Oracle10g Java Programming - Electronic Presentation PDF

Oracle10g: Java Programming
Electronic Presentation
D17249GC11
Edition 1.1
August 2004
D39817
Authors
Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Jeff Gallus
Glenn Stokol
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Technical Contributors
and Reviewers
Kenneth Cooper
Peter Driver
Christian Dugas
Craig Hollister
Chika Izumi
Pete Laseau
Glenn Maslen
Monica Motley
Gayathri Rajagopal
Publisher
Poornima G
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Introduction
Objectives
After completing this course, you should be able to do

the following:
Write stand-alone applications with the Java
programming language
Develop and deploy an application
Build, generate, and test application components
by using Oracle JDeveloper 10g
I-2
Course Overview
I-3
This course teaches you how to write Java

applications.
You also learn how to build, debug, and deploy
applications by using Oracle JDeveloper 10g.
The development environment is Oracle
JDeveloper 10g and the Oracle Database.
Introducing the Java

and Oracle Platforms
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

the following:
Identify the key elements of Java
Describe the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Examine how Java is used to build applications
Identify the key components of the J2SE Java
Development Kit (known as JDK or SDK)
Describe Java deployment options
1-2
What Is Java?
Java:
Is a platform and an object-oriented language
Was originally designed by Sun Microsystems for
consumer electronics
Contains a class library
Uses a virtual machine for program execution
1-3
Key Benefits of Java
1-4
Object-oriented
Interpreted and platform-independent
Dynamic and distributed
Multithreaded
Robust and secure
An Object-Oriented Approach
Objects and classes

An object is a run-time representation of a thing.
A class is a static definition of things.
Class models elaborate:
Existing classes and objects

Behavior, purpose, and structure
Relationships between classes
Relationships between run-time objects
Same models exist throughout the project.

Analysis
Design
Implementation
CLASS MODELS
1-5
Integration
and testing
Platform Independence
Java source code is stored as text in a .java file.

The .java file is compiled into .class files.
A .class file contains Java bytecodes
(instructions).
The bytecodes are interpreted at run time.
The Java .class file is the executable code.
Compile
(javac)
Movie.java
1-6
JVM
(java)
Movie.class
Running program
Using Java with Enterprise

Internet Computing
Client
Web
server
Application
server
Presentation
Business
logic
Servlets
JavaServer
Pages (JSPs)
1-7
Enterprise
JavaBeans (EJB)
CORBA
Data
Using the Java Virtual Machine
Operating system
JVM
Application
1-8
How Does JVM Work?
The class loader loads all required classes.

JVM uses a CLASSPATH setting to locate class files.
JVM Verifier checks for illegal bytecodes.

JVM Verifier executes bytecodes.
JVM may invoke a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.
Memory Manager releases memory used by the

dereferenced object back to the OS.
JVM handles Garbage collection.
1-9
Benefits of Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilers
JIT compilers:
Improve performance
Are useful if the same bytecodes are executed
repeatedly
Translate bytecodes to native instruction
Optimize repetitive code, such as loops
Use Java HotSpot VM for better performance and
reliability
1-10
Implementing Security
in the Java Environment
Language and compiler
Class loader
Bytecode verifier
Interface-specific access
1-11
Deployment of Java Applications
Client-side deployment:
JVM runs stand-alone applications from the
command line.
Classes load from a local disk, eliminating the need
to load classes over a network.
Server-side deployment:
Serves multiple clients from a single source
Is compatible with a multitier model for Internet
computing.
1-12
Using Java with Oracle 10g
Client
Web
server
Application
server
Presentation
Business
logic
Oracle
Application Server
1-13
Data
Oracle
database
Java Software Development Kit
Sun Java J2SE (known as JDK and Java SDK)

provides:
Compiler (javac)
Core class library
classes.zip
rt.jar
1-14
Debugger (jdb)
Bytecode interpreter: The JVM (java)

Documentation generator (javadoc)
Java Archive utility (jar)
Others
J2SE
Using the Appropriate Development Kit
Java2 comes in three sizes:

J2ME (Micro Edition): Version specifically targeted
at the consumer space
J2SE (Standard Edition): Complete ground-up
development environment for the Internet
J2EE (Enterprise Edition): Everything in the J2SE
plus an application server and prototyping tools
1-15
Integrated Development Environment
Development
Debug
UML
Exchange
ADF
Database
Synchronized changes
XML
SCM
1-16
HTML
Deployment
Exploring the JDeveloper Environment
Component Palette
System Navigator
1-17
Code Editor
Property Inspector
Oracle10g Products
1-18
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned the following:

Java code is compiled into platform-independent
bytecodes.
Bytecodes are interpreted by JVM.
Java applications can be stand-alone or
implemented across an Internet-computing model.
1-19
Defining Object-Oriented Principles
Objectives

the following:
Define objects and explain how they are used
Associate objects so that they can communicate
and interact via messages
Define classes and explain how they are used
Describe object-oriented (OO) principles: classes,
objects, and methods
Describe the value of Reusable Software
Components
Examine the OO model that is used in this course
2-2
What Is Modeling?
Models perform the following functions:

Describe exactly what the business needs
Facilitate discussion
Prevent mistakes
2-3
Modeling and implementation are treated

separately.
Before coding can begin, the model must be
correct.
What Are Classes and Objects?
A class:
Models an abstraction of objects
Defines the attributes and behaviors of
objects
Is the blueprint that defines an object
An object:
Is stamped out of the class mold
Is a single instance of a class
Retains the structure and behavior
of a class
2-4
An Objects Attributes Maintain Its State
Objects have knowledge about their current state.

Each piece of knowledge is called an attribute.
The values of attributes dictate the objects state.
2-5
Object: My blue pen
Attribute: Ink amount
Object: Acme Bank ATM
Attribute: Cash available
Objects Have Behavior
An object exists to provide behavior (functionality)

to the system.
Each distinct behavior is called an operation.
Object: My blue pen
Object: Acme Bank ATM

2-6
Operation: Write
Operation: Withdraw
Objects Are Modeled as Abstractions
A Java object is modeled as an abstract

representation of a real-world object.
Model only those attributes and operations that
are relevant to the context of the problem.
Context: Product catalog

Real-world attributes/operations that you may want to model:
Attributes: Model, manufacturer, price
Operations: Change price
Real-world attributes/operations that you may not want to model:

Attributes: Ink color
Operations: Refill, change color, point, write
2-7
Defining Object Composition
Objects can be composed of other objects.

Objects can be part of other objects.
This relationship between objects is known as
aggregation.
A PC may be
an object.
2-8
A PC may have a
keyboard, mouse, and
network card, all of which
may be objects.
A PC may have a
CD drive, which
may be an object.
The Donut Diagram
getName
setBirthdate
name
address
birthdate
getAddress
getAge
getAge()
Message
setAddress
Person
2-9
Client or
sender
Guided Practice:
Spot the Operations and Attributes
2-10
Collaborating Objects
Collaborating objects work together to complete a task

and form the basis of an application system.
All methods are defined within a class and are not
defined globally as in traditional languages.
All objects are created from classes and contain
all the attributes and methods of that class.
Objects must associate with each other to
collaborate on common tasks.
Associated objects communicate by sending
messages.
2-11
Objects Interact Through Messages
Objects communicate by sending messages.

A sending object must be associated with or
linked to the receiving object.
The message sender requests the receiver to
perform the operation that is named in the
message.
This communication is similar to calling a
procedure:
The sender calls a method of the receiver.
The receiver executes the called method.
Calling a method is always in the context of a

particular object:
myPen.write( ): Object-oriented programming
write (myPen): Traditional structured
programming
2-12
What Is a Class?
A class is a template for objects.

A class definition specifies the operations and
attributes for all instances of that class.
A class is used to manage complexity.
When you create my blue pen, you do not have to

specify its operations or attributes. You simply
say what class it belongs to.
2-13
How Do You Identify a Class?
Identify the common behavior and structure for a

group of objects.
Recognize a single coherent concept.
Caution: A common misconception is the use of
the words classes and objects interchangeably.
Classes define objects.
My blue pen
ops:
attribs:
Your blue pen ops:

attribs:
2-14
write, refill
ink amount, color of ink
write, refill
ink amount
Comparing Classes and Objects
2-15
Classes are static definitions that you can use to

understand all the objects of that class.
Objects are the dynamic entities that exist in the
real world and your simulation of it.
Caution: OO people almost always use the words
classes and objects interchangeably; you must
understand the context to differentiate between
the two meanings.
What Is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation hides the internal structure and

operations of an object behind an interface.
A bank ATM is an object that gives its users cash.
The ATM hides (encapsulates) the actual operation
of withdrawal from the user.
The interface (way to operate the ATM) is provided
by the keyboard functions, screen, cash dispenser,
and so on.
Bypassing the encapsulation is bank robbery.
2-16
Bypassing encapsulation in object-oriented

programming is impossible.
What Is Inheritance?
There may be a commonality between different

classes.
Define the common properties in a superclass.
Savings account
2-17
Account
Checking account
The subclasses use inheritance to include those

properties.
Using the Is-a-Kind-of Relationship
2-18
A subclass object
is-a-kind-of
superclass
object.
A subclass must
have all the
attributes and
behaviors of the
superclass.
Account
Pen
Savings account
Pencil
What Is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism refers to:

Many forms of the same operation
The ability to request an operation with the same
meaning to different objects. However, each object
implements the operation in a unique way.
The principles of inheritance and object
substitution.
Load passengers
2-19
Architecture Rules for Reuse
Write code that contains:

Events that can interact with your Java application
Properties that can be exposed
Methods that can be invoked
Write code that supports:
Introspection or reflection
Customization
Persistence
2-20
Engineering for a Black Box Environment
JavaBeans follow the black box approach which

enables you to:
Simplify something of arbitrary complexity down
to a single object that everyone can understand
Think of large systems as a collection of
interconnected entities (black boxes)
communicating via their interfaces
2-21
Order Entry UML Diagram
2-22
Summary

An object is an abstraction of a real-world object.
A class is a template or blueprint for objects.
Classes form inheritance trees: Operations that
are defined in one class are inherited by all
subclasses.
Polymorphism frees the caller from knowing the
class of the receiving object.
2-23
Practice 2: Overview
This practice covers:

Identifying business objects for the Order Entry
system
Identifying methods for the classes
Identifying attributes for the classes
Searching for inheritance in the classes
Examining UML class model for course
application
2-24
Order Entry System

Partial UML Class Model
Order
Customer
id: int
orderDate: Date
shipDate: Date
shipMode: String
orderTotal: double
name: String
address: String
phone: String
getName()
setName()
setAddress()
getAddress()
:
addItem()
removeItem()
setOrderDate()
getOrderDate()
setShipDate()
:
OrderItem
lineNo: int
quantity: int
price: double
getQuantity()
setQuantity()
setPrice()
getPrice()
getItemTotal()
:
Product
Company
Individual
contact: String
discount: int
licNumber: String
getContact()
setContact()
:
setLicNumber()
getLicNumber()
:
2-25
id: int
name: String
description: String
retailPrice: double
getPrice()
:
Basic Java Syntax and Coding

Conventions
Objectives

the following:
Identify the key components of the Java language
Identify the three top-level constructs in a Java
program
Identify and describe Java packages
Describe basic language syntax and identify Java
keywords
Identify the basic constructs of a Java program
Compile and run a Java application
Examine the JavaBean architecture as an example
of standard coding practices
Use the CLASSPATH variable and understand its
importance during compile and run time
3-2
Examining Toolkit Components
The J2SE/J2EE from Sun provides:

Compiler
Bytecode interpreter
Documentation generator
J2SE
3-3
Exploring Packages in J2SE/J2EE
The J2SE/J2EE from Sun provides standard packages

for:
Language
Windowing
Input/output
Network communication
J2SE
3-4
Documenting Using the J2SE
The J2SE/J2EE from Sun provides documentation

support for:
Comments
Implementation
Documentation
Documentation generator
J2SE
3-5
Contents of a Java Source
A Java source file can contain three top-level

constructs:
Only one package keyword followed by the package
name, per file
Zero or more import statements followed by fully
qualified class names or * qualified by a package
name
One or more class or interface definitions
followed by a name and block
3-6
File name must have the same name as the public

class or public interface.
Establishing Naming Conventions
Naming conventions include:

Class names
Customer, RentalItem, InventoryItem
File names
Customer.java, RentalItem.java
Method names
getCustomerName(), setRentalItemPrice()
Package names
oracle.xml.xsql, java.awt, java.io
3-7
More About Naming Conventions
Variables:
customerName, customerCreditLimit
Constants:
MIN_WIDTH, MAX_NUMBER_OF_ITEMS
3-8
Uppercase and lowercase characters

Numerics and special characters
Defining a Class
Class definitions typically include:

Access modifier
Class keyword
Instance fields
Constructors
Instance methods
Class fields
Class methods
3-9
Rental Class: Example

Access modifier
public class Rental {
//Class variable
static int lateFee;
// Instance variables
int rentalId;
String rentalDate;
float rentalAmountDue;
// Instance methods
float getAmountDue (int rentId) {
3-10
Declaration
Instance
variable
Instance
method
Creating Code Blocks
Enclose all class declarations.

Enclose all method declarations.
Group other related code segments.
public class SayHello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}
3-11
Defining Java Methods
Always define within a class.

Specify:
Access modifier
Static keyword
Arguments
Return type
[access-modifiers] [static] "return-type"

"method-name" ([arguments]) {
"java code block }
return
3-12
Examples of a Method
public float getAmountDue (String cust){
// method variables
int numberOfDays;
float due;
float lateFee = 1.50F;
String customerName;
// method body
numberOfDays = getOverDueDays();
due = numberOfDays * lateFee;
customerName = getCustomerName(cust);
return due;
}
3-13
Declaration
Method
variables
Method
statements
Return
Declaring Variables
3-14
You can declare variables anywhere in a class

block, and outside any method.
You must declare variables before they are used
inside a method.
It is typical to declare variables at the beginning of
a class block.
The scope or visibility of variables is determined
in the code block.
You must initialize method variables before using
them.
Class and instance variables are automatically
initialized.
Examples of Variables
in the Context of a Method
public float getAmountDue (String cust) {
float due = 0;
int numberOfDays = 0;
float lateFee = 1.50F;
{int tempCount = 1; // new code block
due = numberOfDays * lateFee;
tempCount++;
}
// end code block
return due;
}
3-15
Method
variables
Temporary
variables
Rules for Creating Statements
3-16
Use a semicolon to terminate statements.

Define multiple statements within braces.
Use braces for control statements.
What Are JavaBeans?
A JavaBean is a platform-neutral reusable software

component that:
Can be manipulated visually in a builder tool
Communicates with other JavaBeans via events
Comprises visible components that must inherit
from other visible components
Provides an architecture for constructing the
building blocks of an application
3-17
Managing Bean Properties
Properties are the bean class member variables.

(Variables can be primitive types or objects.)
A property can be:
Unbound, which is a simple property
Bound, which triggers an event when the field is
altered
Constrained, in which changes are accepted or
vetoed by interested listener objects
3-18
Exposing Properties and Methods
Getter
methods
(public)
3-19
private
T var;
T[] arr;
getVar()
Setter
methods
(public void)
setVar(T val)
T[] getArr()
setArr(T[] val)
boolean isVar()
setVar(boolean val)
JavaBean Standards at Design Time
The benefits at design time include:

A facilitated interaction between designer, tool,
and bean
Instantiated and functioning beans in a visual tool
Highly iterative development environment
Building applications in small bits that plug in and
out
Storage and recovery of instantiated
objects
3-20
Compiling and Running

a Java Application
To compile a .java file:

prompt> javac SayHello.java
compiler output
To execute a .class file:

prompt> java SayHello
Hello world
prompt>
3-21
Remember that case matters.
The CLASSPATH Variable
Is defined in the operating system

Directs the JVM and Java applications where to
find .class files
References built-in libraries or user-defined

libraries
Enables interpreter to search paths, and loads
built-in classes before user-defined classes
Can be used with javac and java commands
3-22
CLASSPATH: Example
Location of .class files in the oe package
Setting CLASSPATH
C:\>set CLASSPATH=D:labs\les03\classes\oe
3-23
Summary

J2SE provides basic Java tools.
J2SE provides a rich set of predefined classes and
methods.
Java programs are made up of classes, objects,
and methods.
Adhering to programming standards makes code
easier to read and reuse.
3-24

Examining the Java environment
Writing and running a simple Java application
Examining the course solution application
Inspecting classes, methods, and variables
Creating class files and an application class with a
main( ) method
3-25
Compiling and running an application
Exploring Primitive Data Types

and Operators
Objectives

the following:
Distinguish between reserved words and other
names in Java
Describe Java primitive data types and variables
Declare and initialize primitive variables
Use operators to manipulate primitive variables
Describe uses of literals and Java operators
Identify valid operator categories and operator
precedence
Use String object literals and the concatenation
operator
4-2
Reserved Keywords
boolean
byte
char
double
float
int
long
short
void
true
false
null
4-3
abstract
final
native
private
protected
public
static
synchronized
transient
volatile
strictfp
break
case
catch
continue
default
do
else
finally
for
if
return
switch
throw
try
while
class
extends
implements
interface
throws
import
package
instanceof
new
super
this
Variable Types
Eight primitive data types:

Six numeric types
A character type
A Boolean type (for truth values)
User-defined types:
Classes
Interfaces
Arrays
4-4
ab
Primitive Data Types

Integer
Floating
Point
Character
True
False
byte
short
int
long
float
double
char
boolean
1, 2, 3, 42
07
0xff
3.0F
.3337F
4.022E23
'a' '\141'
'\u0061'
'\n'
true
false
0.0f
\u0000
false
Append uppercase or lowercase L or F to the number

to specify a long or a float number.
4-5
What Are Variables?
A variable is a basic unit of storage.

Variables must be explicitly declared.
Each variable has a type, an identifier, and a
scope.
There are three types of variables: class, instance,
and method.
Title: Blue
Moon
Type
Identifier
int myAge;
boolean isAMovie;
float maxItemCost = 17.98F;
4-6
Initial value
Declaring Variables
Basic form of variable declaration:

type identifier [ = value];

int itemsRented = 1;
float itemCost;
int i, j, k;
double interestRate;
}
4-7
Variables can be initialized when declared.
Local Variables
Local variables are defined only within a method

or code block.
They must be initialized before their contents are
read or referenced.
class Rental {
private int instVar;
// instance variable
public void addItem() {
float itemCost = 3.50F; // local variable
int numOfDays = 3;
// local variable
}
}
4-8
Defining Variable Names
Variable names must start with a letter of the

alphabet, an underscore, or a $ symbol.
Other characters may include digits.
a
itemCost
item$Cost
4-9
item_Cost
_itemCost
itemCost2
item#Cost
item*Cost
2itemCost
item-Cost
abstract
Use meaningful names for variables, such as

customerFirstName and ageNextBirthday.
What Are Numeric Literals?

Six types: byte, short, int, long, float, double
4-10
Integer literals
0 1 42 -23795
02 077 0123
0x0 0x2a 0X1FF
365L 077L 0x1000L
Floating-point
literals
1.0 4.2 .47

1.22e19 4.61E-9
6.2f 6.21F
(decimal)
(octal)
(hex)
(long)
What Are Nonnumeric Literals?
Boolean literals
Character literals
String literals
4-11
true false
'a'
'\n'
'\t'
'\077' '\u006F'
"Hello, world\n"
Guided Practice: Declaring Variables
Find the mistakes in this code and fix them:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
4-12
byte sizeof = 200;

short mom = 43;
short hello mom;
int big = sizeof * sizeof * sizeof;
long bigger = big + big + big
// ouch
double old = 78.0;
double new = 0.1;
boolean consequence = true;
boolean max = big > bigger;
char maine = "New England state";
char ming = 'd';
What Are Operators?
4-13
Operators manipulate data and objects.

Operators take one or more arguments and
produce a value.
There are 44 different operators.
Some operators change the value of the operand.
Categorizing Operators
There are five types of operators:

Assignment
Arithmetic
Integer bitwise
Relational
Boolean
4-14
Using the Assignment Operator
The result of an assignment operation is a value and

can be used whenever an expression is permitted.
The value on the right is assigned to the identifier
on the left:
int var1 = 0, var2 = 0;
var1 = 50;
// var1 now equals 50
var2 = var1 + 10; // var2 now equals 60
The expression on the right is always evaluated

before the assignment.
Assignments can be strung together:
var1 = var2 = var3 = 50;
4-15
Working with Arithmetic Operators
Perform basic arithmetic operations.

Work on numeric variables and literals.
int
a =
b =
c =
d =
e =
4-16
a, b, c, d, e;
2 + 2;
// addition
a * 3;
// multiplication
b - 2;
// subtraction
b / 2;
// division
b % 2;
// returns the remainder of division
More on Arithmetic Operators
Most operations result in int or long:

byte, char, and short values are promoted to
int before the operation.
If either argument is of the long type, then the
other is also promoted to long, and the result is of
the long type.
byte b1 = 1, b2 = 2, b3;
b3 = b1 + b2;
// ERROR: result is an int
// b3 is byte
4-17
Examining Conversions and Casts
Java automatically converts a value of one

numeric type to a larger type.
byte
int
long
Java does not automatically downcast.

byte
4-18
short
char
short
char
int
long
Incrementing and Decrementing Values
The ++ and -- operators increment and decrement

by 1, respectively:
int var1 = 3;
var1++;
The ++ and -- operators can be used in two ways:

int var1 = 3, var2 = 0;
var2 = ++var1;
// Prefix: Increment var1 first,
//
then assign to var2.
var2 = var1++;
// Postfix: Assign to var2 first,
//
then increment var1.
4-19
Relational and Equality Operators
>
>=
<
<=
==
!=
greater than
greater than or equal to
less than
less than or equal to
equal to
not equal to
int var1 = 7, var2 = 13;

boolean res = true;
res = (var1 == var2);
res = (var2 > var1);
4-20
// res now equals false

// res now equals true
Using the Conditional Operator (?:)
Useful alternative to ifelse:

boolean_expr ? expr1 : expr2
If boolean_expr is true, the result is expr1;

otherwise, the result is expr2:
int val1 = 120, val2 = 0;
int highest;
highest = (val1 > val2) ? val1 : val2;
System.out.println("Highest value is " + highest);
4-21
Using Logical Operators
Results of Boolean expressions can be combined by

using logical operators:
&&
||
^
!
&
|
and (with or without short-circuit evaluation)

or (with or without short-circuit evaluation)
exclusive or
not
int var0 = 0, var1 = 1, var2 = 2;

boolean res = true;
highest = (val1 > val2)? val1 : val2;
res = !res;
4-22
Compound Assignment Operators
An assignment operator can be combined with any

conventional binary operator:
double total=0, num = 1;
double percentage = .50;
total = total + num;

// total is now 1
total += num;
// total is now 2
total -= num;
// total is now 1
total *= percentage;
// total is now .5
total /= 2;
// total is now 0.25
num %= percentage;
// num is now 0
4-23
Operator Precedence
Order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
4-24
Operators
Comments
++ -- + - ~
! (type)
* / %
+ - +
<< >> >>>
< > <= >=
instanceof
==
!=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
= op=
Unary operators
Multiply, divide, remainder

Add, subtract, add string
Shift (>>> is zero-fill shift)
Relational, type compare
L
L
L
L
Equality
Bit/logical AND
Bit/logical exclusive OR
Bit/logical inclusive OR
Logical AND
Logical OR
Conditional operator
Assignment operators
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
R
Assoc.
More on Operator Precedence
Operator precedence determines the order in

which operators are executed:
int var1 = 0;
var1 = 2 + 3 * 4;
Operators with the same precedence are executed

from left to right (see note in text below):
int var1 = 0;
var1 = 12 - 6 + 3;
4-25
Use parentheses to override the default order.

Concatenating Strings
The + operator creates and concatenates strings:

String
String
String
name =
name = "Jane ";

lastName = "Hathaway";
fullName;
name + lastName;
// name is now
//"Jane Hathaway"
//
OR
name += lastName ;
// same result
fullName = name;
4-26
Summary

Java has eight primitive data types.
A variable must be declared before it can be used.
Java provides a comprehensive set of operators.
Explicit casting may be necessary if you use data
types smaller than int.
The + and += operators can be used to create and
concatenate strings.
4-27

Declaring and initializing variables
Using various operators to compute new values
Displaying results on the console
4-28
Controlling Program Flow
Objectives

the following:
Use decision-making constructs
Perform loop operations
Write switch statements
5-2
Categorizing Basic Flow Control Types
Flow control can be categorized into four types:
5-3
Sequential
Iteration
Selection
Transfer
Using Flow Control in Java
Each simple statement terminates with a

semicolon (;).
Group statements by using the braces { }.
Each block executes as a single statement within
the flow of control structure.
boolean finished = true;

System.out.println("i = " + i);
i++;
}
5-4
Using the if Statement
General:
Examples:
if ( boolean_expr )
statement1;
[else
statement2];
if (i % 2 == 0)
System.out.println("Even");
else
System.out.println("Odd");
if (i % 2 == 0) {
System.out.print(i);
System.out.println(" is even");
}
5-5
Nesting if Statements
if (speed >= 25)
if (speed > 65)
System.out.println("Speed over 65");
else
System.out.println("Speed >= 25 but <= 65");
else
System.out.println("Speed under 25");
if (speed > 65)

System.out.println("Speed over 65");
else if (speed >= 25)
System.out.println("Speed greater to 65");
else
System.out.println("Speed under 25");
5-6
Guided Practice: Spot the Mistakes
5-7
int x = 3, y = 5;
if (x >= 0)
if (y < x)
System.out.println("y is less than x");
else
System.out.println("x is negative");
int x = 7;
if (x = 0)
System.out.println("x is zero");
int x = 14, y = 24;

if ( x % 2 == 0 && y % 2 == 0 );
System.out.println("x and y are even");
Defining the switch Statement
switch ( integer_expr ) {
case constant_expr1:
statement1;
break;
case constant_expr2:
statement2;
break;
[default:
statement3;]
}
5-8
The switch
statement is useful
when selecting an
action from several
alternative integer
values.
Integer_expr must
be byte, int, char,
or short.
More About the switch Statement
switch (choice) {
case labels
case 37:
must be
System.out.println("Coffee?");
constants.
break;
Use break to
jump out of a
case 45:
switch.
System.out.println("Tea?");
It is
break;
recommended
to always
default:
provide a
System.out.println("???");
default.
break;
5-9
Looping in Java
There are three types of loops in Java:

while
dowhile
for
All loops have four parts:
5-10
Initialization
Iteration condition
Body
Termination
Using the while Loop
while is the simplest loop statement and contains the

following general form:
while ( boolean_expr )
statement;
Example:
5-11
int i = 0;
while (i < 10) {
i++;
}
Using the dowhile Loop
dowhile loops place the test at the end:

do
statement;
while ( termination );
Example:
int i = 0;
do {
i++;
} while (i < 10);
5-12
Using the for Loop
for loops are the most common loops:

for ( initialization; termination; iteration )
statement;
Example:
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.println(i);
How would this for loop look using a while loop?
5-13
More About the for Loop
Variables can be declared in the initialization part

of a for loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
Initialization and iteration can consist of a list of

comma-separated expressions:
for (int i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--) {
System.out.println("j = " + j);
}
5-14
Guided Practice: Spot the Mistakes
int x = 10;
while (x > 0);
System.out.println(x--);
System.out.println("We have lift off!");
int x = 10;
while (x > 0)
System.out.println("x is " + x);
x--;
int sum = 0;
for (; i < 10; sum += i++);
System.out.println("Sum is " + sum);
5-15
The break Statement
Breaks out of a loop or switch statement

Transfers control to the first statement after the
loop body or switch statement
Can simplify code but must be used sparingly
while (age <= 65) {

balance = (balance+payment) * (1 + interest);
if (balance >= 250000)
break;
age++;
}
5-16
Summary

The primary means of decision-making is the if
statement, with the optional else.
Java also offers the switch statement.
Java provides three loop statements: while,
dowhile, and for.
Use break and continue sparingly.
5-17

Performing tests by using ifelse statements
5-18
Using loops to perform iterative operations

Using the break statement to exit a loop
Using the &&, ||, and ! operators in Boolean
expressions
Building Applications with

Oracle JDeveloper 10g
Objectives

the following:
Create new projects, workspaces, and
applications
Build Java applications in JDeveloper
Enhance user interface frame design
Debug an application by using JDeveloper
debugger
Define classes by using JDeveloper
Describe how JDeveloper can be used to build
enterprise applications
6-2
What Is Oracle JDeveloper 10g?
6-3
Oracle JDeveloper 10g provides an integrated

development environment (IDE).
Build, compile, and run Java applications by using
Oracle JDeveloper.
Use wizards to help build source code.
View objects from many perspectives: code,
structure, layout, and so on.
Exploring the JDeveloper Environment
Component Palette
System Navigator
6-4
Code Editor
Property Inspector
Examining Workspaces
Contain multiple projects

Enable you to view
currently used objects
Workspace
Navigator
pane
Structure
pane
6-5
What Are Projects?
Contain related
files
Manage project and
environment
Project
settings
Manage compiler
and debug options
Project
files
6-6
Creating JDeveloper Items
JDeveloper items are

invoked by selecting
File > New.
They are categorized by
type:
6-7
General
Business Tier
Client Tier
Database Tier
Web Tier
Create any JDeveloper

element.
Creating an Application Workspace
In the General
category, select
Application
Workspace to invoke
the Property pane.
6-8
Specifying Project Details
6-9
Selecting Additional Libraries
6-10
Adding a New J2SE
New J2SE definitions include:

Java executable
A classpath
A source path
A doc path
6-11
Looking at the Directory Structure
JDeveloper creates and stores .java and .class files

by using the following convention:
<ORACLE_HOME>\jdev\mywork
Followed by the workspace

name
Followed by the project name
\classes\<package name>\
\src\<package_name>\
6-12
Followed by class and src files
Exploring the Skeleton Java Application

Contains application and frame classes
6-13
Finding Methods and Fields

Find methods and fields by using the Structure pane.
6-14
Supporting Code Development

with Profiler and Code Coach
Improve code quality with Code Coach.

Evaluate execution stack with Execution Sample
profiler.
Examine heap memory usage with Memory
profiler.
Analyze event occurrence and duration with Event
profiler for:
JVM events
Business Components for Java events
Custom events
6-15
Customizing JDeveloper
Customize the IDE

Look and feel
General environment
Dockable windows
Component Palette
Load preset keymaps
Rename classes and packages by using refactoring.
6-16
Using the Help System
6-17
Obtaining Help on a Topic

Use [F1] to invoke
context-specific Help.
6-18
Oracle JDeveloper 10g Debugger
Helps find and fix program errors:

Run-time errors
Logic errors
6-19
Allows control of execution

Allows examination of variables
Setting Breakpoints
Setting breakpoints:
Manage multiple breakpoints
Manage conditional breakpoints
Define columns displayed in window
Description
Type
Status, and so on
Control scope of action

Global > Workspace > Project
6-20
Using the Debugger Windows
View Debug information:

Classes: Displays list of loaded classes and status
Watch: Evaluates and displays expressions
Monitors: Displays information about active
monitors
Threads: Displays the names and statuses of all
threads
Smart Data: Analyzes source code near execution
point
and more
6-21
Stepping Through a Program
Step through a program by using the buttons on the

Debugger toolbar:
Start the debugger.
Resume the program.
Step over a method call.
Step into a method call.
Step out of a method call.
Step to the end of the method.
Pause execution.
Stop the debugger.
6-22
Watching Data and Variables
The Smart Data tab displays analyzed variables

and fields.
The Data tab displays arguments, local variables,
and static fields from the current context.
To watch other variables:
Select a variable in the source window and rightclick.
Select Watch... at Cursor from the context menu.
View the variable in the Watch tab.
Right-click a data item to modify it.
6-23
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how:

JDeveloper builds, debugs, and runs all types of
Java applications
JDeveloper can be used to develop:
6-24
Java applications
Java servlets
JSPs
EJBs
JDeveloper can be used to build enterprise

applications

Exploring the Oracle JDeveloper 10g IDE
Creating a workspace and project
Including application files from the earlier lesson
6-25
Creating Classes and Objects
Objectives

the following:
Define instance variables and methods
Define the no-arg (default) constructor method
Instantiate classes and call instance methods
Perform encapsulation by using packages to
group related classes
Control access with public and private access
modifiers
Use class variables and methods
7-2
Using Java Classes
Methods
Objects
Contained in a class
Attributes
7-3
Packages
Object
references
Comparing Classes and Objects

Movie
An object is an
instance of a
class.
Objects have
their own
memory.
Class definitions
must be loaded
to create
instances.
mov1
7-4
public void displayDetails()

public void setRating()
title: Gone with

rating: PG
private String title;

private String rating;
title: Last Action

rating: PG-13
mov2
Creating Objects
Objects are typically created by using the new

operator:
ClassName objectRef = new ClassName();
For example, to create two Movie objects:

Movie mov1 = new Movie("Gone ...");
Movie mov2 = new Movie("Last ...");
title: Gone with

rating: PG
7-5
title: Last Action

rating: PG-13
Using the new Operator
The new operator performs the following actions:
Allocates and initializes memory for the new

object
Calls a special initialization method in the class,
called a constructor
Returns a reference to the new object
Movie mov1 = new Movie("Gone with");
mov1
(When instantiated)
7-6
title: Gone with

rating: PG
Comparing Primitives and Objects
Primitive variables
hold a value.
int i;
Object variables
hold references.
Movie mov1;
mov1
0
null
Movie mov1 = new Movie();
int j = 3;
j
7-7
mov1
title: null
rating: null
Using the null Reference
A special null value may be assigned to an object

reference, but not to a primitive.
You can compare object references to null.
You can remove the association to an object by
setting the object reference to null.
Movie mov1;
if (mov1 == null)
mov1 = new Movie();
mov1 = null;
7-8
//Declare object reference

//Ref not initialized?
//Create a Movie object
//Forget the Movie object
Assigning References
Assigning one reference to another results in two

references to the same object:
Movie mov1 = new Movie("Gone...");
mov1
Movie mov2 = mov1;
title: Gone with

rating: PG
mov2
7-9
Declaring Instance Variables

Instance variables are declared within the class, but
outside the methods or instance or static intializers.
public class Movie {
public String title;
public String rating;
public float getPrice(){
return price;
}
}
mov1
title: null
rating: null
mov2
Create movies:
title: null
rating: null

7-10
Accessing public Instance Variables
public instance variables can be accessed by using

the dot operator:
public String title;
public String rating;

}
mov1.title = "Gone ...";
if (mov1.title.equals("Gone ... ") )

mov1.rating = "PG";
7-11
Defining Methods
A method in Java is equivalent to a function or

subroutine in other languages.
modifier returnType methodName (argumentList) {

// method body
};
7-12
Calling a Method
Objects communicate by using messages:

All methods are defined within a class and are not
defined globally as in traditional languages.
When you call a method, it is always in the context
of a particular object.
myPen.write( ): Object-oriented programming
Write (myPen): Traditional structured
programming
7-13
Specifying Method Arguments: Examples
Specify the number and type of arguments in the

method definition:
public void setRating(String newRating) {
rating = newRating;
}
If the method takes no arguments, then leave the

parentheses empty:
public void displayDetails() {
System.out.println("Title is " + title);
System.out.println("Rating is " + rating);
}
7-14
Returning a Value from a Method
Use a return statement to exit a method and to

return a value from a method:
public String getRating () {

return rating
}
}
7-15
If the return type is void, then no return is needed.

You can use a return without a value to terminate
a method with a void return type.
Calling Instance Methods

private String title, rating;
public String getRating(){
return rating;
}
public void setRating(String newRating){
rating = newRating;
}
}
String r = mov1.getRating();
if (r.equals("G"))
Use the dot
operator:
7-16
Applying Encapsulation in Java
Instance variables must be

declared as private.
Only instance methods can access

private instance variables.
private decouples the interface
of the class from its internal operation.
var
aMethod
aMethod()

String rating = mov1.getRating();
String r = mov1.rating; // error: private
...
if (rating.equals("G"))
7-17
Passing Primitives into Methods
When a primitive or object reference value is passed

into a method, a copy of the value is generated:
int num = 150;
num
150
anObj.aMethod(num);
System.out.println("num: " + num);
public void aMethod(int arg) {
arg
if (arg < 0 || arg > 100)
150
arg = 0;
System.out.println("arg: " + arg);
}
7-18
Passing Object References into Methods
When an object reference is passed into a method, the

object is not copied but the pointer to the object is
copied:
Movie mov1 =
new Movie("Gone");
mov1.setRating("PG");
anObj.aMethod(mov1);
mov1
title: Gone with
rating: PG
ref2
public void aMethod(Movie ref2) {
ref2.setRating("R");
}
7-19
What Are Class Variables?
Class variables:
Belong to a class and are common to all instances
of that class
Are declared as static in class definitions
private static double minPrice;
title
rating
min
Price
Movie class variable
7-20
// class var
// inst vars
title
rating
Movie objects
title
rating
Initializing Class Variables
Class variables can be initialized at declaration.

Initialization takes place when the class is loaded.
Use a static initializer block for complex
initialization.
All class variables are initialized implicitly to
default values depending on data type.
private static double minPrice = 1.29;
private int length = 0;
7-21
What Are Class Methods?
Class methods are:

Shared by all instances
Useful for manipulating class variables
Declared as static
public static void increaseMinPrice(double inc) {
minPrice += inc;
}
A class method is called by using the name of the

class or an object reference.
Movie.increaseMinPrice(.50);
mov1.increaseMinPrice(.50);
7-22
Guided Practice: Class Methods

or Instance Methods
private static float price = 3.50f;
public static void setPrice(float newPrice) {

price = newPrice;
}
public String getRating() {
return String;
Movie.setPrice(3.98f); Movie
}
mov1 = new Movie();
}
mov1.setPrice(3.98f);
String a = Movie.getRating();
Legal or not?
String b = mov1.getRating();
7-23
Examples in Java
Examples of static methods and variables:
main()
Math.sqrt()
System.out.println()
public class MyClass {
double num, root;
root = Math.sqrt(num);
System.out.println("Root is " + root);
}
7-24
Creating Classes Using the Class Editor
7-25
What Are Java Packages?

oe
Customer Order
Util
OrderEntry OrderItem
7-26
Grouping Classes in a Package
Include the package keyword followed by the

package name at the top of the Java source file.
Use the dot notation to show the package path.
If you omit the package keyword, then the
compiler places the class in a default unnamed
package.
Use the d flag with the javac compiler to create
the package tree structure relative to the specified
directory.
Running a main() method in a packaged class
requires:
That the CLASSPATH contains the directory having
the root name of the package tree
That the class name must be qualified by its
package name
7-27
Setting the CLASSPATH with Packages
The CLASSPATH includes the directory containing the

top level of the package tree:
.class location
Package name
CLASSPATH
C:\>set CLASSPATH=E:\Curriculum\courses\java\les06
7-28
Access Modifiers
acmevideo
public
public
protected
private
7-29
acmetools
Summary

A class definition specifies a template for building
objects with identical features, such as instance
variables and methods.
An object is an instance of a particular class.
Create an object by using new.
Manipulate an object by using its public instance
methods.
7-30

Defining new classes
Specifying the classes instance variables and
instance methods
Creating Customer objects in main()
Manipulating Customer objects by using public
instance methods
7-31
Object Life Cycle and Inner Classes
Objectives

the following:
Provide two or more methods with the same name
in a class
Provide one or more constructors for a class
Use initializers to initialize both instance and class
variables
Describe the class loading and initializing
process, and the object life cycle
Define and use inner classes
8-2
Overloading Methods
Several methods in a class can have the same

name.
The methods must have different signatures.
public void setPrice() {
price = 3.50F;
}
public void setPrice(float newPrice) {
price = newPrice;
}
mov1.setPrice();
}
mov1.setPrice(3.25F);
8-3
Using the this Reference
Instance methods receive an argument called this,

which refers to the current object.
public void setRating(String newRating) {
this.rating = newRating; this
}
void anyMethod() {
mov1.setRating("PG");
8-4
title : null
rating: PG
mov1
mov2
title: null
rating: null
Initializing Instance Variables
Instance variables can be explicitly initialized at

declaration.
Initialization happens at object creation.
private String rating = "G";
private int numOfOscars = 0;
8-5
All instance variables are initialized implicitly to

default values depending on data type.
More complex initialization must be placed in a
constructor.
What Are Constructors?
For proper initialization, a class must provide a

constructor.
A constructor is called automatically when an
object is created:
It is usually declared public.
It has the same name as the class.
It must not specify a return type.
The compiler supplies a no-arg constructor if and

only if a constructor is not explicitly provided.
If any constructor is explicitly provided, then the
compiler does not generate the no-arg constructor.
8-6
Defining and Overloading Constructors

private String rating = "PG";
public Movie() {
The Movie class
now provides two
title = "Last Action ";
constructors.
}
public Movie(String newTitle) {
title = newTitle;
}
}
8-7
Movie mov2 = new Movie("Gone ");

Movie mov3 = new Movie("The Good ");
Sharing Code Between Constructors

A constructor
can call another
constructor by
using this().

public Movie() {
this("G");
}
public Movie(String newRating) {
rating = newRating;
}
What happens
here?
}
8-8
final Variables, Methods, and Classes
A final variable is a constant and cannot be

modified.
It must therefore be initialized.
It is often declared public static for external
use.
A final method cannot be overridden by a

subclass.
A final class cannot be subclassed.
public final class Color {

public final static Color black=new Color(0,0,0);
8-9
Reclaiming Memory
8-10
When all references to an object are lost, the

object is marked for garbage collection.
Garbage collection reclaims memory that is used
by the object.
Garbage collection is automatic.
There is no need for the programmer to do
anything, but the programmer can give a hint to
System.gc();.
Using the finalize() Method
If an object holds a resource such as a file, then

the object should be able to clean it up.
You can provide a finalize() method in that
class.
The finalize() method is called just before
garbage collection.
public void finalize() {

System.out.println("Goodbye");
}
}
8-11
Any problems?
What Are Inner Classes?
Inner classes are nested classes, defined in a

class or method.
They enforce a relationship between two classes.
They are of four types:
Static
Member
Local
Anonymous
public class Outer {

class Inner {
}
}
Enclosing class
8-12
Using Member Inner Class
It is declared within another class.

Nesting is allowed.
It can access variables within its own class and
any enclosing classes.
It can only declare final static methods.
public class CalendarPopup {
...
class MonthSelector {
class DayOfMonth{...};
DayOfMonth[] NumberOfDaysInMonth
...
}
}
8-13
Using Local Inner Class
It is declared within a code block (inside a

method).
All final variables or parameters declared in the
block are accessible by the methods of the inner
class.
public class CalendarPopup {
...
public void handlerMethod(){
class DateHandler{};
DateHandler sc = new DateHandler();
...
}
}
8-14
Defining Anonymous Inner Classes
They are defined at method level.

They are declared within a code block.
They lack the class, extends, and implements
keywords.
They cannot have a constructor.
public class Outer {
...
public void outerMethod(){
...
myObject.myAnonymous(new SomeOtherClass(){
...
} )
}
}
8-15
Using the Calendar Class
It converts between a date object and a set of

integer fields.
It represents a specific moment in time.
Subclasses interpret a date according to the
specific calendar system.
public class Order {
...
public void String getShipDate(){
...
Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
c.setTime(orderDate);
...
}
}
8-16
Summary

Methods can be overloaded in Java.
Instance methods receive a this reference to the
current object.
Most classes provide one or more constructors to
initialize new objects.
Class variables and class methods can be defined
for classwide properties and behaviors.
Classes can be defined in various ways within a
class.
8-17

Defining and using overloaded methods
Providing a no-arg constructor for a class
Providing additional constructors for a class
Defining static variables and static methods for
classwide behavior
Using static methods
8-18
Using Strings, String Buffer, Wrapper,

and Text-Formatting Classes
Objectives

the following:
Create strings in Java
Use the conversion methods that are provided by
the predefined wrapper classes
Use the StringBuffer class for manipulating
character data
Introduce the DateFormat, DecimalFormat, and
MessageFormat classes
9-2
Examine standard output and serialization
What Is a String?
9-3
String is a class.
A String object holds a sequence of characters.
String objects are read-only (immutable); their
values cannot be changed after creation.
The String class represents all strings in Java.
Creating a String
Assign a double-quoted constant to a String

variable:
String category = "Action";
Concatenate other strings:

String empName = firstName + " " + lastName;
Use a constructor:
String empName = new String(Bob Smith");
9-4
Concatenating Strings
Use the + operator to concatenate strings.

System.out.println("Name = " + empName);
You can concatenate primitives and strings.

int age = getAge();
System.out.println("Age = " + age);
9-5
The String class has a concat() instance

method that can be used to concatenate strings.
Performing Operations on Strings
Find the length of a string:

int length();
String str = "Comedy";

int len = str.length();
Find the character at a specific index:

char charAt(int index);
Return a substring of a string:

String substring
(int beginIndex,
int endIndex);
9-6

char c = str.charAt(1);

String sub =
str.substring(2,4);
Performing More Operations on Strings
Convert to uppercase or lowercase:
String toUpperCase();
String toLowerCase();
Trim whitespace:
String nospaces =
str.trim();
String trim();
Find the index of a substring:
int indexOf (String str);

int lastIndexOf
(String str);
9-7
String caps =
str.toUpperCase();
int index =
str.indexOf("me");
Comparing String Objects
Use equals()if you want case to count:
String passwd = connection.getPassword();

if (passwd.equals("fgHPUw")) // Case is important
Use equalsIgnoreCase()if you want to ignore

case:
String cat = getCategory();

if (cat.equalsIgnoreCase("Drama"))
// We just want the word to match
9-8
Do not use ==.
Producing Strings from Other Objects
Use the Object.toString() method.

Your class can override toString().
public Class Movie {
public String toString () {
return name + " (" + Year + ")";
}
System.out.println() automatically calls an

objects toString() method if a reference is
passed to it.
Movie mov = new Movie();
System.out.println(mov);
9-9
Producing Strings from Primitives
Use String.valueOf():
String seven = String.valueOf(7);
String onePoint0 = String.valueOf(1.0f);
There is a version of System.out.println()for

each primitive type:
int count;
System.out.println(count);
9-10
Producing Primitives from Strings
Use the primitive wrapper classes.

There is one wrapper class for each primitive type:
Integer wraps the int type.

Float wraps the float type.
Character wraps the char type.
Boolean wraps the boolean type.
And so on
9-11
Wrapper classes provide methods to convert a

String to a primitive, and primitives to a String.
Wrapper Class Conversion Methods
Example: Use the methods to process data from fields

as they are declared.
String qtyVal = "17";
String priceVal = "425.00";
int qty = Integer.parseInt(qtyVal);
float price = Float.parseFloat(priceVal);
float itemTotal = qty * price;
9-12
Changing the Contents of a String
Use the StringBuffer class for modifiable

strings of characters:
public String reverseIt(String s) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = s.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
sb.append(s.charAt(i));
return sb.toString();
}
Use StringBuffer if you need to keep adding

characters to a string.
Note: StringBuffer has a reverse() method.
9-13
Formatting Classes
The java.text package contains:

An abstract class called Format with the format
() method shown in the following example:
public abstract class Format {
public final String format(Object obj){
//Formats an object and produces a string.
}
Classes that format locale-sensitive information

such as dates, numbers, and messages
DateFormat, NumberFormat, and MessageFormat
9-14
Using the SimpleDateFormat Class
The SimpleDateFormat:
Is a concrete class for formatting and parsing

dates in a locale-sensitive manner
Allows you to start by choosing any user-defined
patterns for datetime formatting
Uses time-pattern string to display the date:
y
M
m
9-15
year
month in year
minute in hour
1996
July or 07
30
Using the MessageFormat Class
The MessageFormat:
9-16
Is a concrete class for constructing language

neutral messages, displayed for end users
Takes a set of objects, formats them, and then
inserts the formatted strings into the pattern at the
appropriate places
Differs from other Format classes, in that you
create a MessageFormat object
Is typically set dynamically at run time
Using DecimalFormat
The DecimalFormat:
Is a concrete subclass of NumberFormat for
formatting decimal numbers
Allows for a variety of parameters and for
localization to Western, Arabic, or Indic numbers
Uses standard number notation in format
public DecimalFormat(String pattern);
9-17
Guided Practice
1. What is the output of each code fragment?

a.
String s = new String("Friday");
if(s == "Friday")
System.out.println("Equal A");
if(s.equals("Friday"))
System.out.println("Equal B");
b.
int num = 1234567;
System.out.println(String.valueOf(num).charAt(3));
9-18
Guided Practice
2. What is the output of each code fragment?

a.
String s1 = "Monday";
String s2 = "Tuesday";
System.out.println(s1.concat(s2).substring(4,8));
b.
// s3 begins with 2 spaces and ends with 2 spaces
String s3 = " Monday ";
System.out.println(s3.indexOf("day"));
System.out.println(s3.trim().indexOf("day"));
9-19
Using Regular Expressions
Matches character sequences against patterns

specified by regular expressions
Includes a Matcher class which is the engine that
performs match operations
Employs a Pattern class to provide a compiled
representation of a regular expression
Pattern p = Pattern.compile("a*b");
Matcher m = p.matcher("aaaaab");
boolean b = m.matches();
9-20
About System.out.println
Understanding System.out.println()
System is a class in the java.lang package.
out is a public final static (class) variable.
Declared as a PrintStream object reference
println() is an overloaded method of the

PrintStream class.
PrintStream is a FilterOutputStream that
subclasses OutputStream.
9-21
System.err is also provided as a PrintStream

object reference to write to standard error.
About OutputStream and PrintStream
OutputStream provides basic byte I/O operations:

write(int b) to write one byte
write(byte[] b) to write an array of bytes
write(byte[] b,int off,int len) to write a
subset of an array of bytes
flush() and close() to flush and close the stream
PrintStream is a subclass of (Filter)Output

Stream, which
Converts Unicode to environment byte encoding
Terminates lines in a platform-independent way
Flushes the output stream
9-22
What Is Object Serialization?
Serialization is a lightweight persistence mechanism

for saving and restoring streams of bytes containing
primitives and objects.
A class indicates that its instances can be
serialized by:
Implementing java.io.Serializable or
java.io.Externalizable interface
Ensuring that all its fields are serializable, including
other objects referenced
Using the transient modifier to prevent fields
from being saved and restored
9-23
Serialization Streams, Interfaces,

and Modifiers
Example of implementing java.io.Serializable

Mark fields with the transient modifier to prevent
them from being saved; that is, to protect the
information.
import java.io.Serializable;
public class Member implements Serializable {
private int id;
private String name;
private transient String password;
9-24
Write object with java.io.ObjectOutputStream.

Read object with java.io.ObjectInputStream.
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

Create strings in Java
Use the conversion methods that are provided by
the predefined wrapper classes
Use the StringBuffer class for manipulating
character data
Manipulate objects by using the DateFormat,
DecimalFormat, and MessageFormat classes
9-25

Creating a new Order class
Populating and formatting orderDate
Formatting existing orderDate values with the
GregorianCalendar class
Formatting orderTotal
9-26
Reusing Code with Inheritance

and Polymorphism
Objectives

the following:
Define inheritance
Use inheritance to define new classes
Provide suitable constructors
Override methods in the superclass
Describe polymorphism
Use polymorphism effectively
10-2
Key Object-Oriented Components
Inheritance
Constructors referenced by subclass
Polymorphism
Inheritance as an OO fundamental
Superclass
InventoryItem
Subclasses
Movie
10-3
Game
Vcr
Example of Inheritance
The InventoryItem class defines methods and

variables.
InventoryItem
Movie
Movie extends InventoryItem and can:

Add new variables
Add new methods
Override methods in InventoryItem class
10-4
Specifying Inheritance in Java
Inheritance is achieved by specifying which

superclass the subclass extends.
public class InventoryItem {
}
public class Movie extends InventoryItem {
10-5
Movie inherits all the variables and methods of

InventoryItem.
If the extends keyword is missing, then the
java.lang.Object is the implicit superclass.
Defining Inheritance
by Using Oracle JDeveloper 10g
10-6
When specifying a class, JDeveloper asks for its

superclass:
JDeveloper generates the code automatically.

What Does a Subclass Object

Look Like?
A subclass inherits all the instance variables of its
superclass.
private float price;
private String condition;
}
public class
Movie extends InventoryItem {
private int length;
}
10-7
Movie
price
condition
title
length
Default Initialization
What happens when a subclass

object is created?
Movie movie1 = new Movie();
If no constructors are defined:

First, the default no-arg
constructor is called in the
superclass.
Then, the default no-arg
constructor is called in the
subclass.
10-8
Movie
price
condition
title
length
The super Reference
10-9
Refers to the base, top-level class

Is useful for calling base class constructors
Must be the first line in the derived class
constructor
Can be used to call any base class methods
The super Reference Example

InventoryItem(String cond) {
System.out.println("InventoryItem");
}
}
class Movie extends InventoryItem {
Movie(String title) {
Movie(String title, String cond)
{super(cond);
System.out.println("Movie");
}
}
10-10
Base class
constructor
Calls base
class
constructor
Using Superclass Constructors
Use super() to call a superclass constructor:

InventoryItem(float p, String cond) {
price = p;
condition = cond;
}
Movie(String t, float p, String cond) {
super(p, cond);
title = t;
}
10-11
Specifying Additional Methods
The superclass defines methods for all types of

InventoryItem.
The subclass can specify additional methods that

are specific to Movie.
public float calcDeposit()
public String calcDateDue()

public void getTitle()
public String getLength()
10-12
Overriding Superclass Methods
A subclass inherits all the methods of its

superclass.
The subclass can override a method with its own
specialized version.
The subclass method must have the same signature
and semantics as the superclass method.

public float calcDeposit(int custId) {
if
public class Vcr extends InventoryItem {
return itemDeposit;
}
if
return itemDeposit;
}
10-13
Invoking Superclass Methods
If a subclass overrides a method, then it can still

call the original superclass method.
Use super.method() to call a superclass method
from the subclass.

if public class Vcr extends InventoryItem {
return
33.00;
public
float calcDeposit(int custId) {
}
itemDeposit = super.calcDeposit(custId);
return (itemDeposit + vcrDeposit);
}
10-14
Example of Polymorphism in Java
Recall that the java.lang.Object class is the root

class for all Java Class.
Methods in the Object class are inherited by its
subclasses.
The toString() method is most commonly
overridden to achieve polymorphic behavior.
For example: public class InventoryItem {
public String toString() {
return "InventoryItem value";
}
} = new InventoryItem();
InventoryItem item
System.out.println(item); // toString() called
10-15
Treating a Subclass as Its Superclass
A Java object instance of a subclass is assignable to

its superclass definition.
You can assign a subclass object to a reference
that is declared with the superclass.
InventoryItem item = new Vcr();
double deposit = item.calcDeposit();
}
10-16
The compiler treats the object via its reference

(that is, in terms of its superclass definition).
The JVM run-time environment creates a subclass
object, executing subclass methods, if overridden.
Browsing Superclass References

by Using Oracle JDeveloper 10g
Oracle JDeveloper makes it

easy to browse the contents
of your superclass.
10-17
Acme Video and Polymorphism
10-18
Acme Video started renting only videos.

Acme Video added games and Vcrs.
What is next?
Polymorphism solves the problem.
Using Polymorphism for Acme Video

InventoryItem
calcDeposit(){}
Vcr
calcDeposit(){}
Movie
calcDeposit(){}
ShoppingBasket
void addItem(InventoryItem item) {
// this method is called each time
// the clerk scans in a new item
float deposit = item.calcDeposit();
10-19
Using the instanceof Operator
You can determine the true type of an object by

using an instanceof operator.
An object reference can be downcast to the

correct type, if necessary.
public void aMethod(InventoryItem i) {
if (i instanceof Vcr)
((Vcr)i).playTestTape();
}
10-20
Limiting Methods and Classes with final
You can mark a method as final to prevent it

from being overridden.
public final boolean checkPassword(String p) {
You can mark a whole class as final to prevent it

from being extended.
10-21
Ensuring Genuine Inheritance
Inheritance must be used only for genuine is a

kind of relationships:
It must always be possible to substitute a subclass
object for a superclass object.
All methods in the superclass must make sense in
the subclass.
10-22
Inheritance for short-term convenience leads to

problems in the future.
Summary

A subclass inherits all the variables and methods
of its superclass.
You can specify additional variables and methods
and override methods.
A subclass can call an overridden superclass
method by using super.
10-23
Polymorphism ensures that the correct version of

a method is called at run time.

Defining subclasses of Customer
10-24
Providing subclass constructors

Adding new methods in the subclasses
Overriding existing superclass methods
Using Arrays and Collections
Objectives

the following:
Describe how to create arrays of primitives and
objects
Process command-line variables
Work with vectors
Explore other Java collections such as
Enumerators, Iterators, ArrayLists, and
Hashtables
11-2
Process command-line and system properties
What Is an Array?
An array is a collection of variables of the same type.

Each element can hold a single item.
Items can be primitives or object references.
The length of the array is fixed when it is created.
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
11-3
[0]
Action
[1]
Comedy
[2]
Drama
2
4
8
Creating an Array of Primitives
1. Declare the array:

type[] arrayName;
or
type arrayName[];
Null
arrayName
0
arrayName
0
type is a primitive, such as int and so on.
2. Create the array object:

// Create array object syntax
arrayName
arrayName = new type[size];
3. Initialize the array elements

(optional).
11-4
1
2
4
Declaring an Array of Primitives
Create a variable to reference the array object:

int[] powers;
// Example
When an array variable is declared:

Its instance variable is initialized to null until the
array object has been created
powers
null
Its method variable is unknown until the object is

created
11-5
Creating an Array Object for

an Array of Primitives
Create an array of the required length and assign

it to the array variable:
int[] powers;
// Declare array variable
powers = new int[4]; //Create array object
The array object is created by using the new

operator.
11-6
The contents of an array of primitives are

initialized automatically.
powers
0
0
0
0
Initializing Array Elements
Assign values to individual elements:

arrayName[index] = value;
powers
powers[0] = 1;
Create and initialize arrays at

the same time:
type[] arrayName = {valueList};
int[] primes = {2, 3, 5, 7};
11-7
1
0
0
0
[0]
3 [1]
5 [2]
7 [3]
2
primes
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
Creating an Array of Object References

arrVar
1. Declare the array:

ClassName[] arrVar;
or
ClassName arrVar[];
null
arrVar
null
null
null
2. Create the array object:
arrVar
Action
// Create array object syntax

arrVar = new ClassName[size];
3. Initialize the objects in the array.

11-8
Comedy
Drama
Initializing the Objects in the Array
Assign a value to each array element:

// Create an array of four empty Strings
String[] arr = new String[4];
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
arr[i] = new String();
}
Create and initialize the array at the same time:

String[] categories =
{"Action", "Comedy", "Drama"};
11-9
Using an Array of Object References
Any element can be assigned to an object of the

correct type:
String category = categories[0];
Each element can be treated as an individual

object:
System.out.println
("Length is " + categories[2].length());
11-10
An array element can be passed to any method;

array elements are passed by reference.
Arrays and Exceptions
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs
when an array index is invalid:
String[] list = new String[4];

//The following throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
System.out.println(list[4]);
NullPointerException occurs when you try to

access an element that has not been initialized:
Movie[] movieList = new Movie[3];

// The following will throw NullPointerException
String director = movieList[0].getDirector();
11-11
Multidimensional Arrays
Java supports arrays of arrays:

type[][] arrayname = new type[n1][n2];
int[][] mdarr = new int[4][2];
mdarr[0][0] = 1;
mdarr[0][1] = 7;
mdarr
[0][0]
[0][1]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[0]
11-12
main() Revisited
main() has a single parameter, args.

args is an array of Strings that holds commandline parameters:
C:\> java SayHello Hello World
public class SayHello {
if (args.length != 2)
System.out.println("Specify 2 arguments");
else
System.out.println(args[0]+" "+args[1]);
}
11-13
Working with Variable-Length Structures
The Vector class implements a resizable array of

any type of object:
Creating an empty vector:
Vector members = new Vector();
Creating a vector with an initial size:

// Create a vector with 10 elements. The vector //
can be expanded later.
Vector members = new Vector(10);
11-14
Modifying a Vector
Add an element to the end of the vector:

String name = MyMovie.getNextName();
members.addElement(name);
Add an element at a specific position:

// Insert a string at the beginning
members.insertElementAt(name, 0);
Remove the element at a specific index:

// Remove the first element
members.removeElementAt(0);
11-15
Accessing a Vector
Get the first element:

String s = (String)members.firstElement();
Get an element at a specific position:

String s = (String)members.elementAt(2);
Find an object in a vector:

int position = members.indexOf(name);
Get the size of a vector:

int size = members.size();
11-16
Java Collections Framework
Java Collections Framework is an API architecture for

managing a group of objects that can be manipulated
independently of their internal implementation. It is:
Found in the java.util package
Defined by six core interfaces and some
implementation classes:
Collection interface: Generic group of elements

Set interface: Group of unique elements
List interface: Ordered group of elements
Map interface: Group of unique keys and their
values
SortedSet and SortedMap for a sorted Set and
Map
11-17
Collections Framework Components
Collections Framework is a set of interfaces and

classes used to store and manipulate groups of data
as a single unit.
Core Interfaces are the interfaces used to
manipulate collections, and to pass them from one
method to another.
Implementations are the actual data objects used
to store collections, which implement the core
collection interface.
Algorithms are pieces of reusable functionality
provided by the JDK.
11-18
Using ArrayList and Hashtable
The ArrayList class:

Is a resizable implementation of the List interface
Allows manipulation of the array size

Has capacity that grows as elements are added to
the list
The Hashtable class:
Is a legacy class similar to Map implementations
11-19
Is used to store arbitrary objects that are indexed

by another arbitrary object
Is commonly used with String as the key to store
objects as values
Using Iterators
The Iterator interface, which is part of Java

Collection Framework, can be used to process a series
of Objects. The java.util.Iterator interface:
Implements an object-oriented approach for

accessing elements in a collection
Replaces the java.util.Enumeration approach
Contains the following methods:

hasNext() returns true if more elements exist.
next() returns the next Object, if any.
remove() removes the last element returned.
11-20
Summary

Create Java arrays of primitives
Create arrays of object references
Initialize arrays of primitives or object references
Process command-line arguments in the main()
method
Use the Vector object to implement resizable
arrays
Use ArrayList and Hashtable classes
11-21

Modifying the DataMan class
Create an array to hold the Customer, Company, and
Individual objects.
Add a method to ensure that the array is
successfully created and initialized.
Add a method to find a customer by an ID value.
11-22
Structuring Code by Using

Abstract Classes and Interfaces
Objectives

the following:
Define abstract classes
Define abstract methods
Define interfaces
Implement interfaces
12-2
Defining Abstract Classes
An abstract class cannot be instantiated.

Abstract methods must be implemented by
subclasses.
Interfaces support multiple inheritance.
Abstract
superclass
InventoryItem
Concrete
subclasses
12-3
Movie
VCR
Creating Abstract Classes
Use the abstract keyword to declare a class as

abstract.
public abstract class InventoryItem {
private float price;
public boolean isRentable()
}
public class Movie

extends InventoryItem {
public int getLength()
12-4
public class Vcr

extends InventoryItem {
private int serialNbr;
public void setTimer()
What Are Abstract Methods?
An abstract method:
Is an implementation placeholder
Is part of an abstract class
Must be overridden by a concrete subclass
12-5
Each concrete subclass can implement the

method differently.
Defining Abstract Methods
Use the abstract keyword to declare a method as

abstract:
Provide the method signature only.
The class must also be abstract.
Why is this useful?

Declare the structure of a given class without
providing complete implementation of every
method.
public abstract class InventoryItem {
public abstract boolean isRentable();
12-6
Defining and Using Interfaces
An interface is like a fully abstract class:

All its methods are abstract.
All variables are public static final.
12-7
An interface lists a set of method signatures

without any code details.
A class that implements the interface must
provide code details for all the methods of the
interface.
A class can implement many interfaces but can
extend only one class.
Examples of Interfaces
Interfaces describe an aspect of behavior that

different classes require.
For example, classes that can be steered support
the steerable interface.
Classes can be unrelated.
Nonsteerable
12-8
Steerable
Creating Interfaces
Use the interface keyword:

public interface Steerable {
int MAXTURN = 45;
void turnLeft(int deg);
void turnRight(int deg);
}
12-9
All methods are public abstract.

All variables are public static final.
Implementing Interfaces
Use the implements keyword:

public class Yacht extends Boat
implements Steerable {
public void turnLeft(int deg) {}
public void turnRight(int deg) {}
}
12-10
Sort: A Real-World Example
12-11
Is used by several unrelated classes

Contains a known set of methods
Is needed to sort any type of object
Uses comparison rules that are known only to the
sortable object
Supports good code reuse
Overview of the Classes
Created by the sort expert:

public interface
Sortable
Created by the movie expert:

public class Movie
implements Sortable
12-12
public abstract
class Sort
public class
MyApplication
How the Sort Works

MyApplication
sortObjects()
returns the
sorted list.
MyApplication passes
an array of movies to
Sort.sortObjects().
Sort
The movie
returns the
result of the
comparison.
sortObjects()
asks a movie to
2
compare itself with
another movie.
3
Movie
12-13
The Sortable Interface
Specifies the compare() method:

public interface Sortable {
// compare(): Compare this object to another object
// Returns:
//
0 if this object is equal to obj2
//
a value < 0 if this object < obj2
//
a value > 0 if this object > obj2
int compare(Object obj2);
}
12-14
The Sort Class
Holds sortObjects():
public abstract class Sort {
public static void sortObjects(Sortable[] items) {
// Step through the array comparing and swapping;
// do this length-1 times
for (int i = 1; i < items.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < items.length - 1; j++) {
if (items[j].compare(items[j+1]) > 0) {
Sortable tempitem = items[j+1];
items[j+1] = items[j];
items[j] = tempitem; } } } } }
12-15
The Movie Class
Implements Sortable:
public class Movie extends InventoryItem
implements Sortable {
String title;
public int compare(Object movie2) {
String title1 = this.title;
String title2 = ((Movie)movie2).getTitle();
return(title1.compareTo(title2));
}
}
12-16
Using the Sort
Call Sort.sortObjects(Sortable []) with an array

of Movie as the argument:
class myApplication {
Movie[] movielist;
// build the array of Movie

Sort.sortObjects(movielist);
}
12-17
Using instanceof with Interfaces
Use the instanceof operator to determine

whether an object implements an interface.
Use downcasting to call methods that are defined
in the interface:
public void aMethod(Object obj) {
if (obj instanceof Sortable)

((Sortable)obj).compare(obj2);
}
12-18
Summary

An abstract class cannot be instantiated.
An abstract method has a signature but no code.
An interface is a collection of abstract methods to
be implemented elsewhere.
A class can implement many interfaces.
Implementing more than one interface is
comparable to multiple inheritance.
12-19

Making an interface and abstract class
Implementing the java.lang.Comparable
interface to sort objects
Testing the abstract and interface classes
12-20
Throwing and Catching Exceptions
Objectives

the following:
Explain the basic concepts of exception handling
Write code to catch and handle exceptions
Write code to throw exceptions
Create your own exceptions
13-2
What Is an Exception?
An exception is an unexpected event.
13-3
How Does Java Handle Exceptions?
A method throws an exception.

A handler catches the exception.
Exception object
Yes
13-4
Handler
for this
exception?
No
Advantages of Java Exceptions:

Separating Error Handling Code
13-5
In traditional programming, error handling often

makes code more confusing to read.
Java separates the details of handling unexpected
errors from the main work of the program.
The resulting code is clearer to read and,
therefore, less prone to bugs.

Passing Errors Up the Call Stack
Traditional error
handling
method1
//handle error
method2
Java exceptions
Error
code
method3
Error
code
method4
Error
code
Each method checks for

errors and returns an error
code to its calling method.
13-6
Method1
//handle ex
method2
method3
Exception
ex
method4
method4 throws an
exception; eventually
method1 catches it.

Exceptions Cannot Be Ignored
Traditional error
handling
Java exceptions
method1
//handle error
method1
//handle ex
method2
method2
method3
method3
method4
Error
code
If method3 ignores the

error, then it will never be
handled.
13-7
Exception
ex
method4
The exception must be
caught and handled
somewhere.
Checked Exceptions, Unchecked

Exceptions, and Errors
All errors and exceptions extend the Throwable class.
Throwable
Error
Unrecoverable
errors
Exception
Checked
exceptions
RuntimeException
Unchecked (run-time)
exceptions
13-8
What to Do with an Exception
13-9
Catch the exception and handle it.

Allow the exception to pass to the calling method.
Catch the exception and throw a different
exception.
Catching and Handling Exceptions
Enclose the method

call in a try block.
Handle each
exception in a catch
block.
Perform any final
processing in a
finally block.
13-10
try {
// call the method
}
catch (exception1) {
// handle exception1
}
catch (exception2) {
// handle exception2
}
finally {
// any final processing
}
Catching a Single Exception
int qty;
String s = getQtyFromForm();
try {
// Might throw NumberFormatException
qty = Integer.parseInt(s);
}
catch ( NumberFormatException e ) {
// Handle the exception
}
// If no exceptions were thrown, we end up here
13-11
Catching Multiple Exceptions

try {
// Might throw MalformedURLException
URL u = new URL(str);
// Might throw IOException
URLConnection c = u.openConnection();
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
System.err.println("Could not open URL: " + e);
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Could not connect: " + e);
}
13-12
Cleaning Up with a finally Block

FileInputStream f = null;
try {
f = new FileInputStream(filePath);
while (f.read() != -1)
charcount++;
}
catch(IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error accessing file " + e);
}
finally {
// This block is always executed
f.close();
}
13-13
Catching and Handling Exceptions:

Guided Practice
void makeConnection(String url) {
try {
URL u = new URL(url);
}
System.out.println("Invalid URL: " + url);
return;
}
finally {
System.out.println("Finally block");
}
System.out.println("Exiting makeConnection");
}
13-14
Catching and Handling Exceptions:

Guided Practice
void myMethod () {
try {
getSomething();
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e1) {
System.out.println("Caught IOBException ");
} catch (Exception e2) {
System.out.println("Caught Exception ");
} finally {
System.out.println("No more exceptions ");
}
System.out.println("Goodbye");
}
13-15
Allowing an Exception to Pass to the

Calling Method
Use throws in the method declaration.
The exception propagates to the calling method.

public int myMethod() throws exception1 {
// code that might throw exception1
}
public URL changeURL(URL oldURL)
throws MalformedURLException {
return new URL("http://www.oracle.com");
}
13-16
Throwing Exceptions
Throw exceptions by using the throw keyword.

Use throws in the method declaration.
throw new Exception1();
public String getValue(int index) throws
IndexOutOfBoundsException {
if (index < 0 || index >= values.length) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
13-17
Creating Exceptions
Extend the Exception class.

public class MyException extends Exception { }
public class UserFileException extends Exception {
public UserFileException (String message) {
super(message);
}
}
13-18
Catching an Exception and Throwing a

Different Exception
catch (exception1 e) {
throw new exception2();
}
void readUserFile() throws UserFileException {
try {
// code to open and read userfile
}
catch(IOException e) {
throw new UserFileException(e.toString());
}
}
13-19
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to do the

following:
Use Java exceptions for robust error handling
Handle exceptions by using try, catch, and
finally
Use the throw keyword to throw an exception
13-20
Use a method to declare an exception in its

signature to pass it up the call stack

Creating a custom exception
Changing DataMan finder methods to throw
exceptions
Handling the exceptions when calling the DataMan
finder methods
Testing the changes to the code
13-21
User Interface Design: Swing Basics

Planning the Application Layout
Objectives

the following:
Explain Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), Swing,
and Java Foundation Classes (JFC)
Detail the Swing UI containment hierarchy
Describe how to use layout managers
Add UI containers to an application to group
components
Embed UI components into UI containers
Use the Swing pluggable look and feel
14-2
Running Java UI Applications
14-3
AWT, Swing, and JFC
AWT, or Abstract Window Toolkit (java.awt):

A graphical user interface library
The predecessor to Swing components and the
foundation for Swing and JFC
Swing (javax.swing):
A more powerful graphical user interface library
Built on top of the AWT class hierarchy
Java Foundation Classes (JFC):

A collection of APIs including: AWT, Swing,
Accessibility API, Pluggable Look and Feel
Java 2D API, Drag and Drop support (since JDK 1.2)
14-4
Swing Features
A set of visual components that have been available
since JDK 1.1, but part of core JDK since version 1.2:
Lightweight components compared to AWT
Pluggable look and feel API
InventoryItem
Many more components than AWT
14-5
JButton
JSlider
JComboBox
JTextField
JTree
JProgressBar
Lightweight or Heavyweight Components?
Heavyweight components
Strong dependency on
native peer code
Each rendered in its own
opaque window
Early AWT components
were mostly
heavyweight
Include some Swing
top-level components
(JFrame, JApplet,
JDialog)
14-6
Lightweight components
No dependence on native
peer code
Can have transparent
backgrounds
Most Swing components
are lightweight
When displayed, they can
appear nonrectangular
Must be displayed in
heavyweight container
Planning the UI Layout
Building a UI application involves planning, even more

so when building Swing applications. Planning
requires understanding the following concepts and
their relationship:
UI containment hierarchy (a root component that
comprises nested containers and components)
Container levels and types (such as top-level or
intermediate containers)
Layout managers and their types (used by each
container)
Components that can be added into containers
14-7
The Containment Hierarchy
Top-level containers
Frame
Frame
Dialog
Applet
Intermediate containers
Panel
Scroll Pane
Atomic components
Label
Text items
Buttons
14-8
Panel
Atomic
components
Top-Level Containers
Swing provides JFrame, JDialog, or JApplet,

with changeable properties such as:
A content pane for holding intermediate containers
or components, by using the getContentPane() or
setContentPane() methods
A border, by using a setBorder() method
A title, by using a setTitle() method
Window decorations such as buttons for closing
and minimizing (excludes applets)
AWT provides Frame, Dialog, or Applet

These do not provide properties such as a content
pane or borders.
14-9
Intermediate Containers
Designed to contain components (or containers):

Can be nested within other containers
Types of intermediate containers:
Panels for grouping containers or components
Scroll Panes to add scroll bars around components
that can grow, such as a list or a text area
Split Panes to display two components in a fixed
area, which is adjustable by the user
Tabbed Panes for containing multiple components,
showing only one at a time, based on user selection
Tool Bars for grouping components, such as
buttons
Internal Frames for nested windows
14-10
Atomic Components
14-11
Buttons
Check boxes
Combo boxes
Text
Lists
Labels
Layout Management Overview
14-12
Border Layout
14-13
Has five areas: North, South, West, East, and

Center
Has center area that expands to fill the available
space
Displays only one component in each area
Makes each area useful for holding intermediate
panels
GridBag Layout
14-14
Is based on a grid
Allows components to span multiple rows and
columns
Allows rows and columns to differ in size
Uses the components preferred size to control
cell size
GridBag Constraints
External insets
Component
padding
Cell position
Cell span
Expansion
weighting
Anchoring
Fill rules
14-15
Using Layout Managers
Layout managers are designed to manage multiple

components simultaneously.
Using a layout manager with containers requires:
Creating a container and a layout manager object
Setting the layout property of the container
Adding items (components or other containers) into
the regions that are defined by the layout manager
14-16
Different layout managers require different

arguments to control component placement.
Combining Layout Managers
Border
null
VerticalFlow
GridBag
Grid
14-17
Using Frames or Dialogs
A Java frame is equivalent to an application window.

Use the JFrame for a main window
It has properties for icons, title, window decorations
for minimize, maximize, and close buttons.
It uses BorderLayout by default.
It provides a default content pane that occupies the
center region of the layout.
You can set the frame size with the setSize()
method, and make it visible by using the
setVisible() method.
Use JDialog for a modal window

You must dismiss a modal window before the
application that invokes it can become active.
14-18
Using JPanel Containers
JPanel is a general purpose container.
Can use any layout manager

(uses Flowlayout by default)
Can use any border

Can have added components
or other panels/containers
by using the add() method
JPanel myPanel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

JTextArea jTextArea1 = new JTextArea();
myPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createRaisedBevelBorder());
myPanel.add(jTextArea1, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
14-19
Adding Borders to Components
Borders are Swing objects.

Defined in javax.swing.borders
Use setBorder() to assign a

border to a component.
Create borders with the class called
javax.swing.BorderFactory.
Create borders separately to use with many
components.
jPanel1.setBorder(BorderFactory.createBevelBorder(
BevelBorder.LOWERED,Color.lightGray,Color.darkGray));
Border etchedBorder =
BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder();//pre-create border
jPanel2.setBorder(etchedBorder);
// use border`
14-20
Using Internal Frames
An internal frame is the equivalent of a document

window that is contained within an application window
for multiple-document interface (MDI) window
applications.
Use JInternalFrame for an internal window:
Similar to JFrame, it can contain intermediate
containers and components and use a layout
manager.
By default it is not closable, iconifiable,
maximizable, or visible.
Use a JDesktopPane as the content pane in which

the internal frames are added:
Controls the size and placement of internal frames
Uses a null layout manager by default
14-21
Swing Text Controls
14-22
Adding Components
with Oracle JDeveloper 10g
14-23
Use the wizard to create a JFrame.
Select a layout manager.

Add components from the Component Palette.
Fine-tune component properties.
Creating a Frame
Frame
14-24
Adding Components
Use the Component Palette to add
Swing items to the Frame
14-25
Setting Pluggable Look and Feel
Swing applications provide support for a different look

and feel to adapt to the visual environment of the
operating system. The look and feel:
Is application-specific:
Can be initialized when the application starts
Can change dynamically
Affects lightweight Swing components

Supports Win, Mac, Java (Metal) and Motif
Uses javax.swing.UIManager class
Provides the setLookAndFeel() method, which
accepts a look and feel class name string.
14-26
Summary

Frames are top-level containers.
Panels are intermediate containers that can be
nested.
Each container can have its own layout manager.
Layout managers control component placement.
You can combine layout managers within an
application.
You can control the applications look and feel.
14-27

Creating a class based on JFrame for the main
window of the OrderEntry application.
Add a default menu and status bar.
Add a JDesktopPane and set it as the content pane.
Creating a class based on JInternalFrame to

manage order creation and data entry.
Create the container layout hierarchical structure
for the order-entry frame components.
Add some of the components to this frame.
14-28
Setting layout managers for each container
Adding User Interface Components

and Event Handling
Objectives

the following:
Add Swing components to an application
Get and modify the contents of the components
Provide event handlers for common types of
events
Create a menu bar
15-2
Swing Components
Text controls
JTextField
JPasswordField
JTextArea
JEditorPane
JTextPane
Graphic controls
JTree
JTable
JToggleButton
15-3
Swing Components in JDeveloper
Use the Swing Component Palette to add items.
15-4
Invoking the UI Editor

Right-click and select Open from the Context menu.
Code Editor
System Navigator
Context menu
15-5
How to Add a Component to a Form

1: Open the Component
Palette; select the Swing
category.
2: Drag the component to the form. The

class updates automatically.
15-6
Edit the Properties of a Component
Change property values

in the Inspector.
15-7
Code Generated by JDeveloper
For example: Adding a JButton to a Jframe:

import javax.swing.JButton;
public class JFrame1 extends JFrame {
JButton jButton1 = new JButton();
...
public void jbInit() throws Exception {
...
jbutton1.setText("jButton1");
...
this.getContentPane().add(jButton1,
new XYConstraints(21, 20, 118, 48));
}
15-8
Creating a Menu
Select Create Menu Bar during application

creation.
Add a JMenuBar from the Component Palette.
JDeveloper creates:
JMenuBar for visual container for menus
JMenu, which represents a menu of items, added to
a menu bar
JMenuItems, which are placed in a JMenu
15-9
Each JMenuItem supports events, interfaces, and

handler methods in the same way as with other
Swing UI components.
A JMenuBar can be added to any top-level
container, such as Frames, Dialogs, or Applets.
Using JDeveloper Menu Editor
In the JDeveloper Menu Editor, use the Structure

pane:
Expand the Menu node.
Click the menu bar object for a visual
representation.
Right-click menu or menu items to alter
structure from the Context menu options.
Context menu
when
right-clicking a
menu item
Click
menu bar
object in
Structure pane
to display
menu bar
15-10
Practice 15-1: Overview

Creating the OrderEntryMDIFrame menu
15-11
Adding the menu items and a separator to the

Order menu
Adding components to OrderEntryFrame to form
its visual structure
UI for Java Application
15-12
Java Event Handling Model
How it works:
Event originates from source and generates an
event object.
An event listener hears a specific event.
An event handler determines what to do.
Setting it up:
1. Create an event source object.
2. Create an event listener object implementing an
interface with methods to handle the event object.
3. Write an event-specific method to handle the event.
4. Register the listener object with the event source
for the specified event.
15-13
Event Handling Code Basics
Create the event source.

Jbutton findBtn = new Jbutton("Find");
Create the event listener implementing the

required event interface.
class MyListener implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// handler logic
}
}
Register the listener with the event source.

findBtn.addActionListener(new MyListener());
15-14
Event Handling Process: Registration
Source
OK
Event listener object

Handler method
MyListener actionListenerObj = new MyListener();

public void jbInit() {
button1.addActionListener(actionListenerObj);
15-15
Event Handling Process:

The Event Occurs
Source
OK

Notified
Handler method
public void jbInit() {

button1.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
// Your code to handle the ActionEvent
}
}); }
15-16
Event Handling Process:

Running the Event Handler
Source
OK
Source
15-17

Handler method:
save changes and quit
Using Adapter Classes for Listeners

Adapter classes are convenience classes that
implement event listener interface:
They provide empty method implementations.
They are extended and the desired method
overridden.
interface MouseListener {
// Declares five methods
}
class MouseAdapter implements MouseListener {
// Empty implementations of all five methods
}
public class MyListener extends MouseAdapter {
// Override only the methods you need
}
15-18
Swing Model View Controller Architecture
Model, View, Controller principles

Event
Controller
modify
modify
View
View
Notify update
Model
Get changed data
Terms explained:
Model represents the data or information.
View provides a visual representation of the data.
Controller handles events modifying the
view/model.
15-19
Always update Swing components on the event

thread queue, or use SwingUtilities methods.
Basic Text Component Methods
Text item (JLabel, JTextField, and JButton)

methods:
void setText(String value)
String getText()
Additional methods in JTextArea:

void append(String value)
void insert(String value, int pos)
Changes to component contents are usually done

in the event handling thread.
Note: Consult the Java API documentation for details
about each components capabilities.
15-20
Basic JList Component Methods
Subset of JList component methods include:

void setListData(Vector)
Copies Vector to a ListModel applied with
setModel
void setModel(ListModel)
Sets model representing the data and clears
selection. Uses DefaultListModel class for the
model.
Object getSelectedValue()
Returns the selected object, or null if nothing is
selected
int getSelectedIndex()
Returns the index of the selected item, or 1 if
nothing is selected
15-21
What Events Can

a Component Generate?
Events that a component can
generate
Event handler
methods
15-22
How to Define an Event Handler

in JDeveloper
1: Select the event that you
want to handle.
2: Click the right column to fill in

a method name.
3: Double-click the right column to
create the method.
15-23
Default Event Handling Code Style

Generated by JDeveloper
public void jbInit() throws Exception {
Find
findButton.addActionListener(
new java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
findButton_actionPerformed(e);
}
});
void findButton_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
// Your code to handle the ActionEvent
}
15-24
Completing the Event Handler Method
public class JFrame1 extends JFrame {
void findButton_actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){

// When the user clicks the button, display
// the list of customers in jTextArea1
String findList = (Supplies-R-Us " + "\n" +
Consulting Inc. " + "\n" +
Just-In-Time Training ");
jTextArea1.setText(findList);
}
}
15-25
Summary

Add a Swing component to a visual container
Get and modify the contents of the components
Use the AWT event handling model to:
Create an event source
Create an event listener and handler code
Register an event listener for the event to be
handled
15-26
Create a menu bar with menus and menu items

Handle events
Practice 15-2: Overview
This practice covers adding event handling for:

Order > New menu
Find Customer button
Add Product button
15-27
Using JDBC to Access the Database
Objectives

the following:
Describe how Java applications connect to the
database
Describe how Java database functionality is
supported by the Oracle database
Load and register a JDBC driver
Connect to an Oracle database
Follow the steps to execute a simple SELECT
statement
Map simple Oracle database types to Java types
16-2
Java, J2EE, and Oracle 10g
Client
Web
server
Application
server
Presentation
Business
logic
Oracle
database
Oracle
Application Server 10g
J2EE Certified Environment
JDBC
16-3
Data
Connecting to a Database with Java
Client applications, JSPs, and servlets use JDBC.
Client application
or applet
16-4
JDBC
Relational DB
What Is JDBC?
JDBC is a standard interface for connecting to

relational databases from Java.
The JDBC API includes Core API Package in
java.sql.
JDBC 2.0 API includes Optional Package API in
javax.sql.
JDBC 3.0 API includes the Core API and Optional
Package API
16-5
Include the Oracle JDBC driver archive file in the

CLASSPATH.
The JDBC class library is part of the Java 2,
Standard Edition (J2SE).
Preparing the Environment
Set the CLASSPATH:

[Oracle Home]\jdbc\lib\classes12.jar
Import JDBC packages:

// Standard packages
import java.sql.*;
import java.math.*; // optional
// Oracle extension to JDBC packages
import oracle.jdbc.*;
import oracle.sql.*;
16-6
Steps for Using JDBC to Execute

SQL Statements
1. Register JDBC driver.
2. Obtain a connection.
3. Create statement object.
4. Execute SQL statement.
4a. Process SELECT

statement.
5. Process query results.
16-7
4b. Process DML

or DDL statement.
6. Close connections.
Step 1: Registering the Driver
Register the driver in the code:

DriverManager.registerDriver (new
oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver());
Class.forName
("oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver");
Register the driver when launching the class:

java D jdbc.drivers =
oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver <ClassName>;
16-8
Connecting to the Database
Using the package oracle.jdbc.driver, Oracle

provides different drivers to establish a connection to
the database.
OracleDriver
JDBC calls
16-9
Thin client
OCI
Server-based
Database
commands
Database
Oracle JDBC Drivers: Thin Client Driver
Is written entirely in Java

Must be used by applets
Applet
JDBC
Thin driver
Client
16-10
Oracle
Server
Oracle JDBC Drivers: OCI Client Drivers
Is written in C and Java

Must be installed on the client
Application
JDBC
OCI driver
ocixxx.dll
Client
16-11
Oracle
Server
Choosing the Right Driver
Type of Program
Driver
Applet
Thin
Client application
Thin
Thin
EJB, servlet
(on the middle tier)
Stored procedure
16-12
OCI
OCI
Server side
Step 2: Getting a Database Connection
In JDBC 1.0, use the DriverManager class, which

provides overloaded getConnection() methods.
All connection methods require a JDBC URL to
specify the connection details.
Example:
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@myhost:1521:ORCL",
"scott","tiger");
16-13
Vendors can provide different types of JDBC

drivers.
About JDBC URLs
JDBC uses a URL-like string. The URL identifies

The JDBC driver to use for the connection
Database connection details, which vary depending
on the driver used
jdbc:<subprotocol>:<subname>
Protocol
Database identification
jdbc:oracle:<driver>:@<database>
Example using Oracle Thin JDBC driver:

jdbc:oracle:thin:@myhost:1521:ORCL
16-14
JDBC URLs with Oracle Drivers
Oracle Thin driver

Syntax: jdbc:oracle:thin:@<host>:<port>:<SID>
Example: "jdbc:oracle:thin:@myhost:1521:orcl"
Oracle OCI driver

Syntax: jdbc:oracle:oci:@<tnsname entry>
Example: "jdbc:oracle:oci:@orcl"
16-15
Step 3: Creating a Statement
JDBC statement objects are created from the

Connection instance:
Use the createStatement() method, which
provides a context for executing an SQL statement.
Example:
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@myhost:1521:ORCL",
"scott","tiger");
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
16-16
Using the Statement Interface
The Statement interface provides three methods to

execute SQL statements:
Use executeQuery(String sql)for SELECT
statements.
Returns a ResultSet object for processing rows
Use executeUpdate(String sql) for DML or

DDL.
Returns an int
Use execute(String) for any SQL statement.

Returns a boolean value
16-17
Step 4a: Executing a Query
Provide a SQL query string, without semicolon, as an

argument to the executeQuery() method.
Returns a ResultSet object:
Statement stmt = null;
ResultSet rset = null;
stmt = conn.createStatement();
rset = stmt.executeQuery
("SELECT ename FROM emp");
16-18
The ResultSet Object
The JDBC driver returns the results of a query in a

ResultSet object.
ResultSet:
Maintains a cursor pointing to its current row of
data
Provides methods to retrieve column values
16-19
Step 4b: Submitting DML Statements
1. Create an empty statement object:

2. Use executeUpdate to execute the statement:

int count = stmt.executeUpdate(SQLDMLstatement);
Example:
int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate
("DELETE FROM order_items
WHERE order_id = 2354");
16-20
Step 4b: Submitting DDL Statements

2. Use executeUpdate to execute the statement:

int count = stmt.executeUpdate(SQLDDLstatement);
Example:
int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate
("CREATE TABLE temp (col1 NUMBER(5,2),
col2 VARCHAR2(30)");
16-21
Step 5: Processing the Query Results
The executeQuery() method returns a ResultSet.

Use the next() method in loop to iterate through
rows.
Use getXXX() methods to obtain column values
by column position in query, or column name.
stmt = conn.createStatement();
rset = stmt.executeQuery(
"SELECT ename FROM emp");
while (rset.next()) {
System.out.println
(rset.getString("ename"));
}
16-22
Step 6: Closing Connections
Explicitly close a Connection, Statement, and

ResultSet object to release resources that are no
longer needed.
Call their respective close() methods:
Connection conn = ...;
Statement stmt = ...;
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery(
"SELECT ename FROM emp");
...
// clean up
rset.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
...
16-23
A Basic Query Example

import java.sql.*;
class TestJdbc {
public static void main (String args [ ]) throws SQLException {
DriverManager.registerDriver (new oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver());
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:oracle:thin:@myHost:1521:ORCL","scott", "tiger");
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement ();
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery
("SELECT ename FROM emp");
while (rset.next ())
System.out.println (rset.getString ("ename"));
rset.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}
}
16-24
Mapping Database Types to Java Types

ResultSet maps database types to Java types:
ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery
("SELECT empno, hiredate, job
FROM emp");
while (rset.next()){
int id = rset.getInt(1);
Date hiredate = rset.getDate(2);
String job = rset.getString(3);
16-25
Column Name
Type
Method
empno
NUMBER
getInt()
hiredate
DATE
getDate()
job
VARCHAR2
getString()
Handling an Unknown SQL Statement

2. Use execute to execute the statement:

boolean isQuery = stmt.execute(SQLstatement);
3. Process the statement accordingly:

if (isQuery) { // was a query - process results
ResultSet r = stmt.getResultSet(); ...
}
else { // was an update or DDL - process result
int count = stmt.getUpdateCount(); ...
}
16-26
Handling Exceptions
SQL statements can throw a

java.sql.SQLException.
Use standard Java error handling methods.

try
{
rset = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT empno,
ename FROM emp");
}
catch (java.sql.SQLException e)
{ ... /* handle SQL errors */ }
...
finally { // clean up
try { if (rset != null) rset.close(); }
catch (Exception e)
{ ... /* handle closing errors */ }
...
16-27
Managing Transactions
By default, connections are in autocommit mode.

Use conn.setAutoCommit(false)to turn
autocommit off.
To control transactions when you are not in
autocommit mode, use:
conn.commit(): Commit a transaction
conn.rollback(): Roll back a transaction
16-28
Closing a connection commits the transaction

even with the autocommit off option.
The PreparedStatement Object
16-29
A PreparedStatement prevents reparsing of SQL

statements.
Use this object for statements that you want to
execute more than once.
A PreparedStatement can contain variables that
you supply each time you execute the statement.
How to Create a PreparedStatement
1. Register the driver and create the database

connection.
2. Create the PreparedStatement, identifying
variables with a question mark (?):
PreparedStatement pstmt =
conn.prepareStatement
("UPDATE emp SET ename = ? WHERE empno = ?");
conn.prepareStatement
("SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE empno = ?");
16-30
How to Execute a PreparedStatement
1. Supply values for the variables:

pstmt.setXXX(index, value);
2. Execute the statement:

pstmt.executeQuery();
pstmt.executeUpdate();
int empNo = 3521;
conn.prepareStatement("UPDATE emp
SET ename = ? WHERE empno = ? ");
pstmt.setString(1, "DURAND");
pstmt.setInt(2, empNo);
pstmt.executeUpdate();
16-31
Maximize Database Access
16-32
Use connection pooling to minimize the operation

costs of creating and closing sessions.
Use explicit data source declaration for physical
reference to the database.
Use the getConnection() method to obtain a
logical connection instance.
Connection Pooling
Middle tier
Java servlet
Data source
Middle-tier server code
ConnectionPoolDataSource
JDBC
driver
Database
Database
commands
16-33
Summary

JDBC provides database connectivity for various
Java constructs, including servlets and client
applications.
JDBC is a standard Java interface and part of the
J2SE.
The steps for using SQL statements in Java are
Register, Connect, Submit, and Close.
SQL statements can throw exceptions.
You can control default transactions behavior.
16-34

Setting up the Java environment for JDBC
Adding JDBC components to query the database
Populating the OrderEntryFrame with Customers
from the database
16-35
Deploying Applications by Using

Java Web Start
Objectives

the following:
Define the architecture of Java Web Start
Describe the benefits of using Java Web Start
Deploy an application by using Web Start
17-2
What Is Java Web Start?
17-3
It is an application deployment technology based

on the Java 2 platform.
It launches full-featured applications via any
browser on any platform, from anywhere on the
Web.
Running a Web Start Application
1. Request the
application.
2. Launch Web Start on
the local machine.
3. Download the
application.
4. Launch the
application (Draw).
17-4
HTTP
3
HTTP
4
Advantages of Web Start
17-5
Renders a very responsive and rich user interface

Launches applications from the Start menu on the
desktop
Does not require browser to be running
Allows applications to work offline
Automatically updates applications when invoked
Examining the JNLP File

The JNLP files defines:
The location of the application resources
Information that appears while the application loads
What the application resources are
17-6
Deploying Applications with JDeveloper
The JDeveloper Deployment Profile Wizard:

Detects interclass dependencies
Creates .ear, .war, .jar, or .zip files
Enables you to have control over other files added

to the deployed archive
Enables you to save deployment profile settings in
project files:
To simplify redeployment when code changes
That can be automatically updated with new classes
as they are added to the project
17-7
Creating the Deployment Profile File
Select File > New
17-8
Saving the Deployment Profile
Select a destination and name for the deployment

profile.
17-9
Selecting Files to Deploy

Select the file types to include. Other settings differ for
other deployment profile types.
17-10
Making an Executable .jar File
Set the Main Class field to the class name containing a

main() method, in JAR Options.
17-11
Creating and Deploying the Archive File
17-12
Right-click the Deployment Profile file.

Select the Deploy to menu option.
The .jar file is created in the directory listed in
the deployment properties.
Using JDeveloper to Deploy an Application

to Java Web Start
Step 1: Generate deployment profiles and archive the
application.
Step 2: Start OC4J and create a connection.
Step 3: Use Web Start Wizard to create JNLP file.
Step 4: Archive and deploy your application to OC4J
server.
17-13
Step 1: Generate Deployment Profiles and

Archive Application
Package all the Java application files into a simple
.jar archive.
17-14
Step 2a: Start OC4J
Use the command line to start the server.
17-15
Step 2b: Creating a Connection
Use the Connection Wizard to create a connection to

the application server. You must specify:
The type of connection (OC4J)
The username and password for authentication
Local URL, target Web site, and local directory for
OC4J
17-16
Step 3: Use Web Start Wizard to Create

a JNLP File
17-17
Specify the Web Start name, application archive

(.jar), and main application class.
Include information to be displayed to the user

while downloading (for example, application title,
vendor, and brief description)
Step 4: Archive and Deploy the Application

to the OC4J Server
17-18
Specify properties of the Web components and

deployment description.
Deploy to the OC4J connection created in step 2.

Run the generated HTML file.
Summary
In this module, you should have learned how to:

Describe how a Java Web Start application runs
Describe the benefits of using Java Web Start
Use JDeveloper to deploy an application by using
Web Start
17-19
This practice covers the following topics:

Archiving your Java application
Creating a new project to hold the Web Start files
and setting the OC4J server preference
Installing and starting the stand-alone OC4J
application server
Creating an application server connection in
JDeveloper
Archiving and deploying the application files to
OC4J, and testing the application
17-20
Practice Solutions
B
Java Language
Quick-Reference
Guide
Console Output
Java applications and applets can output simple messages to the console as
follows:
System.out.println("This is displayed on the console");
Data Types
boolean
Boolean type, can be true or false
byte
1-byte signed integer
char
Unicode character (i.e. 16 bits)
short
int
long
float
Single-precision fraction, 6 significant figures
double
Double-precision fraction, 15 significant figures
Operators
+ - * / %
++ --
+= -= *= /= %= etc.
&&
||
!
== != > >= < <=
& | ^ ~
<< >> >>>
instanceof
Arithmetic operators (% means remainder)

Increment or decrement by 1
result = ++i; means increment by 1 first
result = i++; means do the assignment first
For example, i += 2 is equivalent to i = i + 2
Logical AND. For example, if (i > 50 && i < 70)
The second test is only carried out if necessary use & if the second test should always be done
Logical OR. For example, if (i < 0 || i > 100)
The second test is only carried out if necessary use | if the second test should always be done
Logical NOT. For example, if (!endOfFile)
Relational operators
Bitwise operators (AND, OR, XOR, NOT)
Bitwise shift operators (shift left, shift right with
sign extension, shift right with 0 fill)
Test whether an object is an instance of a class.
For example,
if (anObj instanceof BankAccount)
System.out.println($$$);
Oracle10g: Java Programming B-2
Control Flow: if else

if statements are formed as follows (the else clause is optional). The braces {}
are necessary if the if-body exceeds one line; even if the if-body is just one line,
the braces {} are worth having to aid readability:
String dayname;
if (dayname.equals("Sat") || dayname.equals("Sun")){
System.out.println("Hooray for the weekend");
}
else if (dayname.equals("Mon")) {
System.out.println("I dont like Mondays");
}
else {
System.out.println("Not long for the weekend!");
}
Control Flow: switch
switch is used to check an integer (or character) against a fixed list of
alternative values:
int daynum;
switch (daynum) {
case 0:
case 6:
System.out.println("Hooray for the weekend");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("I dont like Mondays");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Not long for the weekend!");
break;
}
Control Flow: Loops

Java contains three loop mechanisms:
int i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
System.out.println("Next square is: " +
i++;
}
i*i);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {

System.out.println("Next square is: " +
}
i*i);
int positiveValue;
do {
positiveValue = getNumFromUser();
}
while (positiveValue < 0);
Defining Classes
When you define a class, you define the data attributes (usually private) and
the methods (usually public) for a new data type. The class definition is placed
in a .java file as follows:
// This file is Student.java. The class is declared
// public, so that it can be used anywhere in the program
public class Student {
private String name;
private int
numCourses = 0;
// Constructor to initialize all the data members
public Student(String n, int c) {
name = n;
numCourses = c;
}
// No-arg constructor, to initialize with defaults
public Student() {
this("Anon", 0);
// Call other constructor
}
// finalize() is called when obj is garbage collected
public void finalize() {
System.out.println("Goodbye to this object");
}
// Other methods
public void attendCourse() {
numCourses++;
}
public void cancelPlaceOnCourse() {
numCourses--;
}
public boolean isEligibleForChampagne() {
return (numCourses >= 3);
}
}
Using Classes
To create an object and send messages to the object:
public class MyTestClass {
// Step 1 - Declare object references
// These refer to null initially in this example
Student me, you;
// Step 2 - Create new Student objects

me = new Student("Andy", 0);
you = new Student();
// Step 3 - Use the Student objects

me.attendCourse();
you.attendCourse();
if (me.isEligibleForChampagne())
System.out.println("Thanks very much");
}
}
Arrays
An array behaves like an object. Arrays are created and manipulated as follows:
// Step 1 - Declare a reference to an array
int[] squares;
// Could write int squares[];
// Step 2 - Create the array "object" itself
squares = new int[5]; // Creates array with 5 slots
// Step 3 - Initialize slots in the array
for (int i=0; i < squares.length; i++) {
squares[i] = i * i;
System.out.println(squares[i]);
}
Note that array elements start at [0], and that arrays have a length property that
gives you the size of the array. If you inadvertently exceed an arrays bounds, an
exception is thrown at run time and the program aborts.
Note: Arrays can also be set up by using the following abbreviated syntax:
String[] cities = {
"San Francisco",
"Dallas",
"Minneapolis",
"New York",
"Washington, D.C."
};
Inheritance and Polymorphism

A class can inherit all of the data and methods from another class. Methods in the
superclass can be overridden by the subclass. Any members of the superclass that
you want to access in the subclass must be declared protected. The
protected access specifier allows subclasses, plus any classes in the same
package, to access that item.
public class Account {
private double balance = 0.0;
public Account(double initBal) {
balance = initBal;
}
public void deposit(double amt) {
balance += amt;
}
public void withdraw(double amt) {
balance -= amt;
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Balance is: " + balance);
}
}
public class CheckAccount extends Account {
private int maxChecks = 0;
private int numChecksWritten = 0;
public CheckAccount(double initBal, int maxChk) {
super(initBal);
// Call superclass ctor
maxChecks = maxChk;
// Initialize our data
}
public void withdraw(double amt) {
super.withdraw(amt);
// Call superclass
numChecksWritten++;
// Increment chk. num.
}
public void display() {
super.display();
// Call superclass
System.out.println(numChecksWritten);
}
}
Abstract Classes
An abstract class is one that can never be instantiated; in other words, you cannot
create an object of such a class. Abstract classes are specified as follows:
// Abstract superclass
public abstract class Mammal {
// Concrete subclasses
public class Cat extends Mammal {
}
public class Dog extends Mammal {
}
public class Mouse extends Mammal {
Abstract Methods
An abstract method is one that does not have a body in the superclass. Each concrete
subclass is obliged to override the abstract method and provide an implementation;
otherwise, the subclass is itself deemed abstract because it does not implement all its
methods.
// Abstract superclass
public abstract class Mammal {
// Declare some
public abstract
public abstract
public abstract
abstract methods
void eat();
void move();
void reproduce();
// Define some data members if you like

private double weight;
private int age;
// Define some concrete methods too if you like
public double getWeight{} {
return weight;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
}
Interfaces
An interface is similar to an abstract class with 100% abstract methods and no
instance variables. An interface is defined as follows:
public interface Runnable {
public void run();
}
A class can implement an interface as follows. The class is obliged to provide an
implementation for every method specified in the interface; otherwise, the class
must be declared abstract because it does not implement all its methods.
public class MyApp extends Applet implements Runnable {
public void run() {
// This is called when the Applet is kicked off
// in a separate thread
// Plus other applet methods
Static Variables
A static variable is like a global variable for a class. In other words, you get
only one instance of the variable for the whole class, regardless of how many
objects exist. static variables are declared in the class as follows:
private String accnum;
private double balance = 0.0;
// Instance var
// Instance var
private static double intRate = 5.0;
// Class var
}
Static Methods
A static method in a class is one that can access only static items; it cannot
access any non-static data or methods. static methods are defined in the
class as follows:
public static void setIntRate(double newRate) {
intRate = newRate;
}
public static double getIntRate() {
return intRate;
}
}
To invoke a static method, use the name of the class as follows:
public class MyTestClass {
System.out.println("Interest rate is" +
Account.getIntRate());
}
}
Packages
Related classes can be placed in a common package as follows:
// Car.java
package mycarpkg;
public class Car {
// Engine.java
package mycarpkg;
public class Engine {
// Transmission.java
package mycarpkg;
public class Transmission {
}
Importing Packages
Anyone needing to use the classes in this package can import all or some of the
classes in the package as follows:
import mycarpkg.*;
// import all classes in package
or
import mycarpkg.Car; // just import individual classes
The final Keyword

The final keyword can be used in three situations:
final classes (for example, the class cannot be inherited from)
final methods (for example, the method cannot be overridden in a subclass)
final variables (for example, the variable is constant and cannot be changed)
Here are some examples:
// final classes
// final methods
public class MySecurityClass {
public final void validatePassword(String password) {
}
}
// final variables
public class MyTrigClass {
public static final double PI = 3.1415;
Exception Handling
Exception handling is achieved through five keywords in Java:
try
The block of code where statements that can cause an exception are
placed
catch The block of code where error processing is placed
finally An optional block of code after a try block, for unconditional
execution
throw The keyword that is used in the low-level code to generate or throw an
exception
throws The keyword that specifies the list of exceptions that a method can
throw
Here are some examples:
public class MyClass {
public void anyMethod() {
try {
func1();
func2();
func3();
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IOException:" + e);
}
System.out.println("MalformedURLException:" + e);
}
finally {
System.out.println("This is always displayed");
}
}
public void func1() throws IOException {
}
public void func2() throws MalformedURLException {
}
public void func3() throws IOException,
MalformedURLException {
}
}
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Oracle10g: Java Programming

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

This documentation contains proprietary information of Oracle Corporation. It is provided under a

Restricted Rights Legend

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

After completing this course, you should be able to do

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

This course teaches you how to write Java

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Introducing the Java

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Key Benefits of Java

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objects and classes

Class models elaborate:

Existing classes and objects

Same models exist throughout the project.

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Java source code is stored as text in a .java file.

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using Java with Enterprise

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using the Java Virtual Machine

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

How Does JVM Work?

The class loader loads all required classes.

JVM Verifier checks for illegal bytecodes.

Memory Manager releases memory used by the

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Benefits of Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilers

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Deployment of Java Applications

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Using Java with Oracle 10g

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Java Software Development Kit

Sun Java J2SE (known as JDK and Java SDK)

Bytecode interpreter: The JVM (java)

Using the Appropriate Development Kit

Java2 comes in three sizes:

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Integrated Development Environment

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Exploring the JDeveloper Environment

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

In this lesson, you should have learned the following:

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Defining Object-Oriented Principles

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Models perform the following functions:

Modeling and implementation are treated

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

What Are Classes and Objects?

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

An Objects Attributes Maintain Its State

Objects have knowledge about their current state.