R & D expenditure in the

European Union
Sweden and Finland ahead of the other Member States for
the EU 2010 R&D targets
Statistics
Graph 1: R&D intensity (R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP) in the EU-25, China,
in focus Japan and the United States in 2003
SE 4.27 (2001)
FI 3.51
DK 2.60
DE 2.50
SCIENCE AND BE 2.33
2.19
TECHNOLOGY FR
AT 2.19
EU-15 1.99 (2002)
EU-25 1.93 (2002)
2/2005 NL 1.89 (2001)
UK 1.87 (2002)
LU 1.71 (2000)
R&D Statistics SI 1.53
CZ 1.35
1.16 (2002)
Author IT
IE 1.12
Simona FRANK ES 1.11
HU 0.97
PT 0.79
EE 0.77
LT 0.68
EL 0.64 (2001)

Contents PL
SK
0.59
0.57
LV 0.39
CY 0.33
Sweden and Finland are ahead
for the EU 2010 R&D targets.... 2 CN 1.23 (2002)
JP 3.12 (2002)
The EU's R&D intensity grew in US 2.76 (%)
real terms by an annual 1.48 % 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
in the five years to 2002…........ 3 MT: n.a. .EU-25, EU-15, DE, EL, SI: estimates. BE, DK, EE, IE, CY, LT, PT, FI, US: provisional.

…while its R&D expenditure Sweden and Finland are ahead of most Member States in R&D
grew at almost 4 % in real terms expenditure with respectively 4.27% and 3.51% of R&D intensity, with more
during the same period ............ 4 than two thirds of it being financed by the Business Enterprise Sector.

The US (2.76%) and Japan (3.12%) still have higher R&D intensities than
the EU-25 (1.93%) and China (1.23%).

In the five years to 2002, the EU's R&D expenditure grew 6.47% a year
on average in million current EUR, the US's by 5.83%, Japan's by 6.19%, and


China's by more than 18.51%.

The majority of EU-25 Member States' R&D expenditure underwent

Manuscript completed on: 14.02.2005
ISSN 1609-5995
Catalogue number: KS-NS-05-002-EN-N
© European Communities, 2005
sustained growth in the years to 2002, the fastest growth rates being
registered by Estonia, Cyprus and Hungary, with more than 11% annual
average growth in real terms.
 !

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BE, DK, EL, PT, NL, PT, SE: 2001. LU, IE, CN: 2000. IT: 1996 !
US: 2001, excludes most or all capital expenditure; provisional.
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Table 1: R&D expenditure financed by the Business Enterprise Sector 1998 to 2002 and R&D intensity (R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP)
from 1998 to 2003 in the EU-25 Member States, EEA countries, Switzerland, Candidate Countries, China, Japan and the United States
! Percentage of R&D expenditure financed by business and
R&D intensity and annual average growth rate from 1998 to 2003*
! annual average growth rate from 1998 to 2002*
! FXXO FXXX /111 /11F /11/ ''-3 FXXO FXXX /111 /11F /11/ /11R ''-3
$EW/2 C=>S $ CC>? $ CC>L $ CC>= $ g S>U@ D>U? 0 D>UL 0 D>UU 0 D>P? 0 D>PB 0 g D>=U
! $EWF2 C=>B $ CC>L $ CL>? $ CL>S $ g D>SS D>UL 0 D>PS 0 D>PB 0 D>PU 0 D>PP 0 g D>@S
! GH LC>@ LL>? LB>S L=>B g OS>@S D>PS D>PL ?>S= ?>D@ ?>?= 8 ?>BB 8 =>DL
! Q^ LS>? C?>L CD>? C?>C CB>@ O?>US D>DL D>DL D>?B D>?? D>?? D>BC B>SU

! 6] g CP>S g LD>C g ?>DC ?>SL $ ?>DS + ?>?@ $+ ?>=S ?>C? ?>LS 8 =>@@
6H! L?>= $ LC>= LL>S $ LC>@ LC>C D>?B ?>BD $ ?>== ?>=P $ ?>CD ?>CB ?>CS $ D>CP
! HH ?B>? ?=>? ?=>? B?>P ?P>? C>UL S>CU S>@S S>L? S>@B S>@C S>@@ 38 C>UB
! H[ g ?=>? g ?P>@ $ g DS>UL g S>L@ $ g S>L= $ g g O?>?L
! H" =P>U $ =U>P =P>@ =@>? =U>P OS>=U S>UP $ S>UU S>P= $+ S>PC + D>SB D>DD =>C?

! (4 CB>C C=>D C?>C $ C=>? C?>D OS>L= ?>D@ ?>DU ?>DU 3 ?>?B ?>?L ?>DP S>DU
RH LC>= $ L=>= L@>? g g g D>?C $ D>DP D>DC D>DC D>SP D>D? 8 O?>D@
! RI g g g g g g D>S@ D>S= D>S@ D>DD D>DL g ?>S=
! QZ DB>@ D@>= D@>C DC>B D@>= L>DB S>?B S>?C S>?C S>?@ S>B? S>BB 8 @>=P
! [\ ??>? + ??>? + ?P>C DU>B ?D>@ OS>CL S>=D S>B@ S>=C S>=D S>=? S>BP OD>SS

! [I g g BD>L B@>D ?@>P OL>SL S>CC S>CD S>CP S>LU S>L@ S>LU 8 =>BB
[J g g PS>@ g g g g g D>@D g g g g
! WJ BL>D BU>C B@>U B=>U ?P>@ O=>@P S>LU S>LP S>US S>PC D>S? S>P@ @>BL
! Y[ =U>L =P>@ CD>? CD>U g ?>D= D>P= ?>S? + D>PS + D>UP + g g OS>U@
! _I =D>@ =D>D =D>U =D>U =D>U S>S? D>@U D>PD D>PC ?>S@ ?>DP ?>DP =>?B

! X[ B@>U BU>D B?>L BS>U BD>S O=>U@ S>LU S>@S S>LL S>L= S>CP S>CP O?>US
XI ?D>B $ ?D>B ?@>D $ BD>C g D=>S? g S>@C g S>UC S>US 8 S>@P 8 D>BD
! "R C?>L CL>P CB>B C=>@ LS>S B>BU D>BP D>=? D>== D>CL D>CB D>CB $ D>P=
! "] CD>U =P>P C=>= CL>D CB>L S>U= S>@P S>LL S>LC S>L= S>CU S>C@ OL>B?
! (R LB>P $ L@>S @S>B @S>U LP>C ?>D= ?>UU B>?B B>=S B>=D B>=L B>CD 8 =>S=

! "H g L@>U g @D>P g B>SS B>L? $ B>LC g =>?@ g g C>LL

J] =@>L =U>C =P>B =@>B =L>@ OS>=U D>UD D>UC D>UC + D>UP + D>U@ g S>U?
! R"! B@>@ $ =B>= g =L>? g L>PC ?>S@ ?>BU ?>@C $ B>SL B>SP . g DS>CB
! Yf g =P>C g CD>@ g ?>D? g D>LC g D>LS D>L@ D>UP 8 B>=C
! QW g g LP>D g g g g g ?>C@ g g g g

! Gb ?B>L ??>U ?=>= ?@>D ?=>U D>?@ S>C@ S>C@ 3 S>C? S>=@ S>=P S>CS O?>CP
W4 g g g g =C>@ g g g g g D>D? 8 g g
! 4f =?>= CS>? =P>S =@>L =D>L OS>=L S>=P S>=S S>B@ S>BP S>BU S>=S OB>PU
! I4 =D>U =B>B =?>P ==>P =D>B OS>?P S>CS S>LB S>L= S>@? S>LL g @>DP
! QY g g C@>L g g g S>@S S>UB D>SS 3 D>S@ D>?B g DS>PD

! NX @?>L @?>? @?>= @B>S @B>P S>== ?>PC ?>PL ?>PP B>S@ B>D? g D>=D

! J" LC>? $ LL>P LP>B L@>B g D>SL ?>CP 3 ?>LB ?>@S ?>@D ?>L= 8 ?>@L 8 D>?U

* from 1998 to 2002 when 2003 is not available or from 1998 to 2001 when 2002 is not available or 1999 to 2001 when neither 1998 nor 2002 are available CN: 2000-2002. DE:
intramural R&D expenditure by source of funds estimated on basis of source of funds of (intramural plus extramural) R&D expenditure according to information from
R&D performing enterprises and cooperative research institutes. US, JP, CN, EU-25 funding data, EU-15 funding data: OECD data
US: The intramural R&D expenditure of the United States is slightly underestimated in comparison to the corresponding figures for other countries as the US methodology
is slightly different from the international recommendations. CN: underestimated or based on underestimated data.

!
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Graph 3: R&D expenditure in million constant 1995 PPS in the EU-25, Japan and the United States from 1990 to 2002
L 7CC7<>&FXX2&[[!
?CS!SSS
?SS!SSS
DCS!SSS
DSS!SSS
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FXX1 FXXF FXX/ FXXR FXXN FXX2 FXXY
HJO?C HJODC
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1$+/0! -.! +$'*! 456! $78$&%)19+$! #$+$! &$#! 2$/3$+!
"1'1$0! 09:,! '0! H01-&)'E! Q<8+90! '&%! W9&F'+<! K$':,!
':,)$;)&F! '&&9'*! ';$+'F$! F+-#1,! +'1$0! -.! /-+$! 1,'&!
DDAM!'&%![)1,9'&)'!KPAME!X-*'&%!'&%!"*-;'d)'T0!456!
$..-+10! 01'F&'1$%! -+! $;$&! %#)&%*$%! )&! +$'*! 1$+/0>!
Y-+1,! H9+-8$'&! :-9&1+)$0T! 456! $78$&%)19+$! +-0$!
.'01E!R:$*'&%T0!F+-#)&F!'0!/9:,!'0!D=A!8$+!'&&9/!)&!
:-&01'&1! XX"! '&%! "#$%$&c0! 3<! PA>! 6$&/'+d! '&%!
()&*'&%T0!456!$78$&%)19+$!01)**!F+$#!'1!/-+$!1,'&!LA!
)&! +$'*! 1$+/0! 8$+! <$'+! -&! ';$+'F$E! '+-9&%! 1,$! 0'/$!
+'1$!'0!)&!G$*F)9/E!1,$!Qe$:,!4$893*):E!'&%!_901+)'>!
_*0-! &-1$#-+1,<! #'0! "8')&T0! '&%! I9+d$<c0! '&&9'*!
';$+'F$!F+-#1,!+'1$!-.!456!$78$&%)19+$!-.!UA>!!
R&! 1,$! J&)1$%! "1'1$0E! N'8'&! '&%! 1,$! HJO?CE! 1,$! 39*d!
!
4 Statistics in focus!`!":)$&:$!'&%!I$:,&-*-F<!!`!?a?SSC!```````````````````````!
456!$78$&%)19+$!)&!/)**)-&!DPPC!XX"!3$1#$$&!DPPP!
'&%!?SS?>!R&!?SS?E!1,$!HJO?Cc0!456!$78$&%)19+$!#'0!
'3-91!D>@C!1)/$0!1,'1!-.!N'8'&c0!'&%!'3-91!1#-!1,)+%0!
1,'1! -.! 1,$! J"c0! )&! '30-*91$! 1$+/0! '&%! $78+$00$%! )&!
DPPC! XX">! "9:,! :-/8'+)0-&! &$$%0! 1-! 3$! 891! )&1-!
8$+08$:1);$! 90)&F! .-+! )&01'&:$! 1,$! 1,+$$! $&1)1)$0c!
+$08$:1);$! 8-89*'1)-&! 0)e$0! -+! b6X! K'0! )&! 1,$! 456!
)&1$&0)1<! 3$&:,/'+d! $*'3-+'1$%! -&! )&! 1,$! 8+$;)-90!
8'+'F+'8,0M>!
FXXZ FXXO FXXX /111 /11F /11/ /11R
J" NX
3<! '3-91! D?UA>! R&! 1,$! *'01! .-9+! <$'+0! 1-! ?SS?E! 1,$!
HJT0! 456! $78$&%)19+$! +-0$! 3<! B>PUA! '! <$'+! -&!
';$+'F$!K0$$!1'3*$!?M>!!
-.! 1,$! 456! $..-+10! )0! 8$+.-+/$%! 3<! 1,$! G90)&$00!
H&1$+8+)0$! "$:1-+>! I,$! J"T0! GH"! 456! $78$&%)19+$!
KGH46M!-&!)10!-#&!)0!'*/-01!'0!3)F!'0!1,$!$&1)+$!HJO
?CT0! 456! $78$&%)19+$! K)>$>! '**! )&01)191)-&'*! 0$:1-+0! -.!
8$+.-+/'&:$! :-/3)&$%ME! #,)*$! 1,$! HJO?CT0! GH46! )0!
3)FF$+! 1,'&! '**! -.! N'8'&T0! K0$$! F+'8,! =M>! I,$! HJ!
b-;$+&/$&1! "$:1-+! 456! $78$&%)19+$! Kbf\H46M!
#'0!3)FF$+!1,'&!1,$!J"T0!'&%!/-+$!1,'&!%-93*$!1,'1!
-.! N'8'&T0>! I,$! HJO?C! W)F,$+! H%9:'1)-&! "$:1-+T0!
456! $78$&%)19+$! KWH46M! #'0! '3-91! 1,$! 0)e$! -.! 1,$!
J"T0!'&%!1,+$$!1)/$0!1,$!0)e$!-.!N'8'&T0>!I,$!X+);'1$!
Y-&OX+-.)1! "$:1-+T0! KXYXM! 456! $..-+10E! '*1,-9F,!
%#'+.$%! 3<! 1,$! GH"E! bf\! '&%! WH"T0E! #$+$!
8+-8-+1)-&'**<!/-+$!0)F&).):'&1!)&!1,$!J"!1,'&!)&!$)1,$+!
N'8'&! -+! 1,$! HJO?C>! I,)0! *'11$+! )&01)191)-&'*! 0$:1-+T0!
0,'+$! -.! 456! #'0! 1,$! 0/'**$01! )&! 1,$! HJO?C!
:-/8'+$%!1-!1,$!J"!-+!N'8'&>!!
!
"
!

Table 2: R&D expenditure for the EU-25, EEA countries, Switzerland, the Candidate Countries, China, Japan and the United States
from 1998 to 2003
! 7>&L7CC7<>&9:==?>5&$E3&6>A&6>>:6C&6Q?=6G?&G=<@5;&=65?&D=<L&FXXO&5<& 7>&L7CC7<>&9<>856>5&FXX2&[[!&6>A&6>>:6C&6Q?=6G?&G=<@5;&=65?&D=<L&FXXO&
! /11R\ 5<&/11R\
! DPPU DPPP ?SSS ?SSD ?SS? ?SSB __b4 DPPU DPPP ?SSS ?SSD ?SS? ?SSB __b4
!EU-25 144,763 s 155,586 s 168,230 s 178,708 s 186,035 s : 6.47 : 137,820 144,922 152,162 154,941 : 3.98
!EU-15 142,301 s 153,021 s 165,294 s 175,354 s 182,488 s : 6.42 126,062 132,631 139,446 146,470 149,231 : 4.31
!BE 4,246 4,618 5,046 5,515 5,814 p 6,236 p 7.99 3,945 4,201 4,534 4,869 5,045 5,319 p 6.16
!CZ 630 641 744 832 959 1,019 10.10 : 1,350 1,483 1,512 1,534 1,730 6.40
!DK 3,173 e 3,406 r 3,892 er 4,265 4,617 4,899 p 9.08 2,323 2,428 2,701 2,900 3,080 3,201 p 6.62
!DE 44,348 e 48,191 50,619 e 52,002 53,363 53,200 e 3.71 37,536 40,318 42,431 43,048 43,507 42,889 e 2.70
!EE 29 37 37 49 56 62 p 16.55 58 71 68 85 93 101 p 11.64
!EL : 795 e : 841 e : : 2.87 : 937 : 969 : : 1.70
!ES 4,692 e 4,995 5,719 er 6,227 r 7,194 8,213 11.85 5,443 5,612 6,209 6,489 7,178 7,865 7.64
!FR 28,139 29,529 30,954 b 32,887 34,527 34,122 3.93 24,026 24,918 25,870 27,009 27,727 26,992 2.36
IE 973 e 1,068 1,183 1,315 f 1,414 1,481 p 8.76 934 989 1,051 1,111 1,133 1,180 p 4.79
!
IT 11,401 r 11,524 r 12,460 13,572 14,600 : 6.38 11,821 11,719 12,400 13,158 13,733 : 3.82
!CY 19 21 25 27 34 38 p 15.02 22 24 27 29 35 38 p 11.64
!LV 24 25 38 38 42 39 9.87 62 57 74 73 81 78 4.89
!LT 55 52 73 91 100 110 p 15.05 135 123 149 181 190 212 p 9.36
!LU : : 364 : : : : : : 281 : : : :
!HU 285 309 405 548 706 708 19.96 619 651 798 981 1,098 1,044 i 11.02
!NL 6,819 7,563 r 7,655 r 8,090 r : : 5.86 6,427 6,969 6,786 6,805 : : 1.92
!AT 3,377 3,762 4,029 4,393 4,788 4,902 7.74 3,091 3,396 3,586 3,832 4,120 4,137 6.01
!PL 1,022 1,086 1,197 1,323 1,188 1,091 1.30 2,119 2,284 2,236 2,177 2,027 2,006 -1.09
!PT : 815 r : 1,038 1,036 ep 1,033 p 6.11 : 1,032 : 1,217 1,160 1,132 p 2.34
!SI 258 284 297 341 360 375 e 7.75 339 368 388 431 437 450 e 5.79
!SK
156 126 143 149 148 164 1.04 347 294 298 304 285 303 -2.72
FI 3,334 3,879 4,423 4,619 4,830 5,007 p 8.47 2,753 3,189 3,522 3,573 3,703 3,836 p 6.86
!
SE 8,003 e 8,608 : 10,459 : : 9.33 6,488 6,845 : 8,431 : : 9.13
!UK 23,034 25,300 28,788 r 30,255 r 31,116 : 7.81 20,299 21,232 22,056 23,133 23,314 : 3.52
!IS 148 188 251 e 261 280 f : 17.30 132 161 198 226 227 : 14.46
!NO : 2,445 : 3,037 3,388 3,684 p 10.79 : 1,765 : 1,812 1,917 1,977 p 2.89
!CH : : 6,852 : : : : : : 4,929 : : : :
!BG 65 69 b 71 71 81 88 6.24 212 216 209 195 215 230 1.64
!HR : : : : 271 p : : : : : : : : :
!RO 184 134 149 177 184 204 2.12 : 479 449 506 513 571 3.55
!TR 887 1,094 1,389 1,172 1,280 : 9.62 1,756 2,121 2,309 2,414 2,389 : 8.00
!CN 5,934 7,695 11,714 b 14,061 16,452 : 18.51 : : : : : : :
!JP 103,604 123,912 153,852 143,012 131,722 : 6.19 80,712 81,128 84,315 86,896 87,968 : 2.18
US 202,274 b 228,963 287,127 306,776 293,049 p 268,552 p 5.83 200,462 212,631 226,161 228,816 227,030 228,968 p 2.69
!
* from 1998 to 2002 when 2003 is not available or from 1998 to 2001 when 2002 is not available or 1999 to 2001 when neither 1998 nor 2002 are available. CN: 2000-2002.
US: the intramural R&D expenditure of the United States is slightly underestimated in comparison to the corresponding figures for other countries as the US methodology is
slightly different from the international recommendations. CN: underestimated or based on underestimated data.
&
&

I,$! '3-;$! 8'11$+&! -.! 456! $78$&%)19+$! 3<!
)&01)191)-&'*!0$:1-+!-.!8$+.-+/'&:$!)0!'*0-!+$.*$:1$%!'1!
2$/3$+! "1'1$! *$;$*>! R&! /-01! HJO?C! :-9&1+)$0E! 1,$!
G90)&$00!H&1$+8+)0$!"$:1-+!KGH"M!)0!1,$!*'+F$01!456!
8$+.-+/$+! #)1,! '! 0,'+$! -.! LSA! -+! /-+$! -.! %-/$01):!
456! $78$&%)19+$>! f&*<! )&! H01-&)'E! b+$$:$E! Q<8+90E!
['1;)'![)1,9'&)'E!W9&F'+<E!X-*'&%!'&%!X-+19F'*!%-$0!
1,$! GH"T0! 0,'+$! -.! 1-1'*! :-9&1+<O#)%$! 456!
$78$&%)19+$! +$8+$0$&1! *$00! 1,'&! =SA! K0$$! F+'8,! CM>!
R&1$+$01)&F*<E! 1,$! X+);'1$! &-&O8+-.)1! 456! $78$&%)19+$!
)0! 8+-8-+1)-&'**<! 1,$! *'+F$01! )&! Q<8+90! '&%! X-+19F'*E!
'&%! 1-! '! *$00$+! $71$&1! )&! H01-&)'E! #,)*$! 1,$0$! 1,+$$!
:-9&1+)$0T! GH"! 0,'+$! -.! 456! $78$&%)19+$! )0! '/-&F!
1,$! *-#$01! -.! 1,$! J&)-&>! I,$! :-9&1+)$0! #)1,! 1,$!
,)F,$01! 0,'+$! -.! 456! $78$&%)19+$! 8$+.-+/$%! )&! 1,$!
W)F,$+! H%9:'1)-&! "$:1-+! '+$! [)1,9'&)'! KC?>P! AME!
H01-&)'! KCS>U! AME! b+$$:$! K=C>C! A! )&! ?SSDME! ['1;)'!
K=?>B!AME!'&%!X-+19F'*!K=S>D!AM>!

!
"# `````````````````````!?a?SSC!`!":)$&:$!'&%!I$:,&-*-F<!!`!Statistics in focus 5!
!

_0! &-1$%! $'+*)$+E! /-+$! 1,'&! PSA! -.! [97$/3-9+FT0! !

1-1'*! 456! $78$&%)19+$! )0! .)&'&:$%! 3<! )10! GH"E! #,):,! Graph 4. R&D expenditure in million PPS by institutional
)0! '*0-! 1,$! 3)FF$01! 456! 8$+.-+/)&F! )&01)191)-&'*! sector of performance in 2002 in the EU-25, Japan
0$:1-+>! b-;$+&/$&1! "$:1-+! .)&'&:)&F! :-/$0! 0$:-&%! and the United States!
'.1$+!1,$!GH"!)&!'!/'V-+)1<!-.!HJ!2$/3$+!"1'1$0!K0$$! ! /)**)-&!HJ4
!XX"
F+'8,! LM>! R&! 1,-0$! :-9&1+)$0! #,$+$! 1,$! GH"! 456! ! 300 000
$..-+10! '+$! *$00! )/8-+1'&1! 8+-8-+1)-&'**<! 1,-9F,E! 1,$! !
b-;$+&/$&1!"$:1-+!3$:-/$0!1,$!3)FF$01!8+-;)%$+!-.! !
! 250 000
.9&%0!.-+!456>!(9&%)&F!.+-/!'3+-'%!)0!1,$!1,)+%!/-01!
)/8-+1'&1!0-9+:$!-.!456!.9&%)&F!)&!1,$!HJO?C>!['1;)'! ! =S!S?B
,'0!1,$!,)F,$01!8$+:$&1'F$!-.!456!.)&'&:)&F!:-/)&F! ! 200 000
.+-/! '3+-'%! K-;$+! BCAME! #,$+$! 1,)0! 0-9+:$! -.! .9&%0! ! ??!?CC
)0! -&*<! 0*)F,1*<! *$00! )/8-+1'&1! 1,'&! 1,$! b-;$+&/$&1! ! =S!D?U
"$:1-+c0!'&%!:-/$0!',$'%!-.!1,$!GH">!(-+$)F&!456! ! 150 000
.9&%)&F!)0!'*0-!;$+<!)/8-+1'&1!)&!_901+)'E!b+$$:$!'&%! ! ?C!SLU
)&! 1,$! J]! K/-+$! 1,'&! ?SAM>! Tf1,$+! &'1)-&'*! 0-9+:$0T! ! 100 000
-.! 456! .)&'&:)&F! $&:-/8'00! 1,$! W)F,$+! H%9:'1)-&! ! DB!BUB D@@!DD?
P!DPC
'&%!1,$!X+);'1$!Y-&OX+-.)1!0$:1-+0!'&%!'+$!&$F*)F)3*$! !
DDL!DLB
'0! .9&%)&F! )&01)191)-&0! -.! %-/$01):! 456>! I,$! WH"T0! ! 50 000
! @D!@LU
0/'**!0,'+$!-.!456!.9&%)&F!'0!:-/8'+$%!1-!)10!0,'+$!
-.! ':19'*! 456! $78$&%)19+$! 09FF$010! )1! /')&*<! +$*)$0! !
0
-&!1,$!F-;$+&/$&1!'&%!-1,$+!0-9+:$0!-.!.)&'&:)&F!)&! !
HJO?C NX J"
1,$!HJ>!! !
! ! GH" bf\ WH"
! !
! !
! !
Graph 5. R&D expenditure by institutional sector of performance in the EU-25 countries in 2003 (in %)
& 100%
&
& 80%
&
& 60%
&
& 40%
&
& 20%
&
& 0%
& HJO HJO GH Q^ 6] 6H HH H[ H" (4 RH RI QZ [\ [I [J WJ 2Ih Y[ _I X[ XI "R "] (R "H J]
& ?C DC
G90)&$00!H&1$+8+)0$!"$:1-+ b-;$+&/$&1 W)F,$+!H%9:'1)-&!"$:1-+ X+);'1$!Y-&OX+-.)1
&
EL, NL, SE: 2001. LU: 2000. AT: 1998. EU-25 and EU15: estimates. MT: breakdown only includes BES and GOV.

Graph 6. R&D expenditure by source of funds in the EU-25 countries in 2002 (in %)
& 100%
&
& 80%
&
& 60%
& 40%
&
& 20%
&
& 0%
& HJO HJO GH Q^ 6] 6H HH H[ H" (4 RH RI QZ [\ [I [J WJ Y[ _I X[ XI "R "] (R "H J]
?C DC
& G90)&$00!H&1$+8+)0$!"$:1-+ b-;$+&/$&1 f1,$+!Y'1)-&'*!0-9+:$0!KWH"!'&%!XYXM _3+-'%

DK, HU: The sum of the breakdown does not add to the total. EU-25, EU-15, BE, DK, EL, LT, NL, PT, SE: 2001. IE, LU: 2000. IT: 1996. EU-25, EU-15: estimates. MT: n.a.

!
6 Statistics in focus!`!":)$&:$!'&%!I$:,&-*-F<!!`!?a?SSC!```````````````````````!
"
 !
$ & $!!$% )#' ,& # % B + 3 ]' ) # + % & ^& ]$ ) * + ( + , + - # " ' , & % + ) $ ! & &
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""!
3?8?6=9;&6>A&?ST?=7L?>56C&A?Q?C<TL?>5&_&34(&
4$0$'+:,!'&%!$78$+)/$&1'*!%$;$*-8/$&1!`!456!`!':1);)1)$0!
:-/8+)0$! :+$'1);$! #-+d! 9&%$+1'd$&! -&! '! 0<01$/'1):! 3'0)0! )&!
-+%$+! 1-! )&:+$'0$! 1,$! 01-:d! -.! d&-#*$%F$E! )&:*9%)&F!
d&-#*$%F$! -.! /'&E! :9*19+$! '&%! 0-:)$1<! '&%! 1,$! 90$! -.! 1,)0!
01-:d!-.!d&-#*$%F$!1-!%$;)0$!&$#!'88*):'1)-&0>!
#>8575:57<>6C&9C6887D79657<>8&
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-.!8$+.-+/'&:$!)&!#,):,!456!1'd$0!8*':$>!
!& );?&M:87>?88&?>5?=T=78?&8?95<=&_&`$!&
i)1,!+$F'+%!1-!456E!1,$!390)&$00!$&1$+8+)0$!0$:1-+!)&:*9%$0g!
'**!.)+/0E!-+F'&)e'1)-&0!'&%!)&01)191)-&0!#,-0$!8+)/'+<!':1);)1<!
)0! 1,$! /'+d$1! 8+-%9:1)-&! -.! F--%0! -+! 0$+;):$0! K-1,$+! 1,'&!
,)F,$+! $%9:'1)-&M! .-+! 0'*$! 1-! 1,$! F$&$+'*! 893*):! '1! '&!
$:-&-/):'**<! 0)F&).):'&1! 8+):$! '&%! 1,$! 8+);'1$! &-&! O8+-.)1!
)&01)191)-&0!/')&*<!0$+;)&F!1,$/!`!!"#$%#&'()#*+#,E!jDLB>!
!& );?&G<Q?=>L?>5&8?95<=&_&-+a&
R&! 1,$! .)$*%! -.! 456E! 1,$! F-;$+&/$&1! 0$:1-+! )&:*9%$0g! '**!
%$8'+1/$&10E! -..):$0! '&%! -1,$+! 3-%)$0! #,):,! .9+&)0,! 391!
&-+/'**<! %-! &-1! 0$**! 1-! 1,$! :-//9&)1<! 1,-0$! :-//-&!
0$+;):$0E!-1,$+!1,'&!,)F,$+!$%9:'1)-&E!#,):,!:'&&-1!-1,$+#)0$!
3$! :-&;$&)$&1*<! '&%! $:-&-/):'**<! 8+-;)%$%E! '&%! '%/)&)01$+!
1,$! 01'1$! '&%! 1,$! $:-&-/):! '&%! 0-:)'*! 8-*):<! -.! 1,$!
:-//9&)1<! K893*):! $&1$+8+)0$0! '+$! )&:*9%$%! )&! 1,$! 390)&$00!
$&1$+8+)0$! 0$:1-+M! '0! #$**! '0! XYX0! :-&1+-**$%! '&%! /')&*<!
.)&'&:$%!3<!F-;$+&/$&1!`!!"#$%#&'()#*+#,E!j!DU=>!
!& );?&;7G;?=&?A:9657<>&8?95<=&_&*$!&
I,)0!0$:1-+!:-/8+)0$0g!'**!9&);$+0)1)$0E!:-**$F$0!-.!1$:,&-*-F<!
'&%! -1,$+! )&01)191$0! -.! 8-01O0$:-&%'+<! $%9:'1)-&E! #,'1$;$+!
1,$)+! 0-9+:$! -.! .)&'&:$! -+! *$F'*! 01'190>! R1! '*0-! )&:*9%$0! '**!
+$0$'+:,! )&01)191$0E! $78$+)/$&1'*! 01'1)-&0! '&%! :*)&):0!
-8$+'1)&F! 9&%$+! 1,$! %)+$:1! :-&1+-*! -.! -+! '%/)&)01$+$%! 3<! -+!
'00-:)'1$%! #)1,! ,)F,$+! $%9:'1)-&! $01'3*)0,/$&10! `! !"#$%#&'(
)#*+#,E!j!?SL!
!& );?&T=7Q65?&><>WT=<D75&8?95<=&_&[%[&
I,)0! 0$:1-+! :-;$+0g! &-&O/'+d$1E! 8+);'1$! &-&O8+-.)1! )&01)191)-&0!
0$+;)&F! ,-90$,-*%0! K)>$>! 1,$! F$&$+'*! 893*):M! '&%! 8+);'1$!
)&%);)%9'*0!-+!,-90$,-*%0!`!!"#$%#&'()#*+#,E!j!DP=>!
! '&%!Y-+#'<!O!0-9+:$!-.!%'1'!)0!fHQ6>!
456! $78$&%)19+$! )0! 093%);)%$%! )&1-! .);$! 8<:=9?8& <D& D:>A8g!
G90)&$00! H&1$+8+)0$E! b-;$+&/$&1E! W)F,$+! H%9:'1)-&E! X+);'1$!
&-&O8+-.)1!'&%!_3+-'%>!
! 0!H9+-01'1!$01)/'1$!
34(&7>A7965<=8b&34(&?ST?>A75:=?&
!& ":==?>5&$E3&
Q9++$&1! HJ4! ;'*9$0! '+$! -31')&$%! .-+! 1,$! H9+-e-&$! 3<!
+$:'*:9*'1)&F! .-+/$+! &'1)-&'*! :9++$&:<! ;'*9$0! -&! 1,$! 3'0)0! -.!
1,$! .)7$%! $7:,'&F$! +'1$! '&%! 1,$&! '88*<)&F! 1,$! ';$+'F$!
$7:,'&F$!+'1$!.-+!1,$!<$'+!)&!k9$01)-&>!_0!'!+$09*1E!1,$!;'*9$0!
.-+!:-9&1+)$0!'88$'+)&F!)&!1'3*$0!k9-1$%!)&!&'1)-&'*!:9++$&:)$0!
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ORIGINAL TEXT: English