Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INTRODUCCION O DISCUSION
DISCUSION
Mandell
. Transient mild leukocytosis, with increased neutrophils and sometimes eosinophils, and
elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate may occur. needle aspiration of pus (usually done to
relieve discomfort).
Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1535-1540 Myalgia occurred in 5.8%, had a median duration
of 4 weeks, and was often severe. Arthropathy (arthralgia or arthritis, or both) occurred in
5.5%, involving mainly the medium and large joints for a median of 5.5 weeks and
characterized as moderate to severe in intensity in more than half of these patients. In a
small proportion, chronic symptoms persisted for more than 1 year and could be
debilitating. Much less commonly, tendonitis, neuralgia, and osteomyelitis were identified,
all at a rate of less than 1%. Age older than 20 years increased the risk of having any of
these symptoms, and female gender was also associated with increased risk of
arthropathy.
Up to half of the overall 11% or 12% of CSD cases that are atypical represent Parinaud's
oculoglandular syndrome, a self-limited granulomatous conjunctivitis and ipsilateral,
usually preauricular, lymphadenitis (Fig. 235-11).[133,134] Various other atypical
manifestations[135] include self-limited granulomatous hepatitis/splenitis, atypical
pneumonitis,[136] osteitis Muszynski M, Eppes J, Riley H: Granulomatous osteolytic
lesion of the skull associated with cat scratch disease. Pediatr Infect Dis
J 1987; 6:199-201. ,[137] and neurologic syndromes (mainly encephalopathy and
neuroretinitis). A syndrome of prolonged fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children has
been described as well
infrequent Encephalopathy probably occurs in 2% to 4% of all CSD cases recognized, although
estimates range as widely as 1% to 7%.[, was first reported within a few years of the description
of CSD.[142-145] usually follows lymphadenopathy, also been reported to precede lymph node
involvement or to occur in its absence. Persistent, generalized headache is a common part of
the history, but fever is an inconsistent finding. Patients may become very restless, and
combativeness is often described. Nearly half of patients can develop seizures that may range
from focal to generalized, and from brief and self-limited to status epilepticus are attributable to
direct invasion of the CNS by B. henselae or to other mechanisms, such as vasculitis or immune
response
Neuroretinitis manifests as fairly sudden loss of visual acuity, usually unilaterally, sometimes
preceded by an influenza-like syndrome or development of unilateral lymphadenopathy. The
most striking, if not most common, retinal manifestation is papilledema associated with macular
exudates in a star formation not pathognomonic
Historically, three of four criteria all four necessary in an atypical case: (1) history of an
animal (usually cat or dog) contact with the presence of a scratch or primary skin or eye
lesion; (2) aspiration of sterile pus from the lymph node, or culture and other laboratory
testing that excluded other etiologic possibilities; (3) a positive CSD skin test; and (4) a
lymph node biopsy revealing pathology consistent with CSD. Skin test antigen, is prepared
by 56?C heating for 72 hours of saline-diluted sterile pus derived from CSD
lymphadenitis. never standardized or produced commercially role in diagnosis of CSD in
the past. potential transmission of hepatitis viruses, HIV, and prions even sources well
screened. no longer warranted. differential diagnosis of typical CSD includes many causes
of (unilateral) lymphadenopathy, typical or atypical mycobacterial, tularemia, plague,
brucellosis, syphilis, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, infectious
mononucleosis syndromes, lymphoma, and other neoplasms. In the inguinal area, tender
adenopathy in the absence of a genital lesion suggests Staphylococcus aureus, CSD,
lymphogranuloma venereum, and, in the febrile patient with a tick exposure, tularemia.
The diagnosis of CSD can be easily overlooked if the clinician fails to obtain an adequate
history
Pathogenesis
In cats, B. henselae perfectly adapted parasite, long-term and/or cyclic, high-grade
bacteremia in absence of illness.[36,40,52,167-169]
B. henselae infects human erythrocytes.[185]
The inflammatory response mediated by the effect of the organism Introduction of B. henselae
to dendritic cells followed by phenotypic maturation and modulation of their chemokine output
influencing the development of the CSD granuloma.
Laboratory Diagnosis
modified conventional bacteriologic culture methods,
coculture with endothelial cells,
immunoserologic
or immunocytochemical means,
and/or DNA amplification. practical for majority laboratories are direct examination,
culture, and serology. Serologic testing is becoming a mainstay of diagnosis, particularly.
When two or more criteria are fulfilled among epidemiologic, serologic, histologic, or
molecular evidence of Bartonella, a firm diagnosis is possible.[202]
DIRECT EXAMINATION
Rarely do blood smears reveal species other than B. bacilliformis in patients bacteremic
with Bartonella henselae/B. quintana direct immunofluorescence may occasionally be
positive.[205]
Bartonella spp. are gram-negative, are not acid fast, and stain poorly or not at all in tissue
other than by silver impregnation techniques (e.g., Warthin-Starry, Steiner, and Dieterle
stains). B. henselae and B. quintana are demonstrable by Warthin-Starry staining in
BA/BP; B. henselae may be silver stained during the early stages of lymphadenopathy in
CSD but typically not during the later granulomatous stage of inflammation.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND HANDLING FOR CULTURE
sources commonly are blood and tissue prior to antimicrobial therapy, especially with the
tetracyclines and macrolides. interval collection to processing minimized. If storage be
frozen.
CULTURE
All Bartonella spp. can be cultured on cell-free media, Recovery of Bartonella spp. is
optimized using freshly prepared rabbit-heart infusion agar plates. [208] However, various
formulations of blood or chocolate agar will support their growth, with the best results
dependent on media freshness. Approaches used for recovery of other fastidious
pathogens are generally suitable, except that most isolates require more than 7 days of
incubation before they can be detected.. Cultures are not recommended to diagnose most
cases of CSD, and in fact the sensitivity is at best only 20%. [209] may be useful in the
settings of (1) FUO or neuroretinitis after cat exposure; (2) fever, lymphadenitis,
neuroretinitis, or encephalitis of unknown origin in the immunocompromised patient; (3)
endocarditis without recovery of typical pathogens; and (4) bacillary angiomatosis/peliosis.
Inoculated media should be incubated at 35? to 37?C under conditions of 5% to 10% CO2
and greater than 40% humidity. (B. bacilliformis and possibly some strains of B.
clarridgeiae spp. have a lower [25? to 30?C] optimal temperature for growth.) The medium
should be as freshly prepared as possible. Plates sealed after 24 hours of incubation with
plastic film or shrink wrap to preserve moisture content of the media can usually be
incubated up to 30 days without notable deterioration.
Although Bartonella spp. usually grow best on solid or semisolid media, there are
alternative approaches to use of the Isolator with direct plating, including use of broth-
based blood culture systems, chemically defined fluid media, [210] or cell culture systems.[211]
The sensitivity of a shell vial culture assay may be slightly better than that of agar plate
techniques.[212] In the automated continuously monitored blood culture systems, Bartonella
spp. rarely produce turbidity or convert enough oxidizable substrate for these CO 2
detection-based systems to indicate growth. However, several isolates have been detected
initially using BACTEC (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) and resin-containing media
combined with acridine orange staining at the termination of a 7-day incubation period,
with recovery subsequently achieved by subculture to solid media. [10,11,83] Of note, growth of
a B. clarridgeiae-like blood isolate in a vacationer who returned to the United States from
Peru was detected by a BACTEC system after 15 days of incubation. [30] Another CO2
detection blood culture system, BacT/Alert (bioM?rieux, Durham, NC), has been reported
to yield positive growth algorithms in several cases of B. henselae bacteremia. Although
Gram stains of the broth and routine 72-hour subcultures proved negative, acridine orange
and Warthin-Starry staining demonstrated bacilli, and phase-contrast microscopy of wet
mounts revealed bacilli with rachety motility. Specific immunofluorescent labeling of
organisms obtained directly from the broth or subsequently subcultured on semisolid
media identified B. henselae.[213] Extended incubation of blood culture vials has permitted
recovery of B. quintana in prosthetic valve endocarditis.[214]
Bartonella spp. have been isolated from liver, spleen, lymph node, and skin after
homogenization either by direct plating of tissue homogenate or aspirate [16,38,45,80,85] or by
cocultivation with various cell lines.[9,12] B. henselae/B. quintana grow in endothelial cell
cultures as elongated pleomorphic organisms visible in Gimenez-stained preparations 72
hours after inoculation of the cell cultures. The cocultivation method is not practical for
most microbiology laboratories, although it may result in recovering occasional isolates
missed with cell-free media. In the absence of coculture, more than 1 month of incubation
often has been necessary to yield evident colonies from some tissue specimens. [38,45]
Because selective culture techniques have not been developed, recovery of isolates from
specimens such as skin may be more difficult if indigenous or contaminating flora are
present.
CASO CLNICO
261
alta concentracin tisular como eritromicina,claritromicina o azitromicina, administrados durante
14 das. En casos de enfermedad complicada,diseminada o atpica se recomienda utilizar
ciprofloxacina, gentamicina o macrlidos asociados a rifampicina 1,19.
CASO CLNICO
Formasatpicasdeenfermedad
poraraazodegato,Valdivia
Rev.chil.infectol.v.17n.4Santiago2000
doi: 10.4067/S0716-10182000000400009
Rev.chil.infectol.v.17n.4Santiago2000
doi: 10.4067/S0716-10182000000400008
Vojko Rozmanic,1 Srdjan Banac,1 Damir Miletic,2 Koraljka Manestar,1 Silvija Kamber1
and Sime Paparic3 Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 43 (2007) 568570
S. Heye
P. Matthijs
J. Wallon
M. van Campenhoudt
Cat-scratch disease
osteomyelitis
Skeletal Radiol (2003) 32:4951
40 aos, astenia, adelgazamiento Radiographs of the thorax and of the left thoracic cage
revealed
a small mass posteriorly in the left upper lobe, with rather
ill-defined margins. The adjacent dorsal bow of the sixth rib demonstrated
a permeative osteolytic pattern
On computed tomography (CT) an osteolytic lesion of the
sixth rib was seen together with an adjacent intrathoracic mass
that showed contrast enhancement at the periphery and central necrosis
Seroprevalence of
B. henselae in cats was 26% and there were 7%
of cats with bacteraemia. If cats aged <1 year were
considered, incidence of bacteraemia rises to 12.1%.