense of the value
an
significance 0
significanee
ac graun ,of natural

na tural in ter-
ests an na tural ties. Here is the client

clien tand
and here
plans. The assumption is that the situation predesert island, whereas each of us is surrounded by
a network of relationships
some na
no langer
longer ac-
others certain to remain active no matter what

ecisian is made.
In making any decision affecting the welfare of
another and such decisions will have to be made
13
CASE WORK?
WHAT IS
un
t eory 0
IS an
responSl 1 1ty to our e OWS
IS
the extreme instance

instanee even 0 the foun ling on the
bears witness to human relations whic
the re-
e sal to ave
aye a on yone
y one ImenSlon,
lmenslon, t ere was
sourceless. Then the social wor
100
loo
somewat
somew at an trle to master a routine 0 seelng,
seeIng,
one
y one, his client's relatives, teachers, em
e
imension to case work.
a second
longer was it Iinear

linear
stage of development is to bring the client and
t ose to w om
e IS SOCla y re ate
toget er, or
138
to ring him in contact with some of these associ-
,,
,
,
of it at secon
hand. These observations should
actions are already giving case work this third di-
one by one wit

all had
ifIerent relatives an
friends
een
Years ago an English colony of button makers settled

the colony,
in a New England city. One of the men in tbe
bis
himself the son of a button maker, had several sons of his
the
own who entered the same trade. One of these sons, tbe
subject of the present illustration, married the daugbter
daughter of
a button maker, and her brothers had establisbed
established a
button factory. This married couple had six children, all
of them delicate and some with serious physical handicaps.
The particular branch of the industry witb
with which
the whole family connection was so closely identified had
long periods of
work; the conditions of the work
the past, moreover, had of
often
ten been unwholesome.
in tbe
139
, ,
;~
\
.~
Without attempting to unravel in this short summary

that interplay of cause and effect which is so character" istic of social as distinguished from natural phenomena,
it must suffice to record here that the man took to drink,
and that, in milder fashion, his wife did the same. Their
relatives became estranged from them and their home
miserable. It was at this stage that a social case
miserabIe.
worker found them. She was still able to recognize, beneath the dirt and squalor, marks of refinement. Soon
it was discovered, by physical examination, that the man
had tuherculosis,
tuberculosis, but go to a sanatorium he would not.
He and his wife were induced to take a journey of inspection to the sanatorium with the social worker, but still he
resisted. Then inquiry was made quietly as to which one
of his shopmates had the most influence over him. This
fellow-workman was induced to intervene and actually
accomplished the desired result.
Arrangements we
were
re then made to keep the home together and improve its living conditions during tbe
the man's
absence. Tbe
The varied details of this part of the social
worker's program do not concern us here. But it should
he
be noted that relatives living in several states were all seen,
the intercourse broken off years before was renewed, and
each relative, as weIl
well as the family's church, became an
active participator in the new plans.
the button business appear and reappear
Details of tbe
throughout this record. Af
After
ter the head of tbe
the family had
been away a few months, the brother-in-Iaw
brother-in-law manufacturer, who formerly had
bad had no interest in his sister's
husband, offered the man a chance to do less exacting work
HUMANINTERDEPENDENCE
at fairly good pay. In great excitement the wife had
\vritten to her husband, forwarding this offer and urging
ler writing she sought
him to come home at once. But a ter
out the case \vorker and told her what she had done.
Then followed telegrams to the head of the sanatorium,
for the patient was not yet cured, and it was most important that he should remain where he was. An understanding was next arrived at with the prospective emthat
at the same work would
ployer" -the brother-in-Iaw"
brother-in-law" th
he
be offered a few months later, and the case worker was authorized to dispatch a second message to the sanatorium
stating that, for the present, the place had been filled.
Meanwhile the question of the health of the children
had heen
been taken vigorously in hand. Several were found
to be pre-tubercular and one to have first-stage tuberculosis. For the latter, long-term treatment in a country
place was provided; for the former, a period of observa..
tion in a state institution. Another child had home care
for a serious eye condition. It was no small task to repair the neglect of years, and the youngest child, a baby,
did not survive its second summer. The other children
are all in excellent condition no\v. \Vhen the fat
father
her refull day's work, he found a
turned cured and able to do a fuIl
real home awaiting him.
In addition to the social agencies, four groups had participated in this improvement. As all knew just how the
change was accomplished and all were likely to be in continuous relation with the family, it is improbable that the
services of a social worker will he
be needed again. To use
the expression of the social worker who is responsible for
141

tb
this
is result, tbe
the relatives, tbe
the family's
iamily's churcb,
church, tbe
the man's
fellow-employes, and his employer have an
aH "learned the
game." The family have leamed
learned it too .
. . . ase work of this intensive sort ta es time an
as a permanence
with mass reactions, an
refuge in the
of these accurate
iscussion of abstractions.
very
One
bases his thesis upon a single instinct, anot er
process an
Walter
Waiter Lippmann in The New Republic for December
15, 1920, says, " . . . one can safely assert that no col
lective psychology will go far or go deep which starts from
the group as a whole rather than from the disposition of
individuals to form groups." See also references to Pro
fessor Dewey's criticisms of present day social psychology
in American ournalof ciology, Vol. XXVI, p. 454.
2
142
14
HUMANINTERDEPENDENCE
with the smallest social groupings into which men
have formed themselves? The laboratory metho coul
an
not
e use ,
ut the method of trained
accurate observation remains; an
too rea y to
IS
e are al
an .
ami iar wit
resi ents 0 a gOD
an exten-
t e in of sixth sense
social sett ement.
Between
ith feet still
IS
ave
reeen
tlons 0 groups 0 two or tree

t ree or more, un er con
ItlonS
ltlonS w
le
tC
expert 0 servation
servatlon posst
POSSI
143
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VI
,
\
sai
tha t t e centra aim 0
social
ment of personality, an
pose with a number of other orms of service.
religion, and social case work are not identical;
earn
from the others does not esta !ish
lish identity either
of metho
or of ac ievement.
.-.Jivilization
. . . ivilization will
advance farther with less breakage by the way if
social worker, each to
what eac
knows
est
how to do.
e have seen that t
case worker to his task is y way of t e study
.
, . .
an
etter a Justment
]ustment 0 man s SOCla re atlons.
has
I
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE'S
min
of t e case worker's client an
his environment
the other in
in the min s, t at is, of other
with efiniteness upon one side of it a man's inherited traits, an
upon the other those of his
c aracteristics
aracteristies w ic
ie
are the resu t 0
environ-
ment. Life is not so simple as all that. But the

social worker, deeply concerned
eoncerned as he is with the
he i ers from ot er human eings
these t ings
In uence, In turn, t e SOCla

sOCla enVIronment yan
through which
imsel
is to
e in uence .
iss Follett,
ing recognition of the indivi ual."* An the dual

nature 0
t e case wor er's task is suggeste
* Follett, M. P.: The Ne\v State, p. 162.

Longmans, Green and Co., 1918.
in
New Vork,
York,
10
,
CASE WORK?
WHAT IS
WRAT
environment.
an
must eave t epi

e p 1 osop ers ere
see the gui ance
on t e one an an
gists on the other.
10 oglsts
psyc
an
eugenlsts
OglstS an SOCIO
0-
ne 0
0 teest
t e est aut orities in
t e ormer group states t e situation as 0 ows:

It is plain that environment and education play a greater
part in the development of man than in that of other
animals, whereas heredity plays the same part; but it is
animais,
difficult if not impossible to detennine the relative importance of these three factors. In the field of intellect
and morals most persons are inclined to place greater
weight upon the extrinsic than upon thc
the intrinsic factors,
but this opinion is not based upon demonstrabIe
demonstrable evidence.
So far as organisms below man are concerned there is
general agreement that heredity is the most important
factor, and this opinion is held also for man by those who
have made a thorough study of heredity."
ut our practIca
praetlca
1
I cu
eu ty 18 t at t
aye ma eat
ave
e a t oroug
stu y 0
0
ere Ity
aye
ave
stu y 0 t e
See footnote, p. 95.
Conklin, Edwin Grant: Heredity and Environment,
pp. 366-67. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1916.
It
ot
146
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
menta an
socia
one rea s on
i e 0 man. In act, t e more
SI es 0 t IS Su
su Ject t e more
Ityan
ltyan
18
Stl
envIronment as actors
ac tors In
an unsett e
question.
questlon.
uman we are
r.
yerson, In
ass .
. . . tate
laws of
en e
o not app y to luman In erlt-
ance or t e reasn
reason t at suc
con itions of inserve
among
0 not preval
en elan experlments
experIments
uman
en e ,"
e ex-
s own to app y or any
p ySlca
YSlca In erltance IS 0 ten con use ,IS a qUlte
qUite
terent
t erent t Ing.
lng.
...... ra am
a as glves
gives us some 1 umlnatlng
pages upon teatter

t e atter In IS new 00,
ur octa
* Myerson, A.: "Psychiatrie

"Psychiatric Family Studies," The
American Journal 0 Insanity, Vol. LXXIII, p. 360. Baltimore, The ohns Hopkins Press, 1917.
WHAT IS S
WRAT
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
er-tance e ongs not to man

eritage. Socia in eritance
alone
the
ut
no social heri tage, whereas ir s, which are longer-
hat this social
habit formation, have not the unalterable character of traits transmitte throug the germ plasm.
I t is an in eritance, however, in the sense that
man is
otn
orn into it, and, in a
ition to th
this
is in-
eritance, a I the environmental effects of e ucation, religion, government, an
social intercourse
ing individual, are still to be reckoned with. The
of social work activities and the turning over of

* Wallas, Graham: Our Social I-Ieritage, pp. 14' 23. New
Haven, Vale
Yale University Press,
1921.
148
moneys t
urt er
eugenic research.
At the same time, the fundamental message of
workers have the great fact of ineradicable inDemocracy must face it, education must never
lose sight of it. The assertion that folks are difwe their inherited and unchangeable differences
to reckon with, but to these are adde all the dis-
ence.
evertheless, there are few obvious truths
workers themselves.
The correlative truth of
man's common nature is the one stili emphasized

treatment can achieve t e desired result.
Our first vigorous reactions against the autoamong men
ut upon their resem lances and
149

WRAT
A Ier
ler has no
note
te ,comes to
mistakenly taken to mean likeness in the sense of sameness, not in tbe

the sense of tbat
that fundamentallikeness
fundamental likeness on tbe
the
background of which tbe
the desirabIe
desirable unlikenesses stand
forth~ The erences are to be stressed; they
are the coruscating ints in the spirituallife
spiritual life of mankind.
That every man is the equal of his
bis fellows means th
that
at he
has the same right as each of tbe
the others to become unlike
the others, to acquire a distinct personality, to contribute
his one peculiar ray to tbe
the white light of the spiritual
life. *
,-
s a matter 0 fact there is more t an a tra

trace
ce of
ca e atten
tlon to Its
lts autocratIc tren
the
ational
In an a
ress
efore
on erence of ocia
or In 1915.
thei ea
...,ontrl utlon 0
aCla
ase
or
to
emoc-
Adler, Felix: An Ethical Philosophy of Life, p. 142 sq.

New Vork,
York, D. Appleton and Co., 1918.
Then the National Conference of Charities. See Proceedings for 1915, "The Social Case Worker in a Changing
World," p. 43.
Proceedings for 1918, p. 263.
15
oppor-
were
we
re
create
of its members, we must also agree that there is
name y,
one an
reat uneQua t
t e same tIme
~ngs
unequa y.
y t e way In w IC
le
Chinamen, for example.
ur temptatlon
temptation
our
15
to
blances to ourse ves; to treat them as a c ass
Miss Vaile used, and so do I, Dr. Henry Van Dyke's

striking paraphrase of Plato's words. The passage will be
found in Book VI of the Laws, pp. 273 74 of owett's
187 I .
translation, edition of 1871.
15 1
WHAT IS
CASE WORK?
rien tals look
each examination into the
etails
etaiIs 0
social stratifications would be washe
rage, a
etermine
t eir lives,
away and
effort was ma e to
reak
formula was never more applicable.
r~ever had
race an
unequally .
. . . ra am
alIas urging t e full recognition of in-
dividual differences upon delTIOCracy.
In the
field of education he imagines the teacher asking

himself whether he shall treat all his pupils alike
or base his treatment of them on their ifferences,
No perfectly simple answer to this question will be

possible until our
rs of psychologie
psychological
al testing are increased, and until social equality has
bas suffieiently
sufficiently ad
advanced
vaneed
to make the differenees
differences at any moment between ehildren
children
depend much more tban
than they do at present upon
upon""nature,"
nature,"
and mucb
much less upon the"
tbe "nurture"
nurture" of rieh
rich and poor, or of
educated and uneducated homes. But, broadly speaking,
I am convineed
convinced that social progress already lies on the
line of
. cl difference. *
y lnte 1gent ma
mass
ss actIon;
action ; It
lt recognlzes
recognizes
* Our
,
Iverlver-
cia! Heritage, p. 98.
153
WRAT
WHAT IS
lAL
IAL CASE WO
?
. .
". .
le a mlnlstraY esta IS lng orms 0 pu IC
.
SIty
,
o owe
very
ose y t e stages t at
aye Just
ave
unIversa tralts
traits In a
once tea sence 0 unlversa
onee
uman
group an
unI
unl ormlty.
as treate
unequa
t lngs
equa y.
eserters, recent ImmIgrants,

lffiffilgrants, an
SO
so
rea lze tat

t at t IS
a It
I t Stl
ognlze Its
lts angers.
name 0
ecessary as a startlng
startIng pOInt,
tee assl catIon must not
to recree-
persIsts an
on-to
e trans orme Into

tnto a
merlcanlzatlon are lrect y tracea
e to
ImmIgrants
lffiffilgrants as
essentla y a
an
to
e treate
ale.
om in
nomic an
ealing
social con i tions, will

wiII
tlon t at no unl
unI orm program 0 proee
proce ure or a
15
can succee ,
tially even in the one characteristic of their rela
accustome to continuous occupatlon;

occupation; some un-
are ale
IS
so we
th
this
is series
series t at
tem,
t em, at
In
re ut
nee
anot er vo ume
urne
not mention it
east, 0
t e won erfu
ere.
Iverslty
lverslty
Iverslty
lverslty
against
agalnst t at
ac groun
un
w ich more an
our camman
common nature
more COInman s t eir reverence
an IS t e unl
unI ylng e ement In a program 0 many
etails,
mastery.
eman ing no small egree of skill for iits

ernan
ts
y any omnl us term or
.....on ronte
Colcord, oanna c.:

C.: Broken Homes.
Russell ge Foundation, 1919.
New Vork,
York,

WRAT
begin to seek at once for dissimilarities within the

tions in the suggeste socia treatment. The old
dead-and-alive entries of former
ays in social
case records, such as "woman tells the same old
all, for clear an
aithful pictures of well-dif-
dent of mine writes, "I find that social case work

an
revolution.
I
In act, there can
e no true democ-
occasion some time since to look over a
ment was beginning to take root in
merlca.
wrote, "
soon b e 0 b VIOUS an
"
easy.
The social case worker of to ay deals with a
of charita Ie
le relief, but even within that re-
fact is that people in like circumstances

eircumstances are
never so much alike as they appear to be.
beo Nevertheless, that mistaken generalization of years ago
eman s an
traine
min s and hands nee ed to make such

,
treatment a reality. There is danger that in pubHe

lic departments and in many other pI
places
aces the
ly
t an t e essentia
skill w ic
ie
It requlres;
requires;
In
WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WOR ?

WRAT
W IC
case tere
t ere Wl
WI
e more motIons -many

o
en eavor
in ivi ual
varle pattern 0
umanltyan to strlve,
strIve, WIt an
e
ept
an
rIerlC-
ness of its color tones.
VII
In
the
elimiting fact that we cannot treat
tem.
tern.
overnments an
an lcapplng t em crue y.
clients,
IS
ople,
ple,
egls atures to t e con-
t e statesman to
IS app les
not
is constituents, it
welt upon t e formative power of suc relations,

In so far as social insurance applies to everyone
every one instead
of to a particular group to a group of people qualifying on
the basis of destitution, for example my argument does
holde The gradual establishment of reasonable minimini

not hold.
. mum standards for all the people is one way of equalizing
opportunity without ignoring differences.
159
ut t at power can e exerte In Opposlte

OPPosite ways
lt may
It
eve 0P
op persona Ity
lty or It
lt may crlpp
lt.
crlpP e It.
pa-
tient, or frien
and frien .
The first an
most
Cl.
omlnatlng an
pOInts at W
w
IC
t e growlng
growing mln
S
s
ou
e en-
as not seen parents ma e

e 0oe
e ore t elr time,
ffussy
ussy affection of their sons an
augh ters?
In
wit watever
w atever is est in mo ern e llcation.
uation. The
genuine .teac er seeks to train not disciples

o servers.
So with the doctor; at his
ut
est he,
selves. As etween frien s the same trut ho ds.

11 of which is
THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

TUE
we
a ways
whic
ave to remtn
ourse yes t at It
lt
IS
so.
our human kind are of

often
ten found to be suf-
fering, and the realization of this intolerableness

whic some
the con tacts of case work bring,
may betray the case worker into adding one
an lcap
leap 0 an unnervlng
unnerving plty.
pIty.
have to conten
with.
Two who have
rt ur
orne such witness,
lin
earson :
hen I lost my sight, I was between four and five years

of age. My father said to the other members of the family, "You must do everything for him." My mother took
me by the hand, led me into another room, and said,
" oseph, you can leam
learn to work as weIl
well as the other children, and I will teach you." . . . I love and revere the memory of that mother, who encouraged her
blind boy to do his full share of the work and have his
I
11
I
161
WHAT
WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WO
full share of the fun. To the courage and independence

gained during those twelve years on a mountain farll}
faral} in
Tennessee I owe chiefly whatever I have accomplished
after life.
in after
It seemed to me th
that
at blind people had in tbe
the past
been generally treated entirely in the wrong manner.
Sweet kindly folk had talked to them about their affiiction and the terrible difficulties that beset them. If
you teIl
tell a man of
often
ten enough that he is a cted, he will
become a cted and will adopt the mental and physical
attitude befitting that soul-destroying word.
hen I found my sight was doomed I arrived

at various decisions of greater or lesser im rtance, and
one of tbe
the lesser ones was that I had better dispense with
the services of the personal attendant wbo
who had looked
after
af
ter me for many years, as otherwise he would probably
become a stumbling-block in tbe
the path of blind proficiency.
The great secret of success in learning to be blind is to insist u
doing everything ssible for oneself.
t e ana yses 0
tout,
anlma
anIma
an
uman
e aVlor.
cc whic
prevents progresslve
progressive
eve op
ment, IS t e eXlstence
eXistence 0 Instincts, W
w IC
tC
0 01'
OP
Campbell, Dr. F. .: Outlook or the Blind, Vol.

Val. I, p. 99.
Pearson, Sir Arthur: Victoryover
Victory over Blindness, pp. 15and
71. New Vork,
York, Doran, 1919.
162
THE BASIS OF PURPOSEF

TUE
PURPOSE
t em w at t e
uman
ION
elng must
or
lmIm-
sel .".
."
re raln rom
, ut there is every
reason w y we cannot treat a human
this fashion.
eing in
In fact, social workers, like those
more or less skilled, should be pretty humblethat what a man oes for himself counts ar more
towar
that are
one for him.
e reason or t is win
will e oun in an examinahe
puppy or any ot er young anlma

anIma , an
is menta
* uoted by Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet in The Standard

of Life, p. I 18 Macmillan and Company f to which book
I am also indebted for some of the deductions that follow.

,
163
WHAT IS
WRAT
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
own
circle which 50
so circumscribes him that he is

Incapa
wants.
ith man there is no suc
acqulrlng
acquirIng progresslve
progressive an
circle; it is
y a splra.
splra .
rep ace
IS career,
IS
to compare one
concept WIt
e uce a t Ir
In
The reasoning an
the
anot er an
other wor
war s, to reason.
to
orlzon an
communlon
communIon WIt

IS t
t e
e lI eren
erence
ce
ot
t e seen an
etween routine an
t e unseen.
purpose u
action, between the domestic animal an
the
pioneer discoverer. *
* As regards instincts versus habits, note, for example,
this passage from Watson's Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, p. 254 Lippincott Company, 1919):
Cl No fair-minded scientific observer of instincts in man
164

TUE
ION
It is true that a man can

ean become so weighed
,-that it is
-that
these circunlstances an estimate

estima te of his na ti ve
should claim that the genus homo possesses anything like
the picturesque instinctive repertoire of the animal,
. Instinct and the capacity to form habits, while
related functions, are present in any animal in inverse ratio. Man excels in his habit-forming capacities. So quickly
are habits formed upon the basis of whatever instinctive
activity is present, that man is usually accredited with as
animals.""
long a list of instincts as the animais.
Or take the following passage from Arthur George
Heath's The Moral and Social Significanee
Significance of the Conception of Personality, p. I I Oxford, Clarendon Press,
19 21 :
"Not merely to he
be a self, hut
but to have a developed consciousness of self: to realize definitely the existence of our
outer world against which the self acts and reacts
reacts:: to form
deliberate plans in which memory serves to guide, and
rational criticism to control the will; powers su
such
eh as these
would seem inseparahle
inseparable from personality, and yet it appears
very doubtful whether sueh
such autonomy of interest and purpose against the surrounding world is realized in the life
animal but man himself."
of any anima}
Nothing said here, however, should be interpreted to
mean that a great leap was made as bet
between
ween man's mind
and that of the other anima
animals.
Is. The differences have come
not by leaps but by a very long series of short steps.
165
,I
oes not ta e
the circumstances into account can
e as un air
as a ju gment on the thrift of a p ant th

that
at has
bas
lation of wants ' of wants that his own exertions

must ema
erna eto
eta
,.;
ree
sornet Ing
somet
tter t an se -PIty
-PI ty In) IS
them to do!"
This is not the soeial

social wor er's
I ea 0
ence in su
such
eh situations as
t e eve 0
IS
very
cial
I
1
pOSSl
POSSI
erent,
ini re
ones's, were
w ere
er part
e partlclpatlon
particIpatIon on
owever, rom
ecomlng
ecornlng a spe-
rovi ence to one's c ient.
The true case
work attitude takes full

fuH account of man's greatest 'asset
sset
t e asset W IC
teasset
lstlnguls es
lm
Im
...
166
THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL A

TUE
ION
from all other animals,

animaIs, in that he can acquire pro-.
can acquire these, the case worker realizes, only

through action whic
pose ui.
ul.
is not automatic
step etween a man an
ut pur-
t e spur to
worse to him than what we meant when we us

That term ha
always a materialistic slant.
hat we really were in danger of doing was not
material relief; 'many
have never lacke
for
material things as weIl

well as the estitute have been
of service
to all forms, that is, which are with-
wise service can
e ill distinguished in the fol-
lowing illustration, for example:

stranger to me, a ormer teac
167
been
as it true t at relie was an evil always

erect attitu e t at sea
s e a
0 serve
e was
work with which she was i entifie , or to dis,
the case of afather

a father and mother with one child, a
valided that the mother ha
to
e at home to
Im.
lm.
he p ul
uI person at first,
ut as time ad gone on-
relief that was so much needed

more an
grasping
graspIng an
she had become

more an
more
ISlngenuous.
lSlngenuous.
168

TUE
visitor, t oug
ACTION
a woman of more than ordinary
thoughtfulness, had never attempte
to work
7hat,
That, I
ask
,were the relations between mother and

were affectionate
hat
t e
en InquIre
lnquire
It ha
not
hat were the mother's
Into.
lnto.
he visitor
visi tor did
not know.
tion.
This teacher must have known far
etter
come the head of the household later on and a

good citizen
ci tizen
exclusively upon making the relief

reHef adequate to
mate of her client's character was the correct one,
a Justment y
er mIS ortunes, was y no means

169
CASE WORK?
WHAT IS
WRAT
mot er 0
a growlng
growIng
him; she was a Ie

le to give affection an
man
it.
to com
corn ...
at she nee e ,a ter t e sh
an
woul

t e VIS1 tor toget er cou

eou
s are terespons!
t e responSl 1 1ty
e taken, al
towar
assurIng teuture
assurlog
t e uture success 0
er
In other wor s, what the client nee e

open window, an outlook. It seeme
00
ing
ome.
was an
to me that
ave
een
lSIS-
I have hesitated to use the word Cl motivation" in this

and the earlier examples of case work given in this hook
book
because the psychologists are not agreed as to its exact
meaning, but here at least we have an illustration of the
way in which thc
the discov
and acceptance of a motive
must precede any genuine participation by the client in the
social treatment. " Motive" is defined by Baldwin and
Stout as Cl anything whatsoever which, by influencing the
will
win of a sensitive being, is supposed to serve as a means of
determining him to act, or voluntarily to forbear to act,
I 0
THE BASIS OF PURPOSE

TUE
ION
mora e:
uman
ne
have
een a e, to the limit of t eir abilit , to
seeming unselfishness in which they are forcing

others to
all the receiving. To contrive some-
how to give that mother a new vision

supp y
her im-
er Wit an a equate motlve

motive a equate to
rig t pace
rlg
p ace
rig t not on y In our sc

rlg
se eme
erne 0
0
upon any occasion." See Dictionary of Philosophy and

Psychology, edited by ames Mark Baldwin.
* Dr. Felix Adler, in An Ethical Philosophy of Life,
describes the characteristics of egocentric philanthropy, of
I
at t IS pOInt a
Relief
as argess IS so
ope ess y un emocratlc t at Its

lts
curses
wi er
WI
eve
istri ution 0
relief
as a sort 0
-t e same thing or
su stl tu te
puts any faith in the eneficence of relief only, it

altruism, and finally of his own ethical philosophy which, in
a word, is Uuso
so to act as to elicit the unique personality in
others" and thereby in oneself. "Incontestably, in the
attempt to change others we are compelled to try to change
ourselves. The transformation undergone by a parent in
the attempt to educate his ehild
child is an obvious instance."
As an illustration of the typical error of altruism, he names
the wife or mother H who slaves for her husband or ehildren,
children,
obliterating herself, never requiring the services due her in
return and the respect for her which such services imply,
degrading herself, and thereby injuring the moral character
of those whom she pampers." Egocentric self-sacrifice is
described in a brilliant passage p. 212 sq. too long to be
reprod u
uced
eed here but weil
well worth more than one reading by
social workers.
THE BASIS OF PURPOSEFUL ACTION

TUE
maladjustment is soun
an
moreover, t e Interest an
fits the true situa
co-operatlon
t e
person or persons most concerned have somehow

een won
stan lng a C ient

ent an 0
with him, a program of participation is in essence
that there is no such

ear-
work.
an-
WHAT IS
WRAT
ne s W IC
le
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
eve Op
op persona 1lty
ty In t elr
Wl
ginning to acquire
clients, i t ese c ients are
.
.
.."
Ig
le IS In19 er wants y a purpose u action W
W IC
~ng
ng
coming more C
comlng
c ose y re ate
munlty groups to W
w IC
t en we nee
eac
to t e varlous
various comnatura y
e ongs,
not worry a out tere

t e re ie si e of
our program or a out any ot er mere y secon ary
cons!
eonSl era tlon.
VIII
rom t e more a stract consl era-
RNIN
Iverslty,
lverslty, It
lt
IS
time to
man
wor
elngs an
t elr socia
socla environment rom
rorn a
cou
of case
in its re ation to future social
eve op-
ments, ut strengt en
now
tlons In our own
an a Just
ay an
social re a-
time are even more
ur own wor
as we
consi er eac one in rel

reI a tion to certain Oll
ou tstan ,
17
lng an
an
ese are
t e court
-a ist whic
cou
e somew at
exten e .
escrlptlon 0 case wor ,not even 80

so rle
fIe a one,
t
t e
e lI erent orms 0
socla wor
WIt
one an-
For purposes 0
case
an
intensive care of
cult cases.
Let me now
.
roa en Its
lts use to Inc
lnc u e once more a
,
t ose 50soit
an
or In IVl
lVI ua s, w et er or not t ey ea
Irect
lrect y to t e eve opment 0 persona Ity.
lty.
intensive case work about which I have een

...
.
. .
wrltlng
writIng t e type W le
IC
lrect y concerns Itse
ltse
to
ear a separate name In tIme a name 0 not
more t an one wor , et us
ope,
ut at t IS
SOCla serVIces
servIces or In IVl
lVI ua s ea t WIt
one
one.
THE HOME
First, t e ome .
hat re ation oes case work
ear to t
t e
e lI e 0 t e present- ay family?
w ic
ie
come to t e case wor er owing to t e fact
that the relationships wit

deal are the warp an
whic
s task has to
woof of daily life. This is
eop e
born into real homes an
-to assume t at t e su Ject
privileged to have
ami y
aml
IS
too
sacre a one to e iscussed. On the other hand,
muc
mue 0
0 t e Iterature
lterature 0
0 revo t agalnst
against t e aml
ami yY
as now constitute
critics.
sett e
ears internal evi en

ence
ce of the
Surely the questions involve

y persona
are too
las.

lSpOSl tlons too, no

ISPOSl
12
CASE WOR?
WOR ?
WHAT IS
WRAT
arge y upon t e
ey grew up, ut t ose
In
W 0
ome In
care most or
earn to set pre IS
posltl0ns
posItIons aSI e, or at east to
a owance or
I
aye se om
ave
nown a t oroug case wor er w ose vIews a
ut
t e aml
ami y, w et er conservatlve
conservatIve or ra lea,
tea,
a woman engage
In
ew
or
In case wor
on tewest
t e west SI e
soon a ter ta lng post-gra uate

en
to
t e group 0
extreme
emlnlsts W
W 0 accepte
no use for
WIt
W le
IC
am con ron te
t at, w en t e Wor
wor
tat,
am comlng
comIng to see
IS rema e, somet 109

lOg more
,
t an t e experlences
experIences 0 a sma
ectuals wil
wiI
coterle 0 Intecoterie
aye to e ta en into account."

ave
orms 0 SOCla
socla conSClousness
conSCIousness rom conSl
conSI eratlon.
I 8
THE HOME
I
I
,
,
aye
ave on y to remem er
has overri
stan
Isto
lsto
0
certain peri
perlo Sso
certaln
ow comp ete y, at
, t e power 0 t e aml
ami y
en t
t at the interest
social wor ers in t e
institution of the home shoul

'stitution
or its own sa e
strengt
an
IS
t IS
con Itlons
ltl0ns W IC
action
ut
pro a Ie
le sources
w at extent
not be in the in-
or t e sa
of
wea ness.
nesse
To
ome a pro
p
uct 0
nee
to
r to w at extent
ererne
reme I
IS
socla
y mass
It
lt mar
re its mem-
bers
un
In su Jectlon to testrongest 0
Initiative
lnltlatlve
IS
easier
easler to as tese
t ese questlons
questions t an
to answer t em; t e answer was not easy In

tn t e
0
case 0
.--'. . ara
ansca's
ini r
t e clients
emoraIize
emoralize
ouse ol
01 , or in
ones's. =10
0
social workers live in families they
are so accessi Ie
le to visitors.
any people
peopie come
* See Chapters 11 and 111.

Ill.
I
an go on one SOCla wor erran or anot er, eac
one In uenclng to some extent
asa
t
t e
e l1
eo t e am-
conscious y.
conscIous
ImagInary
lmaglnary
T i
la ogue wrltten
wrItten
y a case wor er, In
w ic
ie
to
" ane," a
.
."
,'
I1 ant roplst.
ropist.
er rien ," t e
"I understand. You mean that in a few years the

specialized agencies will have entirely decentralized the
family the truant officer wilt
will deal with the boy, the
friendly society with
witb the girl, tbe
the child hygienist
bygienist with tbe
the
child, and tbe
the baby welfare witb
with the baby; the different
nurses will have visiting days, while the industrial clinic
wiU be psychiatric
psychiatrie specialwill follow up the man. There will
win
ists for middle and old age and a budget specialist for relief. Everyone will have a different plan for the family "
"Dear me, what a lot of specialized persons there seem
to be," said tbe
the Philanthropist. There was a pause~
" hat are you thi ing a
t now?" he asked.
the family," said anc.
"Oh, I was just thi ng about thc
have
ane wou
een the
a 0 IS e , utt e
ea Ing
lng elt er WIt

1
lIes,
les, S ou
aml y
amlles
aml les or mem ers 0
0
now
owa
a go
gOD
1 e an
ea a
am-
ut teacts
t e acts 0
S ou
now e ge In
180
THE HOME
min
in all their work.
these acts are.
ithout attempting to
I am aware, of course, that many regard t e
there are in the world today

backgroun
homeless in the
of the heart stone."
ut none of
woul
crue
seem that c ildren have a right to two
oss.
pea lng
roa
y,
1 ren
mot ers w
t em an
love one another.
0 not
0
love
If this is true, then
we ave a certain efinite goal to work toward, no

matter how far the institution of marriage may
now lag
I
e in .
ISI
WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WOR

WRAT
WORK??
o t e Istur
lstur anee
In
a y IS
t e aml
ami y
ue to t
or greater
e quotes
eartl y agree,
struggle within
ut we must a -
tlnue to perpetuate elt er anarc y or autocracy
Wit In t e aml
amI y untl a way 0
0 preventlng
preventing sue
-
marriage IS oun .
marrlage
ow ere In t e e
marriage
rnarriage laws
0
0 pu
IC a minIstratIon IS
iverse it is true,
competent to oun
rea
ut not ra-
omes, tere
t ere s ou
proper sa eguar s agalnst

against t e marrlage
marrIage 0
0 t ose
ng
too young to marry, 0
0
t ose w 0
0 are
elng
. .
, .
coerce Into
coeree
tnto marriage, an 0 t ose W 0 Wt
WI Inln-
182
TBE
THE HOME
mlt
filt
on y
ac
now our present marriage laws an

,
their
ut S
s ou
OU
ance 0
anee
Istere.
lstere.
the
ractlca
a aptatlon
telntent
t e Intent
aw to t e in ivi ual circumstances will

evelop certain
certan case work
features in time.
....,. . . as es 0
0 tastes an
sponses to su
am 1
tlons, varylng
Itlons,
varYing re-
en externa c ange, re usa
t elr part In marlta un applness.
to
e mere
eorge
l\1er
For necessary modifications of this too briefly expressed

principle, see "The Right to Marry" by Dr. Adolf Meyer in
The Survey for une 3, 1916.
As an illustration of the close relation bet
between
ween social
case work and social reform, it may be mentioned in passing
that the studies made by the Russell Sage Foundation, first
of American Marriage Laws and now of marriage law administration this latter still in process), have grown
directly out of my relations with family case work.
1 83
WHAT
WRAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?
Lovers neath
th the singing sky of May
They wandered once; clear as the dew on flowers:
But they 'ed not on the advancing hours:
Their hearts held cravings for the buried day .
o resist
reslst c ange an
eyeryt Ing In a
to ose everyt
uman re atlon t at
There can
IS
e no per-
his aw 0 growt
app le , 0
course, In
r. Fe ix
ISCUSSlons 0
t e ami y.
er ma es a ye
It to t e
wit
the u.
aye our own way

etermination to ave
ucatlon or marrlage
marriage IS pro a
y t e most neg-
ma
an
* Adler, Felix: Marriage and Divorce, p. 35 sq.
York,
Vork, McClure, 1905.
New
THE HOME
TUE
soun
i eals of marriage and the family"

family "everyevery-
In
In
autocracy
IS
a tra Itlon.
ltlon.
or
merlca,
ere IS
IS an opportunlty
opportunIty
change in a new environment an

a apt t e training 0
are una
their c il ren to
ew
Instl
lnstl tu tlons.
tlon8.
an Italian fatber's
father's social conventions with American ways .
of restoring a dangerously ill girl to health. An operation
was needed and tbe
the hospita!
hospital in which it could be performed
had been found. But no entreaties moved tbe
the father,
* Ross, E. A.: Principles of Sociology, p. 590.
Y
ork, Century Co., 1920.
York,
New
WHAT IS S
lAL
IAL CASE WORK?
deteuuined that his child should not leave her home. At

last the case worker discovered that he regarded a young
unmarried woman as permanently disgraced who spent a
The
night away from the protection of the parental roof. Tbe
adaptation made was an arrangement by which father
could accompany daughter to the hospital and stay there
long enough to assure her restoration to health without
blasting her reputation.
n t IS Incomp ete enumeratlon

enumeration 0 Inequa Itles
origin Wit In t e
aVlog t elr orlgln
aye to
ome we _ ave
ree
personal relations with the outsi e world
re
ometlmes
ometImes
the home nest

the nest ings
IS
as
een so over-protecte
t at
y.
T is
ave never loorn

learn
a sltuatlon
sItuation now muc
to
we t upon
y t e meno pur-
pose ul
uI act
action
ion an
t an t e
are no
omestlcat
omesticat
etter, on some si es,
anlma
anIma s to W
W IC
re er-
words, their homes have fail

tese
t ese younger mem
, to reconCl et e two prln
ence an 0 purpose U
u ,In e186
THE HOME
TUE
one in W ose early life they

they,have
,have fail . of reconciliation.
not be ignore .
arpingmaycomein
arping may come in quiteother
quite other
ways, such as in lack of sensitiveresponse

sensitive response to social
at er
Imaginative
lmaglnatlve lterature t an t e Wl ow
. . . hil ren .
.
us
an
In, W IC
lC
e oes not
eSltate to relterate,
reiterate,
azarov's mother must give him er blessing
y stea t , so emanClpate
emanCIpate
IS
e.
course we have to reckon with the fact that
the case worker must learn to ma e t e distinction
etween sham an
seem, i
he is to
rea, invi ious t oug
it
ace his task with courage.
egalizes a relation must constitute t

,
on , an
this
something more is not only a sent
ut ac ing
past all human power to resto

restore
re or create.
there are c i1 ren, the test is this:
e
ecent
ea s of amilies
amities later?
here
an the chilIf this is not
parenta rights are a solute are those who have
our
court than the child has.

,
constitutes an In lctmen
constltutes
t e
makes it
i t clear that
tha t man could
18S:
188: .
ami y, an
aml
etter get his first

J
THE HOME
TUE
crow e
classroom upon t e personality of chilehB-
re
relation of natural ties, of affection and undivi ed
man
eing, even when the attention is relatively
uns ille .
the originals of the case recor s from w ich I
ave
rawn t e stories given ear ier, they would
oster
free
1tter
y regrette
omes in which he
going to
is present one.
a
He had the normal
The external con itions in t e
inifr
regard it as a good home for small chil

chit ren,
ones
ut a

WRAT
home together as long as possi Ie,
le, and gave her
an a
e reason or olng everyt Ing y W IC It
cou
an
me a
tter one.
T ere are some
at cannot
e turne
out at wholesale,
a man or woman w
can
coun te
an
sc
se 00, t ecu
e c u ,t e wor sop, tetra e or pro
activities
ac tt VI ties come In successIon to exerClse
exercIse t ose
SI
51
es 0
C
c aracter, t ose nee S 0
t e aml
amI y cannot supp y;
--
contact, 0
ut t e protectlve
protectIve an
nevo en tlnstlncts
t InstIncts
ave t elr genesIs In t e
t e ex
rlence
ce
mean, t e rst 0 W IC IS ta en rom t e
etters
supp ement an
e p to enrlc
enrlC
tlon8.

I lam
ames.
t t rows a suggestlve
suggestive 19
tg t
I
THE HOME
TUE
nt
n t
IS more c aracterlstlc 0
tlons W IC
t e
ome
eetter
e etter
illiam ames,
IS
at er, angerous y
In that mysterious
of the past into which the present soon will fall and go back and back, yours is still tbe
the
central
All my intellectuallife
intellectual life I derive from you;
and though we have of
often
ten seemed at odds in the expression thereof, I'm sure there's a harnlony somewhere, and
that our strivings will combine.
hat my debt to you
is goes beyond all my
wer of estimating,
early,
so penetrating and so constant has
bas been tbe
the influence.
. As for myself, I know what trouble I've given you at
various tJnes
tirnes through my peculiarities; and as my
boys grow u , I shall karn
learn more
more 0 the ki
er 'JOU
you h to
la overcome in su erint ing the
o a creature di erent rom yoursel, or whom you 'ilt
'ell responsible. I say this merely to show how my sympathy
with you is
to grow much livelier, rather than to
fade and not for tbe
the sake of regrets. *
y secon
examp erom
e rom
lograp y IS ta en
* The Letters of William ames. Edited by his son.

Vol. I, p. 219 sq. Boston, The Atlantic Monthly Press,
1920. The italics are mine.
,
19 1
..
WHAT
rom t e
i e 0 Pasteur.
trate not on y, as my
range 0
rst
t seems to me to i us
1 ,
t e on
cu
eu tura attalnments
attaInments can
get er In re atlons 0
ura, not ar rom
rorn t e
mutua
wiss
to-
epu
e p u neSS
ss In one
or er, consiste
eonsiste
e at er was 0 peasant stoc,

stoe,
one 0
0
etween
ut
apo eon
Iers.
sen
of
. n
t was a
oy away to
scoo,an
ne ss the
rst such
sueh venture faile .
hen at last
contrive
eontrlve
an
ater e was care u to see t at eac
al lng vIston
VISIon
t e crysta
mem
ormatlons W IC
le
were
"Tell
"TeIl me
a out
ua
the e er
asteur,
et's.
192
Foundation, 1922.
THE HOME
TUE
atten
one science hampers another?

the other."
I should think
The principle of co-ordination ap-
2 iI
dl
'.
_.
ears af
after
ter these parelits ha
an
edica te
house in whic
ronze ta let a
xe
Pasteur was orn.
to t e small
e was there,
revolu-
relation between the"

the "first
first practical syllogism"
o
at er, mother, an
feeling, than
child, and the life of the
y quoting Pasteur's own wor s to
his old neigh

part,
Oh! my father, my mother, de

dear
ar departed ones, who
lived so humbly in this little house, it is to you that I
owe everything. Thy enthusiasm, my brave-hearted
13
193

WRAT
mother, thou hast instilled it into me. If 1I have always

associated the greatness of Science with the greatness of
France, it is because I was impregnated with the feelings
bast inspired. And thou, dearest father
father,,
which tbou
thou hast
bast sbown
shown
whose life was as hard as thy hard trade, thou hast
to me what patience and protracted effort can accomplish.
It is to thee that I owe perseverance in daily work. Not only
hadst
badst thou the qualities wbich
which go to make a usefullife,
useful life, but
also admiration for great men and great things. To look
upwards,leam
upwards, learn to the utmost, to seek to rise ever higher,
thee now, af
after
ter a hard
such was thy teaching. I can see tbee
sucb
day's work, reading in the evening some story of tbe
the battles in the orious epoch of which thou wast a witness.
ties
thy care was that I should
hilst
bilst teaching me to read, tby
leam
learn the greatness of France.
Be ye blessed, my dear parents, for what ye have been,
and may tbe
the homage done today to your little house be
yours! *
.
* Vallery-Radot, Ren:
Rene: The Life of Pasteur, Vol. 11,
p. 155. London, Constabie
Constable and Co., 191 I.
194
-f
(
-
IX
to Ive In a Cl
el ty In w Ie
IC one 0 t e
lea
nanclng,
ouslng, an
or newspapers evotlng most attention to e uur
yau-
e ucatlona
ueatlona

tort
t ort ties
ally.
stu le
te
atthew
As
t e SU
su Ject too aca emlCrno
text to t e same page an

facts. "*
sai
0
0
terene
t e renc
memorizing
memorlzIng t e same
ne can imagine the jealous guar ians
New Vork
York Evening Post for October
13, 1921.
for everybo y in the same way without fear and

without favor.
come some variations of met 0
han s, an
50
so
on, with teresuIt

t e result that a muc
mue
rom teelemen
t e elemen tary to tesecon
t e secon ary schools.
It is stil
cult, however, as
iss
ott re-
- -.
: iI 2
Behind stan ar
measurements, standar
stand ar cur-
first tentative intro uction of socia case wor

These ideas and

VISl
VISt tors, or Vist
VIS1 tlng teac ers,
private agencles
agencIes an
Stl
stl
nance
ostere
at
rst
y tem,
t em,
y
ut
* Abbott, Edith, and Breckenridge, S. P.: Truancy and

Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools, p. 227. University
of Chicago Press, 1917.
HOSPITAL- COURT
SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL
tions. The new venture, as one educator phrases

it, was an effort "to rescue the child from the
children an
the teachers from the sc 001."
ever a huge prohlem

problem neede
If
to he
be separated into
, lt
It
century.
ven now t e visiting teacher movement

ma e no more than an encouraging start.
an
as
It
I t is
mental testing in t e schools, to vocationa
guidance, an to the various ot er in ivi ua izing

'I.
etween
ome an
use
sc
pat.
00
over w ic
T ere are
t ere is stil no weIl

well
ve sc
se 00
ours in a
hours.
IS
u
U
le
IC

ucation Association 0 New

the results of correspon ence WIt
vlsltlng
vIsIting
teac ers in 28 ci
cities.
ties.
,, !
,
I
!I
porte
to
a vice an
use
y a
y t e sc 00
er
assistance 0 m
or poor sc
se 0 ars lp,
lca an
.
socla case wor ers.
menta ex-
" ....
ange 0
changes wit
198
SCHOOL ' WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT
as a promotion, a
t at 0 his
ome.
emotion, and a transfer to a
The analysis 0
Even inschools where the children have been reclassified on the basis of mentality, visiting teachers re rt
having found children whose scholastic attainnlents
attainlnents did
not tally with their intelligence quotients, and whose
out-of-school i uences," "fa y
"physical condition,""
condition," "out-of-school
history," "character disab ies," etc., had to be taken
into account in interpreting their fallures.
failures. Adjustment
of the adverse home conditions, whatever they were, rethe
sulted in bringing these c dren up in lessons to tbe
level wbere
where their intelligence showed they should beo
be.
The follo g history illustrates this t e of cbild:
child: A boy
of nine with an intelligence quotient of 120 was doing very
the 4th grade. Tbe
The visiting teacher found
work, in tbe
that he read tillIl
till 11 at night "any
Hany hooks
books he found in the
library." He rarely went out "not in this neighborhood!"
bood!" The visiting teacher correlated his reading with
his lessons; interested him in outdoor athletics; and '\\ith
the mother worked out a vigorous daily program which
left hint at night pbysically
physically tired and ment y Stisfied,
satisfied,
and ready to retire early. Interest and oversight brought
this c d up to tbe
the standard which his ability warranted,
199

and in addition changed him from a dreamer and laggard
into an energetic boy and pupil. *
teac er W 0 has to deal with more t an 200 chilren a year is not
oing social case work or very
much else
eIse of a socially productive character.
In
for each
case- oa
1,000.
Even t e
gure 0 200 chi -
yle
Yle
nee e
lnslg ts an
Inslg
to ma e Its
lts u
con-
mig t weU
well e cut in al. As it is, the figures sub-
mitted in
E ucation Association show that in some of the
* The Visiting Teacher in the United States, p. 33 sq.
A Survey by the National Association of Visiting Teachers

and Home and School Visitors. New York,
Vork, Public Educa
tion Association, 1921.
200
SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT
"visiting teaching" without the service.
ee stu ie
save against aa
ackground of all the
ot ers.
rela tions existing
etween the home and the
works op.
Ope
meeting of social workers,
ventur
to take the
national relations, government itsel , could be

s
of the home or else be scrappe
or reorganized.*
be ttewinners
e winners in what seeme
to them an un-
son to c ange my mind on this point.
If, for
,
example, the railroad trainman cannot see his

* Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities
and Correct
Correction
ion now the National Conference of Sodal
Social
Work for 1908 , p. 77.
201

WRAT
chil
ehil
or t em to
now
im; i
it
e true t at long
wor lng ours, or ow wages, or su
reaction against such social
organlzatlon
organIzatIon 0
lin ness, an
a re-
ecomes inevitable if
In ustry
en trans ers
CIVI Izatlon
lzatlon IS to survive.
surVlve.
a out an
aml
amI y
emonstrate t at some 0 teases

t e ases 0
e Itse
ltse
con Itlons.
ltlons.
t elr roots In economlc

economIc an
us
Inogra 0 ,In
reVIew
0
0 tri
trl
aaw,
a
aw,
S
sows
ows
ow
0
0 ten
IS
rle
trl
trI a
organization an marital customs were shaped by

in ustria condi ..
tions. *
e two views are not irreconcila

irreeoncila e;
uture
eve opments.
rela
tlons etween In ustry an
socla case wor may
Vinogradoff, Sir Pa
Paul:
uI: Outlines of Historical urisprudenee, Vol. I, pp. 163 212. Oxford University Press,
prudence,
1920
202
OURT
suggest what certain tren s in industry now are.

One 0 the rst contacts 0 case work ,vit
,,,it in ustry came a out t roug
SI eo In
Istratlve
tee i
r cam-
ustry IS very
veryrecent.
recent.
anges
new eparture were In lcate

lin
ior,
we
. Lane w en
e wrote, at teen
his
aye
ave
ealt
W 0
esa e wit
men an
t ings,
o the in ivi ual

ua} unit, wether t at unit
acre 0
an
esert, a arre
t e ow 0 a rlver,
river, or t e capaclty 0 t e urn est
omen."
ere u
t e etai s
203
In actorles an
wor sops,
s ops,
to t e socia case worker.

,
Another interesting application 0 case work to
~ommlsslon
~ommlSSlon
as emp .oy
two tralne
case
workers to collect the social facts which will

wiII be
ommission in making indivi ual
.
tasks as
~
tion.
eir services a so inc u

ti e suc
"'-
selecting proper guar ians
were
w ere t e
ene-
teawar
t e awar
50
so
on ,an making connection with the social re-
are
rought to light with which the Commission
cannot possi 1y
eal.
iss
rances Per ins, to
20
24
4
SCHOOL WORKSHOP ,HOSPITAL COURT

T
w om testate
t e state owes the inauguration of this
among
others,
its
i ts va ue:
Thc father of tbe

The
the Hogan family was burned to death
in 1916. The mother was already
al ready dead. The Commission at th
that
at time had the children's uncle, Mr. Craig,
the
'p of the children and receive the
assume tbe
money for their support. Some time in 1920 iitt was
noted that Mr. Craig no longer signed receipts for the
money and a letter brougbt
brought tbe
the response from Mrs.
Craig that her husband was not home and that she was
receiving the money instead. The Af
After-Care
ter-Care Service
the case, chiefly because
was later asked to look into thc
the Commissioner remembered the unusual beauty and
charm of the Hogan children and wondered how they
were
we
re getting along.
The family was found living in wretched surround,ings.
jngs. Mr. Craig was serving a five years' sentence for
burglary. Mrs. Craig was doing work by the day and
Mary Hogan was kept out of school to care for the small
children. Tom Hogan, the eighteen-year-old boy, was
found to be badly crippled as a result of a street accimuch in need of medical care. It proved to
dent, and mucb
be easy to secure a grant from the widow's pension fund
for Mrs. Craig which, with the Hogan children's compensation and help from some of the Hogan relatives
who were visited, enabled Mrs. Craig to remain at home
and care for the children. Mary Hogan was sent to
school, Tom was placed under the care of a good ortho,
205

WRAT
predie clinic and is just recovering from an operation
predic
which straighten the twisted leg to nearly nOIJna!.
nOIlual.
In this case our advice to the Commission was to conthe children in the Craig home, but
tinue pa ents for thc
it was only aft
after
er considerable work that conditions were
such as to warrant this recommendation. *
ever weIl
well
rawn, or t e
vo vIng
vlng tere
t e re atlon 0 1I t e economlca y stronger
.
\
.
.
to t e economlca y wea er In w IC aaw,
a aw, ow-
routine 0 a minis-
Ing
lng essentla Justlce
JustIce un ess a mlnlstratlon
mInIstratIon can
pass on to t e one ot er questlon

questIon un er t IS gen
era
can attempt
n . In
--..
'
ong wie,
w 1 e,
ut t e actua
wor
IS
wor lng out 0
st
we are 0 eac
ve
in ivi ual
ealt wit
as arrive
trace
some
Perkins, Frances: "An Experiment in the Application

of Case Work Methods to a New Problem," in The Family
for April, 192 I.
SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPITAL COURT

of the serious
reakdowns of our after-t e-war
vocatlona program.
ureaus 0
perl
perlO , necessary as t ey were,
t e war
some
the
same
task:
an
t e man in nee
of a wor er.
But the as-
sumptlon t at tese
t ese two partles
parties to a
te
t e acts.
argaln
Here, too, in time, must come the
In some 0 t e Juvenl
juvenl e epartments 0 state emp oyment ureaus were,
w ere, as one 0
cia expresses
1t,
It, t eyare trylng,
trying, In pacing
p aClng a young
rson, to
. . la
a aptltu es,
an
care u
ment.
o emp oyment
ureau can ma e
Slons
slons or elt er wor er or emp oyer,
eCI-
ut It
lt can
ean
y
putting at t e
Isposa 0
0 eac
a c earer picture
o t e concrete situation.
This is not t
le
IC
I,
f
\
I
to attempt a ee
20
'.
P2
2
E
tal e
ustrla
an
een
n a case wor
ur en at tese
t ese times, an
perlo 0
t e
epresslon was
over. Violent fluctuations between times of great

o wor
ue to causes over W
w
are
IC
t e
SOCla
SOCla
ave
agencies 0
agencles
0
ey rea lze t IS, an
t e very agencles
agencIes t at
slstent
sIstent y urge
preventive measures upon govpreventlve
W
w en t ey are
a , we can try to re orm t em;
ut w en t ey are out 0 wor
e ectlve reme y
t ere IS on y one
or t elr trou es an
tat
t at
18
18
owever, wit
continue
contInue to nee
t e tec
tee nlque 0
0
t e case
208
SCHOOL- ,WORKSHOP -HOSPITAL COURT
tion in t eir treatment.*
Thc
The more varie
an
eanwhile, the
,,,
,
,
,
,
,,
to one, sen another to the woo yar
to work for
,
I
I,
i
for a third, fin
a chance 0
wor
outsi e or a
I
I
ii
VI
e cas
i,
I,
I
*See Chapter VI, p. 154.

154I
14
20 9
29
nlnt
or
over to tee
t e c arlty
arIty t at IS a rea y carlng
carIng
im."
ut, lust as a ter a pu
ties are In
IC
Isaster
lsaster a
anger 0
elng cre I te
Isa
lsa 1 I1-
to teeart
t e eart -
o t e preoccuple mlg
mIg t
ment 0
upert
aye wrec e t e treatave
oung an
IS
us ..
trla organlzatlon
organization W
w
socia case wor
Wit
It 15 1
tte
perl
perI
IC
t e an
w IC
ing 0
0 a mass problem
to cope.
n 5 arp con
organization ac leve In t IS generation y me

organlzatlon
Clne
ctne an
pu
IC
t eospita.
e osplta.
ot on y
1I-
aye t e wonave
sanitation
sanltatlon
and those en
engage
gage
in children's social work with

* See p. 239 sq.
210
SCHOOl, WORKSHOP HOSPITAL" COURT

SCHOOI,
a so
eve ope
Wl t
In t e
war s.
.
Its
lts
.. - .
egln-,
...,
-~".
".
,,
,
foun
t at soeial insights strengthene
I,
thei
t,
diagnosis, an
lClne, nte
note agaln
again t e Ine
ere, In me IClne,
lne 0
0
ment to w ic
ie
eve
':-._--
ave ca e attention more than
once In ot er connections:
onee
eonneetIons :
rst, In t e ong, s aw
ow
progress t ere was promiscuous

promiSCUOUS
ogmatlc same-t lng- or-every
aSlng,
oSlng, t en a
0
y, t en t e
more or less scientific

seientific classification of diseases and
a stan ar ize
treatment for eac .
ut the patient in
Now, how-
"
is in ivi ual en
an
socia wor.
vlta Ity an
vita
Preventive me icine owes its
Its
lts contlnulng
continUIng a vance not on y to
new
Iscoverles,
lseoverles,
iscoveries to ife,
,
211

WRAT
to tea aptatlons an
Y t e me lca
new pro
lnlclan,
lnlClan, an
ems presente
y tereports
t e reports
end results.
A out three hun re
Unite
rnents.
an
States now have social service

This
OSpl ta s,
epart-
evelopment has sometimes out-
y t eten
e ten ency to over oa
case wor ers wit
a ministrative
t e SOCla
uties w ic
couI
types 0
SOCla
case wor
modifications in meth
owe a great
grea t
e t to
worked out in
ispen-
have een oing their work un er new con itions
matter of hospital
hospita} admissions an
ischarges, the
ments that are time-saving and life-saving.
At
212
SCHOOL WORKSHOP
-WORKSHOP " HOSPITAL COURT
t e same time, however,
iss Ida Cannon's
warning should be heeded when she says:
At present, the administrative function of the social

worker in the clinic is crowding out her social case work.
She is too busy to get into the homes, to keep fresh and
clear before her the social situation in the background.
Thus she becomes an institutionalized person and loses
the biggest contribution she has to give to the hospital,
that of never thinking in routine, of keeping fresh always
the community's and patient's point of view.*
A
ranc
rane
of me ica -social case

ease wor
which
t is only
is known as psychiatric
psychiatrie socia work.
when such social work is undertaken in
ose col-
laboration with a thoroughly competent psychiatrist that it concerns us here.
The value of
collaboration must be apparent, since, in the
eVl
ence, an
the treatment whic
olows
0 lows is so
* Cannon, Ida M.: Address before the American Hospital Association, October, 1920. See also Miss Cannon's
book, Sodal
Social vVork
\Vork in Hospitals,
Hospitais, of which a revised edition,
to be published by the Russell Sage ~'oundation, is now in
press.
21 3
WHAT
arge y a matter 0
etter a Justmen t to teen-
. vironmen t. *
agree t at tradition
an
prece ent are more heavi y weighing down
and class-conscious the social worker in the court

is important, tere
t ere ore, or the socia case worker
eet at t e wal S 0
-.. eorge E iot, "t
hoarse and feeble."

feebIe. "
e
e court IS t east
e ast 0 t e socla Instl tu tlons
t at
can
e un erst
erstoo
ere conSl
consl er, an
y court
must
to mean tew
t e woe
0 e mac Inery
lnery 0
Justice,
]Ustlce, Inc u Ing
lng Its
lts unctlons
unctions 0 Interpretatlon
InterpretatIon
See footnote, p.
104.
21
SCHOOL WORKSHOP HOSPIT
URT
the punishment fit the crime.

just beginning to realize that we should make the
punts ment t e treatment rat er

nal.
Dean- - 'oscoe Poun
t t e crlml-
tells us that
The nineteenth century was hostile to individu

individuaa ation
and to a inistrative discretion, which is the chief agency
of individualization, seeking to reduce the whole a inistration of justice to abstractIy
abstractly just, formal, rigid rules,
mechanically administered. This was true the world over.
lt
It was specially true, and true to an exaggerated degree,
in America. . . Rence,
Hence, we got rigid detailed procedure and hard-and-fast schemes of penal treatment, lest
prosecutor or court or prison authorities do somet g
spontaneous in view of the exigencies of a particular
case.*
specla Ists
speCIa
lsts no onger as expert wItnesses, summa
mane
ne
y t e prosecutlon
prosecutIon an
t e e ense to
white after
af ter all, but as
.-
isinterested advisers
Pound and Frankfurter: Criminal ustice in Cleveland.

Cleveland Foundation, 1922.
215

WRAT
involve may be said to meet.
ith the gradual
that shoul
onean
con trol of the sta

state.
te.
e p an 0
e ective.
Juvenl e an
n t is
aut
a u t pro atlon
xe
tra Itlon8
ltlon8 an
orma JU gments c anges come s ow y.

1
Cll
CU t
IS
us,
eClS1on; lt
It IS
still used, moreover, in cases in which pro ation

216
SCHOOL WORKSHOp HOSPITAL

,HOSPITAL COURT
is boun
to be ineffectual. * I t follows from these

method that con-
scien tious pro a tion 0

seien
cers are
ur ene
with
wi
th
more cases than they can possi Iy

ly treat effec-
isa vantage of unwieldy
case work has been done, but it is truer than it

shoul
cor e
it will
be.
bet
In
t e gOD
wor
0 a pro atlon 0
eremem
e remem ere , ga there
cer
eer W 0,
t ee social evi-
ence
nounee
nounce .
hen
on
on t e law 0 evidence to rea

o my c apters.
an
crltlclze
crItIcIze some
e was goo
gOD
an
* See, for example, Bulletin 2 of the Seybert Institution
of Philadelphia on the Handling of Cases by the uvenile
Court and Court of Domestic Relations in that city.
21 7

WRAT
severe.
But he a
e ore w at a rich
ed that he had not realized

e
use u ness tere

t ere cou
e for evi ence ou tsi e the court room.
workers, these materials an
"The
methods will
win
e the
tter
tween men an
a Justments
Interest an
their socia en-
Instruction.
lnstructlon.
It must not be inferred t at the home, the
a
a rea y prove 0 serVIce, or In W
w IC
le It
lt Wl
WI
aye
ave
to bear an important part in shaping future

ew 0
t e case work
218
SCHOOL- WORKSHOP HOSPIT

SCHOOL
omes tic science an
of
URT
case work in im rove
omes which must follow public disasters.
lect is one
ranch of child welfare service, while
a ministration
ministra tion of trust estates,
esta tes, where tinancial
financial
an
to ma a Juste
a u ts cou
eou
serve the social as ,veIl as the material welfare of
their clients
clien tso.
SOCla
socla one.
,
e Issuers
0
lssuers 0
21 9

school children an
I.
:, tlona gUl
gUt ance
anee s OU
voca-
ave some
nowle ge 0
,,
,
!,
I,
volves many of these same proeesses.

processes.
Commis-
sions for the blind, societies for the care of
country t IS way 0
an
a ter-care agents s ou
Legal ai
e case wor ers.
societies were organize,

organize '
closer re ations with familv wel are societies in

of
ol
order to com
corn ine, in suc service, the social with
has
the
skilful individualize
220
I
of ten or has not
tion has
een discharge
:OURT
a ta,
t a , sa
so tat
t at
een called to this serious lack, an tere

t ere
Every mont
or so, some new and beneficent
-of
-often
ten from an entirely unexpecte
comes to my attention.
quarter--
Sometimes the new
vice in which case work originated. One of these,

or example, comes in t e private practice
what case work can do in their free clinics, are

seeking teservices
t e services
case \vorkers for their
cannot be predicted, but it should be evident

from the examples given in this
t . warte
an retar
re tar e ,
eve ope
00
an
that the
enrie
enrIe
221
INTE- EU E te Is 0 a surgeon in t e time

of Louis
IV who onee
once sai
to Chancellor
etween surgery an
eve oplng
opIng an Insu
lnsu ar
occasionally even within the
oun aries 0 socia
work.
worker into our homes, courts, sc
00
s, me ical
tese
t ese institutions is t e case wor er's sense 0 t e
222
THE FORMS OF SOCIAL WORK

TUE
woe
w 0 e 0 socia work an
T e other orms 0
of the re ation of each
socia wor , al of which
interplay with case work, are three"

three "'group work,
social reform, and social research.
Case work"
work""
,
nlate group of t e family.
But social work also
achieves the same general ends in these oth

ties
neig
sett ement wor , recreational wor , cu,

cu ,
or
an
local community wor
in
which the in ividual, though still met face to
eetter
e etter
ousing,
erent socia
etter
ealth,
etter working
re orms sti 1 is to avance

a vance t e
eve opment 0 our
uman
In
y lmprovlng
223

social
--.
. -'_. ---.
,~,.;...:...:.~
,
-'-"~~---.
t e e s covere
cove re
I have sai
y SOCla ",or,
as a so t e
earlier that social case wor
e on y a ragment
I t is not enoug
epen ence 0
must
separate
to say t is,
would
rom t e mue
owever; t e inter-
e illustrate .
'
As regar s tere
t e re ation
etween social work
with in ivi
S
s ou
e eVl ent to anyone

any one W 0
as rea
t e
iss Su livan's wor wit
lSS
tSS
e er an
e isolate
t e SlX
S1X case 1 ustratlons 0 ow-
in ivi ual or
224

TUE
norma In IVl
lVI ua or _aml
_ami y.
to the assistance of
ren
field
e ore t at
ote, or examp e,
inifred ones an
ome
her chil-
egan to assume a more
al way
__ hapter V,
o better advice coul

case wor ers, I
ieve,
eve op t elr wor
wit
with social reform or mass betterment.
oes not mean t at t ey s ou
ma
ng SOCla
This
rop t elr wor

war
lscaverles as a
lscoverles
rs .
earlng
faithful witness to t e nee

IS
socia
re orms
225
e tal s necessary
5s ou
OU
urlng
urIng
tl0n, an
measures worka
case work.
a
num er 0
outlines 0
occasIon to examlne
examIne a
SOCIO
SOCI0 ogy In ten e
ents.
text
Eac
as
evoted at
the SU
su ject with a polite caution and an absence
o
rst- an
servation w
t e su ject matter
SOCIO ogy IS
ue not so
muc
ar
case stu ies w ich ear
..
ere, In t IS 0 est 0
uman
most total a sence 0

".
upon aml
amI y I1 e.
lems of
p ySlca
P
YSlca an
ere 1ty an
SOCla
social environment.
tese
t ese pro ems,
ai
0 P
p ySlca
YSlca an
...,ase
-,ase work cannot solve
course,
ut It
lt can
eve op a
in their solution.
octa
CIa
Iscovery
lscovery
IS
a rea y In e te
to aml
ami y
226

TUE
case wor
or certaln
certain ouslng re orms an
or t e
first tu
share, to
indica te
later,
la ter, in chil
la or re-
zation of the family itself, its best work is still to
esertlon
shoul
SOCla
wor
SClence
sCience an
whic
Par , "of the attractions, tensions, and accomm

oun
o
,
no
22

concrete
escrlptlon or a equate ana ySls

YSIS In
ti
tion
on at present, an
will
win continue to ac
it until
t e case met 0
o servation
serva tion an
etail w ich will
eve op lts
Its
meaning.
meanlng.
But what relation can t
ivi ualize
tection
teetion
minors, sueh
such as tese
t e se
00
atten anee
ance
an
c il
a or aws.
T eir service to socia re-
orm, 1 e t e service 0
0 t e aml
amI yY case wor er, IS
ore-
have not een content to en
their work with the
* Park and Burgess: Introduction to the Science of

Sociology, p.
1921
216.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press,
228

TUE
ut have
Again, the child is a social animal, and there is

tions an
deal with them than to see them first
in their effect for good or ill upon same

some ane
one small
of his bent.
David H. Holbrook tells in The
new life into those neighborhoad

neighborhood activities of a
certain district which centered within the school
itself.
i tself.
war er who knew them and could make
social wor
them feel at home in the school.
r. Holbrook
school should
s.
calle
"
'better' schools discover what advantages
e a
* opus cit., p. 6 I.
229
WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORKl
schoo curriculum."*
an
socia
research.
T e two c inicians
social and the me ical
the
have their part to play
ealth.
legislation, or exampIe,
example,
esigned to control the
regulation of communica Ie
le and industrial
eases.
e practlclng p ySlclan
YSlClan an
is
t e SOCla
laws by trying to utilize them to the utmost.
stan
* The Family for February, 1921.
23 0
23
presiding 0
cer of a court an
the socially inter-
court service make it especiaIly

especially important th
that
at
the court worker should know the
istory of
social work and should have a clear grasp, not

tion to a
a tt e
e ot er orms 0
socia wor.
No
narrow specialization, no coaching for civil service examinations, can possibly fit him for his
iscover the case work fiel in which the fuIl-time
full-time
goo
gOD
all-roun
social work training .
industrial reform shoul

chil
chit ren.
have begun with the at-
The earlier child labor reform cam-
first insight
insigh t in to the share that
tha t every kin
labor fiel
,
of
has been striking, despite the fact that

23 1
la or
chil ren on farms remains unregulated.
T e original national program 0 ce il
labor re-
orm, a opte
in the min of a woman
a socia wor er elong-
ing to the social and legislative reform group. It

It
won hospitab e support at on
once
ce from neighborhood and settlement
settIement workers, and from the social
these two groups, sometimes the other helped to
gather the detailed facts necessary to arouse the
y
social research they happened to have at command, neighborhood and case workers supplied
vi e at t is stage the know e ge 0
ow to edu-
to conduct legislative campaigns. At t e propa232

TUE
ganda stage all the
iflerent
ifferent social work groups
watch uI
ul oversig t which has since been necessary.
ers again just af
after
ter the new child labor measures
in a certain state where there was, at the time ,
greater in ustrial emand for the la r of children
For
trators 0
t em to
t e aw were in ifferent.
e su jecte
to
The case
ee ore or since.
ar s lp
Ip
stance, tat
t at
IS,
In w IC
tC
But
every lUIn
parents c alme
tat
t at
233

t ey must
ourteen
ave t e earnlngs
earnings 0
a ce
1
I
un er
-t ey were a e In co-opera tlon Wl

WI t
t e
oeal
association
tion to ren er non -en orceocal e uca tion associa
therewere
there were workers in children's societies and fam-
ments, there the assimilation of a new standard

went forward unchecked."*
here there is no
day to day, it of
often
ten happens that a law upon the
* See a paper of mine, "The Social Case Worker in a

Changing World," in the Proceedings of the National ConSocial
ference of Charities now National Conference of Sodal
Work for 1915, p. 48.
234
ater It
lt
an
as 0 owe
has a
aa ter t e
e mass movement,
lied t e new standar
in individual
a
a orr aw enforcement, when social research must
conlds of
prejudice and inertia have been overcome. Such
work is still continued in the national and state

Child Labor Committees today, and it must not
come a
a su stitute or such social reform
I t is sometimes claime
ies.
that
tha t social case work-
ers are not as much intereste
in
ettering
ttering the
t
ee towar
"re ie
235
\
Harrison on
ocial
oeial Case
orkers an
etter In-
dustrial Conditions:
I was recently told of tbe
the case of a bricklayer who had
come
come to one of the charitable societies in N ew Y
York
ork for
aid. He was a foreigner, and at the time was not working
at his trade, but was employed as a porter in one of the
large downtown buildings. He had a large family, and,
since his pay was only 12 a week, the children were not
getting enough to eat. The question before tbe
the commitwhat
at to do. Four alternatives emerged from the
tee was wh
discussion:: First, the society could supplement the man's
discussion
w~ges by a regular weekly allowance to the family
fanlily and let
him continue at work where he was; second, the society
might try to get his employer to pay him more wages and
let him still stay where he was; third, it might try to get
him back into his trade of bricklaying where he could earn
a larger wage, the society underwriting the family's needs
until he should hecome
become re-established; fourth, it might
find him better paying work outside his trade.
It win
will be seen that anyone
any one of the other courses would
he
be better than the first. . . . Instead of taking the simple and easy course involved in supplementing the man's
wages, the only course that some of the committee would
have thought of, it was far more serviceable to the family,
and impressed an important principle upon that part of
the committee, when the ruie
rule was followed which deelared
clared in effect that "industrial conditions and personal
. 23 6
,

TUE
capacities are far from being as inelastic" as most of us

suppose.
"
The careful consideration of this case brought out other
lessons alsof
also. It showed that social case workers must be
interested in the general mobility of labor; in getting
workers into jobs where they can do their best, into
places where wages for them are highest relatively or
the cost of living lowest. The case worker must think of
cases in terms of the whole state or the whole country and
consequently must be interested in the many agencies established for the efficient exchange of labor. There may
have been still other lessons, but this case will illustrate
some of the reasons for urging that the treatment must be
50 treating them
on a broad scale and for believing that in so
wil! be taught.
fundamental industrial principles will
r.
arrlson suggests some
e ucatlon on In ustrla questlons.

questIons.
ey can
t e
0
cases under trea tmen t, by using single cases to

classroom, an
y proper emp aSlS

aSIS glven
gIven to t e
....,ociaI
. . . ociaI case recor s in numbers can
also furnish in ustrial research with cues to
* Harrison, Shelby M., in Proceedings of the National
Conference of Social Work for 19 18, p. 305.
237

WRAT
followe
stu ies ma e
y case wor
agencies themse ves.
ment of a law in the successful operation of which
IS In tereste ,Wl
,
oIone.
01 one.
0 ten
iss E ith A
IS
estt ac lng In a
ott wrltes:
wrItes:
On two successive committee days in the old est Side

the diffioffice of the Chicago United Charities we had tbe
cult problem of providing for the family of a tubereular
cuIt
tubercular
man who was doing" light work." One, I remember, was
, a fIagman
flagman on the elevated railroad. I t occurred to some
one to ask for the industrial histories of these men in the
hope that some former employer might be found who
Both men had had a history of intermittent
would assist. Botb
light jobs since their physical breakdown, but it appeared
when a report was made at a later meeting of the commi ttee that both men had contracted tuberculosis during
their employment in the same West Side foundry, where
both had worked for a series of years. This interesting
fact was promptly reported to a new chief in the Department of Factory Inspection, who promptly investigated
the
this place and found a large number of violations of tbc
so-called "Health, Safety and Comfort law." *
* Abbott, Edith: Paper on "The Social Case Worker
and the Enforcement of Industrial Legislation." Proceed-
ings of National Conference of Social Work for

Cor 19 18 , p. 315.
238
,

TUE
etter serVIce cou
e ren ere
y a case
lSS
ISS
Abbott also gives illustrations in her valuable
evasive.
evaSlve.
t IS not so state
In
my story,
applied for material relief.
ut Rupert
After
Af
ter consultation
with former employers, some assistance was
case was close."
The true situation in the
operating at th
that
at time which \vere sure to lead to
further trou Ie
le later, were not discovere . The
failure is fully accounted for.
The size of the
ut
to t e
eha pt
pter
er I I I.
* See Cha
239

WRAT
rea case wor er most unsatls actory sort. ter
IS
usua a ter a panIc.
1915, and real social treatment then begane

began.
eanwhile, usiness ha revive an t e num er
two years.
u ge
it continued to do might have seem

cent ess necessary,
ut anyone
any one who knows case
wor also knows that its est an most construc
tlve servIces were ren

C
ange to
POSSI
pOSSI
etter times.
y t
IS
s a rea y state ,none
than most that teest

t e est reme ial service to an
most va ua Ie
le services 0
case wor , such as
t ose actua y ac
In t e
oung
ami y,
aml
2 0
THE FORMS OF SOC
aye,
ave,
or ac
pert
perI
S
SO
0
iss
time, to
WORK
e set asi e
urlng
Irregu
trregu ar emp oyment.
. C.
National Conference of Social
ork for 1919:
For four years we have been without immigration and

for two without unemployment, other than seasonal. I
hope you are planning a survey which will tell us:
I. How much charity organization work social case
work with families has been reduced thereby.
2. How much furtber
further reduction we may expect from
the coming abolition of the liquor traffic.
effected by
3. How much additional reduction could be etIected
other social and industrial reforms now under considera
hon.
hone
4.
hat the irreducible minimum for the near future
of charity organization work is. *
ave
summary 0
cases in
Rupert Young's case and of all the
hapter 111.
Ill.
It mig t
ee argue
amendment was al t at was nee e

,
trou les.
that,
to solve his
But, given the con itions of aw en* See Proceedings, p. 317.
16

orcement as we fin
them
City, It IS certaln
certain t at t e amen ment alone
oreover, 1Itt
IS
a ffilSmlS-
ta e to app y t e quantitative test, to as
"
ow
much" in connection with case work, until we
sibili ties.
i th regard to the "other social and
in ustrial reforms now under consideration" to

iss
olcor,"
oIcor," t e more the
etter."
ase
social work eserves fuller treatment than I have

een a Ie
le to give it, but t at all forms are inexing social avance
a vance shoul
e evi ent. A colleague
S
s
ogans an un er-
etails of t etas
e tas
to
one.
soli
s a matter of act, tere

t ere can
e no
advance without patient attention to detail
hind a glib use of catch-words and high-sounding
p rases.
n t e ot er
nize them and"

and "put
put them together without abstraction," is also likely to be thc
the one who can be
trusted to see their larger relations.
The great
tee nicians, like Osler

OsIer in medicine and Pasteur in
relations of the part to the w ole.

oleo
work soul
strive to
01
an even
alance be-
tween the specializing and the generalizing ten
enCles .
SOCla wor
toget er an
we -Cll
-cu tivate
el
w ic
ie
y all in
common.
243
XI
ID
this view of his work: "I should never have

een
forth the highest in tellectual strain, an
yet keep
Socia case workers have this same fee ing a out

their task.
Their pro ession is an ar uous one,
but it puts upon each practitioner the highest in
te ectua straln
straIn 0 W le
IC
contacts WIt
continuous, an
t e
e
e IS capa
uman SI
51 e
e, W
wie
Ie
IS
e are warm,
richly rewar ing.
Isa vantage
amlles an
WIt
-a
CASE WORK AND DEMOCRACY

no
courage an
ot er en
in view, however, t an ta
to
t eir est
,
some a
same
0
The earlier case wark,

work, in the light
our accu-
ern case workers should realize that their own

aYLmake a like impression upon their successors.
cial work to which I have referr

can now
e an ever-present reality.
n Important part
..
.
a mInIstratIon.
ffilnlstratlon.
CUSSlon
more than once
t at W
woe
0 e IS t e servIce
.
.
t must e eVl ent rom my IS-'
lS-'
\
245
an
tratlon seems to me one 0 t e great en s W IC

le
eve
form 0
soeia en eavor must have in view.

socia
the label minus the contents is all that remains.

draws to its close, 1
I should like to add a few
n sai
relation 0
socia work, an
about the
of case work more
of what constitutes democracy, some one makes

work shoul
eSlra
Others

orms 0 aSsociatIon
aSSOCla tlon In a ree SocIety
safeguar against autocracy, are not enthusiastic

wide and varied a group of functions, though
aye to c ange from time to time.

ave
hether or
not these changes mean, as they probably will

an
should, that
shouId,
tha t certain case work tasks ini tia ted
privately and still under private management are

to become public functions later, all will agree
tions have a opted case work policies in name

only, because it was not possible at the time
or pass
possii Ie
le to control the size of the task. Lacking that control, pressure of numbers meant low
W 0
e leve most SIneere

SIncere yY In t e extenslon
extenSIon 0
247

an
eac
vo untary contro are most anXIOUS to see

avance
a vance e eete
ecte
un er con Itlons
ltlons t at as-
essen tial.
emocra tic
un er t ose w 0
aye t e autocratIc SpIrit.

ave
ut
some social case wor

war
IC agency must
control,
a e to assure some
egree
efore case workers will

win enter its service

ance 0
anee
ing staff mem ers a larger measure of represen
tatlon upon Its

lts a mlnlstratlve commlttees.
commIttees.
emoc
convIction
conVIctIon 0
social wor
t e In nite
nIte wort
our common
Life itself achieves sig-
whatsoever.
,
nificance
nifieance an
share
value not from the esoteric

esoterie things
ut from the great common
-
an
rom the issues 0
irth
eath,o affection satisfie an affection frus
to us, or until they 0, we are not ready to adopt

social case
soeial
ease work as our major in terest.
of members selected from among the professional

249

een
aSls, c anges In InstItute

lnstltute personne
urlng t e
appenlng to case wor

1921 was no
stt in t e institute
etter t an the
of 1910; but no longer is there a wide gap etween

tween
th most an the least a

a le.
Ie.
at there is
no ac
emocracy among tem.

tern.
field of professional social work is the increasing
emand for well

weIl trained case workers, whether in
In some
t ere
rane es 0 socia wor
uctua tlons In teeman

t e eman,,
was one of war or peace.

wor ers who can
aye
ave
epen ent upon
But
0 their wor
or social case
well the
eman
em an
ay IS not
the extension of case work activi

activities
ties to
a goal,
an
not w et er suc
sue wor soul
e pu Hely
HeIy or
-free om to
can e assure
at holds
. life ean only follow, they cannot precede, the find-
arvest.
WHAT
In our own
expen e
y teste
ay an
time In re easing
easlng
case
an
wor ers rom pressure 0

0 overwor , an
t us en-
small an 0 stu ents not more t an our at any
one tIme mIg t serve un er tese

t ese se eete
ecte
su ts
one met
anot er, an
an
itions un er whic
eae
eac
ea-
t e con-
n trie .
ha
e SIX women WOl

W 0 1 t e
e wor
eserl
escrl e
In
ost
o t em
not
of one another.
now an
ave never even
eard
They have no a equate time at
presen t In W IC to t In , to stu y, or to Iseover

Iscover
time
IS
suc
as tese
t ese rom some 0
glven
gIven to
eeplng areast
a reast
ume
urne 0
t elr present wor
t em to
a SO
so 1
Ul
UI
enrich the socia
the
tear
t e ar uous
etails of their
a , wou
In
oun atlon 0 S
s
resources
t e wor
ena e
an
eat a
stra teglc pOln t.
25 2

,
tee
S 0
scien ti ce researe
seien
researc
an
e uca tion
serve
ut a
umanlty.
e are to
persons.
t at t e aw
IS
no respecter
Be t at as it may, we are s owly
realizing that a ministrators

minstrators of the law
not in
courts alone
herever these admin-

WRAT

equa ylnstea
y Instea , telntent
t e Intent 0
actual ac ievement
t e aw an
ecome so itt erelate

e relate
Its
lts
t at
they of
often
ten appear to gli ~ by one another like
ships t at pass in the nig t.
Socia
avance
a vance
coul not be better

bet ter serve than by suc a series of
this count
a new generation of administrators
'
lie intent
to the individual circumstances.
XII
ET
E now attempt to sum up in a few para-
direct an
indirect insigh ts, and direct an
relations can be improved an
indi ..
their personalities
develope .
and of the effects of environment upon the indi-
pathy, to such radical meas
as complete
e organlzatlon
organization 0
sources were
w ere none eXlste
eXIste
ting 0
re-
e ore, an t.e re nlt-
ties ong broken.
cialism is to
social case worker is not, however, a sort of be ..
nevo ent mi
ml
eman.
t IS true t at
is c ient's own
IS
an s
S 0o tt e consequences 0
e acts
ut, in
t e contacts
w ic
ie s al ac ieve teesire
t e esire socia
soeia resu t.
t is
the com
corn ination of all these enumerate services,
CONCLUSIUN
which constitutes social case work of professional

gra e.
he must have.
The foundation stones of such a
philosophy are suggeste

given, however, wit
e reveale.
I
in this
ook; they are
t e fullest realization that
These suggeste
foun ations, to
Human beings are interdependent. There
is a spiritual unity about th

this
is conception which
fessor
its mem ers." The converse is also true.
case work is the art of discovering an assuring to
17
ICY
same tIme or an a mlnlstratlve po ICy
ifferent
ifIeren t things for an
oes
3
Human
eings are not
omestic anima s.
with
ifferent
ependent and
is act 0 man's
ifference
from ot er anima s esta lis es t e nee

for
is welfare.
In ivi
poses 0
t elr own an
are not
; t ey
they
this tas , an
to p ay a
eterlora te w en
ome is the social institution

it
i t is in t e
ome tat
t at t e
case wor
wor
tte
o.
attention, the
wor
of his
a Justments
justments were at
tempte
attempte
is
estine
c anges, tough
t ough its int
t e case
to e ect
eet
enefieent
eneficent
op IS anot er p ace In w IC
metho
rst
uction t ere is recent
2 8
CONCLUSION
an not yet u y
erever case wor
becomes a serviceable adjunct of some other an

the school, the hospital, and t e court, it is even
the work of ot er specialists .
o Its
lts parts.
ifferent ways.
better a justments etween in ivi uals an their
forms
known facts for the use of these
other
social work.
somet lng 0 a
T e case wor er shoul
know
orms
ge
-t e more
etter' an
-an
as 0 a
a tt e
eetter'
t e types
now
s ou

WRAT
its clients change, an 'change in the right

in the
irection
ireetion of higher an
ireciree-
etter wants an
sona Ity
lty or t e case wor er Imse
lmse .
e service
is ree
recii procaI.
procal .
260
,
Abbott, Edith, 196, 238

Action, direct, of mind on mind,
102, 107-110; indirect, through
the social environment, 102,
110-121
Adjustment: bet
between
ween the individual and his social environment will always be necessary,
98; out of. 134
Adler, Felix,
ISO, 171-172,
FeHx, ISO.
171-172. 184
Administrators of the law. 253254
Aimless dosings of sodal

social ills, 87
Allegri, Lucia: story of, 80-86;
case of, cited, 107, 109, 114,
117,118,119,120,121, 139
Allowance, regular weekly, 73
Almshouse worker Quoted, 127
Americanization, 118, 154

American Marriage Laws, 183
(footnote)
Analysis of acts and policieR
poIicieR in
six case illustrations,
illustrations. 101-121
Applicant. term not used in case
Applicant,
work,
work. 28 (footnote)
Arbitrariness avoided, 40
Arnold, Matthew, 195
Associated Charities. See Family
Wel/are Societies
Atonement and Personality. R. C.
Moberly, D.D., 94 (footnote)
Attendance officers, 219
Autocracy: in the policy of the
same thing for everybody, ISO;
case work cannot progress
under an, 248
Background of husband and wife,
differences in, 56
Back history, 33-34, 70, 76, 80,

83. 106, 137
Baldwin, James Mark, 129-130,

171
Basset a Village Chronicle. S. G.

Tallentyre, 6
Begging, 60
Belonging, the sense of, 119. 189
Bielowski, Maria: story of. 3143; case of, cited, 96, 105-106,
105-106.
108, 109. 112, 114, 116,
116. 118,
119,
lIg, 122-124,217
Biography and the study of family life, 190-194

Ig0-194
Blind: the greatest single handi.

handicap of the, 161-162
Boarding homes, 44
Bojer
Bojer., Johan,
J ohan, 126
BosanQuet, Mrs. Bernard, 163
Breaking up the home, 72
Breckenridge. Sophonisba P
Breckenridge,
P.,. 196
Bridgman, Laura,
Laura. 7, 9, 15
Laura Bridgman. Dr. Rowe's
Howe's Famous Pupil. Maud Howe and
Florence Howe Hall, 7
Broken Homes. Joanna C. Col.
cord, 155
Bronner. Dr. Augusta, 105 (footBronner,
note)
Brooks, Phillips, 20
Campbell, Dr. F. J., 161-162
Cannon, Ida M., 213
Case: a term applied to the
situation, not the person, 27
Case conferences, 136-137
INDEX
Case records: Dr. Howe's, 8, 10,
28; Mis8 Sullivan's letters, 10;
choice of, 26-31; uses of, 2830; confidential nature of. 29
Case Work and Democracy, 244254. See also Social Case Work
Causal factors, search for, 79
Change of environment, 13.
13, 24.
II6-118, 198
66, II6-II8,
43, 53, 66.
Charity organization societies.
See Family Welfare Societies
Child labor: 76; campaigns,
campagns, 203,
231-235; commlttees,
commIttees, 235
Child-placing societies: work of.
with George Foster, 43-49;
in, 244-245
early case work in.
Child welfare work: fuller records
of, 30-3 I; illustrations of, 26~
49; and daily life.
life, 177; for neglected and difficult children,
219; in child labor campaigns,
234
Children: building upon affection
for, 58, 61, 66-67; the rights
of, 181, 186, 188
Choosing illustrations, process of,
26-31
Church attendance.
attendance, 113
Client, use of the term, in case
Client.
work,27
Club work, 223
Colcord, Joanna C., 155, 241.
241, 242
Combination of many itemized
insights and acts involved in
case work of professional grade,
102, 124
Community resources: 15, 16, 18,
19; case workers' duty in the
absence of. 115; utilization of.
of,
by case workers, 225
Community work, 223
Condusion,
Conclusion, 255-260
Confidential nature: of case histories, 29; of relation of social
worker to dient,
client, 29
Conklin, Edwin Grant, 146
Continuity of policy, 248
Court: decision based on social

and, 123; c ildren's rights in
the, 188; probation in the, 216the.188;
217; procedure in the, 215.
215, 217;
social evidence in tbe,
the, of tbe
the
future, 218
Criminal JJustice
ustice in Cleveland.
Pound and Frankfurter, 215
Criticism of case work processes
on basis of long-term, intensive
treatment, 90
Definition, a tentative, of sodal
social
case work, 98; basis of, 87-90
Democracy: and individual difference, 149-154; in the fam.
fame
ily.
ily, 182, 228; case work and.
244-254, 248-249; a daily
habit of life, 249
Dewey, John, 142 (footnote)
Difficult girl, a, 31-43; Teresa
Allegri, 83
Allegri.
Disasters and rehabilitation, 219
Discipline, 12-13, 22, 64, 109
Drinking man, SI-59
51-59
Drinking woman, 59-68
Dutcher. Elizabeth, 110
Elements of Social Science, The.

Maclver, 95 (footnote)
R. M. Maclver.
Eliot,
Eliot. George, 214, 244
Employers, 119-120
Endowment of special ability in
the social case work field, 251254
Enuresis, 35
Enuresis.
Environment: 22, 23i
23; social and
physical, distingUIshed,
distingUlShed, 99;
heredity versus, 146-149. See
also Change of and Social
Equality: not likeness, 150; the
essence of, 151
Ethical Philosophy of Life, A
An.
n.
Felix Adler, ISO
Eugenics, 148-149
262
INDEX
Evolution and Ethics.
128
Huxley, 128
Expert advice, 20, 24
Thomas
Face of the World, The. Johan

Bojer, 126
coundl of, 84-86;
Family, the: a council
eQuation in discussions
personal equation
of, 177-178; specialists should
know facts of the life of, 180;
children the test of, 181; that
fails, 187-188; as a test of industrial organization, 20 1-202;
in current outlines of sociology,
226. See also The Home
1 55
Family deserters, 135, 154154-155
Family Social Work, Institute of,
249-250
Family welfare societies: fuller

records of. 30-31; case work of.
illustrated, 51-86, 134-136,
139-142, 185; and housing,
227;
and tuberculosis campaigns, 227; and studies of desertion and non-support. 227;
and social
sodal research, 227-228;
in child labor campaigns. 232234; early case work in. 244245; an index of what is hap
pemng In, 250

Fathers and Children. Ivan Turgenev, 187
Feeble-minded, the, SS. II I, 182
Finding work, 206-210
FolIett,
Follett, M. P., 145
Forms of Sodal
Social Work, the, 222243
Foster, George, story of, 43-49;

case of. cited, 96. IlO,
IIO, 112. 116.
179, 189
Foster homes. selection of, 44

Frankness, 21, 40
Free homes, selection of, 44
Freedom of growth the important thing in case work, 251
Fundamental principles restated,
,
257-258
Group character of some case

treatment, 80, 111, 139-142
Group thinking, ~4-86
Group
Groupwork,
work, 223, 224, 229
Habit, re-education of. 73. 108
Haldane, J. S., 95 (footnote)
Hall. Florence Howe. 7
Hamilton, eice!y.
eicely. 178
Handicapped. work with. 220
Harrison. Shelby M . 236
Health. see Physical Condition
Healy, Dr. Wm., 104 (footnote)
121
Heath. Arthur George. 165

Heredity
H eredity and Environment. Ed.
win Grant Conklin, 146
Heredity versus environment,
environment.
146- 1149
Hocking, Wm. Ernest, 132
Holbrook, David H., 229
Home. the, 175-194; developing
atIection for.
fort 58; re-estabaffection
lished, 63; instinct of, 65;
breaking up, 72; as a family
center.
center, 78; and children. 118;
not the institution
insttution of, for its
own sake 179; many kinds of
sodal
social work visits to, 180; proposed substitutes fort
for. 181; and
the school, 197; and the workshop. 201-202; rehabilitation
of, af
after
ter disasters. 219; as a
preparation for life. 258. See
also The Family
Hospital sodal
social work, 210-214,
f
230
Housing conditions, 120-121

Eowe,
Eowe. Maud, 7
Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley, 7-9,
10
Human Interdependence,
126-
143. 257
Human Nature and lts

Its Remaking.
Wm. Ernest Hocking, 132
Human Psychology. Howard C
W
n, 94 (footnote)
Wanen,
INDEX
HumbIe services as a means of
Humble
treatment, 23, 58, 64, 107-108
Husband and wife disagree, 5159, 184
Huxley, Thos., 127-128

Illustrations: Miss Sullivan and
Helen KeIler,
Keller, 9-25; process of
choosing, 26-31; Maria Bielowski, a difficult girt
girl. 3 1 -43;
George Foster, a dependent
child placed out, 43-49; Mr.
and Mrs. Rupert Voung,
Young, husband and wife who cannot
agree, 51-59; Clara Vansca
and her neglected children, 5968; Winifred Jones
jones and her
children, widow not an efficient
home maker, 68-80; Lucia
Allegri and her relatives, who
AUegri
fail to understand her situation,
80-86; pellagra cases, 134-135;
desertion case, 135-136; group
case work, 139-142; unwise
service, 167-171; of visiting
teaching, 199-200; of case
work in compensation field,
205-206; relief in aid of wages,
236; reports to public departments, 238
Imaginativesympathy,
Imaginative sympathy, 23,37,42,
106, 107
Immigrant family, 80-86, 185186
Immigration: 117-118; recent,

154; and case work, 220-221
lndividual
Individual Differences, 144-158,
257-258
lndustrial:
Industrial: employment of women and equality, 152-153;
conditions, 237
Industrial disease legislation, 230
Infallibility, no claim of, 40
Innate make-up: and prognoses,
105 (footnote); not easily distinguished, J45
Insight into individuality and
sodal
social environment, 101-102,
103-107
Instinctive responses versus the

reasoning and habit-forming
processes, 164
Institutional care, 43, 60, 189
Intensive case work, 90, 142, 176,
251
Interest, any serious, has power

of radiation, 136
Interrelation of the different
forms of sodal
social work, 222-243
Introduction, 5-25
Introduction
I ntroduction to the Science of
Sociology. Park and Burgess,
228
Irresponsibility, 57
James. William,
WiIliam, 191
Jones.
jones. Winifred: story of. 68-80;
case of.
of, cited. 104. 108, I 12.
113, 114, 117, 119, 121, 166,
179. 189, 225
Keeping faith, 24, 108

KeIler,
Keller, Helen,
Helen. 10-25
Knowing what is happening, 41
Kropotkin, Prince, 129
Lane, Franklin K., 203
Legal aid societies, 220
Letters 0/
of William James, The.
Edited by his son, 191
Level of participation, 170
Life 0/
of Pasteur, The. Ren
Rene ValVaIlery-Radot.
lery-Radot, 192-194
Lippmann, Walter
WaIter.. 142 (footnote)
Long-term services to individuals.
individuals,
90, 142, 176, 251
MacIver, R. M.
Maclver,
M.,, 95 (footnote),
146
Macy, Mrs., see SullifJan

Marital difficulties.
difficulties, 52-59
Mark, Thistleton, 9S (footnote)
Marriage: current discussions of,
of.
177; the rights of children and,
181; laws relating to, 182; administration of, laws, 183, 227;
education for, 184-185
INDEX
M arriage and Divorce.
Felix
Adler, 184
Mead. George M . 130
M echanism. Life and Personality.
J. S. Haldane. 95 (footnote)
Medical-social work. 210-214;
Medical-sodal
pressure of numbers in, 212-
Offidalism, absence of, 108

Officialism,
Osler,
OsIer. Sir William, 243
Our Sodal
Social Heritage. .Graham
Wallas, 148, 153
Outlines of Historical J urisprudence.
den
ce. Sir Paul Vinogradoff.
202
213
Mendelian laws and human inheritance, 147

Mental examination, 72, 112
Mental experts, 106
Menta!
Mental hygiene: of industrial
workers, 204
Mental testing, 46; value of, 104
(footnote) ; and sodal
social evidence, 72, 104- 1 05
Meredith, George. 183
Meyer, Dr. Adolf, 183
Moberly. R. C . D.D . 94 (footnote)
M oral
aral and Social Significance of
the Conception of Personality.
Arthur George Heath. 165
Motive. 170-171
Mutual Aid, a Factor in Evolution.
Prince Kropotkin, 129
Myerson, Dr. Abraham, 147
Neglected children, 59-68
Neighborhood: opportunities of
a new, 66; work, 223; condibons, 229
New generation of administrators, 254
New
N ew State, The. M. P. Follett,
145
Numbers, pressure of: in visiting
teaching, 200; in hospital sodal
cial work, 212-213; in family
sodal
social work, 208, 210, 227, 239241;. in probation work, 2 I 7;
in public service, 247; in all
forms of social case work, 252
Obedience,lessons
Obedience. lessons in, 12-13, 22
Occupational resources. 119-120
Panic year,
year. figures of a, SI
51
Parent: and child, 160, 185; ob.
ligations to, 187
Park, Robert E., 227
Parole officers. 220
Participation of the dient
client in
making and carrying out plans
for his welfare. 39, 48, 109-110,
-171, 173
170 "171,
Pasteur,
Pasteur. Louis, 192-194, 243
Patience, 108
Pauperism, 167
Pearson,
Pearson. Sir Arthur, 162
Pedagogy and personality. 94
(footnote)
13S
Pellagra, 135
Perkins, Frances, 204-206
Perkins Institution for the Blind,
7, 9, 19
Permanent welfare as a test of

case work, 90,
90. 142
Perry, Bliss,
Bliss. 93 (footnote)
Personal eQuation,
equation, the, in discussions of the family, 177-178
Personal influence. 108
Personal side of case work, 126128, 244
Personality: of Helen Keller, 22;

the service of, 24-25; development of, the aim of case work,
90, 97, 260; effect of loss of
soda!
upon,
social status or health upon.
91; nature of, 92; and individual differences, 92;
must
grow oratrophy, 93; no seale

scale for
measunng. 121-122; not static,

static.
122, 131 i society the source
122.
and origln
origIn of. 129-13 2 , 257;
reverence for, 158, 248; all
forms of sodal
social work serve. 259
INDEX
Philosophy of soda}
social case work.
128, 257
Physical condition, 35, 46, 48,
54,57,63.74,79,112,141
Physidans:
Physicians: and sodal
social case work,
135, 144; and patients, 160;
private practice of, 221
Pity, the handicap of an unnerving, 161-162
Placement work, 37. 44-49
Plato on equality, 151
Pound, Roscoe, 215
Prevention, 230
Preventive medicine, 211
of Sociology. E. A. Ross,
Principles ol
185
Privately supported agencies:
staff representation in, 248249; continuity of policy in,
248
Probation: for Maria Bielowski,
32-35, 42; insights needed
in, 122-123; pressure of numbers in, 216-217; need of good
sodal
social training for, work. 231
Professional organization of social workers, national in scope,
243
Prohibition, 241-242
Psychiatrie
Psychiatric Family Studies. Dr.
Abraham Myerson, 147
Psychiatry and social case work,
133, 144, 213, 221
from the Standpoint of
Psychology Irom
a Behaviorist. J. B. Watson, 94
(footnote), 164-165
Public administration and case
work, 238-239, 245-248, 253254
Public Education Association of
New York,
Vork, 198, 200, 228
Public employment bureaus, 207
Purposeful Action: the Basis of,
159-174; routine and, 164
Recreation, 37, 68, 73, 114, 223
Reid, Thomas, 91
Relatives, 12; participation of, in

case work, 16; of Rupert
Young, 53-59; of Clara Vansea, 62, 65, 113; of Winifred
sca,
Lucia Allegri.
AlIegri.
Jones, 69, 77; of Luda
84, 85; of a button maker'
maker'ss
family, 140
Relief, material: 167-174; as a
substitute for justice, 172; in
aid of wages, 236-237
Religious instruction. 20-2 I, 24,
113, 144
Repetition. 75, 109, 166
Rigidity, no permanence with
extreme of. 184
ROBs. E. A., 184-185
Ross.
Royce, Josiah, 130
Sainte-Beuve. Charles-Augustin,
~22
Schoolrecords,4S,4 8 ,66,74. 112 ,

169
School
Workshop . Hospita}
Hospital
--Court, 195-221
Schools: policy of same thing for
everybody in, 196; case work
in. 196-201
tOt 38
Self-respect, appeal to.
social work,
Sense of the whole in sodal
223, 245, 259
Sham families, 187-188
Shopmates, co-operation of, 140
Short term services to individuals, 88, 176
Sodal
Social agencies, team play between, 113-114. 141
Sodal
Social Case Work: in Being, 2686; defined, 87-125; unconscious, 5-'1, 11; as neighborliness, 7; when subsidiary to
some other professional service, 27. 88-89, 2 1 4. 259;
widening scope of. 30, 251;
profession of, not weil
well estab..
lished. 87 (footnote); of the
short-term variety, 88, 176;
of the long-term and intensive
type, 89-90, 142, 176, 251;
2S I; a
form of teaching, 94, 96; the
266
INDEX
special approach of. 96; dismass
tinguished from ma
ss treatment, 98; is, a specialized
skill? 100; material
form of skiU?
with which, deals a part of
daily life, 102, 177; personal side of, 126--128, 244;
must have a philosophy, 128,
257; and psychiatry, 133, 144.
213, 221; of one, two. and
14 2 ;
three dimensions, 138138-142;
social psychology, 142and sodal
143; field of, not identical with
that of other professions dealing with personality, 144; and
reverence for personality, 158;
present-day. 17S; intensive.
present-day,
bear
may be
ar a separate name
later, 176; short-term, 176;
in schools. 196-201; in workhospitals, 210shops, 204; in hospitaIs,
214; in courts, 216; private
practice of, 221; and group
work, 224; and social reforms,
225, 234; and social research,
Iabor cam227, 230; in child labor
paigns, 232-234; and industrial
conditions, 237; and public
officials, 238; under public and
private auspices, 248
Social case workers, increasing
demand for, 250
Social
diagnosis, skill in, saves
SodaI
time, 103-104
Social
Sodal environment: 99; insight
into the resources, dangers, and
influence of the, 102. 103-107;
approach through the. characteristic of case work, 1I I I;
indirect action through the.
illus., 139-142
Social and Ethical I nterpretaental Vevelopment.
Development.
tions
Hons in M
Mental
James Mark Baldwin, 130
Social
Sodal heritage, 147-149
Social
Socia! psychology and social
sodal case
work, 142-143
Social
Sodal reform, 223. 227, 228, 23 I
Social
Sodal relationship: no one, can
serve for all, 1 I I; a key to
client's life, 132; the approach
by way of, 133-134
Sodal
Social research, 224, 227. 230, 251
-253
Sodal
Social settlements, 143, 223. 232
Social Work in Hospitals. Ida M.
Cannon, 213 (footnote)
Sodal
Social work and soda!
social case work,
115
Society the source and origin of

personality, 129-132
Special ability. eudowment
endowment of,
251-254
Spiritual gains, 20-2 I. 68

Staf!
Staff representation on committees of private agendes.
agencies. 249
Stages of development: in social
case work. 154; in medicine,
2 I I ; in the administration of
justice. 215
Standard of Life, The. Mrs. Bernard Bosanquet, 163
Stimulation: and encouragement,
progtam of, 72, 75, 80, 109;
of wants, 166
Story of My Life, The. Helen
KeIler,
Keller, 11-22
Stout. G. F . 162
Stranded travelers, 220
Studies in Good
Cood and Evil. Josiah
Royce, 130
Study of Poetry, A. Bliss Perry,
93 (footnote)
Subsidiary case work, supplementing service of another
profession, 27, 88-89. 214, 259
Suggestion. 73
Sullivan, Anne Mansfield (Mrs.
Macy). 9-25. 40,
4 0 , 95. 107, 117,
224
Summary of ground covered, 255260
Sympathy, two kinds of, 23;
lmagmatlve, 37. 42
Syphilis, 35. 41
Tallentyre. S. G., 6
Teacher and pupil, 160
INDEX
Teaching and social
sodal case work,
Van Dyke, Dr. Henry, 151

Vansca, Clara, story of.
of, 59-68;
case of, cited, 108, 109, I13,
1I3,
95, 133, 144
Technique:
and constructive
imagination, 107; versus slogans, 242; and a sense of the
whoIe, 243
whole.
Temperament, 91 (footnote)
Thrift, lessons in, 64-65.
64-65, 67, II4
Thrift.
Trade union a serious interest,
114, 116, 118, 119, 121, 179
Victory Over Blindness.

Sir
Arthur Pearson, 162
Vinogradofi,
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul,
PauI, 202
Visiting Teacher in the United
States, The. A survey by the
National Association
tion of Visiting Teachers and Home and
School Visitors, 200
Visiting teachers, 197-201, 228
Vocational guidance, 206, 220
136
soda! workers, need of,

Trained social
157, 251
soda} work,
Training schools of social
243
Truancy and Non-Attendance in

the Chicago Schools. Abbott
and Breckenridge, 196
Trust estates, administration of.
sodal case work, 219
a field for social
Tuberculosis. 140
Turgenev, Ivan, 187
1 48, 153
Wallas, Graham, 147147-148,
Wants: stimulation of, 166; progressive and higher, 167
Warren, Howard C., 94 (footnote)
Watson, J. B., 94 (footnote), 164
Wider self, theory of the, 131
Widow with children, 68-80
Working homes, 36, 44
Workmen's compensation administration and case work,
Unemployed, the, 154, 208-210.

239-242
Unfavorable conditions, 165-166

Unfit,the,
Unfit,
the, 127-128, 182
Unfolding of Personality, the, as
the Chief A im of Education.
Thistleton Mark, 95 (footnote)
Unwise,service, 167-171
204- 2 06
Workshop, the: and the home,

201-202; case work in, 204, 220
Young, Mr. and Mrs. Rupert,
story of, SI-59;
51-59; case of, cited,
Vaile, Gertrude, 150-151

VaJlery-Radot, Ren,
Rene, 194
lIS,
108, 110, 112, 113, 116, 118,
120, 121,210,239-242
268
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DIRECTOR, CHARITY ORGANIZATION DBPARTMBNT

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Printed February, 1922, 2540 copies

SOCIAL CASE WORK IN BEING

ORK AND DEMOCRACY

ERE was rea teac ing in t e wor

efore t ere was a science or art 0 teac ing;

wor ers egan, not 80

t eir fellows a few

smoothing out the tangles in suc

these" straig teners," as Samue But er

WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

ta es are too itt e

For the Doctor, in th

case worker who is able to effect better adjust-

etween the indivi ual

* Tallentyre, S. G.: Basset, A Village Chronicle, p. 93.

writing seemed to Dogberry

There is a half truth in this

ma e, but its element of

error is the failure to recognize how much is

between neighbor and specialist is well

ounded Perkins Institution for

ea - lin , one of t eir number un er his

write and use her min

Fortunately, Dr. Howe

* Howe, Maud, and Hall, Florence Howe: Laura Bridg-

man, Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and Wh

his methods and results.

Upon this foundation,

hen Laura was a little girl he use

for country walks, and taught her the difference

t rew stones into it.

y the rookAt t e time that

er anyt lng In t e same way

which Dr. Howe possessed, we have a new power

loving one another .

In the year 1886 t

ansfield Sullivan, * who

been a most totally blin

from early c ild-

before her graduation from the instituIn her student days

iss Sullivan had

in the same cottage with

Laura Bri gman.

In addition to her observa-

Howe's original records and diaries.

* Now Mrs. Macy.

WHAT IS SOCIAL CASE WORK?

not like Laura's into a

ut not from the angle from which, as an

propose to VIew 1t.

iss Sullivan wrote to a

ucational side, some of

present- ay teac ers.

cedure, though under conditions that social

anything less than all of these letters, together

In fact, certain incidents in the

story are won erful illustrations of what has

een termed unconscious case work, and I shall

At nineteen months an illness, descri

as "acute congestion of the stomac