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harmonics
and
unbalance
factor.
Sensing
load
I. [NTRODUCTION
The power filters can be called active power line
conditioners(APLCs) as they can totally counterbalance the
nonlinear loads of power systems: reactive power,
harmonics,unbalances, etc. There are different configurations
of APLCs, from passive and active filters to hybrid filters. The
main focus is to optimize the model utilizing advantages of
each filter with the different load configurations. To mitigate
the load harmonic components current or voltage harmonic
components are injected by the active power filters using a
DCIAC converter[I]. The progress of power and control
stages of active power filters (APFs) are made possible to
compensate the harmonics, reactive power and unbalances.
II.
POWER-QUALITY FACTOR
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2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
transfer of a three-phase network. The PQF considers various
quality aspects (QA) notably the current and voltage harmonic
levels, the phase displacements between corresponding phase
voltages and currents at the fundamental frequency, and the
degree of unbalance in the different phase voltages and
currents [3]. The various QAs are measured separately so that,
if needed, the particular quality aspect that requires correction
can be recognized easily.
A high level of power quality is understood as a low level
of disturbances; agreement on acceptable levels of
disturbances is needed [6]. Under steady-state conditions,
three power-system parameters - frequency, waveform
distortion, and symmetry - can serve as frames of reference to
classify the disturbances according to their impact on the
quality of the available power[8]. The power factor has been
considered as another prominent quality aspect.
(4)
where Wi are judiciously selected weight factor that sum up to
I and QAi are the defined quality aspects.
D. Definition of the Voltage-quality Factor
The voltage quality factor (VQF) is chosen as a single
measurable indicator which integrally reflects the various
voltage quality aspects QAi(i= 1, 3) formulated above. This is
defined as
(5)
where wi are judiciously selected weight factor of the voltage
waveform that sum up to 1.
(1)
IV.
where V and I represents rms values and 1 and h denote the
fundamental and the harmonic order, respectively.
The total voltage and current harmonic distortions VTHD
and ITHD are considered as two quality aspects for a three
phase unbalanced system and are given by
(2)
where Vel and lel represents the equivalent fundamental phase
voltage and current.
B. Unbalance Factor:
Relevant quality aspects are the unbalance factors of the
voltage and current VUNB and IUNB respectively expressed as
VO
factor, a
exp
e:lI)
[:;]
Jl
V2
V2
V2
1
0
,f3
,f3
[::l
(6)
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2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
(12)
[ 1
Po
Pa(3
qa(3
eo
where:
(8)
[Tr1
10
1
;;;- Po,
(9)
..J2
..f3
..J2
..f3
..J2
where:
poet)
e(3 = e + e,
io is the instantaneous zero-sequence current,
iap is the instantaneous active current of the a-axis,
i(3p is the instantaneous active current of the -axis,
iaq is the instantaneous reactive current of the a-axis,
i(3q is the instantaneous reactive current of the -axis.
Po + poet),
(13)
Pco(t)
PLO(t) - PLO
PLO(t),
(14)
where the subscript "c" with respect to the compensator, and
the subscript "L" with respect to the load.
These equations represent the power terms. So, the
compensation currents can be formulated in Oa coordinates
as:
pet)
-e"ef3
f3
e"ef3
f3
eolo + e"2 +e2 Pa(3 + e"2 +e2 Pa(3 + e"2 +e2 qa(3 + e"2 +e2 qa(3
f3
f3
(15)
(11)
wheree (3
e + e.
[;::l $ 1 ; [::l
1
Icc
..f3
..J2
iC(3
(16)
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2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
VI.
Source
PiJses
Hysteresis bard
currentcontrol1er
200
0
-200
-400
0
+_
\/
Hysteresis
comparator
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Time (sec)
20
0
-20
-40
rtr h
-.J
IGBT trigger
f...J
-60
0
Time (sec)
40
30
signal
ill/eas
0.02
40
20
Power
circuit
Filter
current (A)
error
0.01
60
Load
current (A)
400
Source
voltage (V)
V.
SIMULATION RESULTS
10
0
-10
-20
------
-30
-40
0
80
Time (sec)
60
Source
current (A)
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
Time (sec)
Fig: 4. Three phase source voltage, load current, filter current and source
current when balanced non-linear load is connected.
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2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Technologies (ICACCCT)
three-phase mains voltages. The instantaneous reactive power
theory is feasible. After compensation the THD and unbalance
factor of source current are reduced and are presented in
Tablel.
Source
voltage (V)
400
200
0
-200
Load
current (A)
-400
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time (sec)
0.05
0.06
0.07
REFERENCES
0.08
100
[1]
50
[2]
[3]
-50
-100
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time (sec)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
[4]
Filter
current (A)
40
20
[5]
[6]
-20
-40
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time (sec)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
[7]
80
60
Source
current (A)
40
20
0
-20
[8]
-40
-60
-80
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Time (sec)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Fig: 5Three phase source voltage, load current, filter current and source
current when unbalanced non-linear load is connected.
TABLE 1: RESULTS WITH AND WITHOUT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
(APF) FOR CASES I AND 2
ITHDwithout apf
ITHDwithapf
I UNBwithout apf
Balanced Non-linear
load
29.17%
21.04%
3.47%
4.64%
5.39%
0.76%
PQFwithout apf
85.40%
86.70%
PQFwithapf
98.20%
97.30%
I UNBwithapf
VI.
CONCLUSION
415