Documente Academic
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Session 2009-2013
Chapter 1
Introduction
BACKGROUND 1.1
Even decades after the induction motor gained widespread use, changing the
frequency for speed control remained an extremely difficult task and the physical
construction of the motor prevented manufacturers from creating motors with more than two
speeds. So this is minimized by using the variable frequency drive.
Voltage dips and their impact on customer loads consti- tute the most prevalent power
quality problem in distribu- tion systems. Voltage dips can result in tripping of cus- tomer
equipment and shutting down of production lines leading to production loss and expensive
restart proce- dures. Sensitive equipment to voltage dips include: com- puter-controlled
processes, variable speed drives (VSD) and induction motors. System modifications can be
implemented to minimize the magnitude and duration of voltage dips. Special meas- ures can
be implemented at the customer end to reduce equipment sensitivity to voltage dips. Among
the different types of equipment, which are sus- ceptible to voltage dips, induction motors are
the most commonly used and are the easiest to deal with.
Introduction
Session 2009-2013
and/or duration exceed certain limits the motor may stall and would be taken out of the system by the locked rotor protection. Maximum voltage dip magnitude and/or duration, which
the motor operation can survive, depend on the motor parameters and the torque-speed
characteristic of the driven load. Motor recovering process after voltage dips is dynamically
similar to motor starting process and is accompanied by large inrush currents. Depending on
motor protection settings, these currents can trigger short circuit or locked rotor protection of
the motor resulting in the tripping of the motor. Most of induction machine protection
settings are too conservative. This leaves room for adjusting these settings without causing
any threat to the motor safety. Many of the unnecessary motor tripping incidents can be
avoided by simple adjustment to the motor protection settings
VFDs with AFE technology can meet even the most stringent harmonic standards and
reduce backup generator sizing.
VFDs provide high power factor, eliminating the need for external power factor
correction capacitors.
VFDs provide lower KVA, helping alleviate voltage sags and power outages.
Introduction
Session 2009-2013
handling of the motor control through VFD. Induction motor shows high inrush
current but if it shut during the operation it will cost the high power loss but if we
control it efficiently we will save the energy and also helpful in controlling of the
motor.
This project will help us economical and operation control of the motor.
VFD is helping the starting the characterizing. . VFDs manipulate the frequency
of their output by rectifying an incoming AC current into DC, and then using
voltage pulse-width modulation to recreate an AC current and voltage output
waveform.
Although VFD runs high power factor so we also increase the power
factor.
Introduction
Session 2009-2013
VFDs run at a high power factor. Any class of induction motors usually has a low
power factor at half and three-quarters load (0.75 to 0.85). This actually decreases the life of
the motor, because the unnecessary increase in current overheating the winding insulation.
VFDs bypass this problem by running the load at a frequency below the fundamental.
The most obvious reason to procure a VFD is speed control. This is usually done for process,
operation, and economic benefits. One economic benefit comes from the reduction of
maintenance when using a VFD, especially not having to deal with the DC motor carbon
brushes or mechanical speed-control gearboxes (transmissions). The most obvious economic
benefits of VFDs occur with fans and pumps. The power that a pump or fan consumes is
directly proportional to the cube of the velocity. This means if an operator can run a fan at
80% of full speed, it theoretically uses 51% of full load power.
VFDs also optimize motor starting characteristics. VFDs bring motors up to full
speed quickly and by drawing only 100% to 150% of full load amps (FLAs). This ability to
start at normal FLA is very important if the power supply cannot withstand the normally six
times FLA across-the-line starting draw, or even the 350% FLA soft-start device current.
VFDs do this by managing the magnetic flux of an induction motor. Magnetic flux is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the frequency. By keeping the flux
constant, the inrush current does not exceed the FLA rating of the motor, and full torque is
maintained. This is a significant improvement on a soft-start, which has significant voltage
drop problems and cannot start under full load.
PIC 16f877a
PIC18f452
Introduction
Session 2009-2013
Transistor (C945)
Regulator (7805)
IGBT (B1152)
Capacitors (100uf,150uf,1uf,390uf)
VESO board
Resistors
Introduction
Diodes
Inductors bank
Capacitor Bank
Push buttons
Connecting wire
Wooden Frame
Power supply
Connectors
Session 2009-2013