Chapter 4

Chemical
Quantities
and Aqueous
Reactions

Solutions
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

Solute

major component

minor component

An aqueous solution has water as the solvent

Example:

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water +

salt

Solutions

molarity (M) = concentration of a solution

molarity (M) =

amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

mol
M=
L

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Solution Preparation
1. Add solute to a flask
2. Add water to reach desired volume

Example:
Make 1 L of a 1 M NaCl solution

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Example
What is the molarity of a solution that contains 25.5 g KBr in a 1.75 L solution?
Molar mass of KBr = 119.00 g/mol
molarity (M) =

25.5 g KBr x

molarity (M) =

amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

1 mol KBr
119.00 g KBr

0.214286 mol KBr

1.75 L solution

0.214286 mol KBr

= 0.122449 M

= 0.123 M
0.123 mol/L

Example
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by adding 45.4 g NaNO3 to a flask and
dissolving it in water to a volume of 2.50 L.
Molar mass of NaNO3 = 85.00 g/mol
molarity (M) =

45.4 g NaNO3 x

molarity (M) =

amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

1 mol NaNO3
85.00 g NaNO3

0.5341177 mol NaNO3

2.50 L solution

0.5341177 mol NaNO3

= 0.213647 M

= 0.214 M

Example
What mass of KBr (g) is needed to make 250.0 mL of a 1.50 M KBr solution?
Molar mass of KBr = 119.00 g/mol
molarity (M) =

1.50 M KBr =

amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

mol KBr

0.375 mol KBr

0.250 L solution
119.00 g KBr

0.375 mol KBr x

1 mol KBr

= 44.6 g KBr

Molarity Conversion Factors

0.500 M NaCl

0.500 mol NaCl

1 L solution

or

1 L solution
0.500 mol NaCl

Example
How many liters of a 0.125 M NaOH solution contain 0.255 mol of NaOH?

0.255 mol NaOH x

1 L solution
0.125 mol NaOH

2.04 L solution

Example
How many grams of sucrose (C12H22O11) are in 1.55 L of a 0.758 M sucrose
solution? (molar mass of sucrose = 342.30 g/mol)
molarity (M) =

0.758 M C12H22O11 =

amount of solute (in mol)

volume of solution (in L)

mol C12H22O11
1.55 L solution

1.1749 mol C12H22O11 x

342.30 g C12H22O11
1 mol C12H22O11

1.1749 mol C12H22O11

= 402 g C12H22O11

Solution Dilution
Concentrated form of a solution is referred to as a stock solution

We can dilute a stock solution using the following formula:

M1V1 = M2V2

Solution Dilution

M1V1 = M2V2

Example
To what volume should you dilute 0.200 L of a 15.0 M NaOH solution to obtain a
3.00 M NaOH solution?

M1 = 15.0 M

M1V1 = M2V2

V1 = 0.200 L
M2 = 3.00 M
V2 = ?

Solve for V2 :

V2 =

V2 =

M1V1
M2

15.0 mol/L x 0.200 L

3.00 mol/L

= 1.00 L

Example
To what volume should you dilute 100.0 mL of a 5.00 M CaCl2 solution to obtain
a 0.750 M CaCl2 solution?

M1 = 5.00 M

M1V1 = M2V2

V1 = 100.0 mL

= 0.1000 L

M2 = 0.750 M
V2 = ?
Solve for V2 :

V2 =

V2 =

M1V1
M2

5.00 mol/L x 0.1000 L

0.750 mol/L

= 0.667 L

Example
What volume of a 6.00 M NaNO3 solution should you use to make 0.525 L of a
1.20 M NaNO3 solution?

M1 = 6.00 M

M1V1 = M2V2

V1 = ?
M2 = 1.20 M
V2 = 0.525 L

Solve for V1 :

V1 =

V1 =

M2V2
M1

1.20 mol/L x 0.525 L

6.00 mol/L

= 0.105 L

Example
What volume (L) of a 0.150 M KCl solution will completely react with 0.150 L of a
0.175 M Pb(NO3)2 solution?

PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

2 KCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
0.150 M

0.175 M

V=?

0.150 L

0.150 L Pb(NO3)2 x

2 mol KCl
1 mol Pb(NO3)2

0.175 mol Pb(NO3)2

1 L Pb(NO3)2 solution

2 mol KCl
1 mol Pb(NO3)2

1 L KCl solution
0.150 mol KCl

= 0.350 L KCl solution