SD CM1

Systmes Distribus
Master MIAGE 1
Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi
Universit de Nice Sophia Antipolis
Dpartement Informatique
andrea.tettamanzi@unice.fr
Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012
Page Web du Cours
www.i3s.unice.fr/~tettaman/Classes/SD
CM - Sance 1
Introduction
et
Architectures
Introduction
Chapter 1
Definition of a Distributed System (1)

A distributed system is:
A collection of independent computers
that appears to its users as a single
coherent system.
Definition of a Distributed System (2)
1.1
A distributed system organized as middleware.

6
Note
that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines.
Goals
Accessibility of resources
Transparency
Openness
Scalability
Accessibility
Sharing of resources
Virtual communities, groupware
E-banking
Electronic Commerce
Social Networks
Critical Aspects:
Security
Privacy
Transparency in a Distributed System

Transparency
Description
Access
Hide differences in data representation and how a

resource is accessed
Location
Hide where a resource is located
Migration
Hide that a resource may move to another location
Relocation
Hide that a resource may be moved to another

location while in use
Replication
Hide that a resource may be shared by several

competitive users
Concurrency
Hide that a resource may be shared by several

competitive users
Failure
Hide the failure and recovery of a resource
Persistence
Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or

on disk
Different forms of transparency in a distributed system.

Openness
Compliance to standard rules: syntax & semantics
Protocols
Interfaces IDL
Semantics: ontologies
Interoperability
Portability
Separation of policies from mechanisms: parameterization
10
Dimensions of scalability
With respect to size (users, resources)
With respect to geographic deployment
With respect to administration/management
11
Scalability Problems
Concept
Example
Centralized services
A single server for all users
Centralized data
A single on-line telephone book
Centralized algorithms
Doing routing based on complete information
Examples of scalability limitations.

12
Scaling Techniques (1)
1.4
The difference between letting:

a) a server or
b) a client check forms as they are being filled
13
Scaling Techniques (2)
1.5
An example of dividing the DNS name space into zones.

14
Pitfalls False Assumptions

1.
The network is reliable
2.
The network is secure
3.
The network is homogeneous
4.
The topology does not change
5.
Latency is negligible
6.
Bandwith is unlimited
7.
The cost of transport is zero
8.
There is one administrator
15
Types of Distributed Systems
Computing Systems
Cluster, Grid
Information System
Transnational systems, Integration of applications
Pervasive Systems
Home automation, Healthcare, Sensor networks
16
Architectures
Chapter 2
17
Components and Connectors
Architectural style expressed in terms of

Components
A modular unit
With well-defined required and supplied interfaces
Connectors
Any mechanism that mediates
Communication
Coordination
Cooperation
18
Architectural Styles
Layered Architecture
Object-Oriented Architectures
Data-Centric Architectures
Event-Based Architectures
19
Layered Architectures
Layer N
Layer N 1
Request flow
Response flow
Layer 2
Layer 1
20
Object-Oriented Architectures
Object
Object
Object
Method
Invocation
Object
Object
21
Data-Centric Architectures
Component
Component
delivery
publish
(persistent) shared data repository

22
Event-Based Architectures
Component
Component
notification
Event Bus
publish
Component
23
System Architectures
Centralized Architectures
Decentralized Architectures
Structured Peer-to-Peer Architectures
Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Architectures
Hybrid Architectures
24
Clients and Servers
1.25
General interaction between a client and a server.

25
Processing Level
1-28
The general organization of an Internet search

engine into three different layers
26
Multitiered Architectures (1)
1-29
Alternative client-server organizations (a) (e).

27
Multitiered Architectures (2)
1-30
An example of a server acting as a client.

28
Modern Architectures
1-31
An example of horizontal distribution of a Web service.

29
Peer-to-Peer Architectures
Horizontal Distribution
Symmetric Interaction among Processes (Servents)
Overlay Networks (structured/non-structured)
30
Applications
Communication and collaboration (IM)

Distributed Computing (...@home)
Internet Service Support
Databases
Content Distribution
31
Overlay Networks
Pure Decentralized (all nodes are equal)
Partially Centralized (nodes + supernodes)
Hybrid Decentralized (central server + nodes)
Unstructured (content unrelated to topology)
Structured (content related to topology)
32
Structured Architectures
Distributed hash table (DHT):
Data mapped into keys k H
Nodes choose random identifier i H
Map f : H H, which assigns k to i.
Membership Management:
Entry of a new node
Exit of a node
33
Chord
34
Content-Addressable Network
35
Unstructured Architectures
Random algorithms to construct overlay network

Search: flood
Every node keeps a list of neighbors: partial view
Updating a partial view
Two complementary approaches:
1)
Exchange half views between two nodes
2)
Remove old nodes from every list
36
Topology Management
Overlay network
Specification
protocol
Structured Layer
Unstructured Layer
Random Node
Partial view
37
Overlay Network Specification

Ranking function
e.g.: distance
e.g.: semantic similarity
38
Partially Centralized Networks

Problem: searching data in unstructured networks
Solution: Superpeers
Hierarchical Organization:
Superpeer networks
Subnetworks of peers constructed around superpeers
Dynamic election of superpeers
(cf. Synchronization)
39
Merci de votre attention
40

SD CM1

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Systmes Distribus

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Page Web du Cours

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Definition of a Distributed System (1)

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Definition of a Distributed System (2)

A distributed system organized as middleware.

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Virtual communities, groupware

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Transparency in a Distributed System

Hide differences in data representation and how a

Hide where a resource is located

Hide that a resource may move to another location

Hide that a resource may be moved to another

Hide that a resource may be shared by several

Hide that a resource may be shared by several

Hide the failure and recovery of a resource

Hide whether a (software) resource is in memory or

Different forms of transparency in a distributed system.

Compliance to standard rules: syntax & semantics

Separation of policies from mechanisms: parameterization

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

With respect to size (users, resources)

With respect to geographic deployment

With respect to administration/management

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

A single server for all users

A single on-line telephone book

Doing routing based on complete information

Examples of scalability limitations.

Scaling Techniques (1)

The difference between letting:

b) a client check forms as they are being filled

Scaling Techniques (2)

An example of dividing the DNS name space into zones.

Pitfalls False Assumptions

The network is reliable

The network is secure

The network is homogeneous

The topology does not change

The cost of transport is zero

There is one administrator

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Types of Distributed Systems

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Components and Connectors

Architectural style expressed in terms of

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

(persistent) shared data repository

Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi, 2012

Clients and Servers

General interaction between a client and a server.

The general organization of an Internet search

Multitiered Architectures (1)

Alternative client-server organizations (a) (e).

Multitiered Architectures (2)

An example of a server acting as a client.