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Cinvestav del IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Sustentabilidad de los Recursos Naturales y Energa, Av. Industria Metalrgica 1062, 25900 Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mxico
b
Cinvestav del IPN, Unidad Guadalajara, Control Automtico, Av. del Bosque 1145, colonia el Bajo, Zapopan , 45019, Jalisco, Mxico
c
GIPSA lab, Automatic control department, Grenoble INP, BP 46, 38402, St Martin dHres, France
Resumen
En este trabajo se presenta un anlisis dinmico de un reactor anaerbico a escala laboratorio, el cual es empleado para la obtencin
de biogs a partir del tratamiento de aguas residuales. El reactor utiliza un volumen de reaccin de 5 L y es operado en modo continuo
con un flujo de entrada de 0.5 L h-1. Utilizando anlisis de polos y ceros, respuesta al escaln y retratos de fase, se estudian dos
comportamientos hidrodinmicos de las poblaciones bacterianas: razn de dilucin y filtro de biomasa; este anlisis es realizado va
simulacin. El objetivo principal es determinar el efecto de la inmovilizacin de bacterias en soportes slidos, as como de variaciones
de las condiciones de operacin, sobre las propiedades del proceso: estabilidad, degradacin de sustratos, produccin de biogs y lmites
de las condiciones de operacin. Con los resultados obtenidos se pretende establecer estrategias de control que permitan mejorar el
desempeo de este tipo de procesos. Copyright 2014 CEA. Publicado por Elsevier Espaa, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados.
Palabras Clave:
Reactor anaerbico, biogs, tratamiento de aguas residuales, anlisis dinmico, control de procesos.
1.
Introduccin
2014 CEA. Publicado por Elsevier Espaa, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.riai.2014.02.006
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
2.1. Descripcin
La digestin anaerbica es realizada por varias poblaciones
bacterianas que viven en ausencia de oxgeno y se lleva a cabo en
237
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Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
0
xd
y
g ( xa , xd )
f ( xa , xd , u )
(1-3)
h( xa , xd )
H S K a HS
B CO2 d IC
H B K b CO2 d
BS Z
(4-8)
HS S S 2
con:
P1
P 1 max S 1
K
PCO2d
Pt PCO2d
s1
S1
S 1 HS
K i1
,
P2
P 2 max HS
2
K s 2 HS
HS
K i2
CO2d
Kh
PCO2d
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
QCH 4
R1R2 P 2 X 2
QCO 2
OR3 R2 P 2 X 2
(15-16)
239
J (T )
2
), donde T es el vector de
( y mes y sim ) 2 / y mes
Parmetro
ICe
Ka
Kb
Kh
Ki1
Ki2
Ks1
Ks2
Pt
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
S1e
S2e
Ze
P1max
P2max
Valor
0.548
1.7x10-5
1.7x10-7
0.065
3.33x10-4
8.22x10-4
0.26
2.18 x10-4
1
1
1
350
0.0663
0.0005
5
10
0.055
0.548
0.0625
0.017
Unidad
mol L-1
mol
mol
mol atm-1
mol L-1
mol L-1
mol L-1
mol L-1
atm
mol mol-1
mol mol-1
mol UA-1
mol mol-1
mol mol-1
mol mol-1
mol L-1
mol L-1
mol L-1
h-1
h-1
Anlisis dinmico
3.1. Metodologa
En esta seccin se describe la metodologa aplicada para el
anlisis. Para los dos comportamientos hidrodinmicos
considerados (razn de dilucin y filtro de biomasa), se aplican
240
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
x
y
Fx Gu
Hx
(17-18)
Polos,
ceros
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
C1
C2
Con variacin de D
-'D0
-4.11
-1.53
-0.15
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
D0
-9.2
2.5i
-0.484
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
+'D0
-20
8.7i
-0.798
-0.150
-0.150
-0.150
-0.150
-0.150
S2e0
-9.54
2.5i
-0.484
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
+'S2e0
-9.8
2.9i
-0.513
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
-0.100
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
Polo real
Polos reales
a complejos
conjugados
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-5
Real Axis
0.03
-1
-15
-1
-20
S2e (mol L )
0.2
-10
-25
S2 (mol L )
Imaginary Axis
0.15
0.1
0.05
9.5
Pole-Zero Map
0
x 10
50
100
-1
-1
50
100
Tiempo (h)
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
150
0.023
0
0.3
Real Axis
-1
0.17
0.11
0.05
0
50
100
0.2
0.1
0
150
-4
50
100
150
50
100
Tiempo (h)
150
0.03
-1
x 10
X2 (AU)
S2 (mol L )
-1
S2e (mol L )
Polo 2
-9
50
100
Tiempo (h)
0.029
0.017
150
0.23
-2
150
Polo 3
-3
-10
6.5
5
0
100
0.035
50
-4
CH4 (mol hr )
Imaginary Axis
0.01
0
0
CH4 (mol h )
X2 (AU)
Polo 1
0.02
150
241
4
2
0
0
50
100
Tiempo (h)
150
0.02
0.01
0
0
242
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
P 2
D X 2
(19-20)
R
R 3 P 2 X 2 4 D ( S 1in S 1eq ) D ( S 2 in S 2 )
R6
P 1
k d 1 X 1
P 2
k d 2 X 2
(21-22)
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
Polos,
ceros
Con variacin de D
-'D0
-10.69
-1.536
-0.477
-0.008
-0.008
-0.005
-0.008
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
C1
D0
-21.40
-3.079
-0.954
-0.008
-0.008
-0.100
-0.008
+'D0
-32.11
-4.623
-1.432
-0.008
-0.008
-0.150
-0.008
S2e0
-21.40
-3.079
-0.954
-0.008
-0.008
-0.100
-0.008
-'S2e0
-21.40
-2.627
-0.811
-0.008
-0.008
-0.100
-0.008
+'S2e0
-21.40
-3.532
-1.098
-0.008
-0.008
-0.100
-0.008
Pole-Zero Map
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
Polo 1
0.2
Imaginary Axis
Imaginary Axis
0.6
Polo y cero
0.4
Polos 2,3
0
-0.2
0.2
Polo 1
Polo 2
Polo 3
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
Polo doble
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
-1
-35
243
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Real Axis
-1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Real Axis
244
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
Figura 10. Retrato de fase con mismas condiciones que en retrato de Figura 6.
P 2
D X 2
(23-24)
R
R 3 P 2 X 2 4 D ( S 1in S 1eq ) D ( S 2 in S 2 )
R6
Salvador Carlos-Hernndez et al. / Revista Iberoamericana de Automtica e Informtica industrial 11 (2014) 236246
4.
Conclusin
245
English Summary
Dynamical Analysis of a wastewater treatment process for
biogas production.
Abstract
This paper deals with a dynamical analysis of a lab scale
anaerobic reactor, which is used for biogas production from
wastewater treatment. The reaction volume inside the reactor is 5
L in a continuous operation with a flow rate of 0.5 L h-1. Using a
pole-zero analysis, the step response and phase portrait analysis,
two hydrodynamic behaviors of anaerobic bacteria are studied:
dilution rate and biomass filter; this analysis is done via numerical
simulations. The main objective is to determine the effect of
bacteria immobilization and operating condition variations on the
process properties: stability, substrate degradation, biogas
production and operating regions. The obtained results show that
bacteria immobilization improves the process performances since
the attraction region to the treatment point is enlarged and the
washout point is hard to be reached. This situation implies that a
larger biomethane production can be obtained and larger input
disturbances can be rejected.
Keywords:
Anaerobic reactor, Biogas, Wastewater Treatment, Dynamic
Analysis, Process Control.
Agradecimientos
Este trabajo ha sido realizado gracias al apoyo del Consejo
Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa, CONACYT, a travs del
financiamiento del proyecto 105844.
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