ROUGH DRAFT

28 October 2009

West Sumatra Earthquake

Human Recovery Needs Assessment

Contents
1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment................................................
1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities.............................................................................................
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities education..................................................5
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities environment.......................................................................6
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities health.................................................................................6
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities protection...........................................................................7
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities shelter................................................................................7
1.2 Summary of Survey Results............................................................................................
Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance......................................8
Access to food................................................................................................................ 8
Social Cohesion.............................................................................................................. 9
Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.............................................................9
Access to Shelter.......................................................................................................... 10
Access to Livelihood......................................................................................................11
Access to Education......................................................................................................12
Safe and Sustainable Environment...............................................................................13
Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities...............................................................14
Impact on Governance..................................................................................................15
Access to Health...........................................................................................................16
Impact on Vulnerable Groups........................................................................................17
Access to Protection.....................................................................................................18
Impact on agriculture.....................................................................................................20
1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions........................................................................
Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks...................................22
Infrastructure................................................................................................................. 22
Shelter........................................................................................................................... 22
Governance.................................................................................................................. 22
Livelihoods.................................................................................................................... 23
Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 23
Health............................................................................................................................ 23
Shelter........................................................................................................................... 24
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)........................................................................24
Education...................................................................................................................... 24
Agriculture..................................................................................................................... 24
Cross-Cutting Disaster Risk Management..................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure...........................................25
Cross-Cutting Clearing and Demoliton.......................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Psychological......................................................................................25
Cross-Cutting - Conflict.................................................................................................25
Cross-Cutting Environment........................................................................................25

2.0 Human Recovery Needs....................................................................

Agriculture............................................................................................................................
Education..............................................................................................................................
Environment.........................................................................................................................
Early Recovery - Governance..............................................................................................
Early Recovery - Livelihood................................................................................................
Early Recovery - Shelter/Community Facilities and Infrastructure..................................

Health....................................................................................................................................
Nutrition................................................................................................................................
Protection.............................................................................................................................
Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH)...............................................................................

3.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Reconstruction Costs........

4.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Renaki Comparison Table
...................................................................................................................

1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment

The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on the need to assess
the perceptions of people and communities in order to better inform the recovery and
reconstruction process. If it can be said that the Damage and Loss Assessment (DALA) is a
founded on a quantitative inventory of WHAT has happened based on secondary government
agency data confirmed by field visits, then comparatively it can be said that the Human
Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on a qualitative primary field
assessment of the perceptions of people and communities about HOW to do what must be
done based on community perceptions of the implications of the damages, losses and related
needs.
Taken together, the HRNA and the DALA make up the Post Disaster Needs Assessment
(PDNA) in which the two assessments come together to identify WHY the disaster happened
and HOW to keep it from happening again so that future disaster risks are reduced in the
process of putting the affected communities on the path to recovery.
The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) data was collected from primary sources
through household surveys complemented by Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key
Informant Interviews (KII). A total of 600 households were interviewed in six of the worst
affected districts (Agam, Kota Padang, Padang Pariaman, Pariaman City, Pasaman Barat and
Pesisir Selatan) based on purposive sampling method. Out of the total 600 questionnaires,
the data processed from this exercise was 500 valid questionnaires.
The HRNA methodology is designed to obtain direct qualitative feedback from the affected
people and communities regarding their understanding of immediate recovery needs rather
than a more quantitative representation or inventory of the situation. Therefore, it is
important to recognize that percentages presented in as a part of the HRNA report are based
on community needs as perceived by the households surveyed that illustrate overall
perceptions and needs as seen by the disaster affected population.

1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities

Based on information being prepared by BNPB to be entered into its Indonesia Disaster Data
and Information (DiBi) - a Government of Indonesia cross ministry database (see http://
dibi.bnpb.go.id) on disaster information - West Sumatera Province is a high risk province
prone to a wide range of disaster types. The following table shows the ranking of each
district in West Sumatera relative to the Indonesia Disaster Risk Index. This index
(below) was prepared in mid-2009 by a team of Indonesian disaster risk index experts with
support from the World Bank. Coordination between the team and BNPB has been supported
by UNDP to ensure smooth integration into the DiBi.
KABUPATEN
WORST AFFECTED
DISTRICTS
Agam
Kota Padang
Padang Pariaman
Kota Pariaman
Pasaman Barat
Pesisir Selatan
AFFECTED DISTRICTS
Pasaman
Kota Bukit Tingggi
Tanah Datar
Solok Selatan
Solok
Kota Padang Panjang
Kep.Mentawai
UNAFFECTED
DISTRICTS
Sawahlunto Sijunjung
Lima Puluh Koto
Dharmas raya
Kota Solok
Kota Sawahlunto
Kota Payakumbuh

Earth
quake

Land
Slide

H
L
M
H
H
M

H
M
H
H
M
M

H
M
H
H
M
M

M
M
M
M
H
L

M
M
M
M
M
M

H
L
H
M
H
H

H
M
H
M
M
M

H
H
H
H
M
H
H

M
H
H
M
H
H
L

M
H
H
M
H
H
L

L
M
M
L
M
M
L

L
M
M
L
M
L
L

H
M
H
H
H
M
M

M
M
M
L
M
M
L

H
H
H
H
H
H

M
H
M
H
L
H

M
H
M
H
L
H

L
M
M
M
M
M

M
M
L
M
L
M

H
H
H
M
H
H

M
M
L
M
L
M

Tsunami Flood Drought Erosion

Volcanic
Eruption

The high risk to the above disaster types is well known by local government and West
Sumateran communities and is documented in the West Sumatera Province Disaster
Management Plan 2008 - 2012. This plan ranks the potential risks due to disasters resulting
from the following hazards Province-wide as follows:
Risk I
High Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties
Earthquake, Tsunami, Flood, Epidemics, Drugs

Risk II
Lower Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties or
High Return Rate with Lower Potential Damage and Casualties
Landslide, Volcano, Forest and Land Fire, Storm, Building Fire, Tidal
There are a number of well known vulnerabilities or disaster patterns demonstrated by this
disaster that are regularly repeated in other areas of Indonesia with similar high-risk to
earthquakes (with the secondary disaster of landslides):
High rate of rural houses destroyed. This pattern has repeated itself over and over
throughout Indonesia as well as in West Sumatera because the methods required for
building earthquake resistant houses are not widely known by local builders or
families that build their own houses. Fortunately, this damage pattern is also
accompanied lately in West Sumatera by a growing capacity as disaster resistant
house building materials and methods have become more widely known due to work
done by Public Works (Housing) in partnership with communities, development
agencies and NGOs.
High rate of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools. Another key damage
pattern that repeats itself over and over throughout Indonesia as well as in West
Sumatera is the high level of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.
Extensive rural access blocked by landslides. A final repeating damage pattern is
the extensive damage and blockage of roads due to landslides caused by unstable soils
that were not accounted for during the process of road planning, design and
construction of roads to rural areas.
Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities education
Padang city is the education hub for the Western Sumatra Province with a high concentration
of higher education institutions, and secondary and primary schools. Before the earthquake,
about 895,000 students were enrolled in education facilities supervised by the MONE, about
56,000 students were enrolled in madrasah schools, and 86,000 students (Data Pokok
Pendidikan Sumatera Barat 2007/ 2008) were registered in higher education institutions. The
educational achievement in the West Sumatra Province has improved in the recent years to
catch up with the national average. In 2008, net primary school enrollment rate was 95%,
with similar participation of boys and girls. The transition rates to junior secondary level and
senior secondary level have increased due to improved physical access to schools
throughout the province. In 2008, net enrolment rates for Junior Secondary schools stood at
67 %, and 45% for Senior Secondary schools (country wide enrollment rates stand currently
at 71% in Junior Secondary and 50% in Senior Secondary)
The education sector is characterized by public-private partnerships at all levels. Around 30%
of schools (pre-tertiary) and 68 % of madrasahs are privately managed; 82 out of 87 Higher
Education Institutions in the province, including universities, academies, institutes are
private. In addition, the private sector plays a vital role in delivering non-formal education. A
large number of private non-formal training providers offering skills training courses,
language classes, business and management programs, computer training, etc.
Weak earthquake resistance of school building construction contributed to the high level of
destruction, since the construction of schools frequently does not follow the seismic building
5

code of Indonesia. Many education facilities, particularly in rural and poorer areas, were
constructed in the 1970s or 1980s as part of the Inpres program and have seriously
deteriorated due to severe weather conditions, continuous use and inadequate maintenance.
The poor earthquake resistance of the schools in West Sumatra has remained unaddressed
over the years. Funding received from various sources for school rehabilitation was more
commonly used to improve a schools appearance rather than to improve its earthquake
resistance. To accommodate a quickly growing number of new students and increase access
to secondary education services many existing schools were extended and additional schools
were built. However, in order to maximize limited funds, the enforcement of building codes
and other safety standards has often been compromised over the years.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities environment
West Sumatras exposure to seismic activity and its steep terrain make the province uniquely
susceptible to landslides. Three-quarters of West Sumatras land area is mountainous and risk
of landslides and erosion affects around half the province. While the highlands provide some
agricultural ground, many areas are too steep for cultivation and in some areas, loss of forest
cover and inappropriate land uses exacerbate the risks of landslides.
The mountains are an important source of freshwater that feeds the provinces rivers and
provides its main source of drinking water. However, damage to catchment areas and
watersheds may affect water levels in some areas and may have impacts on the provinces
hydropower potential. There are also reports of dumping of waste from small-scale industrial
activities into rivers and beach areas, and several rivers have poor water quality and high
levels of mercury accumulation. In some areas, lack of sanitary facilities leads to further
pollution of water bodies.
West Sumatras protected forests, including its two national parks, are under pressure from
illegal logging and encroachment. Forest degradation reduces the forests capacity to provide
environmental services including the protection of biodiversity, the stabilization of soil, and
the sequestration of carbon.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities health
With regard to the health aspect, the following factors are identified as the main pre-disaster
vulnerabilities underlying the extent of the disaster impact:

Lack of funding source especially for medical supplies and equipment

Limited capacity of local health department in taking on additional task postemergency
Health resources capacity for universal coverage of health services needs to be
upgraded
Leadership, accountability and ownership
Information sharing, accuracy and timely delivery is still need to be improved
Coordination and collaboration of government agencies, NGOs, international/national
health agencies and external partners need to be strengthened
District based early recovery operational plan not yet available.

Pre-disaster vulnerabilities protection

According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with
pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not
exclusive to: children affected by abuse or violence; children in conflict with the law;
children with disabilities; children living on the streets or in institutions; women affected by
GBV; adults with disabilities; and elderly without family support. More than 60 care
institutions were working in the affected districts prior to the earthquake catering to this
population.
In addition, while the Rights of women in Indonesia are promoted by many laws and policies,
for example Law on Domestic Violence of 2004, women still experience disadvantages and
discrimination in accessing resources and services, in having a role in decision making (for
example women are only 16-18 of Legislature), and in experiencing various forms of
violence (3.07% experience domestic violence). Maternal mortality is on average
228/100.000 live births (2007) . Government institutions have limited capacity or
mechanisms to promote womens rights; the Ministry of Womens Empowerment has limited
resources to encourage and support other technical departments.
Pre-disaster vulnerabilities shelter
The housing in Indonesia being mostly private, except for some civil servant who may be
lodged by the government, 10-15%. 40-60% live in informal settlements, hence basically self
built. An important difference for the individual is if the house is rented or owned. This may
later on be conflicted for a beneficiary policy, but may be less important for an early damage
assessment. Urban density housing in Padang , is practically limited to 2 floor structures,
except for the ruko or shop houses which usually use more than 2 floors (3-4 floors). The
vast housing majority is one level though. The difference in cost/m2 is of course
considerable, but in total values less significant given the low percentage of multi storey
housing.

1.2 Summary of Survey Results

The following is a summary of the perceptions of people and communities in the six most
affected districts including related interventions or needs identified indicated as developed
with input from the Humanitarian Clusters or special Working Groups (i.e. Governance
Working Group or Shelter Recovery Working Group).
Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance
Key concerns are felt fairly broadly across basic issues such as lack of income, physical
threats, shelter, food, clean water and health related issues. It is significant that "lack of/loss
of income" (livelihood), safety/security, shelter and other basic need rank highest with
children's education ranking lowest. The survey suggests that the general perceptions of the
affected communities are directed towards immediate survival. It is interesting to note
that childrens education ranks a distant last after perceptions regarding immediate survival.
Table X: Perception Regarding the Disaster Impact (%)
No Most Concerning Matters
%
1 Lack of / loss of income
19.1
2 Physical threat or injury /lack of safety
18.0
3 No or lack of shelter / housing
16.9
4 Lack of food
16.2
5 Lack of clean water
13.6
6 Health / lack of services
11.8
7 Childrens education disruption
4.4
Access to food
People's access to food has been compromised but not to the level that they perceive
themselves to be at a great risk of starvation. In fact they see themselves surviving for
about an average of one week even without food aid. This, notwithstanding, should provide
the evidence that measures has to be instituted to ensure that households are not sliding into
food insecurity overtime during the recovery phase. Coping with this situation, people are
adjusting their meal pattern. About one-third (30%) of the interviewed household decrease
the volume of their meals, another one third (32%) decrease the frequency of meals, and the
other one-third (32%) are adjusting the variation of the food they are consuming.
Table X: Number of Days Withstanding without Food Aid (Days)
No
Kabupaten/Kota
Average
1 Kota Pariaman
7.41
2 Kabupaten Pasaman Barat
6.37
3 Kabupaten Padang Pariaman
6.13
4 Kota Padang
5.51
5 Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan
5.30
6 Kabupaten Agam
4.56
Overall Average
5.88
The disaster affects has affected people's access to food in terms of food commodities'
availability (or lack thereof) in the market or, the lack of its that has led to increasesd the
prices, and the corresponding increasing pressure to the households' allocation of resources
8

for food. SA multiple answers to the survey answers revealed a consistent perception that
food availability may remain unchanged or decrease, leading to d that effect price increases.
Table X indicates that the proportion of households having to increase their allocation for
food is 36% while 42% have decreased their allocations as food availability has decreased.
Taken together, over three-fourths of households have adjusted their expenditure for food as a
result of the crisis. More than 40 % of household see themselves having to adjust their
household allocation of resources for food. Taken together, thisThis implies that until such
time that the there are adequate employment opportunities and livelihood systems are
back on trackrestored and strengthened, certain targeted support will have to be
provided to be part of the early recovery supports to the affected households threatened
by food insecurity.
Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster on Availability/Access
to Food (%)
No
No Access to food
Increase
Decrease
Change
1 Availability of food in the market
3
42
49
2 Price of food
82
14
2
3 Your households money allocation for food
48
11
37
Social Cohesion
The disaster has touched on issues that determine a community's cohesion. The HRNA survey
has illustrated that issues of land ownership / use is not so much of an issue after the disaster
(except in landslide areas), but the issue of water sources is likely to become one of the
most worrisome issues regarding community cohesion and conflict prevention in the
months to come, therefore, it is imperative that measures are put in place to assist
communities manage their water resources.
Table X: Typical Source of Community Quarrels Before/After the Disaster
No Issues triggering community quarrels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Land ownership/use
Water source use
Agricultural assets (water, livestock, crops)
Use of public facilities
Property and trade
Dignity, pride, ethnicity, religion
Working relationship
Others (write)
TOTAL

Before After
35
7
9
6
13
11
1
18
100

15
25
6
11
14
6
1
20
100

Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

More than sixty per cent of people surveyed depend on piped water network/city water
network (urban population), river/ponds, or open sources. One third of those who depended
on city networks of piped water before the crises are now experiencing disruption of this
service while those who relied on other sources pre-crisis have been ed breakdown while the
others are relatively less disrupted affected. Targeted recovery support to Depending on
how soon local government to assist them to could resume their basic services, including

clean water provision, will have to be combined with , that urban household would need
support to urban households to ensure their sustained access to clean water.
Table X: Situation of Access to Clean Water (%)
Not
No Source of Clean Water
Before
Functioning
1 Water pipe network
20.8
33.0
2 Ponds/river
20.0
10.2
3 Open sources
19.0
15.3
4 Closed sources
13.7
12.1
5 Open pumps
2.8
3.7
6 Closed pumps
2.0
5.6
7 Tanker
1.8
0.5
8 Others
19.8
19.1
One in ten men and women are using fields for defecation, and this has specific
ramifications for health and hygiene. Close attention should be paid to those populations
dealing with a) threats to food security, b) poor access to clean and reliable water
sources and c) limited access to and availability of sanitation facilities.
Table X: Defecation Practice after Disaster (%)
No Defecation practice
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Private/family latrine
Public toilet
Latrine close to the house
Field near the house
Open field
Dont know
No answer

Male

Female

45.6
26.0
13.2
3.7
8.8
0.2
2.4

46.7
26.5
13.9
3.6
6.5
0.2
2.5

Access to Shelter
While a comprehensive inventory is still being doneunder way, the following HRNA output
also illustrates perspectives of people those affected by the disaster regarding how the
disaster has impacted their houses.
Table X: Perception of Impact on House Structures
No.
1
2
3
4
5

Impacts on Housing

Heavily damaged (cannot be used without structural repair)

Completely destroyed (cannot be repaired, need reconstruction)
Seriously damaged (could be used, need substantial repair)
Lightly damaged (could be used safely, need repair)
No damage (only cleaning needed, minor repair and replacement)

44
26
20
8
1

Nine out of ten respondents reported serious damage or complete devastation of their homes.1
It is noteworthy that the survey has the tendency to be skewed towards the disaster-affected
1

It should be noted that the survey has the tendency to be skewed towards disaster-affected households.

10

households. Nearly one-half of the survey respondents reported their housing structure
would require structural repair to heavy damages before being able to be reoccupied safely,
while more than aone- quarter thought that they their houses would require complete
reconstruction. A, and another 20% of respondents reported serious damage requiring would
need substantial repair. Regardless of the housing repair/rebuild/reconstruction scheme finally
put in place, it is conceivable that certain short-term temporary/transitional shelter
would be required to allow the affected households perform their protective and
productive functions.
Table X: Expected Sources of Funding for House Repair/Reconstruction
No.
1
2
3
4
5

Expected Sources for Damaged House Repair/ Reconstruction

Government assistance
Own funding
Borrowing
Borrowing
No Answer

% of
Total
68
21
8
2
1

The above table indicates that most (almost 70%) of the affected households are counting
on government assistance to rebuild or repair their damaged or destroyed house. Only
one fifth thought that they would be able to rely on their own resources.
Access to Livelihood
One of the most strategic and sustainable avenues for recovery is grounded in the livelihood
systems of the affected communities. However, tAlmost Two-thirds of the surveyed
households reported varying degree of livelihood / employment disruption that require
various level of reinvestment before resumption or restarting.
Table X: Perception Regarding General Impact of the Disaster On Livelihoods (%)
No Status of Livelihood/Employment
1
2
3
4

Completely disrupted
Heavily disrupted (needs major reinvestment for resumption)
Seriously disrupted (need sizeable reinvestment for resumption)
Somewhat disrupted (could resume with no major investment)

23%
20%
23%
34%

In terms of shifting of livelihood, two weeks after the disaster, there was a marked trend of
people leaving the agricultural product trading to for different sectors, i.e.e.g. industry,
industry/manufacturing (which has been the main non-agricultural livelihood sector),
transportation and other services providers. Combined with a decline in retail trading, this
suggests that the crises has been particularly hard on small scale entrepreneurs. Early
recovery measures to be introduced would need to consider the viability of to have the
component of bringing assisting people back to to return to agriculture-related livelihoods or
pursuing alternative livelihoods, with due consideration given to reducing disaster risks
embedded in some livelihood systems. It is, therefore, critical that livelihood supportive
intervention be provided in the early recovery schemes. This may include support ranging
from grants or soft loans, technical/market support, to possible re-training.
Table X: Change of Non-Agricultural Livelihood (%)

11

No Main source of income other than agriculture

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Industry/Manufacture
Transportation service provider
Service provider
Private business employer
Government employer
Retail trading / commerce
Agriculture product trading
Other (write)

Before After
54.6
2.2
10.4
0.6
2.0
6.4
21.8
2.0

57.1
5.6
11.2
0.4
1.7
5.6
10.7
7.7

Diff
2.5
3.3
0.8
-0.1
-0.2
-0.9
-11.1
5.8

It is, therefore, critical that livelihood supportive intervention be provided in the early
recovery schemes. This may include supports ranging from grant or soft loans,
technical/market support, to possible re-training.
Access to Education
The obvious first observable impact on education sector is the physical destruction of school
buildings. While more than 25% of the respondents reported that the schools are available
and safe for continuing school activities, one in three reported that the school buildings are no
longer available while one in five stated that while the buildings remain available they do
not feel safe enough to continue school activities. Practically speaking, more than half of
school buildings will require major repair or complete replacement.
This is a dangerous repeating national earthquake damage pattern, in which a one-third
to one-half of all schools in similar earthquakes collapse. This means that, every time
there is an earthquake, Indonesian children are at risk due to educational facilities that are not
earthquake resistant (not to mention houses that are not earthquake resistant) in one of the
world's most earthquake prone countries. However, comparatively speaking, survey
respondents indicated that, relatively speaking, there is a perception that there is less damage
to school buildings than there to their houses suggesting a low awareness of the potential for
earthquake related damage to schools. Indonesian children, therefore, risk their lives both
by staying home and going to school, a clearly untenable situation with important
ramifications for recovery.
Table X: Perceptions on the Availability and Safety of School Buildings
No. Availability and Safety of School Buildings
1
2
3
4
5

No building available
Available and safe
Available but unsafe
Dont Know
No Answer

%
37.0
27.4
19.2
7.7
8.7

Of those schools not completely destroyed, remaining much many repairs will still be
required in addition to structural investments, - e.g., the provision of clean water, the
repair/reconstruction of latrine/ toilets, electricity installation, and peripheral walls, etc.
Careful consideration to ensure adequate access to water and sanitation facilities for male and
female students, staff and faculty will be important in designing repair and reconstruction to

12

school sites.
Table X: Remaining / Functioning School Facilities
No. School Facilities
1
2
3
4
5
6

Clean water
Toilet/latrine
Electricity
Periferal walls
Dont Know
No Answer

27.3
21.5
20.0
17.2
8.8
5.2

Given that One-half of respondents reported that school buildings for their children are either
completely destroyed or requireing substantial repair, damages that each require both
requiring investments of resources and time timeto materialize. Temporary/ or Ttransition
schools and safe environments for education activities will need to be put in place. In
addition, there are school building facilities and fixtures that also need to be provided
including / particularly during the transitional period, with due consideration given to issues
of dignity and safety in the design of temporary sanitation facilities, among other concerns. .
Safe and Sustainable Environment
The interviewed households perceived damaged/destroyed structures to be the highest
concern (40%) followed by water contamination and water/land structural damage.
Therefore, early recovery assistance should take into consideration the provision of
resources and technical support to safe demolition of houses and guidance to damaged
houses material recycling.
Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster (%)
No Environment problems
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

%
39.2
19.3
11.1
4.3
2.2
1.1
2.3
1.0
0.8

Hazardous rubbles
Clean water contamination
Structural damage of water/land
Land contamination
Dead bodies
Others (write)
None
Dont know
No Answer

The number of households reporting concerns about the presence of cadavers (see Table X
above), though apparently small, is not insignificant. While the environmental threats posed
by cadavers are usually exaggerated, the social and religious dimensions of the
management of the dead are important aspects in the full recovery of affected
communities.
At the household level, one of the environmental effects may be reflected in change in types
of household fuels being used. There has been a 7% shift of household fuel types from
13

commercial fuels to natural both commercial and forest firewood. While the shift is, at the
moment, not so significant, however, if the shift to naturally occurring fuel is not mitigated
with supportive measures this could have detrimental environmental detrimental effects
overtime, further exacerbating the threat to the natural resource based that existed prior to the
crisis.
Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel
than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be
beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.
Table X: Types of Household Fuel Before and After Disaster (%)
No Type of Household Fuel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Firewood forest
Firewood fields/purchase
Electricity
Gas / LPG
Kerosene
Others (write)
Dont know
No Answer

Before

After

Diff

30.3
11.8
6.0
11.1
40.2
0.1
0.0
0.4

35.5
13.8
5.1
8.1
37.1
0.0
0.0
0.5

5.2
2.0
-0.9
-3.0
-3.2
-0.1
0.0
0.0

Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities

The disaster affected community infrastructure and/or facilities that typically are not
accounted in the local governments' budget. And yet such facilities are critical to serve as the
backbone of community level recovery activities. Community's social and economic
activities are often shaped in and around such small-scale infrastructure/facilities that are
often self-financed and self-managed.
More than one-third of the interviewed households observed that village religious facilities
such as village mosques (Surau) are the centre of their community activities and require
urgent repair or reconstruction. Three other three types of such community
infrastucture/facilities that need urgent repair, replacement or rebuilding include water
sources/network, village footpath/bridge, and village power generation.
Table X: Perceptions of Infrastructure/Facilities Requiring Urgent Repair/Reconstruction
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Community Infrastructure/Facilities Requiring Urgent Repair or

Reconstruction
Village religious facilities
Water sources / network
Footpath/village bridges
Village power generation
Village toilet/bath facilities
Village market
Agticulture facilities (butcher, sundry, storage)
Others (write)
Community Multipurpose hall

14

%
36.9
18.1
12.7
10.3
6.9
6.5
3.2
2.8
2.6

Part of the community level recovery will take into consideration the possibility of
stimulating community self-help recovery for and around the theme of community
infrastructure/facilities. This may include but not be limited to community grants and or
technical assistance for undertaking repair and reconstruction processes that may or may not
include provision of construction materials
Impact on Governance
Results of governance assessments clearly show that government operational, planning and
implementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. Communities
both at urban and rural areas have expressed that public services have been disrupted. Table
X below shows the perception of government functions two weeks after the disaster, which
describes that on average only around 60% of governance function was working.
The communities have expressed clearly that they need the facilitating role of the local
government and want to know more information about the kinds of assistance that are
available and accessible by the communities. Open and transparent information on disaster
response and recovery is an important aspect that the communities wish to access.
Furthermore they want to participate in the recovery process so they can better plan for their
living after the disaster.
Table X: Perception on level of Governance Functions Two Weeks After Disaster
No District
1
2
3
4
5
6

Pesisir Selatan
Agam
Pasaman Barat
Padang
Pariaman
Padang Pariaman
Average

%
85.0
72.7
65.8
64.1
63.8
49.0
62.8

Table X: Perception of Government Functions Most impacted by Disaster (%)

No District
1
2
3
4
5
6

Agam
Padang
Pariaman
Pesisir Selatan
Padang Pariaman
Pasaman Barat
Average

Economic

HealthSocial

Admin

Peace &
Order

64.9
20.7
19.6
19.5
15.2
8.7
24.7

14.0
17.1
18.1
26.8
21.9
12.9
20.0

7.0
13.4
15.9
0.0
8.6
4.2
10.3

0.0
1.2
1.4
0.0
3.8
0.0
1.5

Due to the reduced capacity of local government at the local level, there has not been enough
information shared to the communities about the services they are entitled to, let alone about
the recovery initiatives at a wider scope. Hence the role of local government needs to be
strengthened so that it can better revise public services, manage the humanitarian response
and further coordinate a participatory planning process of post-disaster recovery.

15

Table X: Perception of Government Facilities Requiring Priority Repair

No Damaged Government Facilities
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Damage
11.5
10.7
6.2
3.0
2.6
0.5
37.5

Government office (village, sub dist, city

Public facilities (agri, health, social, etc.)
Public activity infra/facilities
Line service offices
Police station
Local Parliament building
Others

Repair
Priority
28.4
31.7
16.3
7.7
5.4
0.9
9.5

As key governance aspects such as public service delivery, public participation, and
accessible information on recovery process have been essentially missing from the current
overall post-disaster response, it is therefore necessary that these aspects are properly
addressed so the public can expect a transparent yet accountable post-disaster recovery.
Access to Health
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.
Table X: Health Services Facilities closest to the affected household
No. Health Service Facilities
1
2
3
4
5
6

Posyandu
Puskesmas
Gov hospital
Mobile hospital
Traditional/alternative
Other (sebutkan)

%
Less than
1 hour

%
Between
1 - 2 hrs

%
More than
2 hrs

%
Not
Available

29.88%
54.18%
6.77%
2.79%
6.37%
0.00%

23.53%
11.76%
64.71%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%

16.67%
38.89%
33.33%
0.00%
11.11%
0.00%

11.11%
22.22%
0.00%
33.33%
33.33%
0.00%

The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
Table X: Health Problems of the Affected Household in the last 15 days

16

No

Health Problems

% Male

% Female

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Injuries
Diarrhea
Respiratory problems
Influenza/fever
Skin problems
Womens illness
Infant illness
Other health problems (write)
Dont know
No Answer

25,50%
7,52%
8,32%
16,51%
12,89%
0,00%
1,21%
4,97%
15,97%
7,11%

4,47%
11,34%
6,23%
31,47%
4,31%
1,92%
2,24%
10,54%
19,01%
8,47%

Impact on Vulnerable Groups

Table X: Perception Regarding Involvement in Recovery Planning
No
Don't
No
District
Yes
No
Know
Answer
1
Pasaman Barat
41.5
39.0
14.6
4.9
2
Pariaman
36.5
46.8
10.3
6.3
3
Padang
31.6
44.3
17.7
6.3
4
Pdg Pariaman
27.6
49.0
13.3
10.2
5
Pesisir Selatan
27.5
32.5
30
10
6
Agam
23.2
57.1
10.7
8.9
TOTAL
31.6
46.1
14.5
7.7
The rights of women, elderly people and people with disabilities: All relief and early
recovery activities must recognize and visibly respond to the basic needs of women
(including those heading households), elderly persons and those living with disability or
chronic illness, as well as providing for their specific needs in all sectors
While the Rights of women in Indonesia are promoted by many laws and policies, for
example Law on Domestic Violence of 2004, women still experience disadvantages and
discrimination in accessing resources and services, in having a role in decision making (for
example women are only 16-18 of Legislature), and in experiencing various forms of
violence (3.07% experience domestic violence). Maternal mortality is on average
228/100.000 live births (2007). Government institutions have limited capacity or mechanisms
to promote womens rights; the Ministry of Womens Empowerment has limited resources to
encourage and support other technical departments.
Impact of the earthquake - females: It is estimated that over 74.100 women and girls are
affected by the disaster. Data on gendered mortality are not yet available. However, it is
known that in the majority of disasters a larger number of women than men die. Women and
girls in West Sumatra have an active role in the economy, thus have been affected by property
damages and disruption to communication and markets. Property norms guarantee women a
degree of access to inherited wealth and the danger exists that this would be threatened by
inappropriate reconstruction efforts. In addition women and girls shoulder the weight of
caring and household responsibility; destructions of homes, water and other facilities puts

17

considerable extra burdens on their ability to carry out such responsibilities. Because of
widespread male out migration, there are many female headed households across the
Province. Womens full mobility, also to access assistance and participate in restoration and
rehabilitation planning and implementation has also been impaired by loss of personal
property.
Impact of the earthquake - elderly: In the case of the elderly and people living with
disability such access is even more limited.
Impact of the earthquake - children: The earthquake has also negatively affected the rights
of children. Among the main risks currently faced by children are displacement, family
separation and childrens care and in particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions
expose children to the risk of abuse, violence, and exploitation. There is no accurate data yet
on children being separated, the number of children orphaned or who have lost their primary
care giver is still underassessment. However, for example, at least 50 children in the village
of Gunung Padang Alai alone are orphans. Furthermore, early assessment conducted by
Social Affairc Province found that 36 of the 65 child care institutions in 6 districts are
damaged, 14 of them had light level of damage, 12 of them had a medium level of damage
and 10 of them severely; 1293 children are reported to have been living in them. A major
priority is to carry out a full registration and care assessment of all children whose care
situation has been affected by the emergency to ensure that they are placed with their
extended families in line with their best interests, and that all necessary measures are duly
taken to prevent institutionalization. Communities have identified behavioral changes in
children, including sleeplessness, isolation and nightmares. The psycho-social needs of
children affected need to be monitored, skills to detect them need to be built and psychosocial counseling provided.
The West Sumatra child protection strategy is to improve the protective environment of
children by prioritizing the following:

Improve childrens access to protection services for children and their families in
vulnerable and extremely vulnerable situations, including psychosocial support for
affected children;
Raise community awareness on preventing family separation, child abuse, violence,
exploitation, and neglect by promoting decisions to be made according to the best
interest of children.
Promoting childrens participation in decisions that affect their lives.

Access to Protection
Protection is defined as all activities aimed at ensuring full respect for the rights of the
individual in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law. [1] . With
regard to people's rights to assistance and to property in post-disaster context, the HRNA
survey reveled that 50% of male and 52% of female respondents perceives that possible
unfair distribution of assistance to be potential issue that are most concerning, followed by
house/property/livestock taken by others (20% Male and 19% Female respectively).
According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with
pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not
exclusive to: 1) children affected by abuse or violence; 2) children in conflict with the law; 3)

18

children with disabilities; 4) children living on the streets or in institutions; 5) women

affected by GBV; 6) adults with disabilities; and 7) elderly without family support. More than
60 care institutions were working in the affected districts prior to the earthquake and catering
to this population.
In general, the protection sector supports activities that aim:

To respond to the immediate protection needs of the affected population

To restore dignity

To reduce vulnerabilities

To reduce the long-term threats and violations of peoples right to protection

To reduce the overall impact of the natural disaster on peoples protection and rights

Humanitarian protection seeks to not

only
preserve
the
security and dignity of affected populations
in
an
emergency
but also to create an environment that enables respect for human rights. The protection sector
works for the most part with affected populations to identify and develop mechanisms for
affected populations themselves to access their right to assistance, security, compensation and
recovery.[2] In order to do this, it is critical to understand the affected populations preexisting vulnerabilities that are exacerbated in emergencies.
Areas of particular concern for the protection sector include:
Participation: The affected population has a right to participate in decisions that affect their
lives, especially in emergencies. The lack of participation by the members of affected
communities proves to be a constant challenge related to the provision of humanitarian aid
according to a right-based approach.
Table X: Perception Regarding Involvement in Recovery Planning
No
1
2
3
4
5
6

District

Yes

No

Don't
Know

No Answer

Pasaman Barat
Pariaman
Padang
Pdg Pariaman
Pesisir Selatan
Agam

41.5
36.5
31.6
27.6
27.5
23.2

39.0
46.8
44.3
49.0
32.5
57.1

14.6
10.3
17.7
13.3
30
10.7

4.9
6.3
6.3
10.2
10
8.9

31.6

46.1

14.5

7.7

Total

Documents: It is critical in an emergency to ensure the affected population has access to

their official documents, including birth certificates, national identity cards, and titles to their
property.
Gender-based violence: Studies have shown that domestic violence often prevails in
disaster settings, in addition to gender-based violence, sexual or non sexual. Women and
elderly are facing the burden of ensuring family care and daily subsistence.
19

Child Protection: The earthquake has also negatively affected the rights of children. In
particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions expose children to the risk of abuse,
violence, and exploitation.
Impact on agriculture
The number of households in disaster-affected areas whose income depends on agricultural
activities is substantial, not only in more rural districts, but also in more urban or semi-urban
areas as indicated by the following chart.
Table X: Disaster Affected Households Whose Income Depends on Agricultural Activities
(%)
No District
%
1 Pasaman Barat
73.8
2 Pariaman
73.7
3 Pesisir Selatan
72.3
4 Padang Pariaman
65.8
5 Padang
30.9
6 Agam
23.9
The result of the assessment shows that the disaster has cause changes in the main
agricultural activity for about 36%. The crop production and vegetable/fruit production has
decreased significantly for about 27% and 14%.
Table X: Change in Main Agricultural Activities (%)
Main Agricultural
No Activity
Before After Diff
1Crop production
52
55
3
2Vegetable/fruit production
21
10 -11
4Small animal rearing
10
11
1
3Livestock
6
5
-1
5Fishery
2
2
0
7Other
2
5
3
6Forestry
1
0
-1
The earthquake also caused the loss in the agriculture production assets owned by the victims
for about 15%. Fertilizer is the production asset mostly decreasing for about 4 percent,
followed by livestock (3%), crops (2%), capital (2%), animal house, storage (2%), poultry
(1%), seeds (1%), and ponds (1%).
Table X: Access to / Ownership of Agriculture Production Assets
No
1
2

Agriculture production assets

Hand tools
Fertiliser

Before

After

Difference

22
20

28
19

6
-1

20

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Seeds
Poultry
Livestock
Capital
Animal house, storage, etc.
Crops
Ponds
Small animals (goats, rabbits)

19
8
5
5
2
4
2
3

21

21
8
3
3
0
3
1
3

2
0
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
0

1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions

Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks
One of the tools used to implement the Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) was a
number of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) that were arranged in each district surveyed
with specially selected representative groups in each district such as community leaders,
farmers, fisherfolk, etc. These FGDs yielded rich information and ideas, NOT just about
problems, but more important, about the views of affected communities on solutions and
ways to reduce risk to future disasters. In other words, the HOW to respond and recover
from what has happened in West Sumatra due to the recent earthquake and landslides based
on perceptions of WHY it happened.
The following represent summary FGDs of "Issues" followed by "Identified Needs" or that
represent community perspectives on Early Recovery actions that should be taken and HOW
they should be done.
Infrastructure
Issue(s): Community water resources management.
Identified Need(s): As water sources and use has been highlighted to be one of potential
community friction, some of the early recovery intervention must be directed towards
community-based water source management until the authorities restore the overall water
management system.
Shelter
Issue(s): Temporary/transitional shelter
Identified Need(s): Nine out of ten respondents require temporary/ transitional shelter while
waiting for house rebuilding assistance or during their spontaneous/ self-supported repair or
reconstruction of their houses.
Governance
Issue(s): Public and government facilities were extensively damaged therefore their services
and administrative functions have been crippled, interupted.
Identified Need(s): Prioritzed restoration of local governments agencies ability to deliver 1)
life saving or life sustaining emergency assistance, 2) early recovery planning and
implmentation 3) to support peoples spontaneous recovery and 4) to restore basic services
should be done. Transparent participation of communities in early recovery planning
(community level, home rebuilding, etc.)
Issue(s): Generally peoples trust of government agencies to allow participation and be fair
has decreased since the earthquake.
Identified Need(s): Transparent participation of communities in recovery planning and budget
decision making, community led development planning and reconstruction.
Issue(s): There is a perception that people and communities will have a difficult time
communicating and causing the government to understand their current needs effectively (i.e.
type of emergency or recovery assistance they really need, about extent of house damage,
type of house they want to re-build, etc.)

22

Identified Need(s):
Provide early recovery community development assistance to
communities to ensure input of communities and better ways to plan communities and rebuild
houses
Issue(s): Communities expressed concerns over lack of information about the disaster
response led by the government and also the kinds of assistance that are available for
impacted communities.
Identified Need(s): Transparent information on disaster response, kinds of assistance, where
all of this assistance are accessible, and also on recovery process. Public information and
communication is therefore necessary.
Livelihoods
Issue(s): Demand for general purpose products (i.e. Sembako) has dropped suggesting
peoples incomes and livelihoods have decreased.
Identified Need(s): People need livelihood assistance during the coming 6 months to ensure
they have incomes.
Issue(s): Some livelihood activities in the damaged area have to be stopped entirely due to
the damage of production facilities and land.
Identified Need(s): The provision of assistance in the form of production facilities is
considered necessary in order to resume their livelihoods. The provision of training for
alternative livelihoods such as sewing and embroidery will be quite beneficial in the
transitional period as alternative source of income.
Agriculture
Issue(s): Damage or destruction of agricultural irrigation systems will not allow needed
water to be delivered to rice paddies and will result in a decline in the economy of the
community and loss of many livelihoods. Many farmlands damaged by landslides.
Identified Need(s): Communities must work together using their existing capacity of
community self-help systems (gotong royong) on emergency repair of agricultural irrigation
systems. Immediate (early recovery) provision by Government of funds for emergency repair
materials would help this. TNI members could expand and support community self-help
systems (gotong royong).
Build Back Better Opportuity: Improve roads and bridges for better market access for
farmers and re-located or designed differently so landslides will not block them after
earthquakes or rains in the future.
Health
Issue(s): There is a perception that living in tents is unhealthy and causing an observable rise
in health problems associated with stomach and lung related illnesses (diaria, colds and
coughing).
Identified Need(s):
Issue(s): Psychologically, many earthquake victims are now quite traumatized by the
possibility of experiencing another serious earthquake. This condition is worsened by the
spreading rumours of much bigger earthquake that will hit this area again in the near future.
Consequently, people are worried to stay inside of their houses and afraid to go to work as
well.

23

Identified Need(s): The earthquake victims need trauma healing on this particular issue. On
the other hand, the Government must also send a clear message by media campaign through
various media to provide accurate information on earthquake and tsunami.
Issue(s): Students are facing trauma and need some way to help them get back into to school
and their daily lives.
Identified Need(s): Conduct trauma counseling at schools for school children to help them
Shelter
Issue(s): People and communities would like to re-build their houses so they will not be
damaged again by earthquakes or landslides again but dont know how.
Issue(s): People are concerned that that they will not be given enough money to rebuild a
disaster resistant house or that they will be required to pick a pre-identified design or
construction system.
Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other
community members rebuild their houses.
Issue(s): Houses should be demolished in a safe way and in a way that materials (i.e. doors,
windows, hardware, timber, etc.) can be reused when homes are re-built.
Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other
community members to rebuild.
Identified Need(s): Identify and establish early local government and community agreement
on Build Back Better disaster resistant house standard rebuilding guidelines.
Identified Need(s): Launch simple public awareness campaign about where to get
information on how re-build your house safely ensuring that spontaneous shelter
rehabilitation is disaster resistant and
Identified Need(s):
Establish Build Back Better disaster resistant house
information/community outreach centers to provide outreach and information on standard
rebuilding guidelines
Identified Need(s): Develop government policy and procedures to ensure that future house
construction (after reconstruction) is done using disaster resistant construction and materials
to keep a disaster like this from happening again.
Identified Need(s): Early mobilization of and networking with communities, local
businesses, CSOs and Civil Society
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Issue(s): Access to clean drinking water is still a challenge.
Identified Need(s): Assessment and emergency/temporary restoration of clean and safe water
delivery systems to critical semi-urban and semi-urban facilities (i.e. health facilities,
operational schools, government facilities) and for poor communities
Education
Issue(s): Uncomfortable condition for study
Identified Need(s): Provision of transitional classrooms is immediately required to ensure the
continuity of education process at the affected areas.
Agriculture
Issue(s): The damaged irrigation system

24

Identified Need(s): Assessment and emergency repair of damaged irrigation systems to

ensure current crops are protected in the following districts......
Issues (s): The loss of agriculture production assets
Identified Need(s):
Issues (s): Trauma to get back to work in the farm
Identified Need(s):
Cross-Cutting Disaster Risk Management
Issue(s): Government and communities need to improve their preparedness for future
disasters and do what is needed to make sure that this will not happen again.
Need(s):
Cross-Cutting Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure
Issue(s): There is a need to quickly repair roads and bridges to allow emergency access and
rural access to town markets
Need(s):
Cross-Cutting Clearing and Demoliton
Issue(s): There is a need to support communities to clean-up, clear of debris (especially
dangerous houses or structures) using through community self-help systems (gotong royong),
with the help of TNI or other productive and fast ways
Need(s):
Cross-Cutting Psychological
Issue(s): Many people, especially students, are facing trauma and need some way to help
them get back to work, school and/or back into their daily lives.
Need(s): Post Disaster counseling from religious orgs
Cross-Cutting - Conflict
Issue(s): There is a general concern that conflict and mistrust among communities and
individuals will increase due to inequities of emergency and recovery assistance. Because of
house damage and living in tents survivors belongings are at risk not secure which may
result in conflict and mistrust among communities and individuals. Sembako price increases
(9 basic necessities) are causing stress economically, especially on the poor, and potential
conflict.
Need(s): Establish management information systems (MIS) for local government to track
who, what, where mapping and gaps/needs of early recovery activities
Cross-Cutting Environment

25

2.0 Human Recovery Needs

Agriculture
Tbd
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Education
The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces
(temporary structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to
continue their education in safe and protective learning environments, until
rehabilitation/reconstruction of the classrooms can take place. The exact number of
classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the moment, as the Government is still involved in
providing temporary classrooms to the schools. A team led by UNDP is still conducting a full
assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of classrooms that
are damaged beyond use. The numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the
exact amount of replacement classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the
transition period or for full reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in
schools is also a priority. It would be good if the AusAID led assessment team of earthquake
engineers include an assessment of damage to Water and Sanitation facilities during their
assessment of schools to provide a reliable baseline of needs and then costs.
The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the
government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and then the
school itself supplements that. According to the latest records received by the Education
Cluster, there were a total of 2943 classrooms that are damaged beyond use. The government
has allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have provided a
total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the pipeline.
Therefore, the number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and
NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.
The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning
materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase (early
recovery) to reconstruction because the learning conditions of the children are being
negatively affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and the sector transitional

26

response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original humanitarian response plan
included this priority and the DALA report emphasizes that this still remains a challenge.
The third priority, also elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan, is to provide
recreation and play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to
address psychosocial needs. This need has also been highlighted by the focus groups
discussions. There is also the opportunity to work with the school counselors and other
teachers to build their skills in addressing the psychosocial needs of the children.
Other key priorities for the transition and early recovery phase remain:

Support the resumption and functioning of Education Curricula Development (ECD)

facilities
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities
Supporting teachers to deliver quality education in the new transitional arrangement
through training
Supporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returned
to school.

Key Issues: Although the Government was successful in setting up temporary learning and
teaching premises for nearly all affected schools to ensure that students get back to their
classes as quick as possible, it will take up to two years until the education system in West
Sumatra Province is back to normal and all education facilities have been rehabilitated.
Meanwhile, about 75% of students in the worst affected areas of West Sumatra will have to
continue studying under tents and in provisional classrooms in nearby buildings for about two
years. Considering the large number of affected students, there is a risk of declining
attendance rates, and lower student achievements due to the poor learning environment in
provisional facilities with dilapidated furniture, lack of equipment, insufficient learning
materials and scarce teaching aids. Teachers also said they could not assign any homework to
students due to the damage in students housing. Trauma both from student and teacher sides
are widely reported.
Inadequate budget allocated for preventive maintenance has resulted in considerable
deterioration of school buildings over the last twenty years. Appropriate technical supervision
in rehabilitating school buildings ensuring that seismic building codes and other safety
measures are enforced, and sustaining the physical condition of rehabilitated schools facilities
are concerns that need to be addressed.
Priorities in Education for the transition period
The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces (temporary
structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to continue their education
in safe and protective learning environments, until rehabilitation/reconstruction of the
classrooms can take place. The exact number of classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the
moment, as the Government is still involved in providing temporary classrooms to the
schools. A full assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of
classrooms that are damaged beyond use if still being conducted by a team led by UNDP. The
numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the exact amount of replacement
classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the transition period or for full
reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in schools is also a priority.
27

The AusAID led assessment team of engineers need to include an assessment of damage to
WASH facilities during the assessment of schools to provide a reliable base line of needs and
then costs.
The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the
government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and that is being
supplemented by the school itself. According to the latest records received by the Cluster,
there were a total of 2943 classrooms which were severely damaged beyond use and that the
government had allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have
provided a total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the
pipeline. The number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and
NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.
The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning
materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase as the learning
conditions of the children have been affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and
the sector transitional response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original
humanitarian response plan included this and the DALA report emphasises that this still
remain a challenge.
The third priority elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan is to provide recreation and
play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to address psycho-social
needs. This has been highlighted by the focus groups discussions. There is also the
opportunity to work with the school cousellors and other teachers to build their skills in
addressing the psycho social needs of the childen.
Other key priorities for the transition phase remain:
To support the resumption and functioning of ECD facilities
Disaster Risk Reduction activities
Supporting teachers to deliver quality education in the new transitional arrangement
through training
Supporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returned
to school.
Preliminary Recommendations
Detailed technical assessments of all education facilities are urgently required to confirm that
remaining buildings and classrooms are safe to use. Preliminary damage assessments were
mostly conducted by education personnel and district officers, who often do not have
sufficient technical knowledge and experience. Field visits suggest that more classrooms
might be discovered unsafe, hence the estimated damages could be even higher.
A community approach should be undertaken for rehabilitation of education facilities based
on MONE's community based school construction program and lessons learned from the
PNPM Mandiri and other school reconstruction programs. Substantial evidence demonstrates
that community driven approach can be more effective to carry out school rehabilitation.
Infrastructure built with community participation cost much less than similar works built
through other procurement methods while meeting quality standards. Evidence also indicates
that community involvement in the design and construction process is likely to offer better
cost recovery and operation and maintenance of completed facilities due to community
members' strong sense of ownership. However, considering that communities in seriously
28

affected regions will be fully absorbed in reestablishing their own livelihoods, technical
support should be given to them when they are involved in school reconstruction.
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Environment
The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including 1) a number of
landslides identified as the accumulated impacts of forest degradation, unsustainable forest
harvesting and unsustainable agricultural activities, 2) damaged human settlements, 3) debris
or rubble accumulation, 4) damaged water and sanitation systems, 5) damaged irrigation and
river systems (potentially caused by landslides), and 6) traumatic situation (people still feel
unsafe living in their own office or even home).
Landslides: Vibration from the earthquakes caused widespread landslides on mountains,
cliffs, and riverbanks, and this damaged settlements, infrastructure, and agricultural
production in affected areas. The banks of Danau Maninjau were severely affected by
landslides, and settlements along its shore continue to be under threat. As the soil remains
unstable in some areas, identifying threats from further landslides and relocating people at
risk needs to be given priority.
Sedimentation and water pollution: Landslides in watersheds as well as collapsing
riverbanks and lakesides increased sedimentation of some water bodies. There were no
reports of environmental damage from spills, fires, or explosions of hazardous materials.
However, the earthquakes damaged industrial facilities and it is likely that some hazardous
materials were released. Also, damage to rural sanitary facilities resulted in increased
amounts of human waste entering streams and rivers, causing organic pollution. Pollution
from damaged sanitation and from chemical spills needs to be identified and mitigated to
avoid long-term ecological consequences. Some slopes may need to be stabilized with ground
cover to reduce sedimentation of rivers. Wile there is a need to assess the area that needs to
be stabilized, as a preliminary estimate it is assumed this area covers 100 hectares. The cost
of establishing ground cover is approximately US$600 per hectare.
Groundwater systems: While the belowground impacts of the earthquake are still poorly
understood, there are reports of wells filling with mud, of salinization of water sources, and
of several houses in Padang being flooded by rising muddy groundwater. Changes to
subterranean structures may have impacts on future water supplies, especially in rural areas
where wells are important.

29

Damage to forests: The Provincial Forest Service reports that landslides damaged 770
hectares of protection and conservation forestland in Agam, Padang and Padang Pariaman.
No timber production from the main affected areas was recorded in recent Ministry of
Forestry statistics, so losses from foregone production are assumed to be negligible. Forest
ecosystems are adapted to disturbance, and most of the damaged area will recover without
loss of environmental service, but a portion of the area is likely to be of critical ecological
importance. Of the area damaged, it is estimated that 50% was forested prior to the landslides
and that 25% of that area, or around 100 ha, is of ecological significance. Losses of
environmental services are estimated at $245/ha/yr (see CGI/Bappenas 2005, Aceh DALA)
and the reforestation cost cited by the Ministry of Forestry is approximately $600/ha. If
rehabilitation occurs in three years, the NPV (using a discount rate of 10%) of lost
environmental services and rehabilitation costs is estimated at $114,000.
Waste and debris: The destruction of buildings resulted in large amounts of waste and
debris. If not properly managed, waste may pose a risk to human health as well as ecological
functions. Currently very little debris is reaching managed landfills, as it is being used locally
for filling and paving, or for reconstruction. Burning of excess rubbish could reduce air
quality and adversely affect human health. The government does not anticipate problems
disposing of excess waste in existing landfills, but the impacts on landscapes and pollution
need to be monitored closely.
Local environmental management capacity: The disaster destroyed buildings, vehicles
and office equipment of many local government institutions, including the provincial forestry
service and the environmental impact agency. This will likely impinge on the institutional
capacity to respond to the current and anticipated environmental challenges. Early
reestablishment of local environmental management capacity is essential for the rehabilitation
and construction program, including data collection and environmental monitoring.
Potential human and environmental contamination from industrial/mining hazardous
wastes due to the earthquake need to be further assessed. Furthermore, during
rehabilitation phase this assessment should be combined with the development of an
improved waste management plan. Industries in West Sumatera are not so extensive and
are dominated by small-scale and home industry activities. The total number of industries
was 47,819 units consisting of 47,585 units of small-scale industries and 234 units of
medium-size. The big ones known by most people living in the province are Semen Padang
and coal mining located in Sijunjung and Kota Sawahlunto. However, based on the
discussions with several officials in charge of environmental-related programmes, even
before the earthquake there had been environmental-related problems linked to these
industrial activities. The people who worked on those small-scale and home industry
activities dumped their waste into creeks, rivers, beaches, and the ground neglecting or
ignoring environmental consequences that might ruin their and their community's health in
the long-term. Their awareness on the longer-term environment and health impacts was and
still is likely very limited beside of existing number of activities to conserve protected forests
as in Padang City. To date, there have been no official (or unofficial) reports on the impacts of
the disaster on mining or the impacts of these activities upon human health or environment.
Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel
than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be
beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.

30

The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including damaged irrigation and
river systems (potentially caused by landslides). Result from FGD conducted in Agam
District and Padang Pariaman District particularly mentioned that among others, their lives
mostly affected by damage of irrigation system that cause disturbance in farming activities.
Furthermore, very common that irrigation watershed is used to support microhydro power
generation in remote areas where PLN grid is not available. According to provincial Bappeda,
there are about 100 off grid microhydro in West Sumatera. Taking into account the
importance of securing livelihoods and energy especially for those farmer households in
remote areas in affected districts, the assessment on damaged irrigation canals in
relation to microhydro power plant functionality is needed in this early recovery
phase. So in rehabilitation phase, we dont miss out the off-grid electricity dependent
households by only focusing in PLN grid reconstruction.
In order to fulfill the above targets, there is need for local government and communitys
capacity building. Safe and sustainable environment is a cross-cutting issue that influences
communitys livelihood and energy security as basic human need. Environmental issues have
been identified but not all of them require immediate actions within 1 week up to 6 months.
Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during the rehabilitation
process. Capacity of local government to develop a sustainable environmental/energy
plan and to integrate it into local development planning is significant during
rehabilitation phase as well as communitys capacity to be part of the implementation.
Capacity Gaps
Capacity of Local Government: Environment is a cross-cutting issue. Since most
government offices collapsed, they have difficulty in carrying out their services. As
identified, all government buildings should be reviewed and recalculated by certified
engineers. However, preliminary indications are that over 70% of government buildings
should be demolished and rebuilt in accordance with earthquake-resistant standards. Most
office equipments and furniture were also destroyed. Further, data, information and
documents under the management of government are also in need of reestablishment.
Capacity of Local Government: Most communities do not have insurance on their
properties. Therefore, their capacity in reestablishing their houses will be limited.
Gaps
Environmental issues have been identified but not all of them require immediate actions
within 1 week up to 6 months. Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during
the reconstruction process.
Overall, in terms of capacity, the Government of Indonesia has limited capacity (personnel,
financial resources and time frame) to take care of early recovery and recovery programmes
for its own infrastructure, services and communities, and the local communities have limited
capacity to recover themselves.
There is a need to incorporate environmental concerns in planning the reconstruction process
to avoid further environmental degradation and reduce risks from future disasters.
Environmental sector objectives for reconstruction and recovery are threefold:

31

Efforts should be made to minimize the environmental damage associated with the
earthquakes. In the short term, further sedimentation of streams from erosion of unstable
slopes or from further landslides should be monitored and addressed. This may involve
stabilizing slopes that threaten environmentally critical areas. Also, efforts to provide
environmentally benign sanitation facilities should be accelerated in areas where waterways
are at risk from sewage pollution. In the medium and longer term, sensitive areas that have
been denuded by landslides should be rehabilitated.
Environmental objectives should be integrated, or mainstreamed, into the planning process
for reconstruction. Reconstruction activities should be carried out according to environmental
guidelines and be supported by environmental impact assessments. New houses and road
developments should be sited away from environmentally fragile areas, and buildings should
be planned with sanitation systems that minimize pollution risks.
Experience from the 2004 disaster in Aceh has shown that rebuilding will increase demand
for timber and other raw materials that may come from unsustainable sources. Forest
monitoring and enforcement of forestry laws will have to be improved to reduce illegal
logging associated with construction. In addition, demand for construction timber could be
managed by importing sawn timber from sustainable sources. Quarrying riverbeds for road
construction materials could lead to adverse impacts on stream environments, and alternative
sand and gravel deposits away from riverbeds should be explored and developed.
Capacities to assess the existing damage and manage anticipated environmental impacts of
the reconstruction process must be improved significantly and rapidly. Bapedalda Sumbar
will require added capacity to respond to increased demand for assessment and control of the
environmental impacts associated with reconstruction. Building of new houses and
infrastructure will require more environmental impact assessments and planning, and this will
require a commensurate increase in Bapedaldas budget. The forest service will have to
increase monitoring and law enforcement activities in the medium term.
Reconstruction provides an opportunity for improving environmental risk management.
Future environmental risks should be addressed by directing developments away from areas
that are prone to landslides and by discouraging inappropriate land uses on steep slopes. This
will require increased capacity to carry out spatial planning, awareness building, monitoring
and enforcement of rules.
Responsible Party & Key
Stakeholders
1. Review and
BAPPENAS, Coordinating
reevaluation on the quality Minister of Public Welfare,
of infrastructures
Ministry of Public Service
(government buildings,
(Departemen Pekerjaan
roads, bridges, energy/
Umum), Ministry of Civil
power grids & station,
Servant Enhancement
telecommunication
(Kementerian Pemberdayaan
installations, water supply, Aparatur Negara), local
sewers, etc)
government agencies
(including Governor of West
Sumatera, Mayors, etc), etc.
2. Clean up and manage National Agency for Disaster
Activity

32

Remarks
These activities have been
planned by the central
government of Indonesia in
coordination with experts and
donors

These activities have been

debris/ rubbles resulted

from the disaster

Management (BNPB),
Ministry of Public Service,
local government agencies,
etc.

implemented in coordination
with bilateral assistance,
donors and experts

Proposed Longer term interventions

Responsible Party and Key
Activity
Remarks
Stakeholders
1. Institutional
Relevant government agencies
strengthening (capacity
assigned to coordinate,
development) on various facilitate, implement and
environmental-related
monitor the intended
issues
programmes
1.1. Spatial planning BAPPENAS, BPN, Ministry
of Finance, BPPT/BMG, local
government agencies
1.2. Disaster-risk
BAPPENAS, Coordinating
reduction and
Minister for People Welfare,
mitigation
Ministry of Public Service,
Ministry of Public
Information, BNPB, local
government agencies
1.3. Quality,
BAPPENAS, Ministry of
earthquake friendly Public Service, Ministry of
or even green
Environment, local
buildings guidelines government agencies
and establishment
1.4. Forest
Ministry of Forestry,
rehabilitation
BAPPENAS, Ministry of
Environment, local
government agencies
1.5. Watershed
Ministry of Forestry,
To reduce the consequence of
management and forest BAPPENAS, Ministry of
forest encroachments/ illegal
conservation
Environment, local
loggings and/or unsustainable
government agencies
agricultural activities
2. Solid waste
Ministry of Public Service,
Waste being produced before,
management
Ministry of Environment, local during and after the disaster
government agencies
by households and extra
activities (internally displaced
people/IDP and volunteers
living in tents)
3. Further assessment on Ministry of Environment, local
environmental impacts
government agencies
(EIA)
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

33

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Early Recovery - Governance

Results of governance assessments clearly show that government operational, planning and
implementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. Communities
both at urban and rural areas have expressed that public services have been disrupted. Table
X below shows the perception of government functions two weeks after the disaster, which
describes that on average only around 60% of governance function was working. There are
at least two interrelated reasons for the collapse of public services. The first one is the
collapse of government system because of the serious damages to office building, files,
systems coupled with the loss of key officials. The second one is the fact that the surviving
government system is at the moment stretched to the limit for having to provide humanitarian
services to the victims of the disaster. These two reasons are further complicated by the fact
that most of government officials find their families or relatives also heavily affected by the
disaster so they too cannot optimally function as they are traumatized and have to take care of
their own families. The disaster has therefore seriously reduced the capacity of local
government system to extend their normal functions in provision of public services.
Whereas the capacity of the public offices is seriously affected/reduced, the community has
shown their clear resilience to the disaster. The gotong royong spirit has been intact, if not
strengthened, which demonstrated their cohesiveness and solidarity among the victims in
joining hands towards recovery. The communities have expressed/demonstrated spontaneous
recovery activities at their surroundings.
The communities have expressed nonetheless that they need the facilitating role of the local
government and want to know more information about the kinds of assistance that are
available and accessible by the communities. Open and transparent information on disaster
response and recovery is an important aspect that the communities wish to access.
Furthermore they want to participate in the recovery process so they can better plan for their
living after the disaster.
Due to the reduced capacity of local government at the local level, there has not been enough
information shared to the communities about the services they are entitled to, let alone about
the recovery initiatives at a wider scope. Hence the role of local government needs to be
strengthened so that it can better revise public services, manage the humanitarian response
and further coordinate a participatory planning process of post-disaster recovery.
As key governance aspects such as public service delivery, public participation, and
accessible information on recovery process have been essentially missing from the current
overall post-disaster response, it is therefore necessary that these aspects are properly
addressed so the public can expect a transparent yet accountable post-disaster recovery.
Recommendations:
(1) Immediate assistance to key government agencies to recover.
34

(2) Strengthening the capacity of local government to coordinate/manage

disaster response.
(3) Technical assistance to key government offices for immediate planning.
(4) Reform the civil service sector to be even more responsive.
(5) Strengthen the capacity of local government to undertake joint participatory
recovery planning with the affected communities.
(6) Strengthen the capacity of local government to manage transparent public
information.
(7) Facilitate public inputs/complaints mechanism.
The above aspects will ensure the immediate recovery of governance sector whereby the
local government is strengthened to engage affected communities to participatory planning in
the entire post-disaster recovery process. Furthermore, information on recovery should be
made available to and accessible by the public so that a transparent and accountable recovery
process can be achieved.
Immediate recovery of government functions: US$ 50,000.
Provision of equipment and IT support
Beneficiary: Bappeda Province, Bappeda Kota Padang, KP2T Kota Padang, Kota
Pariaman, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman
Medium term capacity support: US$ 150,000.
Provision of TAs
Beneficiary: Bappeda Province, Bappeda Kota Padang, Sekda Kota Padang,
Bappeda
Kota Pariaman, Bappeda Padang Pariaman
Longer term governance recovery: US$ xxxxx
Provision of TAs
Temporary staff
Training
Direct support to local government offices
Workshops/FGDs

Early Recovery - Livelihood

Tbd
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

35

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Early Recovery - Shelter/Community Facilities and Infrastructure

Pre disaster situation: The housing in Indonesia being mostly private, except for some civil
servant who may be lodged by the government, 10-15%. 40-60% live in informal
settlements, hence basically self built. An important difference for the individual is if the
house is rented or owned. This may later on be conflicted for a beneficiary policy, but may be
less important for an early damage assessment. Urban density housing in Padang , is
practically limited to 2 floor structures, except for the ruko or shop houses which usually
use more than 2 floors (3-4 floors). The vast housing majority is one level though. The
difference in cost/m2 is of course considerable, but in total values less significant given the
low percentage of multi storey housing.
Disaster impact: Because a large percentage of the houses in affected areas are built of
bricks (un-reinforced or inadequately reinforced masonry), the earthquake has had an
extremely devastating effect on houses, as the figures for the West Sumatra province indicate
below2:
70% collapsed or structurally unsafe beyond repair
20% severely damaged needing substantial retrofitting
8% with minor damages.
Even buildings designed by engineers such as banks and hotels etc, are severely damaged,
indicating that construction of houses and buildings that are not earthquake resistant has
been an extensive, on-going problem that must be a) addressed NOW, early in the
recovery planning process , b) built into the longer-term recovery and reconstruction
and then c) integrated into the normal development process so that risk of future
earthquake damage is reduced rather than increased as it was by much of the preearthquake construction. This is made more urgent by the fact that it can be observed that
many families are starting now to rebuild their houses.
The reasons for the high level of devastation are most probably to be found in construction
flaws, either out of a lack of knowledge of earthquake resistant construction, lack of quality
materials (sand, aggregate, cement, fully fired bricks, etc) required for earthquake resistant
construction or simply because of insufficient control/application of building construction
standards and guidelines.
Table X: Housing Damage
Location

Partly
Heavily
Damaged Minor repairs
Damaged (Rusak
(Rusak (Rusak Ringan)
Berat)
Sedang)

However, this is contradicted by the Satkorlak figures in the file Housing Sector Annex dated 21 October 2009
where heavy losses (RB) are reported 14%, medium losses 6% (RS) with the whole housing stock in the
province, being some 807,000 units.

36

TOTAL

131.523

62.774

75.941

Notes:
Source: Peta Jumlah Kerusakan Rumah Akibat Gempa provinsi Sumbar (update 15
Oktober 2009, 08.00 WIB)
Geospasial Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB),
http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/2009/10/07/peta-jumlah-kerusakan-rumah-akibatgempa-di-provinsi-sumbar-update-07-oktober-2009-pukul-18-30/
except for the Kota Padang (source: 'Kerusakan Rumah Penduduk Akibat Gempa di
Padang'),
updated 19 October 2009, http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/1917/160/

Human recovery: The immediate need for transitional shelter is acute among the victims
suffering from the land slide disasters, 20% of total households. Livings in relief tents, often
on make shift grounds and without sufficient storm water drainage will make conditions
critical during the imminent rainy season.
As the land provision issues have to be resolved before relocation can take place, the risk is
that this recovery may take considerable time, e.g. 1-2 years.
Where the earth quake destroyed the houses, but not the floor slabs, some people have
already started spontaneously to rebuild. Consequently there may be a need for some
temporary shelter during a limited time, but safe construction advice is here another urgent
mission.
Capacities: Local Governments may have been expedient in responding to the immediate
relief needs, but openly welcome support for proper technical assistance in coordinating the
housing related relief as well as support for urban planning and construction management.
The private sector may be easier to regain function. Transport and construction material
markets seem to be already in full operation with deliveries in villages. Masons and
carpenters are busy repairing damaged houses.
Risk management issues: Future earthquake hazards can be met with immediate awareness
campaigns and support to safe building training. More complicated are the still remaining
landslide hazards that clearly became evident where whole villages were destroyed in an
avalanche of muddy soil and debris. Geotechnical surveys may be required to map unsafe,
still undamaged villages and the relocation sites needed for the recent victims.
Recovery framework: A general indication of permanent house construction based on an
average cost per m2 in USD is ranging between:
USD 3-400 for simple one level housing, maybe representing 70% of totals
USD 500 for some 20% mid level standard, including rukos,
USD 600 for high level standard, limited to 5%

37

It is assumed that transitional shelters will be demanded primarily by the lower

income groups with a cost of USD 3-400 per shelter unit
Long-term recovery and permanent housing will require financial support whether as
loans or subsidies
In this overview however, only 36 m2 of permanent house construction per household is
calculated. This is the government limit for support subsidies of 15 mIDR, approx (1,500
USD). The real cost of those 36 m2 will come to some 100 million IDR or 10,000 USD,
given the inflation effects expected.
Temporary/transitional shelter. Nine out of ten respondents require temporary/transitional
shelter while waiting for their spontaneous / self-supported or assistance for substantial repair
to complete reconstruction of their houses.
Populations currently living in relief tents, often on make shift grounds are without sufficient
storm water drainage that may make conditions critical during the imminent rainy season.
As land provision issues need to be resolved before relocation can take place, the risk is that
this recovery may take considerable time, e.g. 1-2 years.
Where the earthquake destroyed the houses, but not the floor slabs, some people have already
started spontaneously to rebuild. Consequently there may be a need for some temporary
shelter during a limited time, but safe construction advice is vital to ensure people currently
rebuilding include measures for earthquake resistance.
Local Governments may have been expedient in responding to the immediate relief needs,
but openly welcome support: proper technical assistance in coordinating the housing related
relief as well as support for urban planning and construction management.
The private sector may find it easier to regain function. Transport and construction material
markets seem to be already in full operation with deliveries in villages. Masons and
carpenters are busy repairing damaged houses.
Future earthquake hazards can be met with awareness campaigns and support to safe building
training. More complicated are the landslide dangers which clearly became evident where
whole villages were destroyed in an avalanche of muddy soil and debris. Geotechnical
surveys may be required to map unsafe, still undamaged villages and the relocation sites
needed for the recent victims.
It is assumed that transitional shelters will be demanded primarily by the lower income
groups, 3-400 USD per shelter unit
Long-term recovery and permanent housing will require financial support whether as loans or
subsidies.
In this overview however, only 36 m2 of permanent house construction per household is
calculated. This is the government limit for support subsidies of 15 mIDR, approx (1,500
USD). The real cost of those 36 m2 will come to some 100 million IDR or 10,000 USD,
given the inflation effects expected.

38

Housing reconstruction financial needs

Households affected by
the earth quake
194,000*
*see above
165,000*
*Satkorlak survey

Early recovery
Transitional shelters

Longer term recovery

and reconstruction
Permanent housing**

Total USD

77 mUSD

1,940 mUSD

2,017 mUSD

66 mUSD

1,650 mUSD

1,760 mUSD

Early Recovery Recommendations:

1. Very Early Recovery: On-Going Spontaneous House Rebuilding:
2. Urgent support to Andalas University to identify and establish early agreement on
Build Back Better disaster resistant house standard rebuilding guidelines in
partnership with Public Works (Housing), housing related NGOs/CSOs and materials
production companies and individual producers (i.e. Padang Cement Co., fired brick
producers, concrete block producers, sand and aggregate producers)
a. House structural/construction standards
b. Building material standards (i.e. properly fired bricks, high quality cement, timber,
correctly graded sand and aggregate, steel reinforcing)
3. Urgent support to Andalas University, Public Works (Housing) in partnership with local
construction supply businesss, communities and disaster resistant rebuilding CSOs to
launch simple public awareness campaign about where to get information on how rebuild your house safely ensuring that spontaneous shelter rehabilitation is disaster
resistant and
4. Urgent support to Andalas University and Public Works (Housing) to establish Build
Back Better disaster resistant house information/community outreach centers to
provide outreach and information on standard rebuilding guidelines
5. Early Recovery: Spontaneous House Rebuilding:
6. Support to Public Works to establish
a. disaster resistant builder certification program
b. disaster resistant building supplier certification program
7. Support to Public Works and Andalas University to establish certified Disaster Risk
Resistant Masonry Builders training program to certify individual artisians (master
masons and master carpenters) and house building companies
8. Longer-Term Recovery: Spontaneous House Rebuilding:
9. Support to Public Works to develop Provincial Housing policy and procedures that will
ensure that future house construction (after recovery) is done using disaster resistant
construction and materials
10. Land Tenure: Early Recovery
11. Urgent support to BBN (Badan Bertanahan National) and Resettlement and Housing
Agency (KIMBRASWIL) to assess and resolve ownership and complex resettlement
issues for survivor families from areas affected by landslide
12. Earthquake affected areas not so critical since foundations, floors and other indicators of
ownership still more or less exist as way to confirm ownership
a. Community Micro-Planning (Build Back Better): Early Recovery
13. Urgent support to Andalas University and Public Works to provide immediate
community development assistance to communities to consider better ways from a
planning perspective to rebuild (i.e. widen footpaths for child safety or widened rural
access roads to improve market access)

39

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Health
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.
For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and
eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in
health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The
support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,
STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence
(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face
the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and
gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as
unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the
implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency
situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is also essential to heal any
psychological impact of the disaster.
The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this
critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they
40

are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to
access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well
coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.
While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are
overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and
mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged
from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will
be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care
For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and
eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in
health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The
support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,
STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence
(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face
the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal
morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and
gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as
unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the
implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency
situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is
The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the
risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of
surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the
water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and
recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these
various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.
Early recovery:

Setting up and maintaining the integrated mobile teams

Functionally restore health facilities which includes provision of temporary

adjunct facilities, water purification plants, mobilizing human resources for health

Establishment and maintenance of Early warning disease surveillance and

reporting

Setting up water quality surveillance

Provision of surgical equipment to provide specialized care for the injured

Provision of psychosocial support and mental health services

Longer term recovery:

Health facilities services coordination and management

Rapid assessments of the physical integrity of hospitals and health care workers:
Deployment and Mobility of extra health staff
o Health Facilities shall be provided initially with temporary units prior to
rebuilding permanent ones which will incorporate seismic resilient design
o Medical supplies and equipment
o Proper referral

41

o Integrated Mobile services shall conduct systematic assessment, provision

of health services and support needed for the health facilities and affected
communities.
o Managing and coordinating field hospitals and other health services
hended
o Sub-health centres will be strengthened to deliver essential primary health
care services

Specialized care for the injured currently estimated at around 3,400

o Although some injuries are minor, major injuries numbering around 800
will need specialized orthopaedic surgical procedures and eventual physical
rehabilitation

Strengthened surveillance and early warning

o An early warning system as part of the regular surveillance system needs
to be well maintained with consistent reporting with staff and systems

Disease Prevention and Control Measures

o Primary and secondary prevention and control measures shall be
implemented an this includes risk communication and immunization

Environmental Health with a focus on water quality surveillance and solid

waste management
o Mechanisms for water quality surveillance with feedback to health
information can prevent outbreaks of water borne diseases common this
season and increased in risk post disaster
o Re-establishing solid waste management of health facilities will also be
needed

Mental and psychosocial health

o More than 3 million people in the 12 affected districts will require
psychosocial support and mental health interventions at varying degrees.
Priority to the displaced (currently estimated by MoH at 350); aid workers and
health service providers will also need psychosocial debriefing at some stage.

Reproductive, maternal and child health services need to be strengthened

o At this stage 1,656 women are estimated to be currently pregnant
antenatal care and safe delivery services for emergency obstetric care should
be ensured

Operational Support and Coordination

o Operational support is needed to deliver the above services. Through
efficient coordination in the field resources can be mobilized better to provide
the above services. The coordination with the MoH/PHO and cluster members
logistics support and tracking of progress so gaps are quickly identified and
addressed will require efficient operational back-up in the field.
Within the framework of strategic operational planning and resource mobilization
MoH/WHO assume the following main activities
1.
Through coordination, mobilize resources to provide emergency health services to
health facility and affected communities in collaboration with partner agencies.
2.
Through coordination, mobilize resources to operationalize integrated health units
to do systematic assessment, provision of health services and support needed for the
health facilities and affected communities.

42

3.
Through coordination, mobilize resources to build up make shift health units for the
damaged health facilities to provide essential health services for the affected
communities.
Strategy 1
Strategy 2
1. Immunization
2. Early warning, surveillance, rapid response, control of diseases.
3. Child, maternal and reproductive health.
4. Psychosocial and mental health
5. Treatment, care and rehabilitation of patients
6. Nutrition
Strategy 3
The objective of health sector situation, operational structure and plan for recovery is to
minimize causalities, disability, and support local health personals and facilities to be able to
provide health services to the affected communities in Padang Province, Indonesia in
collaboration partner agencies for 6 months.
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

Nutrition
Tbd
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

Protection
43

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

The child protection strategy in West Sumatra is to improve the protective environment of
children by prioritizing the following:
Priorities
Sex and age disaggregated statistics to be collected and disseminated, and those
related to disability
Provision of shelter that prioritize health, safety and privacy of all vulnerable
groups, and womens responsibility for cooking and household tasks
Clean water and sanitation services accessible to the most vulnerable and designed in
consultation with them
Food security, especially for those with special nutritional needs, initially through
targeted food distribution and through recovery of gender responsive agriculture in
the medium and long term
All relief and early recovery activities must recognize and visibly respond to the basic needs
of women (including those heading households), elderly persons and those living with
disability or chronic illness, as well as providing for their specific needs in all sectors.

Child Protection Response Plan

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs
Create and support child friendly spaces in 6 districts for
providing children access psycho-social assistance to
support their the wellbeing
Strengthening the protective environment to protect
children from abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation
by empowering children, providing support to families,
schools, communities including public education
through the children, parents and community
engagement, public campaign, etc.
Strengthen the local organization and community based
organization on advocacy to protect children from
exploitation and prevention of abuse, as well as to
prevent separation and institutionalization;
Provide training and field facilitating to boys, girls,
parents and community members on participatory
planning and operation and monitoring of relief,
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in 6
districts
Provide support to family-based care program by
providing economic inputs and access to social services
to the family who are taking care of extremely
vulnerable individuals (EVIs), including children with
disabilities, children in care institutions and children
victims of violence and exploitation
Life skills training package for children in institution
(inc. toolkits) in 6 districts
Total Renovation for 10 child care institutions in 6
districts
Renovation for 12 child care Institution with medium

44

Early
Recovery
(US$
Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstru
ction
(US$
Million)

15,000

50,000

65,000

20,000

50,000

70,000

20,000

30,000

50,000

15,000

30,000

45,000

300,000

300,000

53,800

53,800

Total
(US$
Million)

95,000

95,000

72,000

72,000

damage
Renovation for 14 child care institution with light
damage in 6 district

52,000

Safe and clean water for 36 child Care institution

59,000

59,000

Learning material and equipments

59,000

Toilets for 10 child care institutions With severely

damage

33,000

Total

162,000

52,000

59,000
33,000

513, 800

219,000

616,800

Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH)

Tbd
Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)
Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery
(US$ Million)

45

Longer
Term
Recovery
(US

Reconstruction
(US$ Million)

Total
(US$ Million)

3.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and

Reconstruction Costs
SECTOR/ SUBSECTOR NEEDS

Early
Recovery
(US$ Million)

Longer
Term
Recovery

Reconstruc
tion

Total
(US$ Million)

(US$ Million)

(US$ Million)

A. AGRICULTURE
Rehabilitation of damaged
Secondary/tertiary irrigation canals

US$ 1
million

Rehabilitation of home-based agroindustries

US$ 0.2
million

Improvement of livelihoods security

for fishermen

US$ 0.25
million

Rehabilitation of provincial livestock

and fisheries offices

US$ 0.4
million

Reconstruction
Center

of

Food

Security

Rehabilitation of Fish Landing Center

US$ 0.3
million
US$ 0.3
million

B. HEALTH
Health facilities services coordination
and management

400,000

800,000

1,000,000

2,200,000

Specialized care for the injured and

rehabilitation

400,000

500,000

600,000

1,500,000

Strengthened surveillance and early

warning
Disease Prevention and Control
Measures
Environmental health with a focus on
water quality surveillance and solid
waste management

400,000

500,000

600,000

1,500,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1,500,000

350,000

500,000

500,000

1,350,000

Immediate Response Ensuring

Essential

350,000

450,000

500,000

1,300,000

Reproductive Health Services

46

Mental health and psychosocial

support
Operational Support and Coordination
C. SHELTER/ HOUSING
Transitional
households)

shelter

Permanent
households)

Housing

350,000

500,000

500,000

1,350,000

300,000

450,000

600,000

1,350,000

(193,000
US$ 77M

US$ 77M

(193,000
US$ 193 M

D. EDUCATION
Transitional classrooms

3,300,000

Provision of basic learning materials

Provision of recreation and
opportunities to children and

450,000

play

support to teachers and children to

address psycho-social needs

750,000

Support
the
resumption
and
functioning of ECD facilities through
the provision of ECD kits

100,000

Disaster Risk Reduction Activities

325,000

Supporting teachers to deliver quality

education in the new transitional
arrangement

250,000

Supporting out of school vulnerable

children

34,000

E. PROTECTION
E.1 CHILD PROTECTION
A comprehensive assessment to
identify outstanding child protection
issues and support responses to address
them

0.030

0.030

Supporting extremely vulnerable

individuals, including children with
disabilities in care institutions in 6
affected districts by providing basic
services and social service support

0.020

0.020

47

Create and support child friendly

spaces in 6 districts for providing
children access psycho-social
assistance to support their the
wellbeing
Strengthening the protective
environment to protect children from
abuse, neglect, violence and
exploitation by empowering children
group, family group and community
engagement, public awareness
campaign on child protection, etc.
Strengthen the local organization and
community based organization on
advocacy to protect children from
exploitation and prevention of abuse,
as well as to prevent secondary
separation and institutionalization;
Provide training and technical
assistance to boys, girls, parents and
community members on participatory
planning, implementation and
monitoring of relief, recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction
activities in 6 districts

0.025

0.200

0.225

0.020

0.100

0.120

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.060

0.500

0.560

0.500

0.500

0.060

0.060

Provide support to family-based care

program by providing economic inputs
and access to social services to the
family who are taking care of
extremely vulnerable individuals
(EVIs), including children with
disabilities, children in care institutions
and children victims of violence and
exploitation
Life skills training package for
orphaned children and children headed
housesold (inc. toolkits and start up
capital) in 6 districts
Temporary safe shelters and toilets for
10 children care institutions with
severely damage

0.030

Total Renovation for 10 child care

institutions with severely damage in 6

0.030
0.100

48

0.100

districts
Renovation for 12 child care Institution
with medium damage in 6 districts

0.072

0.072

Renovation for 14 child care institution

with light damage in 6 district

0.052

0.052

Safe and clean water for 36 child Care

institution

0.060

Learning material and equipments for

child care institutions

0.060
0.059

E.2 WOMEN. ELDERLY &

DISABLED
Sex and age disaggregated statistics to
be collected and disseminated, and
those related
to disability
Provision of shelter that prioritize
health, safety and privacy of all
vulnerable
groups, and womens responsibility for
cooking and
household tasks
Clean water and sanitation services
accessible to the
most vulnerable and designed in
consultation with them
Food security, especially for those with
special
nutritional needs, initially through
targeted food
distribution and through recovery of
gender responsive agriculture in the
medium and long term
All relief and early recovery activities
must recognize
and visibly respond to the basic needs
of women (including those heading
49

0.059

households), elderly persons and those

living with
disability or chronic
illness, as well as providing for their
specific needs in all sectors
F. ENVIRONMENT
Review and reevaluation on the quality
of
infrastructures
(government
buildings, roads, bridges, energy/
power
grids
&
station,
telecommunication installations, water
supply, sewers, etc)
Clean up and manage debris/ rubbles
resulted from the disaster
Institutional strengthening (capacity
development)
on
various
environmental-related issues:
1. Spatial Planning
2. Disaster Risk Reduction and
Mitigation
3. Quality,
earthquake
friendly or even green
buildings
guidelines
and establishment
4. Forest rehabilitation
5. Watershed management and
forest conservation
Solid waste Management
Further assessment on environmental
impacts (EIA)

50

4.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Renaki Comparison Table

Agriculture
Perumahan dan
prasarana permukiman

Food and
nutrition

Health

Educatio
n

Fasilitas Umum dan Fasilitas Sosial

Infrastruktur dan Lingkungan

Gedung Pemerintahan Pusat dan Daerah

Kehidupan Sosial dan Ekonomi Masyarakat

51

Shelter

Protectio
n

Water,
Sanitation,
Hygiene

Cross-cutting
Sector