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GWALIOR
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
[TRANSFORMER]
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
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HARSH NANDWANA
NAYAK
Mr. MANOJ
Certificate
This is to certify that Harsh Nandwana,
student of Class XII, Pragati Vidya Peeth
morar, Gwalior has completed the project
titled Transformer during the academic year
2015-2016
towards
partial
fulfillment
of
2016,
and
submitted
satisfactory
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Teachers Signature
signature
_____________________
Principals
_____________________
Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude &
sincere thanks to
Mrs. Deepika
bambani ,Pragti Vidya peeth, Gwalior for her
encouragement & for all the facilities that
they had provided for this project work. I
sincerely appreciate the magnanimity by
taking me into her fold. For which I shall
remain indebted to her. I extend my hearty
thanks to Mr. Manoj Nayak, physics teacher
who guided me to the successful completion
of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for her
invaluable duidance, constant
encouragement, sympathetic attitude &
immense motivation.
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Content
Content
Page no.
Introduction
Principle
Introduction of transformer
Construction
8-12
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Energy loss
13
Procedure
14
Uses of transformer
15
Reference
16
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that
is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced
e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The
varying current in a circuit produce varying
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INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and
high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of
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CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the
core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
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For
an
ideal
transformer,
we
assume
that
the
THEORY AND
WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
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and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and
And
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-----------------
Es = -Ns d/dt
-----------------
(2)
----------------
(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip
= E Ep / Rp
E E p = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be
neglected so therefore
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E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s /
Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
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In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If
Ip =
t
And
Is
Ep Ip and
Es Is
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Es Is
Or
Or
Es / Ep
Ip / Is
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power. i.e.
=
Es Is / Ep Ip
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ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
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Procedure
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively .
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil
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USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
In
voltage
regulator
for
T.V.,
refrigerator,
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REFERENCE
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.sites.google.com/site/studrycracke
rs23
Physics by pradeep class 12 volume 2
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