Parth Agrawal

Mr. Riotto

January 22, 2016

US I H
Chapter 8 Summary

Harsh Puritan values made New England ethnically and religiously uniform, with little slaves.
American feminist ideology began with Massachusetts poet Judith Sargeant, who affirmed womens
intellectual equivalence to men. Republican ideology, which emphasized the importance of women to be
intelligent mothers, led to womens increased access to education in New England. New Englanders
believed in a strong government that had a divine right to regulate peoples lives. The mid-Atlantic region
was the most ethnically and religiously diverse region, caused by religious tolerance and urban growth. PA
(1780), NY (1799), and NJ (1804) passed laws emancipating the children of slaves. Economic leaders
favored a strong government, while members of the middle and lower classes opposed government
intervention and valued individual liberties.
Geography separated power between the foothills of the Appalachians (backcountry), inhabited by
poorer farmers and fewer slaves, and the lowcountry, where rich planters worked thousands of slaves on
cash crop farms. Both planters and backcountry farmers believed in individual liberties. Young, poor, and
rural whites were lured to the West with the promise of economic independence. Kentucky gained
statehood in 1792. The new government was mostly Federalist after the 1788 elections. To pacify
Antifederalists, James Madison submitted 19 amendments to Congress, of which 12 were accepted and
10 ratified by the states, creating the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1792, and led to North Carolina
(1789) and Rhode Island (1790) joining the Union. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established 13 federal district
courts (1 for each state), three higher circuit courts, and a Supreme Court, limiting their jurisdiction to
national law. The Tariff Act of 1789 established a tariff to raise income for the government, sparking
sectional conflict. The Tonnage Act of 1789 levied a tax on foreign ships to favor American ships.
Huge debts were left over after the war. Hamilton drew up a plan in 1790, suggesting: That the
federal government assume the debt of the state governments to subordinate state economic power; an
excise tax on whiskey, to raise revenue and affirm the governments right to internal taxation; the
chartering of the Bank of the United States, to create a market for securities; and that the government
should focus on industry. Congress divided between the Federalists, financial leaders who supported

Hamiltons plan, and Republicans, who believed that Hamilton intended to impose a system of economic
privilege and exploitation. After the French Revolution in 1789, France went to war with Britain in 1793.
French Ambassador Edmond Genet invoked the Franco-American Alliance of 1778. Washington declared
neutrality on April 22, 1793 to avoid a costly European war. Democratic-Republicans, who believed in
more direct citizen control of the government, criticized Hamiltons plans and Washingtons neutrality. After
the Battle of Fall Timbers was won by American General Anthony Wayne on August 4, 1794; 12 tribes
ceded Ohio to the U.S. in the Treaty of Greensville in 1795. Within a few months, in the Whiskey
Rebellion, Washington organized militia into an army to suppress rebellion against the whiskey tax, but
found no resistance. The U.S. made trading concessions in Jays Treaty in 1794 to avoid war after Britain
seized American ships trading with France. In the Treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795, Spain recognized the
31st parallel as the boundary between the U.S. and Florida.
Washingtons Farewell Address in September 1796 marked the end of his public career and
denounced the steady rise of partisanship in the country. The election of 1796 was the first openly
partisan election, with Federalist John Adams running and winning against Republican Thomas Jefferson,
who became vice-president. The French annulled the treaty of 1778 in 1795. In the XYZ Affair in 1797, 3
commissioners sent by Adams to negotiate a treaty with France were demanded of a large bribe to talk
with the foreign minister (through intermediaries X, Y, and Z), inciting war fever. By 1798, American ships
waged an undeclared war against France in the Quasi-War. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 increased
presidential deportation powers, extended the residency requirement for the President, and made it a
federal crime to print sedition. Jefferson and Madison met in secret to draft a resolution affirming states
rights. The Kentucky legislature affirmed the right to nullification (deem void laws that it believed were
unconstitutional). The Direct Tax of 1798 was unpopular and cost the Federalists influence. The FrancoAmerican Accord of 1800 was negotiated by John Adams with France, brought an end to the Quasi-War,
and released the U.S. from the 1778 alliance. Deism was a religious orientation that rejected revelation;
most Calvinist ministers lashed out at what they saw as atheism and its Republican supporters. Aaron
Burr (Federalist) tied with Jefferson (Republican) in the election of 1800, and the decision went to the
House of Representatives. The tie was not broken until February 16, 1801; Jefferson won.