Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. Praise to Allah this project
has successfully done.
First of all, I would like to convey greatest gratitude to my beloved parents and family who
always supports and have faith in me to conduct this project. Thank you and high
appreciation I would like to express to the most determined Prof. Dr. Fuziah binti Sulaiman
who works as a lecturer in Universiti Teknologi MARA. Next, I would also like to say thank
you to my educated advisor, Ms. Siti Nazirah binti Abu Bakar and also Ms. Syazlina binti
Samsudin who always there to give me full inspiration without any hesitation.
Not to forget my lovely relatives and friends who always give full confidence in me
throughout completing this project. Lastly, I am very grateful to the principal and the schools
authority for believing in me and giving me the courage to succeed in this project. Thank you
for the opportunity that was given to me to fulfill the schools dream.
ABSTRACT
Fruit peel wastes like Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels had contribute negative
impacts to the environment whereas chemicals in dry cells will cause detrimental effects on
health and the environment. Research had shown Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana
peels produce voltage in compressed condition.
The Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels were grinded and dried in 24 hours
duration. These peels have been compressed in marker pen caps of equal sizes. Magnesium
and copper electrode were dipped into the compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia
Mangostana peels. The readings were measured using multimeter. Based on the experiment,
the use of replicated and double compartments of compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia
Mangostana peels will produce double of the voltage. The compressed Citrus Sinensis and
Garcinia Mangostana peels in a marker cap produced 1.5 V while five marker cap of equal
size will produce 6.6 V to 8.8 V.
There are many benefits of this project that can be contributed to the scientific community.
Firstly, this project is environmental friendly which will reduce the amount of solid wastes in
the world wide. Secondly, this project is completely harmless as it is non-toxic and nonchemical content. Thirdly, the Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels
environmental-friendly battery is portable. Last but not least, as we know the chemical
battery nowadays were costly but this project guarantee a low cost and environmentalfriendly battery.
CATEGORY: PHYSICS
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CHAPTER 1:
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
8
11
13
Results
Discussions
CHAPTER 5:
4
5
6
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4:
1
2
3
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Citrus Sinensis
Garcinia Mangostana
Green Source of Electricity
CHAPTER 3:
i
ii
iii
v
v
v
INTRODUCTION
Background
Problem Statement
Objectives
Scope of Study
CHAPTER 2:
PAGE
15
16
5.1
5.2
Conclusions
Recommendations
18
18
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
5
DESCRIPTIONS
PAGE
Table 4.1
15
Table 4.2
15
LIST OF FIGURES
DESCRIPTIONS
PAGE
Figure 3.4
10
Arrangement of apparatus
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DESCRIPTIONS
LED Light Emitting Diode
KOH- Potassium hydroxide
PAGE
3
6
CHAPTER 1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
7
A dry cell battery is the most common type of battery on the market. Dry cells are
sealed closed, and they are made up of stacks of metal plates with alternating charges
and an electrolyte paste or gel between them that conducts the electrical charge. Some
examples of these battery types are the batteries found in cell phones and laptops, in
addition to the common A, AA, AAA, C and D batteries that go in toys, appliances
and other items that need portable power.
.
There are disadvantages of using chemical dry cells. Dry cell batteries carry an
inherent risk due to the chemicals inside of them. If they are exposed to too much heat
dry cell batteries can rupture and explode. The contents of the battery are dangerous to
people, and the chemicals are highly acidic to the skin. However, if the battery does
not explode but rather its case is punctured it can leak. This can cause damage inside
of electronics, but if the leak comes into contact with skin it can also cause chemical
burns.
There are many benefits of this project that can be contributed to the scientific
community. Firstly, this project is environmental friendly which will reduce the
amount of solid wastes in the world wide. Secondly, this project is completely
harmless as it is non-toxic and non-chemical content. Thirdly, the Citrus Sinensis and
Garcinia Mangostana peels environmental-friendly battery is portable. Last but not
least, as we know the chemical battery nowadays were costly but this project
guarantee a low cost and environmental-friendly battery.
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
If the batteries are left in the environment, the chemicals can drain out and leach into
water supplies, causing people to be exposed to the hazardous chemicals. In general,
the battery contains harmful substances mainly zinc, mercury, nickel, lead and other
heavy metals such as a variety of alkaline batteries and lithium batteries in the liPP6
KOH electrolyte. A battery converts chemical to electrical energy. Today is alkaline
batteries may contain approximately 0.025 percent mercury. Mercury and its
compounds, especially organic mercury compounds, have high toxicity,
bioaccumulation faster rate and a longer biological half-life of the brain organ. Easy
cadmium accumulation in plants and animals affecting the growth of the plants and
animals, is highly poisonous. Lead on human breast, kidney, reproductive,
cardiovascular and other organ and system adverse effects, observed as mental
retardation, kidney damage, infertility and high blood pressure. The toxicity of zinc
and nickel is relatively small, but over a certain concentration range, would cause
horrible effects and hazards.
Fruit peels becomes a waste after its content is taken out and being used whereas in
general fruit peels is discarded in the majority of common fruits. Such Citrus Sinensis
and Garcinia Mangostana peels are thrown away recklessly. The method to dispose
the waste such as burning, emitted greenhouse gases and caused global warming.
These wastes had carried very unpleasant effects to the environment such as soil
pollution. The composting method by using bacteria and fungi as a treatment of
Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels caused air pollution as it smells bad
and leads to various types of diseases to the workers.
1.3
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
produced.
Study the relationship between the different numbers of compartments of compressed
4.
Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels and the potential difference.
Determine whether Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels can light up LED
5.
6.
.
1.4
SCOPE OF STUDY
Research are focused on to the potential of Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana
peels can produce voltage to generate electricity, the relationship between number of
compartment of compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels and
voltage produced and also whether Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels
could light up the LED. First, to prove that Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana
peels can be used as a source to generate electricity, the voltage produced can be
measured by using multimeter. The relationship between the number of compartment
of compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels and the voltage
produced can be measured by adding number of compartment to produce different
reading of voltage. Last but not least, the compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia
Mangostana peels were also tested whether the voltage produced are high enough to
light
up
LED.
10
CHAPTER 2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
CITRUS SINENSIS
11
Citrus is one of the most important and widely grown fruit crop in the world, with
global production of 122.3 million tons and total average of 8.9 million hectares in
2009 (FAOSTAT data, 2011), both ranking firstly among all the fruit crops. Citrus is a
large genus with more than 10 major species. Among them, sweet orange is
responsible for about 60 % of Citrus production used both as fresh fruit and processed
juice. Being a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic: its pH levels are as low as 2.9 and as
high as 4.0. Oranges are now grown commercially worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and some warm temperate regions, and have become the most widely planted
fruit tree in the world. Oranges are the worlds most popular fruit, and are eaten fresh
and used for juice.
In other hand, beside the citrus fruit itself, citrus sinensis peels also have a lot of
benefits. The peels are the thick finely-textured and orange coloured skin. Since
ancient times, citrus sinensis peels have been valued for their curative properties.
Many of us normally throw out the peels but this is one big mistake as many of the
highly nutritious compounds of oranges are found in the peels. Citrus sinensis peels
can generate electricity. Citrus sinensis peels can generate electricity is because it has
high content of citric acid. Acid is a good conductor of electricity. Acids break apart
into positive and negatively charged ions when they are dissolved into water. Ions
conduct electricity. Therefore, citric acid can conduct electricity. This is because citric
acid is an electrolyte and it carries electricity. The acid in the citrus peels helps the
electrodes move from one wire to the other, creating an electrical current.
Other compounds found in citrus peels are 97 calories, 1.5 g of protein, and 25 g of
carbohydrates and 10.6 g of fiber, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Citrus peels contain very little fat, no sodium and no cholesterol. Orange peels pack in
the vitamin C, with 8.2 mg in a single tablespoon of peel. Other vitamins include
riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, folate, vitamin A, vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-5. The peels
mineral content includes 10 mg of calcium along with small amounts of iron,
magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, copper and selenium.
2.2
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA
12
In the past few years, health experts have claimed that the mangosteen contains
natural substances which are said to be beneficial for a person's health. Xanthones are
abundant in the rind of the mangosteen which is a powerful antioxidant, an ingredient
commonly used to fight diseases like cancer and heart disease, and it has substantial
effects against Alzheimer's and diarrhea. The thick but soft woody shell encloses
several segments of the most exquisite juicy white flash, sweet yet slightly acidic.
Garcinia Mangostana rind contains carboxylic acid which known as phenol, C 6H5OH
that contain higher acidity due to the aromatic rings tight coupling with the oxygen
and a relatively loose bond between the oxygen and hydrogen. Xanthonoid is a
chemical natural phenolic compound formed from the xanthone backbone.
2.3
In dry cells, chemical electrolytes had been used widely in order to generate
electricity. In general, the battery contains harmful substances mainly zinc, mercury,
nickel, lead and other heavy metals such as a variety of alkaline batteries and lithium
batteries in the liPP6 KOH electrolyte. A battery converts chemical to electrical
energy. Today alkaline batteries may contain approximately 0.025 percent mercury.
Mercury and its compounds, especially organic mercury compounds, have high
toxicity, bioaccumulation faster rate and a longer biological half-life of the brain
organ. Easy cadmium accumulation in plants and animals affecting the growth of the
plants and animals, is highly poisonous. Lead on human breast, kidney, reproductive,
cardiovascular and other organ and system adverse effects, observed as mental
retardation, kidney damage, infertility and high blood pressure. The toxicity of zinc
and nickel is relatively small, but over a certain concentration range, would cause
horrible effects and hazards.
Green source of electricity is the used of Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana
to replace the chemical electrolytes to generate electricity. Citrus Sinenis and
Garcinia Mangostana peels are a green source that could produce high voltage and
generate electricity. The ions inside the compressed Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia
Mangostana peels react with electrodes to produce high potential difference. The
force motivating electrons to current in a circuit is called voltage. Voltage is a
particular measure of potential energy that is always relative between initial and
final points. Voltage is measured by the voltmeter. The amount of voltage being
present in a circuit refers to the measurement of how much potential energy exists to
move the electrons from one specific point in that circuit to another specific point.
14
15
CHAPTER 3.0
METHODOLOGY
16
3.1
3.1.1
MATERIALS
The materials used in this experiment are:
Citrus Sinensis peels
Copper electrodes
Magnesium electrodes
Sandpapers
Marker caps
3.1.2
APPARATUS
The apparatus that used in this experiment are:
Transparent containers
Blender
Crocodile wire clips
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Spoon
17
3.1.3
PROCEDURE
Digital
Multimeter
Compressed
Citrus Sinensis
peels
Magnesium
electrode
Copper
electrode
Transparent
container
Connecting
Wires
Figure 3.1
Arrangements of apparatus
18
3.2
3.2.1
MATERIALS
19
Marker caps
3.2.2
APPARATUS
PROCEDURES
3.3
3.3.1
MATERIALS
3.3.2
APPARATUS
21
3.3.3
PROCEDURES
1. Citrus Sinensis peels were collected from various households and
2.
3.
4.
5.
restaurants.
Citrus Sinensis peels were dried in 24 hours duration.
The Citrus Sinensis peels were blended in a blender evenly.
The Citrus Sinensis peels were compressed in a clean marker cap.
Copper electrodes and magnesium electrodes were polished by using sand
papers smoothly.
6. A copper electrode and a magnesium electrode were immersed in the
compressed Citrus Sinensis peels and the marker cap was put in a
transparent container.
7. Copper electrode and magnesium electrode were connected to the LED
using connecting wires.
8. The changes of the LED were observed.
9. Step 1 until step 8 was repeated by adding the number of compartment
used (marker caps) of compressed Citrus Sinensis peels.
10. The data was recorded and tabulated.
11. Step 1 until step 11 was repeated by using Garcinia Mangostana peels.
22
CHAPTER 4.0
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
23
4.1
RESULTS
Number of marker caps of
compressed Citrus Sinensis peels
1
2
3
4
5
Table 4.1
1.83
3.61
5.36
7.16
8.88
Voltage, V
Voltage, V
1.56
2.92
4.25
5.54
6.69
24
4.2
DISCUSSIONS
Voltage, V
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Figure 4.1
Graph above shows that the increase of voltage is due to the increase of number of
compartments used. A small compartment (marker cap) of compressed Citrus Sinensis
peels produced 1.83 V approximately. Two marker caps of compressed Citrus
Sinensis peels produced 3.61 V. Three equal marker caps of compressed Citrus
Sinensis peels produced 5.36 V. Moreover, four equal marker caps of compressed
Citrus Sinensis peels produced 7.16 V. Last but not least, five equal marker caps of
compressed Citrus Sinensis peels produced 8.88 V which is the highest voltage
produced.
25
Voltage, V
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Figure 4.2
The number
5 of compartment(s)
Graph above shows that the increase of voltage is due to the increase of number of
compartments used. A small compartment (marker cap) of compressed Garcinia
Mangostana peels produced 1.56 V approximately. Two marker caps of compressed
Garcinia Mangostana peels produced 2.92 V. Three equal marker caps of compressed
Garcinia Mangostana peels produced 4.25 V. Moreover, four equal marker caps of
compressed Garcinia Mangostana peels produced 5.54 V. Last but not least, five
equal marker caps of compressed Garcinia Mangostana peels produced 6.69 V which
is the highest voltage produced.
26
CHAPTER 5.0
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
27
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
28
5.1
CONCLUSION
5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
This project can be upgraded in further research whereas this battery of compressed
Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels can replace ultimately the usage of
chemical electrolyte in dry cells. Furthermore, it has also been studied that Citrus
Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels can used as fertilizers in an area and at the
same time Citrus Sinensis and Garcinia Mangostana peels can produce electricity and
act as a generator for a whole town.
29
REFERENCES
30
APPENDIX
31
32
Multi meter
Compressed Citrus
Sinensis peels
Voltage = 8.86 V
Diagram 1
Multi meter
Voltage = 6.69 V
Compressed
Garcinia
Mangostana peels
Diagram 2
33
Diagram 3
Diagram 4
Diagram 5
35
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Diagram 3
Diagram 4
Diagram 5
36