Remark 1.1.

The antiderivative of F is not

unique, and F1 and F2 differ only by a constant.

UP

K E M

1.1

Theorems on Antidifferentiaion

Z
1.

dx = x + C

2. If a is any constant, then

Z
af (x) dx = a inf f (x) dx

MEMBERSHIP ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT

3. If f and g are defined on the same interval,

Z
Z
Z
(f (x) g(x)) dx = f (x) dx g(x) dx

Math 53
4th Long Exam Notes

4. If n is any rational number and n 6= 1, then

Z

Heavily based from

C.G. Tapia lectures

1.2

Preface
This handout is intended as a reviewer only and
should not be substituted for a complete lecture,
or used as a reference material. The goal of this
reviewer is to refresh the student on the concepts
and techniques in one reading. But this is more
than enough to replace your own notes :)

xn dx =

xn+1
+C
n+1

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Z
sin x dx = cos x + C

1.
Z
2.

cos x dx = sinx + C
Z

3.
Z
4.

1 Antiderivatives or Indefinite

sec2 x dx = tan x + C
csc2 x dx = cot x + C

Z
5.

Integrals

sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

Z

6.

Theorem 1. If F is an antiderivative of f on
an interval I, then every antiderivative of f on
I is given by F (x) + C, where C is an arbitrary
constant.

1.3

csc x cot x dx = csc x + C

Substitution Rule

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Math 53 4th Long Exam Reviewer

4.
Theorem 2. If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I, then
Z
Z
0
f (g(x))g (x) dx = f (u) du

n
X
i=1

5.

n
X

Rectilinear Motion Revisited

Suppose that a particle is traveling along a straight

line and s(t), v(t), anda(t) are the equations of motion, velocity and acceleration, respectively, of the
particle. Also,
v(t) = s0 (t) and a(t) = v 0 (t)

n(n + 1)
2

i2 =

i=1

2.1.2

1.4

i=

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

Area of a Plane Region

Definition (Riemann Sum Limit). The area of a

plane region AR is given by the limit of a Riemann
sum:
n
X
AR = lim
f (xi ) x
n

i=1

xi

where
is any number in the ith subinterval, the
height of the ith rectangle is f (xi ), and x is the
width of the ith rectangle

Therefore, s(t) is a particular antiderivative of

v(t) while v(t) is a particular antiderivative of
a(t).

2.2

2 Definite Integral

Definition (Definite Integral). Let f be defined

on [a, b]. The definite integral of f from a to b is

The Definite Integral

2.1

f (x) dx = lim

Area of a Plane Region.

Riemann Sum

2.

3.

n
X
i=1
n
X
i=1
n
X
i=1

f (xi ) xk

i=1

If the limit exists and does not depend on the

choice of partitions or on the choice of numbers
xi in the subintervals, the function is said to be
integrable on [a, b].

Some summation identities

If n is a positive integer, c R and F and G are

functions defined on the set {1, 2, . . . , n},
1.

n
X

Remark. xk is the width of a partition under

a curve and f (xi ) as the height of the partition.
Also, if a function is continuous on [a, b], then it
is integrable on [a, b].

F (i) := F (1) + F (2) + + F (n)

i=1

2.1.1

xk 0

Definition (Summation notation). If n is a positive integer and F is a function such that {1, 2, . . . , n}
is in the domain of F , then
n
X

Properties of the Definite Integral

Let f and g be integrable on [a, b], and let c R.

c = cn

cF (i) = c

2.3

n
X

Z
F (i)

(F (i) + G(i)) =

Z
i=1

Z
f (x) dx =

i=1
n
X

1.

F (i) +

n
X

2.
G(i)

f (x) dx = 0
a

i=1

Page 2 of 5

f (x) dx
b

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Math 53 4th Long Exam Reviewer
3.0.1

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

c dx = c(b a)

3.
a
b

Z
4.

f (x) dx

5.

Z
cf (x) dx = c
a

Z
(f (x) g(x)) dx =

Z
f (x) dx

g(x) dx

Theorem 6. Let f be a function continuous on

[a, b] and let x be any number in [a, b]. If F is the
function defined by

6. If f is integrable on a closed interval I containing

{a, b, c},
b

f (x) dx

f (x) dx +

f (x) dx =

then

f (t) dt
a

Z
F (x) =

F 0 (x) = f (x)

Regardless of the order of a, b, c.

Remark 6.1. Suppose

g(x)

Z
F (x) =

3 The Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus

f (t) dt
a

where f is a function continuous on [a, b] and let

g(x) [a, b]. If we let
x

Z
H(x) =
Theorem 3. If the functions f and g are integrable on [a, b], and if f (x) g(x) for all x in [a, b],
then
Z
Z
b

f (x) dx

g(x) dx

then F (x) = H(g(x)).

Using the chain rule, we get

Theorem 4. Suppose f is continuous on the

closed interval [a, b]. If m and M are the absolute
minimum function value and absolute maximum
function value, respectively, of f in [a, b], then
Z

F 0 (x) = H 0 (g(x))g 0 (x)

By the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
H 0 (x) = f (x). So, F 0 (x) = f (g(x))g 0 (x).

m(b a)

f (x) dx M (b a)
a

3.0.2

Theorem 5 (Mean Value Theorem for Integrals).

If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then there exists a number c in [a, b]
such that
Z

f (t) dt
a

The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem 7. Let f be a function continuous on

[a, b]. If F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b], then

f (x) dx = f (c)(b a)

Definition (Average value). If the function f is

integrable on [a, b], the average value of f on [a, b]
is
Z

ba

f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx =

f (x) dx
a

x=a

Remark 7.1. By the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the Substitution Rule,

fave =

x=b

f (x) dx = F (x)
= F (b) F (a)

letting u = g(x)

Page 3 of 5

g(b)

f (u) du
g(a)

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Math 53 4th Long Exam Reviewer

4 Applications of the Definite

Integral

by x = a and x b. The volume of the solid

generated by revolving R about y = y0 is:
VR =

[r(x)]2 y02 dx

4.1

Area of a Plane Region

Theorem 8. If f and g are continuous functions

on the interval [a, b] and f (x) g(x) for all x
[a, b], then the area of the region R bounded above
by y = f (x), below by y = g(x) and the vertical
lines x = a and x = b is
AR =

(f (x) g(x)) dx
a

where [a, b] is the interval I covered by the region

along the x-axis.
Remark 8.1. When horizontal rectangles are
used, the variable of integration is y and the integrand is expressed in terms of y.

Remark. For disc method, r(x) is orthogonal

to the variable of integration. In this particular
case, we use vertical discs. The formula can be
reworked to horizontal discs. When y0 = 0, we
revolve the region about the x-axis. If y0 >
r(x) for all x [a, b], then switch them to get
a positive value.
2. Washers (that is, the solid has hollow parts
or a boundary of R does not lie on the axis
of revolution). Suppose we have a region R
bounded above by r2 (x), below by r1 (x) and
on the sides by x = a and x b. The volume
of the solid generated by revolving R about
y = y0 6= r1 (x) 6= r2 (x) for some x [a, b]
is:
VR =

[r2 (x)]2 [r1 (x)]2 dx

4.2

Arc Length

Theorem 9. If y = f (x) is a smooth curve on the

interval [a, b], then the arc length L of this curve
from x = a to x = b is

Remark. Almost similar remarks as for the

disc method. Just keep in mind that r2 (x) is
always the one farther away from the axis of
revolution.

4.3.2

Z
LR =

s
1+

dy
dx

2

Z
dx =

1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx

where [a, b] is the interval I covered by the region

along the x-axis.

4.3
4.3.1

Cylindrical shells

Solids of Revolution

Suppose R is the region bounded above by y =

f (x), below by y = g(x), and the vertical lines
x = a and x = b and let f and g be continuous
functions on [a, b]. If the line x = x0 does not
intersect the interior of R, then the volume of the
solid of revolution obtained when R is revolved
about the line x = x0 is given by:
VR = 2

Discs or Washers

r(x)h(x) dx
a

1. Disc method (that is, the solid is not hollow).

Suppose we have a region R bounded above by
r(x), below by the y = y0 and on the sides

Where r(x) and h(x) are the radius and the

height, respectively, of a cylindrical shell at an
arbitrary x in [a, b].
Remark. The particular case above can be re-

Page 4 of 5

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Math 53 4th Long Exam Reviewer

worked for horizontal shells.

Remark. In all cases above, we considered R to

have left and right bounds x = a and x = b. In
some cases, R is completely bounded by just the
two functions and {(a, f (x)), (b, f (b)} are the intersection points of the said functions.

4.4

Volume by Slicing

Let S be a solid bounded by two parallel planes

perpendicular to the x-axis at x = a and x =
b. If the cross-sectional area of S in the plane
perpendicular the x-axis at an arbitrary x in [a, b]
is given by a continuous function A(x), then the
volume of the solid is
V=

A(x) dx
a

Page 5 of 5